CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX

CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX 2.1 Gii thiu chng Trong chng ny trnh by tng qut v cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng, c im, cc chun ca WiMAX, bng tn s dng, kin trc mng truy cp WiMax, cc k thut s dng trong WiMax, tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX. 2.2 Khi nim WiMax Wimax l mt mng khng dy bng thng rng vit tt l Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.WiMax ng dng trong thit bmng Internet dnh s lng ngi s dng ln thm vo gi thnh r. WiMax c thit k da vo tiu chun IEEE 802.16. WiMax gii quyt tt nht nhng vn kh khn trong vic qun l u cui.WiMax s dng k thut sng v tuyn kt ni cc my tnh trong mng Internet thay v dng dy kt ni nh DSL hay cp modem. WiMax nh mt tng i trong vng ln cn hp l n mt trm ch m n c yu cu thit lp mt ng d liu n Internet. Ngi s dng trong phm vi t3 n 5 dm so vi trm ch s c thit lp mt ng dn cng ngh NLOS (Non-Line-Of-Sight) vi tc truyn d liu rt cao l 75Mbps. Cn nu ngi s dng trong phm vi ln hn 30 dm so vi trm ch th s c anten s dng cng ngh LOS (Line-Of-Sight) vi tc truyn d liu gn bng 280Mbps. WiMAX l mt chun khng dy ang pht trin rt nhanh, ha hn to ra khnng kt ni bng thng rng tc cao cho c mng c nh ln mng khng dy di ng, phm vi ph sng c m rng

Hnh 2.1 M hnh hot ng ca WiMax

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2.3 Chun IEEE 802.16 Chun IEEE 802.16 c hnh thnh t nm 1998 dnh cho nhng ng dng ca wireless bng rng. Ban u n tp trung vo pht trin cho vic truyn im a im cho ng truyn theo tm nhn thng LOS (Light Of Sight) ca nhng h thng khng dy bng rng. n nm 2004, mt phin bn sa i c ra i gi l IEEE 802.16-2004 to nn tng c bn cho gii php WiMAX. Nhng gii php WiMAX u tin ny c a ra dnh cho nhng ng dng c nh, c gi l WiMAX c nh. Vo thng 12 nm 2005, nhm IEEE hon thnh v ph chun cho IEEE 802.16e-2005, mt s b sung cho chun IEEE 802.16-2004 n c th h tr nhng ng dng di ng, thng c gi l WiMAX di ng. Theo m t ca IEEE 802.16, WiMAX c phm vi ph sng t ti hn 50km v s hot ng di tn t 2GHz n 11GHz, kt hp c vi nhiu dng Anten nh Parabol, Panel, Yagi, Ommi... Vi di tn s hot ng ny, WiMAX cho php kt ni m khng cn tho mn iu kin tm nhn thng LOS (Line on Sight), trnh c tc ng ca cc vt cn trn ng truyn nh cy ci, nh ca .... y l mt gii php l tng cho vic truyn d liu, hnh nh, in thoi IP. Thit b WiMAX phi c thit k c th hot ng tt trong cc iu kin nhit , m ca mi trng v sc gi... Vi bng tn nh trn, d liu truyn i ca WiMAX c th t ti tc 70Mbps, bo mt cao v n nh tuyt i.Hnh 2.1 bn di m t c th hn chun IEEE 802.16

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802.16 Tnh trng Hon thin vo thng 12-2001 Di tn 10-66 GHz

802.16-2004 Hon thin vo thng 62004 2-11 GHz

802.16-2005 Hon thin vo thng 122005 2-11 GHz cho c nh; 2-6 GHz cho di ng

C nh, tm C nh, khng nhn thng C nh v di ng, ng dng nhn thng (NLOS) khng nhn thng (NLOS) (LOS) im a Cu trc lp im a im, mng im, mng im a im, mng li MAC li li n sng mang, 256 OFDM hoc S-OFDM M hnh n sng mang, 256 n sng mang vi 128, 512, 1024, 2048 truyn sng OFDM, 2048 OFDM sng mang con. iu ch QPSK,16QAM, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 64QAM Tc Ghp knh 32-134.4 Mbps Khi TDM/TDMA 1-75 Mbps Khi TDM/TDMA/OFDMA TDD v FDD QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM 1-75 Mbps Khi TDM/TDMA/OFDMA TDD v FDD

Song cng TDD v FDD rng knh truyn (MHz) 20, 25, 28

1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 10, 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14, 1.25, 5, 15, 8.75 10, 15, 8.75,20 WirelessMAN-SCa, WirelessMAN-OFDM, WirelessMAN-OFDMA WirelessMAN-SCa, WirelessMAN-OFDM, WirelessMAN-OFDMA

Giao din WirelessMANkhng gian SC

Bng 2.1 Cc chun IEEE 802.16

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2.4 Cc k thut s dng trong WiMax 2.4.1 K Thut OFDM K thut iu ch OFDM, v c bn, l mt trng hp c bit ca phng php iu ch FDM, chia lung d liu thnh nhiu ng truyn bng hp trong vng tn s s dng, trong cc sng mang con (hay sng mang ph, sub-carrier) trc giao vi nhau. Do vy, ph tn hiu ca cc sng mang ph ny c php chng ln ln nhau m pha u thu vn khi phc li c tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu ny lm cho h thng OFDM c hiu sut s dng ph ln hn nhiu so vi cc k thut iu ch thng thng.

Hnh 2.2 So snh FDM vi OFDM S lng cc sng mang con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v mc nhiu. Con s ny tng ng vi kch thc FFT. Chun giao tip v tuyn 802.16d (2004) xc nh 256 sng mang con tng ng FFT 256 im, hnh thnh chun Fixed WiMAX, vi rng knh c nh.Chun giao tip 802.16e (2005) cho php kch c FFT t 512 n 2048 ph hp vi rng knh 5MHz n 20MHz, hnh thnh chun Mobile WiMAX (Scalable OFDMA ), duy tr tng i khong thi gian khng i ca cc k hiu v khong dn cch gia cc sng mang vi rng knh.

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Hnh 2.3 S h thng OFDM Ban u, dng d liu u vo vi tc cao c chia thnh nhiu dng d liu song song tc thp hn nh b chuyn i ni tip-song song. Mi dng d liu song song sau c m ha (Conv. Encoder) v c sp xp theo mt trnh t hn hp bng b xen r (Interleaver). Sau khi c m ha v xen r, cc dng bit trn cc nhnh s c iu ch s (nh x vo bin v pha ca sng mang ph) bng b MQAM mapping v c a n u vo ca khi IFFT. Khi IFFT c nhim v bin i ph ca d liu t min tn s sang min thi gian. Sau tin t lp CP c chn vo gim nhiu xuyn k t (ISI), nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) do truyn trn cc knh v tuyn di ng a ng. Cui cng thc hin iu ch cao tn, khuch i cng sut v pht i t anten. Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu tc ng n nh nhiu Gausian trng cng (Additive White Gaussian Noise-AWGN) v p ng ca knh truyn di ng. bn thu c th khi phc li tn hiu ban u, ngi ta cn chn thm cc pilot xen k vo tn hiu pht i phc v cho vic c lng knh truyn v nhiu ti my thu.

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pha thu, tn hiu thu c chuyn xung tn s thp v tn hiu ri rc nhn c sau b D/A thu. Tin t lp CP c loi b v cc mu c chuyn i t min thi gian sang min tn s bng php bin i DFT dng thut ton FFT (khi FFT). Sau , ty vo s iu ch c s dng bn pht m bn thu gii iu ch tng ng. Cc symbol hn hp thu c s c sp xp ngc tr li v c gii m (decoder). Cui cng, chng ta nhn li c dng d liu ni tip ban u sau khi chuyn t song song v ni tip. Ngoi u im tit kim bng thng knh truyn, OFDM cn c mt s u im sau y : - H thng OFDM c th loi b hin tng nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI (InterSymbol Interference) nu di chui bo v (guard interval) ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh truyn - OFDM ph hp cho vic thit k h thng truyn dn bng rng - Cu trc my thu n gin Tuy nhin, bn cnh , OFDM cng c mt s nhc im sau : - Vic s dng chui bo v gip gim hin tng ISI do phn tp a ng nhng chui bo v khng mang thng tin c ch, chim mt phn bng thng ca ng truyn lm gim hiu sut ng truyn - Do yu cu v tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang ph nn h thng OFDM kh nhy cm vi hiu ng Dopler, dch tn (frequency offset) v dch thi( time offset) do sai s ng b. - ng bao bin ca tn hiu pha pht khng bng phng, gy ra mo phi tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut u pht v u thu. 2.4.2 K thut OFDMA OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn tn trc giao ) l mt k thut a sng mang pht trin da trn nn k thut OFDM.Trong OFDMA,mt s cc sng mang con,khng nht thit phi nm k nhau,c gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v cc user khi truy cp vo ti

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nguyn s c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo nhu cu lu lung c th. OFDMA c mt s u im nh l tng kh nng linh hot,thng lng v tnh n nh c ci thin.Vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao c th,vic truyn nhn t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn s can thip no, do s gim thiu nhng tc ng nh nhiu a truy xut (Multi access Interfearence- MAI) Hnh 2.4 L ci nhn trc quan v OFDMA v OFDM thy c s khc nhau gia chng

Hnh 2.4 S khc nhau gia OFDM vi OFDMA Hnh ny l mt v d minh ha v OFDM v OFDMA. Trong khi OFDM th 1 user s dng ht bng thng cn vi OFDMA th c ti 3 user s dng khong bng thng m khong bng thng c 3 user s dng xen k nhau ch khng phi l lin k nhau. 2.4.3 iu ch thch nghi iu ch thch nghi cho php h thng WiMAX iu chnh s iu ch tn hiu ph thuc vo iu kin SNR ca lin kt v tuyn. Khi lin kt v tuyn cht lng cao, s iu ch cao nht c s dng, a ra h thng dung lng ln hn.

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Hnh 2.5 Bn knh cell iu ch thch nghi Trong qu trnh suy gim tn hiu, h thng WiMAX c th dch n mt s iu ch thp hn duy tr cht lng kt ni v n nh lin kt. c im ny cho php h thng khc phc fading la chn thi gian. 2.4.4 K thut sa li Cc cng ngh sa li c s dng trong WiMAX t cc yu cu v t s tn hiu trn tp m h thng. Cc thut ton FEC, m ha xon v chn c dng pht hin v sa cc li ci thin thng lng. Cc cng ngh sa li mnh gip khi phc cc khung b li m c th b mt do fading la chn tn s v cc li cm. T ng yu cu lp li (ARQ) c dng sa li m khng th c sa bi FEC, gi li thng tin b li. iu ny c ngha ci thin cht lng t l li bit (BER) i vi mt mc ngng nh nhau. 2.4.5 iu khin cng sut Cc thut ton iu khin cng sut c dng ci thin cht lng ton b h thng, n c thc hin bi trm gc gi thng tin iu khin cng sut n mi CPE iu chnh mc cng sut truyn sao cho mc nhn trm gc th mt mc xc nh trc. Trong mi trng fading thay i ng, mc ch tiu nh trc ny c ngha l CPE ch truyn cng sut tha mn yu cu ny. iu khin cng sut gim s tiu th cng sut tng th ca CPE v nhiu vi nhng trm gc cng v tr. Vi LOS, cng sut truyn ca CPE gn tng ng vi khong cch ca n n trm gc, vi NLOS, ty thuc nhiu vo h v vt cn.

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2.4.6 Cc cng ngh Anten tin tin Cng ngh anten c th dng ci thin truyn dn theo hai cch s dng cng ngh phn tp v s dng cc h thng anten v cc cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin. Cc cng ngh ny c th ci thin tnh co dn v t s tn hiu trn tp m nhng khng bo m pht dn s khng b nh hng ca nhiu. 2.4.6.1 Phn tp Cc lc phn tp c s dng li dng cc tn hiu a ng v phn x xy ra trong cc mi trng NLOS. Bng cch s dng nhiu ng ten (truyn v/hoc nhn), fading, nhiu v tn hao ng truyn c th c lm gim. Phn tp truyn s dng m thi gian khng gian STC. i vi phn tp nhn, cc cng ngh nh kt hp t l ti a (MRC) mang li u im ca hai ng thu ring bit. V MISO (nhiu u vomt u ra). M rng ti MIMO, s dng MIMO cng s nng cao thng lng v tng cc ng tn hiu. MIMO s dng nhiu ng ten thu v/hoc pht cho ghp knh theo khng gian. Mi ng ten c th truyn d liu khc nhau m sau c th c gii m my thu. i vi OFDMA, bi v mi sng mang con l cc knh bng hp tng t, fading la chn tn s xut hin nh l fading phng ti mi sng mang. Hiu ng ny c th sau c m hnh ha nh l mt s khuch i khng i phc hp v c th n gin ha s thc hin ca mt my thu MIMO cho OFDMA. 2.4.6.2 Cc h thng Anten thch nghi Cc h thng anten thch nghi (Adaptive Antenna systems AAS) l mt phn ty chn. Cc trm gc c trang b AAS c th to ra cc chm m c th c li, tp trung nng lng truyn t c phm vi ln hn. Khi nhn, chng c th tp trung hng c th ca my thu. iu ny gip cho loi b nhiu khng mong mung t cc v tr khc.

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2.5 Kin trc WiMAX 2.5.1 M hnh tham chiu kin trc WiMAX Hnh 3.1 minh ha m hnh tham chiu v phm vi ca chun. Trong m hnh tham chiu ny, lp PHY tng ng vi lp 1 (lp vt l) v lp MAC tng ng vi lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu) trong m hnh OSI.

Hnh 2.6 M hnh tham chiu ca WiMax

Hnh 2.7 Chc nng cc lp trong m hnh phn lp chun IEEE 802.16 Ti trm thu, phn cng WiMAX tip nhn d liu t cc lp cao. Hnh 2.8 m t hng di chuyn ca lung d liu qua cc lp. Mi lp s thc hin

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encapsulation (ng gi) d liu nhn c t cc lp trn. Ti lp thp nht, d liu c truyn di dng bit qua mi trng truyn n ni nhn. Ti trm thu, d liu s c decapsulation (m gi) ly cc thng tin cn thit v cc thng tin ny c gi ln cc lp cao hn

Hnh 2.8 Lung d liu qua cc lp Gia lp con phn chung MAC v lp con bo mt khng nh ngha im truy nhp dch v. Cc packet t lp con phn chung MAC khng c encapsulation ti lp con bo mt. Phn tiu lp con phn chung MAC s biu th thng tin m ha payload. Qu trnh m ha payload c thc hin ti lp con bo mt. 2.5.2 LP IU KHIN TRUY NHP MI TRNG (MAC) Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 cung cp giao din hot ng c lp vi lp vt l do giao din lp vt l l giao din v tuyn. Phn ch yu ca lp MAC tp trung vo vic qun l ti nguyn trn airlink (lin kt v tuyn). Gii quyt c bi ton yu cu tc d liu cao trn c hai knh downlink v uplink. Cc c ch iu khin truy cp v thut ton cp pht bng thng hiu qu c kh nng p ng cho hng trm u cui trn mi knh. Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 c xy dng da trn kin trc tp trung, h tr m hnh Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) v Mesh. Trm BS ng vai tr trung tm vi mt sectorized anten c kh nng iu khin ng thi nhiu sector c lp. Cc giao thc lp MAC chun 802.16 l hng kt ni. Vo thi im truy nhp mng, mi SS s to mt hoc nhiu kt ni truyn ti d liu trn c hai

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hng (downlink v uplink). n v lp lch lp MAC s s dng ti nguyn airlink cung cp cc mc QoS phn bit. Lp MAC cng thc hin chc nng tng thch lin kt (link adaption) v truyn li t ng ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) nhm duy tr thng lng d liu i a vi t l li bit BER (Bit Error Rates) chp nhn c. Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 cng iu khin qu trnh truy nhp v ri khi mng ca SS, thc hin to v truyn cc n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit). Theo hnh 2.6 c th thy lp MAC bao gm 3 lp con. Lp con hi t c t dch v cung cp bt c bin i hay nh x d liu mng bn ngoi, m nhn c qua im truy nhp dch v CS (CS SAP), vo trong cc MAC SDU c tip nhn bi lp con phn chung MAC (CPS) qua MAC SAP. Tc l phn loi cc n v d liu dch v mng ngoi (cc SDU) v kt hp chng vi nh danh lung dch v (SFID) MAC v nh danh kt ni (CID) ring. N cng c th bao gm cc chc nng nh nn u mc ti (PHS). Nhiu c tnh CS c cung cp cho giao tip vi cc giao thc khc nhau. nh dng bn trong ca payload CS l duy nht vi CS, v MAC CPS khng c i hi phi hiu nh dng hay phn tch bt c thng tin no t payload CS.MAC CPS cung cp chc nng MAC ct li truy nhp h thng, nh v di thng, thit lp kt ni, v qun l kt ni. N nhn d liu t cc CS khc nhau, qua MAC SAP, m c phn loi ti cc kt ni MAC ring. MAC cng cha mt lp con bo mt ring cung cp nhn thc, trao i kha bo mt, v mt ha. MAC-BS v MAC-MS trao i cc bn tin, v cc bn tin ny c xem nh cc PDU, mt PDU c chiu di ti a l 2048 byte.

Hnh 2.9 nh dng MAC PDU Trn hnh 2.9 ta c th thy bn tin bao gm ba phn: tiu MAC chiu di c nh l 6 byte, payload chiu di thay i v phn kim tra li d vng CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). Ngoi tr cc PDU yu cu di thng (khng c

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payload), cc MAC PDU c th cha hoc cc bn tin qun l MAC hoc d liu lp con hi t - MAC SDU. Payload l ty chn, CRC cng ty chn v ch c s dng nu MS yu cu trong cc tham s QoS. C hai loi tiu MAC: tiu MAC chung (GMH) v tiu MAC yu cu di thng (BR). GMH c s dng truyn d liu hoc cc bn tin qun l MAC. Tiu BR c s dng bi MS yu cu nhiu di thng hn trn UL. Tiu MAC v cc bn tin qun l MAC khng c m ha. Ton b bo mt ca 802.16 da vo lp con bo mt. Lp con bo mt l lp con gia MAC CPS v lp vt l. Mc tiu ca n l cung cp iu khin truy nhp v s bo mt ca lin kt d liu, chu trch nhim m ha v gii m d liu m a n v i ra khi lp vt l PHY v cng c s dng cho cp php v trao i kha bo mt, Ngn chn nh cp dch v. Bo mt ca 802.16 gm cc thnh phn sau: cc tp hp bo mt (SA), chng nhn X.509, giao thc cp php qun l kha ring t (authorization PKM), qun l kha v ring t (PKM) v m ha d liu 2.5.2.1 H tr cht lng dch v(QoS) ca MAC Vi lin kt khng gian (air) nhanh, cng sut ng xung/ng ln khng i xng, tnh cht ti nguyn nhiu v k thut cp pht ti nguyn linh hot, chun 802.16e c th t c cc yu cu QoS cho mi loi dch v d liu v ng dng.

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Hinh 2.10 H tr QoS trong IEEE802.16 Trong lp MAC 802.16e, QoS c cung cp qua cc lung dch v nh m t trong hnh 2.10. l mt lung cc gi theo mt hng duy nht c cung cp mt tp cc thng s QoS ring bit. Trc y khi cung cp mt loi dch v d liu no , th trc tin trm gc v u cui ngi s dng thit lp mt lin kt logic theo mt hng duy nht gia cc MAC ngang cp c gi l kt ni. Sau MAC ngoi cng kt hp cc gi i ngang qua giao din MAC thnh mt lung dch v, ri c chuyn qua kt ni. Cc thng s QoS kt hp vi lung dch v nh ngha lp lch v th t truyn trn giao din v tuyn. V vy QoS hng kt ni c th cung cp iu khin chnh xc qua giao din v tuyn. V giao din v tuyn thng b nghn c chai, nn QoS hng kt ni cho php iu khin hiu qu QoS u cui-u cui.

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Loi QoS UGS Dch v cp pht t nguyn rtPS Dch v theo di thi gian thc ErtPS Dch v theo di thi gian thc m rng nrtPS Dch v theo di phi thi thc BE Dch v n lc tt nht

ng dng VoIP

c im QoS Tc duy tr ln nht Dung sai tr ln nht Dung sai trt Tc dnh ring nh nht Tc duy tr ln nht Dung sai tr ln nht u tin lu lng Tc dnh ring nh nht Tc duy tr ln nht Dung sai tr ln nht Dung sai trt u tin lu lng Tc dnh ring nh nht Tc duy tr ln nht u tin lu lng

Dng Audio hoc Video

Thoi vi tch sng tch cc (VoIP)

Giao thc truyn file (FTP)

Truyn d liu, trnh duyt Web, ...

Tc duy tr ln nht u tin lu lng

Bng 2.2 Bng cht lng dch v 2.5.2.2 Dch v lp lch MAC Dch v lp lch MAC 802.16e c thit k truyn hiu qu cc dch v bng rng bao gm thoi, d liu v video qua knh v tuyn bng rng bin thin theo thi gian. Dch v lp lch MAC c cc c im sau y: - B lp lch d liu nhanh:B lp lch MAC phi cp pht hiu qu ti nguyn kh dng p ng cho lu lng d liu cm v cc iu kin knh bin thin theo thi gian. B lp lch c t ti mi trm gc cho php p ng nhanh cc yu cu lu lng v cc iu kin knh. Cc gi d liu c kt hp thnh cc lung dch v vi cc thng s QoS xc nh trc trong lp MAC sao cho b lp lch c th xc nh chnh xc th t truyn dn gi qua giao din v tuyn. Knh CQICH cung cp thng tin hi tip knh nhanh cho php b lp lch la chn

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iu ch v m ho thch hp cho mi cp pht. iu ch/m ho thch ng kt hp vi HARQ cung cp truyn dn tt hn qua knh bin thin theo thi gian. - Lp lch cho c UL v DL:Dch v lp lch c cung cp cho c lu lng UL v DL. B lp lch MAC thc hin cp pht ti nguyn hiu qu v cung cp QoS mong mun trong UL, UL phi hi tip chnh xc v thng tin ng lc nh cc iu kin lu lng v cc yu cu QoS. Nhiu k thut yu cu bng thng ng ln, nh yu cu bng thng qua knh sp xp, yu cu piggyback v thm d c thit k h tr cc yu cu bng thng UL. Lung dch v UL xc nh k thut hi tip cho mi kt ni ng ln m bo d bo hot ng ca b lp lch UL. Hn na, cc knh con UL trc giao, khng c nhiu trong t bo. Lp lch UL c th cp pht ti nguyn hiu qu hn v QoS tt hn. - Cp pht ti nguyn ng:MAC h tr cp pht ti nguyn thi gian-tn s cho c UL v DL trn c s tng khung. Cp pht ti nguyn c truyn trong cc bn tin MAC ti bt u mi khung. V vy, cp pht ti nguyn c th c thay i trn tng khung p ng vi cc iu kin knh v lu lng. Thm na, lng ti nguyn trong mi cp pht c th tri rng t mt khe n ton b khung. Cp pht ti nguyn tt v nhanh cho php QoS mong c cho lu lng d liu - QoS nh hng:B lp lch MAC iu khin truyn d liu trn c s tng kt ni. Mi kt ni c kt hp vi mt dch v d liu c mt tp cc thng s QoS xc nh kha cnh hot ng ca n. Vi kh nng cp pht ng ti nguyn cho c UL v DL, b lp lch c th cung cp QoS mong mun cho c lu lng UL v DL. c bit vi lp lch ng ln ti nguyn ng ln c cp pht hiu qu hn, hiu sut d tin on hn v QoS tt hn. - Lp lch la chn tn s:B lp lch c th hot ng trn cc loi knh con khc nhau. Vi cc knh con tn s thay i khc nhau nh hon v PUSC, cc sng mang con trong cc knh con c phn b gi ngu nhin dc theo bng thng, cc knh con c cht lng nh nhau. Lp lch tn s thay i khc nhau c th h tr QoS c tnh cht tt hn v lp lch ti nguyn thi gian-tn s linh hot. Vi hon v lin k nh hon v AMC, cc knh con phi chu suy hao khc nhau. Lp

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lch la chn tn s c th cp pht cc ngi s dng di ng cho cc knh con tng ng mnh nht. Lp lch la chn tn s c th lm tng dung lng h thng vi s tng va phi trong tiu CQI UL 2.5.3 Lp Vt L Lp vt l cung cp kt ni v tuyn gia BS v SS. Chun IEEE 802.16 nh ngha cc k thut khc nhau truyn thng tin qua mi trng v tuyn. Cc c t lp vt l chun IEEE 802.16 l: - WirelessMAN SC s dng kiu n sng mang con,tn s s dng bng tn ln hn 11GHz ,trong iu kin LOS. - WirelessMAN SCa s dng n sng mang con,tn s t 2-11GHz,iu kin LOS,h tr truyn im a im. - WirelessMAN OFDM s dng FFT 256 im,tn s 2-11GHz,iu kin NLOS,h tr truyn im a im. - WirelessMAN OFDMA s dng FFT 2048 im,tn s 2-11GHz,iu kin NLOS,h tr truyn im a im.Chun IEEE 802.16e-2005 th lp vt l s dng SOFDMA vi gi tr FFT thay i:128,512,1024,2048 im. Lp vt l chun IEEE 802.16 s dng phng php iu ch OFDM, bng tn c chia thnh nhiu sng mang con trc giao vi nhau nhm t c thng lng d liu v khong cch truyn ti a, chng nhiu hiu qu. Ngoi ra,lp vt l cn cung cp mt s phng thc iu ch nhiu mc nh BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMcho php truyn nhiu n v thng tin trn mt n v thi gian. Lp vt l h tr c 2 phng thc truyn song cng : song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplex) v song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD (Frequency Division Duplex). Ch TDD s dng cc khe thi gian, mi mt SS c BS cp cho cc khe thi gian s dng truyn v nhn d liu, cho php d liu truyn khng ng thi trn c hai hng uplink v downlink nhng c th s dng chung tn s. Ch song cng FDD phn chia thnh hai knh

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uplink v downlink hot ng trn hai tn s ring bit, cho php truyn d liu ng thi trn c hai hng. 2.6. u v nhc im ca cng ngh WiMAX Mc tiu ca t chc IEEE khi pht trin tiu chun 802.16: Xy dng mt phm vi chun d dng cho s pht trin v phi hp gia cc nh sn xut, nh cung cp v c ngi s dng. Thc y qu trnh chng nhn phi hp hot ng v tun th cho cc h thng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng trn ton cu. Nh vy, vi mc tiu ra, cc tiu chun cho WiMAX c li ch ht sc to ln i vi cc nh sn xut, cc nh cung cp dch v v c ngi s dng dch v. i vi nh sn xut: Trn c s tiu chun chung, nh sn xut c th nhanh chng pht trin cc sn phm m t phi chi ph cho vic nghin cu, to thnh phn v dch v mi. Mt nh sn xut c th tp trung vo mt lnh vc (chng hn trm gc hay CPE) m khng cn thc hin y gii php t u cui n u cui. i vi nh cung cp dch v: Trn c s nn tng chung cho php nh cung cp dch v gim gi thnh, tng kh nng cnh tranh cng nh khuyn khch s i mi. Kh nng gim cc chi ph v mc u t cho php nh khai thc tng phm vi phc v ca mnh. Nh khai thc khng cn ph thuc vo mt nh cung cp thit b ring do cc sn phm ring bit ca tng hng. H thng v tuyn cho php gim cc ri ro cho nh khai thc. i vi ngi s dng dch v: Ngi s dng ti cc khu vc trc y cha c cung cp dch v truy cp bng rng nay c th c s dng nh kh nng ph sng rng ca WiMAX.

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Nhiu nh cung cp dch v trn th trng to iu kin cho ngi s dng c thm nhiu la chn cho dch v truy nhp bng rng. To s cnh tranh c li cho ngi s dng, gim cc chi ph dch v. Di tn WiMAX s dng khng tng thch ti nhiu quc gia, lm hn ch s ph bin cng ngh rng ri. Do cng ngh mi xut hin gn y nn vn cn mt s l hng bo mt. Tuy c gi l chun cng ngh nhng tht s cha c chun do hin gi ang s dng gn 10 chun cng ngh khc nhau. Theo din dn WiMAX ch mi c khong 12 hng pht trin chun WiMAX c chng nhn bao gm: Alvarion, Selex Communication, Airspan, Proxim Wilreless, Redline, Sequnas, Siemens, SR Telecom, Telsim, Wavesat, Aperto, Axxcelera. Cng ngh ny khi xng t nc M, nhng thc s cha c thng tin chnh thc no cp n vic M s dng WiMAX nh th no, khc phc hu qu s c ra sao. Ngay c Vit Nam, VNPT (vi nh thu nc ngoi l Motorola, Alvarion) cng trin khai mt s tnh min ni pha Bc, c th l Lo Cai nhng cng ch gii hn l cc im truy cp Internet ti Bu in tnh,huyn ch cha c nhng kt lun chnh thc v tnh hiu qu ng k ca h thng. Nh vy, c th thy rng kh nng cng nh li ch ca cc h thng WiMAX da trn h chun 802.16 l ht sc to ln mc d n vn tn ti mt s hn ch. N cho php nh cung cp dch v trin khai nhanh chng cc h thng mng ca mnh, tng kh nng cnh tranh ng thi cho php ngi tiu dng c thm nhiu la chn, tit kim hn trong cc chi ph. iu ny chnh l ng lc thc y cc nh sn xut v cc nh cung cp dch v pht trin h thng WiMAX.

Cc nhc im ca cng ngh WiMAX: -

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2.6 Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX 2.6.1 Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX trn th gii. Hin nay,trn th gii, c cc mng th nghim cng ngh WiMAX c nh v di ng. Theo nh gi ca Maravedis Inc. th th trng vin thng bng rng c nh n nm 2010 c doanh thu vt 2 t USD. Hin nay, tc tng trng hng nm l 30%. Vic xut hin mt cng ngh truy cp khng dy bng rng mi nh WiMAX cho php trin khai nhanh dch v, s lm bng n th trng trong nhng nm ti. n nay, c mt s nc i vo trin khai v khai thc th nghim cc dch v trn nn Mobile WiMAX nh M, c, Brazil Mt s kin c th coi l mt bc ngot quan trng ca WiMAX t ngy 15-19/10/2007 c quan vin thng quc t thuc lin hip quc ITU ph duyt cng ngh bng rng khng dy ny vo b chun IMT-2000. Quyt inh ny a WiMAX ln ngang tm vi nhng k thut kt ni v tuyn hng u hin nay trong b chun IMT-2000 gm c GSM, CDMA v UMTS. iu ny m bo cho cc nh khai thc v qun l trn ton th gii yn tm u t vo bng rng di ng thc s dng WiMAX. 2.6.2 Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX th nghim ti Vit Nam. VNPT trin khai th nghim cng ngh WiMAX ti Lo Cai vo thng 10/2006 v nghim thu thnh cng vo thng 4/2007. Nm 2006, ti Vit Nam, c 4 doanh nghip c B Bu chnh Vin thng cho php cung cp th nghim dch v WiMAX c nh l Viettel, VTC, VNPT v FPT Telecom. Sau khi th nghim xong, B s la chn 3 nh cung cp chnh th cho loi hnh bng rng khng dy ny. Ngy 1/10/2007, Chnh ph cp php trin khai dch v thng tin di ng 3G v dch v truy nhp bng rng khng dy WiMAX (theo cng vn 5535/VPCPCN ca vn phng Chnh ph). ng thi, Ph th tng ng cp php th nghim dch v WiMAX di ng cho 4 doanh nghip EVN Telecom, Viettel, FPT

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v VTC th nghim ti bng tn 2.3 - 2.4 GHz; VNPT th nghim ti bng tn 2.5 2.69 GHz. 2.7 Kt lun chng Qua chng ny chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v cng ngh WiMAX,cc k thut s dng trong WiMAX,m hnh phn lp ca WiMAX,u nhc im ca WiMAX v tnh hnh pht trin ca WiMAX trn th gii v Vit Nam.

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