Individual Learning Packet

Teaching Unit

Waiting for Godot

by Samuel Beckett

Copyright 1985 by Prestwick House Inc., P.O. Box 658, Clayton, DE 19938. 1-800-932-4593.
www.prestwickhouse.com Permission to copy this unit for classroom use is extended to purchaser for his or her
personal use. This material, in whole or part, may not be copied for resale. Revised June 2003.

ISBN 978-1-60389-966-6
Reorder No. 201461

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Waiting for Godot

Background Lecture
Samuel Beckett, born 1906 in Dublin, Ireland, was a novelist and playwright who spent much
of his life in the cultural center of Paris. Beckett was drawn to this intellectual atmosphere
after completing his M.A. at Trinity College, Ireland. Except for excursions in Europe, he
spent most of his life in Paris, writing in French from the 1940s on. Like his close friend
James Joyce, Beckett, was a scholar of language. In 1969, Beckett was given the Nobel Prize
for his work. Waiting for Godot is considered a representative play of Theater of the Absurd.
Theatre of the Absurd:

was a trend in theatre during the 1950s & 1960s.

originated with the Surrealist movement of the 1930s.

w
 as the culmination of the pessimistic, disillusioned attitude that existed between
the 1920s & 1950s.

s howed that mans only protection is to laugh at the absurdity of his situation
since human life and efforts are illogical, and language is inadequate as a means of
communication.

s aw existence as ridiculous because human action is meaningless. As a result, there

are no moral decisions or conflicts between forces that are meaningful.

BACKGROUND LECTURE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Characteristics:
1.

In form, playwrights do not follow the traditional techniques of characterization and

dramatic construction. According to some critics, the plays are anti-dramatic because
everything that happens to man is random.

2.

The exposition is vague; little information about the previous history of the characters is
given. Character motivation is unclear.

3.

At times, the characters change their personalities abruptly for no reason.

4.

The action often involves bizarre, unreal incidents and behaviors.

5. There is no concern to tell a narrative of the external world.

6. Rather, the purpose is to portray the inner world or state of mind of a human being.
7. The reality of these plays is often the reality of fantasy or dream-life.
8. The plays explore the inner world of anxieties, obsessions, and wish fulfillment.
9. Images and metaphors are presented on stage to convey these inner feelings.
10. The style is often fragmented thought, recollection, and conversation.
11. The atmospheres of the plays are often gloomy since these plays reflect the futility and
despair of life.
12. The moods of the plays are considered by many to be sinister; man is shown to be
impotent, incapable of action, and in a state of paralysis.

Waiting for Godot, first performed in Paris in 1952, was considered a turning point of
modern drama because Becketts innovative play was a sharp contrast to conventional
drama. First, since Existentialism was a popular doctrine in Paris when Beckett
lived there, the play shows some Existential influence. Specifically, the characters
are alienated; their lives seem meaningless and absurd as they wait for Godot, who
does not appear. The characters are not Existential, however, because they are able to
maintain hope and endure. Second, the play is not structured by a typical complication,
resolution plot. Rather, it is a pattern of monotonous action and dialogue. Third, the
play is clearly symbolic; Christian symbolism is most apparent.

The play is classified Tragi-Comedy. Tragi-Comedy is a combination of the tragic and

the comic. Although horrified by the situation presented, people laugh at the way it is
presented. The comical aspect can be considered farcical. Farce is an exaggerated type of
comedy full of ludicrous incidents and expressions.

BACKGROUND LECTURE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Objectives
By the end of this Unit, the student will be able to:
1. identify Waiting For Godot as Theatre of the Absurd, pointing out the following
characteristics:

A. There is the attitude that life is ridiculous.

B. It uses non-conventional techniques of plot and character development.

C. It explores the inner world of humans, not the external reality.

D. The style is fragmented thought.

E. Metaphors, images, and symbols are presented.

F. The atmosphere is one of despair.
2. creatively write a description of what some people do while they are waiting.
3.

explain the elements of tragi-comedy in the play: the comedy of absurdity, the tragedy of
the characters miserable plight.

4.

explain how the setting, the world of the play, contributes to the mood, atmosphere,
and theme.

5.

write an essay that explains one aspect of the play that affects the audience.

6.

discuss the following themes:

A. People exist in a cycle of meaningless suffering, waiting for some relief.

B. In human existence, hoping, attempting to communicate, and searching for meaning
are futile. Man is powerless, bored, and frustrated.
C. In spite of the suffering and futility of life, humans are noble in their efforts to
survive, their ability to hope, and their capacity to show compassion to each other.
D. The two main characters, Gogo and Didi, are like clowns; throughout their
grotesque interactions, they are unable to understand each other.
E. Humans are alienated. Each individual feels apart from society as a whole and feels
frustrated as he tries to communicate and cries out for help.
F. As people struggle to combat boredom in their lives, life itself becomes meaningless.
G. The catharsis of the play is the nothing happens aspect of our daily lives;
paradoxically, we are thrown out of our boredom by the suspense resulting from the
nothing happens of life.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Introduction
Directions:

Write a one or two page description of people standing around waiting for someone to
come or something to happen. Include the following in your description:

1. Describe the setting. It can be any setting you choose.

2.

3. Use dialogue between these people as they wait.

4. Describe the actions of the people while they are waiting.

5. Use these details of setting, activities, and conversation to suggest the feelings of
the people as they wait.

Include at least two people.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Questions for Discussion

Act I.
Find three examples of tragi-comedy in this act.
Possible answers are as follows:
1.

When Vladimir and Estragon consider suicide (comical argument/human despair).

2.

When Estragon forgets he and Estragon are waiting.

3.

Vladimir and Estragons comical inspection of the pathetic Lucky.

4.

Pozzos mockery of consideration for Lucky in asking him if he wants the bones before he
gives them to Estragon. It is tragic that Pozzo seems to believe that he is a sensitive leader.

5.

Luckys hat, dance, and speech.

6.

Pozzos searching for the things he thinks that he has lost.

7.

The interaction of Lucky with Vladimir and Estragon, i.e. the kicking, etc.

Act II.
List at least five ways that Act II parallels Act I.
1.

Estragon and Vladimir come together in the morning after being separated during the night.

2.

Pozzo and Lucky arrive.

3.

Estragon complains about his feet and leaves his boots.

4.

The messenger returns.

5.

Estragon sleeps; Vladimir waits for him to awaken.

6.

Vladimir and Estragon consider the tree for hanging themselves.

7.

For another day, Vladimir and Estragon pass the time waiting.

8.

Vladimir and Estragon consider separating again.

Questions for Discussion

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Test
Characters - Matching
1. ______ Estragon

A. represents the hope of a better future.

2. ______ Vladimir

B. a miserable victim who is loyal to his tormentor.

3. ______ Pozzo

C. is concerned with the physical aspects of life.

4. ______ Lucky

D. a cruel landowner who is concerned only with himself

5. ______ Godot

E. is concerned with the intellectual aspects of life.

Multiple Choice
6.

How does the reader know that Gogo and Didi are together before the play begins?
A. Pozzo reminds them that he has known them for twenty years.
B. They share vague memories of picking grapes together.
C. The messenger indicates that he had seen them together.
D. All of the above

7.

Vladimir shows kindness to Estragon when he

A. gives Estragon his comfortable boots.
B. covers the sleeping Estragon with his coat.
C. defends Estragon while Estragon sleeps in the ditch.
D. Both C and B

8.

Vladimir believes he has a 50-50 chance of being saved. To support this belief, Vladimir
attempts to remind Estragon of
A. the notion that one of the two thieves being crucified with Christ is saved.
B. the idea that 50-50 are random odds for everyone.
C. the fact that he has saved other people.
D. the Christian idea that Christ promises salvation to those who are faithful.

9.

Estragon is concerned about

A. the purpose of life.
B. buying a farm.
C. how not to hurt Vladimirs feelings.
D. eating.

TEST

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

10. When Pozzo first enters with Lucky, Pozzo says he will delay his journey a moment
because

A. he wants the society of other humans.

B. he wants to eat chicken in front of hungry men.

C. Lucky needs a rest.

D. Estragon will not get off Pozzos land.
11. After Pozzo finishes eating his chicken, Vladimir is scandalized and embarrassed
because

A. Lucky is forced to chew on Pozzos chicken bones.

B. Pozzo refuses to allow Lucky to eat.

C. Estragon asks for the chicken bones.

D. Both B and C
12.

According to Pozzo, Lucky doesnt put down the bags because he

A. is too stupid.
B. is anxious to leave.
C. wants to impress Pozzo with his strength and devotion.
D. wants to impress on Vladimir how cruel Pozzo is.

13.

During the first scene which includes Estragon, Vladimir, Lucky and Pozzo, Lucky
A. kicks Estragon.
B. cries.
C. gives a long speech with several incomplete thoughts.
D. All of the above

14.

The boy who brings the message from Mr. Godot is

A. a slave owned by Pozzo.
B. fearful.
C. sure that Godot will come that evening.
D. starving.

15.

In Act II Pozzo is
A. blind and more helpless.
B. more cruel to Lucky.
C. more appreciative and considerate of Lucky.
D. Both A and C

TEST

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Sentence Completion
16. The characters show they are bored when

17. While they are waiting, the characters of Estragon and Vladimir pass the time by

18. Beckett shows humans are capable of compassion by

19. Although Estragon and Vladimir consider hanging themselves, they dont because

20. Act II parallels Act I except for the changes of

Paragraphs
21. Write a well-developed paragraph that explains how this play could be set at any time and
in any place. Consider why Beckett has created such a barren background for his play.
22. Write a well-supported paragraph to justify your opinion of the following question:
Does Beckett show the world to be meaningless? Do people live a pointless existence of
nothing but waiting for possibilities that never materialize as expected?
Essay
Write an essay that explains the significance of one or more of the topics below. Put your
answer in the context of the play, giving examples when necessary. What idea does Beckett
suggest with the detail?
The tree
The hat/the boots
Allusions to Christianity
The rope and Estragon and Vladimirs discussion of hanging themselves
The role of the messenger
The relationship of Pozzo and Lucky
The relationship of Gogo and Didi

TEST

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Test Answer Key

Multiple Choice

1.

6.

11.

2.

7.

12.

3.

8.

13.

4.

9.

14.

5.

10.

15.

Sentence Completion
16. The characters show they are bored when they try to think of and welcome diversionsact
silly.
17. While they are waiting, the characters of Estragon and Vladimir pass the time by talking,
being silly, getting into arguments, eating, thinking of suicide, sleeping.
18. Beckett shows humans are capable of compassion by Estragon and Vladimirs concern for
each other. For example, Vladimir uses his coat to cover the sleeping Estragon. Estragon and
Vladimir are concerned for Lucky, at least until Lucky kicks Estragon, who tries to comfort
him.
19. Although Estragon and Vladimir consider hanging themselves, they do not because they
have hope Godot will come. They do not want to risk leaving the other behind alone. They do
not have any rope.
20. Act II parallels Act I except for the changes of scenery (there are leaves on the tree) and
characterization (Lucky is dumb, and Pozzo is blind).

10

TEST ANSWER KEY

Waiting for Godot

TEACHING UNIT

Answers to the Paragraphs

21. There is no scenery. Few allusions are made to any historical time. Only a few places are
mentioned, but the characters are not at any of these places during the play; they have
been there. The play represents the universal condition of man; this is a symbolic world.
People are alienated from nature in the modern world.
22. Students may point out that people are able to endure their present hardships by hoping
for a better future. They may mention that some people are able to realize some of their
hopes; students may not believe life is as unpromising as Beckett suggests. Others may
point out the religious aspects and mention the faith they have been taught.
Answers to Essay

Answers will vary.

11

TEST ANSWER KEY

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

Waiting for Godot

Act I
VOCABULARY

pubisthe forward portion of the hip bone

privationlack of the basic necessities of life
insidiousintended to entrap
wheedlingpersuading by flattery
voluptuouslysuggesting unrestrained pleasure
pugilistone who fights with his fists
mandrakesplants believed to have magical powers
prerogativesexclusive rights held by a person
vacuouslystupidly
proffersoffers
peremptorycommanding
magnanimousgenerous in forgiving
voraciouslygreedy in eating
effeminate-feminine
cretinone who is mentally and physically challenged
goitera swelling of the neck
impertinentinattentive
affectationa false display
vehementlyin a forceful manner
ostentatiouslythe act of making a showy display
grampusa whale
mollifyto placate or calm
knooka knucklehead
dudeena short stemmed clay pipe
Kapp and Petersona brand of pipe
effulgencebrilliant radiance
tray bongslang for French phrase tres bien meaning very good
indignantlyangrily
aesthetean admirer of beauty
consternationsurprise; panic
foba small pocket in the front of a vest, used especially to hold a watch

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

1. Describe the scenery of the play.

Because the play is a symbolic one, there is little scenery. A tree along a country road is
mentioned. To suggest a universal setting, the play could take place anywhere, anytime.

2. Contrast Estragon and Vladimir by considering what each is concerned with, who is
more realistic, and who is more idealistic and why.

Estragon is a realist; he is interested in his physical needs. Vladimir is an idealist; he is

reaching for something meaningful in his life. Vladimir is concerned with the intellectual.

3. What point does Vladimir make with his story of the two thieves who are crucified at
the same time as Christ? What is Estragons reaction?

One of the thieves is saved, so there is a chance of salvation.

Although only one of the four Gospels mention the one thief being saved, people believe that
one of the two is saved. This points out the willingness of people to hope. Estragons remark is
that people are bloody ignorant apes.

4. Considering the juxtaposition of the story of the two thieves and the mention of Godot,
what is the significance of Godot?

Godot can represent the hope of salvation or a better future. The significance is not in who
Godot, is but in the fact that the men are waiting for him to come.

5. What do Estragon and Vladimir do to pass the time?

They talk and speculate. They do not always understand each other. They argue. They show
concern for each other. They consider the future and share vague memories.

6. Estragon says, There are times when I wonder if it wouldnt be better for us to part.
Why do they not part? Give details to prove your points.

They will be lonely without each other. (Vladimir awakens Estragon because he is lonely.)
When they consider suicide, neither wants to be left alone. They need to share their thoughts
with each other. Estragon wants to tell Vladimir about his dream and is upset when Vladimir
will not listen.

7. How are they like a married couple?

They have pet names for each otherGogo and Didi. They get angry with each other and then
embrace. Although they have differences, they need each other. In one way they are opposites,
two sides of one entity.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

8. In your opinion, why do Estragon and Vladimir consider suicide? Do you believe they
really want to commit suicide? Explain your opinions.

People often get tired of waiting for something good to happen; they feel despair or loss of
hope. Apparently they have not lost all hope because they agree to keep waiting for Godot.

9. Estragon is concerned that they have lost their rights. Why does he feel this way?

They are desperate. In response to Estragons question, Where do we come in? Vladimir
says, Come in? On our hands and knees.

10. Although Estragon is concerned with being tied to Godot, he seems at least equally
concerned about what else? What is Becketts point?

Eating. To humans, eating is at least as important as anything else.

11. Describe the relationship between Pozzo and Lucky.

Master and slave.

12. Characterize Pozzo. Support your ideas about him with examples from the text.

He is power hungry, filled with his own importance. He says, I present myself: Pozzo...I am
Pozzo! (silence) Pozzo! Does that name mean nothing to you? He considers Vladimir and
Estragon imperfect likenesses of himself. He is cruel. Examples can also be taken from
Pozzos treatment of Lucky.

13. Why does Pozzo stop his journey?

He says that he cannot go on without the society of others.

14. How do Vladimir and Estragon react to Lucky?

They are both concerned and curious.

15. Why is Vladimir shocked? What, according to Vladimir, is so scandalous?

Estragon should ask for the bones and not wait for Pozzo and Lucky to leave. Pozzos
treatment of Lucky can be considered scandalous.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

16. Pozzo considers leaving or staying and smoking another pipe. Explain all the silences in
his speech.

He is self-conscious and awkward. He wants Vladimir and Estragon to ask him to stay.
Perhaps the fact that he gets no response emphasizes the disgust others feel towards him.

17. When Vladimir wants to leave Pozzo, why does Estragon not want to leave? What
difference between Estragon and Vladimir is being emphasized? Why does Vladimir stay?

Estragon scents charity; he is realistic in the sense that he realizes that they may get
something from Pozzo. Vladimir, as an idealist, does not want anything from someone he
finds so morally repulsive. Vladimir stays because he is reminded of Godot.

18. Pozzo patronizes Estragon and Vladimir with his remarks about how even Estragon and
Vladimir make him more conscious of ones blessings. How do Estragon and Vladimir
patronize Pozzo?

They treat him like an idiot, and they pantomime their questions to him.

19. According to Pozzo, why does Lucky always hold the bags and not make himself
comfortable? What is Pozzos attitude toward Luckys crying?

Pozzo says, He wants to impress me, so that Ill keep him. Old dogs have more dignity.

20. How do Estragon and Vladimir show compassion for Lucky? What is the result?

They want to wipe away Luckys tears. Lucky kicks Estragon.

21. Explain Pozzos remark: Do I look like a man that can be made to suffer? Frankly?

Apparently he is aware of his own insensitivity.

22. Some critics have pointed out that the characters in this play are like clowns. At some
point in the play, a direct reference is made to the circus. Quote these lines and describe
what the characters do that makes them seem like clowns.

Vladimir:
Estragon:
Vladimir:
Estragon:
Estragon:

Worse than the pantomime.

The circus.
The music-hall.
The circus.
(convulsed with merriment) Hell be the death of me!

In this section, the characters continue the antics typical of clowns.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

23. Explain the following:

Vladimir: Time has stopped.

Pozzo:
Dont you believe it....

Time has stopped for Vladimir and Estragon, who are waiting. Estragon and Vladimir are
said to be personifications of the human tendency to wait and hope for relief. Pozzo, however,
is moving on, planning, and changing.

24. What is your reaction to Pozzos speech about approaching night? Why is there a long
silence after he finishes?

Students may point out the lyrical quality, or they may say Pozzo is babbling on just to pass
the time.

25. Pozzo suggests that he owes Estragon and Vladimir something for their civility. Then
Pozzo says that Lucky can sing and dance to entertain them. Explain how Estragon and
Vladimirs responses reinforce the idea that Estragon is realistic and Vladimir is idealistic.

Estragon says he would like money; Vladimir is indignant again, saying that they are not
beggars. Vladimir wants to hear Lucky sing; Estragon wants to see him dance but offers the
compromise that perhaps Lucky can do both.

26. What is significant about the action with the hats?

As a trio, they all say, Wait! Then, all three take off their hats simultaneously, press their
hands to their foreheads, concentrate. Like a clown, Vladimir has to sneak up behind Lucky
in order to put the hat on Luckys head. Lucky has to have his hat on to think.

27. What meaning do you get from Luckys speech?

Students may point out that like many people Lucky has no idea what life means. The speech
may be described as a series of incomplete thoughts, an unsuccessful attempt to make sense
out of everything people are uncertain about.

28. What stops Lucky in his thinking?

Vladimir and Pozzo take his hat and crush it.

29. What is comical about Pozzo? What is tragic?

He is always searching for something, then forgetting about it. His cruelty to Lucky is tragic.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

30. After Pozzo and Lucky leave, what do Estragon and Vladimir do?

They return to their waiting and looking for ways to pass the time.

31. What news does the messenger bring?

Godot wont come this evening but surely tomorrow.

32. To whom does Estragon compare himself? Why?

He compares himself to Christ, perhaps because of his suffering.

33. What do Estragon and Vladimir consider again?

They consider parting.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

Act II
Vocabulary
splayedspread apart
sententiousfull of meaning
charnelhouse-a vault where corpses are kept
que voulez-vousFrench phrase meaning what do you want
coquettishlyteasingly
gonococcusbacteria found in venereal diseases
spirochetebacteria found in venereal diseases
punctiliousattentive to details
morpiona louse
aphoristicin the form of a brief statement
caryatidscolumns sculptured in the form of women
memoria praeteritorum bonorumLatin phrase meaning the past is always
recalled to be good

1. What is different about the setting?

There are leaves on the tree.

2.

What ideas of life does Vladimirs song suggest? Describe Estragons condition when
he enters.

The song suggests suffering and cruelty. Estragon enters barefoot with his head bowed.

3. What idea about friendship is suggested when Estragon and Vladimir are re-united?

People do seem to need each other. The expression of concern for each other, the need to be
missed, and the embrace are all necessary.

4. What part do things such as sharing memories, trying to remember, and having to be
reminded have in life?

They give some meaning to life.

5.

Do you agree with Vladimirs statement, To every man his little cross.?

Students may point out that all people have problems, burdens, in their lives.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

6. Estragon says they blathered. What do you think he means? Do people blather
about nothing in particular?

It means to talk; without meaning.

7.

Explain Estragons statement, We always find something, eh Didi, to give us the

impression we exist?

Their concern over the boots, eating, staying together, getting angry, and being silly
gives them the assurance that they are alive and that they do matter to each other and to
themselves.

8. What does Vladimir do that shows the human capacity for compassion?

While Estragon sleeps, Vladimir uses his own coat to cover Estragon. He comforts Estragon
when he awakens.

9. Describe the stage business that goes on with the hat.

Estragon and Vladimir keep exchanging hats. They abuse each other.

10. Although Vladimir is the intellectual, both he and Estragon are shown to be thinkers
who question and discuss life. Explain Vladimirs statement, What is terrible is to have
thought...Its not the worst, I know... but we could have done without it.

Humans are capable of analyzing and planning their experiences. This unique ability among
other animals may be the source of human problems. Other animals live by instinct; man
tries to live by reason.

11. How do Estragon and Vladimir behave when they think Godot may have come?

Apart from their excitement, they seem almost fearful. Perhaps they are satisfied with hope;
maybe the anticipation is more satisfying than the reality.

12. What is different about Lucky and Pozzo?

Pozzo is blind; he is dependent on Lucky. Later, it is revealed that Lucky is dumb.

13. Pozzo cries for help. How do Estragon and Vladimir react?

They discuss the possibility of getting something from him now that he is at their mercy.
Vladimir philosophizes on the idea of not wasting time when they have the opportunity to
help mankind. However, he wastes time with his long speeches.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

14. How is the idea that Estragon and Vladimir are bored developed?

Vladimir says, We are bored to death. Pozzo and Lucky are a diversion for him.

15. How are the characters clown-like?

They fall on top of each other, pull each other down.

16. Estragon calls Pozzo by the name Abel and calls Lucky by the name Cain. Explain.

Biblical references to Cain and Abel appear to indicate that the two represent all humanity.

17. Give an example to show the treatment of Lucky is both comic and tragic.

Pozzo:pull on the rope, as hard as he likes so long as he doesnt strangle him give him a
taste of his boot, in the face and the privates as far as possible

Vladimir: Make sure hes alive before you start. No point in exerting yourself if hes dead.

With sudden fury, Estragon starts kicking Lucky,But he hurts his foot and moves away,
limping and groaning.

18. Estragon is able to dream of happiness. What does that suggest?

Perhaps happiness is possible only in dreams.

19. How is the conversation with the messenger a repeat of the evening before?

Godot is not coming, but he will come the next night. The messenger does not recognize
Vladimir. The messenger wants to know what to tell Godot.

20. How is the final conversation between Estragon and Vladimir a repeat of the
evening before?

They consider suicide and they consider parting.

21. Explain the fact that, although Estragon and Vladimir agree to go, the stage directions
indicate that they do not move.

Because they are focused on being saved in the future, they are incapable of taking action
in the present. Their action is only to pass the time while they wait.

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

TEACHERS COPY

22. How is the play one of both hope and despair?

The hope comes from the fact that the characters, like most people, do not give up the hope of
a better future. It is this hope that sustains them. However, they must endure intense suffering
as they live and wait. Hope also comes from the friendship between the two men. Although
they have difficulty communicating so they can understand each other, they are a comfort to
each other.

23. Some critics think it is a waste of time to speculate on the identity of Godot. Other
critics say Godot is God. Explain your opinion.

It is both the waiting and the hope attached to Godot that are significant. Students may find
all the Christian references in the play do support the idea of Godot as God. Vladimir and
Estragon both honor and fear the coming of Godot.

24. Which character do you have the most respect for? Why?

Estragon and Vladimir represent people who are capable of thought; they are controlled by
ideals. Vladimir is more the leader and Estragon the follower. Lucky and Pozzo are symbolic
of people who live as part of the pragmatic, materialistic system that makes practical gain
an end. Pozzo, a wealthy landowner, could be either a Capitalist or an Aristocrat. Lucky,
his victim, is either a laborer or a member of the working class. Unfortunately, Lucky is so
accustomed to this cruelty that he insists on fighting for it. (He wants to impress Pozzo so
that Pozzo will keep him. He kicks Estragon who has offered him concern.)

10

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

Waiting for Godot

Act I
VOCABULARY

pubisthe forward portion of the hip bone

privationlack of the basic necessities of life
insidiousintended to entrap
wheedlingpersuading by flattery
voluptuouslysuggesting unrestrained pleasure
pugilistone who fights with his fists
mandrakesplants believed to have magical powers
prerogativesexclusive rights held by a person
vacuouslystupidly
proffersoffers
peremptorycommanding
magnanimousgenerous in forgiving
voraciouslygreedy in eating
effeminatefeminine
cretinone who is mentally and physically challenged
goitera swelling of the neck
impertinentinattentive
affectationa false display
vehementlyin a forceful manner
ostentatiouslythe act of making a showy display
grampusa whale
mollifyto placate or calm
knooka knucklehead
dudeena short stemmed clay pipe
Kapp and Petersona brand of pipe
effulgencebrilliant radiance
tray bongslang for French phrase tres bien meaning very good
indignantlyangrily
aesthetean admirer of beauty
consternationsurprise; panic
foba small pocket in the front of a vest, used especially to hold a watch

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

1. Describe the scenery of the play.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Contrast Estragon and Vladimir by considering what each is concerned with, who is
more realistic, and who is more idealistic and why.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What point does Vladimir make with his story of the two thieves who are crucified at
the same time as Christ? What is Estragons reaction?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Considering the juxtaposition of the story of the two thieves and the mention of Godot,
what is the significance of Godot?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. What do Estragon and Vladimir do to pass the time?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Estragon says, There are times when I wonder if it wouldnt be better for us to part.
Why do they not part? Give details to prove your points.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. How are they like a married couple?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

8. In your opinion, why do Estragon and Vladimir consider suicide? Do you believe they
really want to commit suicide? Explain your opinions.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Estragon is concerned that they have lost their rights. Why does he feel this way?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Although Estragon is concerned with being tied to Godot, he seems at least equally
concerned about what else? What is Becketts point?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
11. Describe the relationship between Pozzo and Lucky.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
12. Characterize Pozzo. Support your ideas about him with examples from the text.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
13. Why does Pozzo stop his journey?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
14. How do Vladimir and Estragon react to Lucky?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

15. Why is Vladimir shocked? What, according to Vladimir, is so scandalous?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
16. Pozzo considers leaving or staying and smoking another pipe. Explain all the silences in
his speech.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
17. When Vladimir wants to leave Pozzo, why does Estragon not want to leave? What
difference between Estragon and Vladimir is being emphasized? Why does Vladimir stay?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
18. Pozzo patronizes Estragon and Vladimir with his remarks about how even Estragon and
Vladimir make him more conscious of ones blessings. How do Estragon and Vladimir
patronize Pozzo?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
19. According to Pozzo, why does Lucky always hold the bags and not make himself
comfortable? What is Pozzos attitude toward Luckys crying?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
20. How do Estragon and Vladimir show compassion for Lucky? What is the result?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
21. Explain Pozzos remark: Do I look like a man that can be made to suffer? Frankly?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

22. Some critics have pointed out that the characters in this play are like clowns. At some
point in the play, a direct reference is made to the circus. Quote these lines and describe
what the characters do that makes them seem like clowns.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Explain the following:

Vladimir: Time has stopped.

Pozzo:
Dont you believe it....

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

24. What is your reaction to Pozzos speech about approaching night? Why is there a long
silence after he finishes?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
25. Pozzo suggests that he owes Estragon and Vladimir something for their civility. Then
Pozzo says that Lucky can sing and dance to entertain them. Explain how Estragon and
Vladimirs responses reinforce the idea that Estragon is realistic and Vladimir is idealistic.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
26. What is significant about the action with the hats?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
27. What meaning do you get from Luckys speech?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

28. What stops Lucky in his thinking?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
29. What is comical about Pozzo? What is tragic?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
30. After Pozzo and Lucky leave, what do Estragon and Vladimir do?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
31. What news does the messenger bring?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
32. To whom does Estragon compare himself? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
33. What do Estragon and Vladimir consider again?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

Act II
Vocabulary
splayedspread apart
sententiousfull of meaning
charnelhouse-a vault where corpses are kept
que voulez-vousFrench phrase meaning what do you want
coquettishlyteasingly
gonococcusbacteria found in venereal diseases
spirochetebacteria found in venereal diseases
punctiliousattentive to details
morpiona louse
aphoristicin the form of a brief statement
caryatidscolumns sculptured in the form of women
memoria praeteritorum bonorumLatin phrase meaning the past is always
recalled to be good

1. What is different about the setting?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.

What ideas of life does Vladimirs song suggest? Describe Estragons condition when
he enters.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What idea about friendship is suggested when Estragon and Vladimir are re-united?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What part do things such as sharing memories, trying to remember, and having to be
reminded have in life?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

5.

STUDENT COPY

Do you agree with Vladimirs statement, To every man his little cross.?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

6. Estragon says they blathered. What do you think he means? Do people blather
about nothing in particular?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7.

Explain Estragons statement, We always find something, eh Didi, to give us the

impression we exist?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

8. What does Vladimir do that shows the human capacity for compassion?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Describe the stage business that goes on with the hat.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Although Vladimir is the intellectual, both he and Estragon are shown to be thinkers
who question and discuss life. Explain Vladimirs statement, What is terrible is to have
thoughtIts not the worst, I know but we could have done without it.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
11. How do Estragon and Vladimir behave when they think Godot may have come?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

8

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

12. What is different about Lucky and Pozzo?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
13. Pozzo cries for help. How do Estragon and Vladimir react?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
14. How is the idea that Estragon and Vladimir are bored developed?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
15. How are the characters clown-like?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
16. Estragon calls Pozzo by the name Abel and calls Lucky by the name Cain. Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
17. Give an example to show the treatment of Lucky is both comic and tragic.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
18. Estragon is able to dream of happiness. What does that suggest?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

STUDY GUIDE

Waiting for Godot

STUDENT COPY

19. How is the conversation with the messenger a repeat of the evening before?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
20. How is the final conversation between Estragon and Vladimir a repeat of the
evening before?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
21. Explain the fact that, although Estragon and Vladimir agree to go, the stage directions
indicate that they do not move.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
22. How is the play one of both hope and despair?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Some critics think it is a waste of time to speculate on the identity of Godot. Other
critics say Godot is God. Explain your opinion.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
24. Which character do you have the most respect for? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

10

STUDY GUIDE