A COMPARISON OF BIBLE KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS WHO BELIEVE IN THE DIRECT OPERATION OF THE HOLY SPIRIT ON THE CHRISTIAN

AND THOSE WHO DO NOT

Prepared by Jason McDade

Report Distributed January 31, 2013

Prepared for the Bryan College Aspire Program Group 32

CERTIFICATION PAGE

This is to certify that the project prepared By Jason McDade

Entitled: A Comparison of Bible Knowledge Between Christians Who Believe In The Direct Operation Of The Holy Spirit On The Christian And Those Who Do Not.

Has been accepted by the faculty of Bryan College

Signed: Research Advisor________________________________________________ Date____________________ Final Grade_____

This report is to be regarded as not confidential, and its use as a sample in future classes is not restricted.

Student Researcher_________________________________ Date___________________

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of the Bible between participants who indicated various sources of morality. The inspiration for this study stemmed from conflicting religious views held by two professors regarding Gods communication to man. One position held that the Bible alone is our source of morality. The other position held that our source of morality was the Bible along with the Holy Spirits personal guidance. It was hypothesized that differences in Bible knowledge would exist between participants who indicated that the Bible was their sole source of morality and participants who indicated that the Holy Spirit along with the Bible was their source of morality and participants who indicated that their source of morality was an internal compass. A survey was conducted and analyzed to examine the results. It was found that differences did exist between participants who indicated their source of morality was the Bible alone, in comparison with the other groups. Participants who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible alone had higher scores than those who indicated otherwise. A conclusion was drawn that the Bible has a greater influence on participants who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible alone, in comparison with the other groups.

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Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................1 Setting of the Problem ...........................................................................................................1 History and Background of the Problem ...............................................................................2 Thesis Statement ....................................................................................................................3 Scope of the Project ...............................................................................................................4 Significance of the Project .....................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .........................................................................5 Sources Consulted..................................................................................................................5 (Three Types of Problem Solving) ........................................................................................5 (Educational and Monetary Interference with Moral Decision Making)...............................6 (Religions Role in Decision Making) ...................................................................................7 (Guilts Role in Decision Making) ........................................................................................7 (Practical Decision Making Is Guided by Moral Virtues) .....................................................8 (Religion, a Source for Moral Reasoning) ............................................................................9 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN ...........................................................................................11 Thesis Statement ..................................................................................................................11 Hypotheses ...........................................................................................................................11 Operational Definitions........................................................................................................12 Assumptions .........................................................................................................................13 Limitations ...........................................................................................................................13 Research Procedures ............................................................................................................13 Population ............................................................................................................................14 Sample..................................................................................................................................14 Instrument ............................................................................................................................14 Data Collection ....................................................................................................................15 Response Level ....................................................................................................................15 Time Schedule .....................................................................................................................15 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF RESULTS ..................................................................................16 Descriptive Data and Analysis .............................................................................................16 Inferential Data and Analysis...............................................................................................19

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................22 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................22 Recommendations ................................................................................................................24 Suggestions for Further Research ........................................................................................24 PERSONAL REFLECTIONS .......................................................................................................26 WORKS CITED ............................................................................................................................28 APPENDIX A: RAW DATA .......................................................................................................29 APPENDIX B: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 1 ...................................................................33 APPENDIX C: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 2 ...................................................................36 APPENDIX D: RAW DATA FOR HYPOSTESIS 3 ....................................................................38 APPENDIX E: BRYAN COLLEGE CONSENT EMAIL ............................................................42 APPENDIX F: TIFTONIA CHURCH OF CHRISTS CONSENT LETTER ..............................43 APPENDIX G: INSTRUMENT ...................................................................................................44 APPENDIX H: INSTRUMENT KEY ..........................................................................................47 APPENDIX I: PROTECTING HUMAN RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS CERTIFICATE ........49

Lists of Figures, Tables, Or Abbreviations FIGURE 1: Number of participants ...............................................................................................16 FIGURE 2: Average sum of correct answers ................................................................................17 FIGURE 3: Number of participants who indicated the Holy Spirit guided their responses ..........18 FIGURE 4: Bible knowledge scores concerning Holy Spirit guided responses ............................18 FIGURE 5: Hypothesis 1 Minitab analysis ...................................................................................19 FIGURE 6: Hypothesis 2 Minitab analysis ...................................................................................20 FIGURE 7: Hypothesis 3 Minitab analysis ...................................................................................21

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION There were varying theological views of what should guide Christians moral and doctrinal decisions. This research report analyzed if respondents moral and doctrinal decisions relied solely on scripture, or a combination of scripture and a perceived guiding of the Holy Spirit, or by an internal compass. This chapter introduces the subject and proposes a means to investigate it. Problem Statement The Bible knowledge of participants who held the Bible as the only guide for morality as opposed to participants who considered the Bible to be a guide in conjunction with the Holy Spirits personal guidance and participants who derived moral guidance from an internal compass was not known. Setting of the Problem From the time of the Reformation Movement there was much division in Christendom. Over the years many came to accept these divisions and overlook them in an effort to find common ground. Though the divisions remained, the prevailing belief was that as long as Christ was put first in a persons life and that person was a member of a Church where Christ was exalted, both the Church and individual were in a right relationship with God. Bryan College was a proponent of this theological position. Bryan College focused on being a school with a Christian Worldview without regard to sectarian dividing lines. In a theological class called, Introduction to the Bible, BIBA 333, at Bryan College a professor stated in a forum post that We are not under the Law because of what Jesus did for usif we follow the leading of the Holy Spirit, we wont fulfill the lusts of the flesh (Boyd, 2012). Additionally, the statement was made that every denomination has verses that they

overlook in order to teach their doctrine (ibid). This statement showed that denominations did not rely solely on the Bible. Other documented statements as well as statements made in class imply that his position was that Christians are led by the Holy Spirit separate and apart from the Bible. Conversely, in a business ethics class MGTA 340 at Bryan College the instructor taught the Bible as the only guide for Christians. He was approached to verify his statement, and he confirmed it. This difference in theological philosophy showed the variance of beliefs held between Christians. This research report examined this issue by comparing Bible knowledge levels regarding moral and doctrinal decision making between Christians that were divided on this issue. History and Background of the Problem After the second century the Catholic Church began to emerge, growing out of what was known as the primitive Church, also referred to as the Church of Christ (Romans 16:16). For centuries after that time the Catholic Church dominated the religious landscape and exercised control over Christians by enforcing unbiblical laws on people. During this time the nature of the Godhead was discussed in elite councils that were closed to the public. The nature and work of the Holy Spirit was largely unknown to the common man due to the powerful control of the Church. In the 16th century the Reformation Movement began and with it a discussion of the nature and work of the Holy Spirit surfaced. There were two polarizing views regarding how God saved the sinner, they were Calvinism and Arminianism. Calvinists taught that God chose who would be saved in eternity past and that his grace was delivered to the chosen person directly from the Holy Spirit. The doctrine went on to teach that the Holy Spirit cannot be resisted, rendering the chosen person incapable of rejecting Gods salvation or of falling from

Gods grace as he guides the decision making process (Rose, 2006). Arminians taught that God did not predetermine who the saved were because of mans free will. Their doctrine taught that man had the ability to reject the Holy Spirit and that God would not save him by irresistible grace. Further, they held that if Christians desired salvation and were actively trying to do Gods will Christ would keep them saved. Arminianism held that the source of efforts to remain faithful was adherence to scripture rather than from God directly (Mattox, 1961). This doctrinal difference was the beginning of the problem under consideration in this study. This report examined the influence of these doctrines in the 21st century. The population of this study included respondents who adhered to similar conflicting doctrines. These differences were delineated in the thesis statement of this document as well as in the hypotheses. It was recognized that Christianity was derived from the Bible, particularly the New Testament. Without the Bible Christianity would be virtually unknown to modern societies. The extent to which the Bible exerted an influence on modern Christians would determine its validity. In contrast, the level of guidance from the Holy Spirit or some other influence would show the deprecation of the perceived need for the Bible as a standard. The influence of the Bible was measured by comparing the knowledge level of the Bible and the use of it by modern Christians. Thesis Statement Levels of Bible knowledge between participants who believed the Bible is all sufficient for moral guidance was compared with participants who considered the Bible to be a guide in conjunction with the Holy Spirits personal direction and with participants who derive moral guidance through other means.

Scope of the Project The data for this project was collected from Bryan College located in Dayton, Tennessee which had 400 students in its Adult and Graduate Studies student body and Tiftonia Church of Christ located in Lookout Valley Tennessee which had 70 members. Bryan College was an interdenominational school and had representatives from many different kinds of Churches. Tiftonia Church of Christ was an autonomous congregation of Christians who strove to follow the New Testament morally and doctrinally. The significance of this mix was that members of the Tiftonia Church of Christ did not believe in the direct operation of the Holy Spirit. Generally it was believed that most participants at Bryan College believe in the direct operation of the Holy Spirit. This enabled the researcher to survey participants on both sides of the issue in the same population. Significance of the Project This study was found valuable in attaining a deeper understanding of the use of a written standard in moral and doctrinal decision making between Christians who seek guidance apart from the Bible and those who rely solely on the biblical text. This was done by testing the Bible knowledge level of respondents to this report. It was assumed that the level of Bible knowledge a person had determined the Bibles influence on that person. Church leaders concerned with Christians reverence toward the Bible in doctrinal and moral matters benefited from the research as they discovered the level of influence the Bible had with Christians they influenced. This discovery led them to bolster their efforts in raising the appreciation of the Bible and the use of it.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW The following research papers were compiled in an effort to lay ground work for the thesis of this report. The studies chosen discussed the relationship between God and man in mans decision making processes. First, a determination was made regarding who actually makes mans decisions, God or man, or both. Second, a study was conducted to determine if secular education and household income have a negative effect on religious based decision making. Third, the role of religion in the decision making process was analyzed. Fourth, a study was made that measured the feeling of guilt in moral decision making based on the three coping styles. Fifth, a study suggested that practical decision making was guided by moral virtues. Sixth, the source of moral reasoning was studied and what method participants used to apply it. Sources Consulted Peer reviewed empirical research reports were used in this literary review to support the findings of this study. Several resources were used in accumulating the reports. The Jstor database was used as was ATLA religion database which contained Bible and religious journals. Google scholar was also used as a research source as was ProQuest. The most useful material came from Jstor and the ATLA religion database. Three Styles of Problem-Solving The first study examined discovered three types of coping styles while studying religions effects on problem solving. The reports purpose was to identify problem solving methods in decision making, related to the participants religious view of Gods involvement in the decision making process. One hundred and ninety seven members of two Churches, a Lutheran and a Methodist Church were surveyed made up the population sample. The three coping styles that were discovered during the study were self-directing, collaborative, and deferring. People who

used the self-directing style sought no help from God, those that used the collaborative style believed in a shared responsibility between them and God, and those who used the deferring style turned over the entire decision making process to God. These styles were identified by a five point Lickert scale for six different phases of the problem solving process. The phases were: definition of the problem, general alternative solutions, selection of a solution, and implementation of the solution, redefining the problem, and maintaining emotions. The religious level of participants was measured using various scales to determine, religious orientation, Church attendance, commitment level to religion, religious involvement, degree of reliance on religion, perceived control of God, and adherence to doctrine. The results gave strong support to the three styles of problem solving (Pargament, Kennell Hathaway, Grevengoed, and Jones, date). Educational and Monetary Interference with Moral Decision Making
A study exploring religious decision

making examined the probability of education and

household income as a negative factor on religious based decision making. The study surveyed 3,483 people using 2 separate questionnaires (General Social Survey and Exploring Religious America Survey). The study examined participants responses to determine if the Bible was the primary guide in the participants decision making processes or if the doctrine of the participants religion was the primary determining factor of their moral decisions. Further, the study examined if education and/or income levels had an effect on the influence of participants religion regarding decision making. The results of the research indicated that education did not affect negatively participants reliance on religion in their decision making processes. However, those with higher education and income levels who were less regular in their practice relied less on religious guidance.

Religion was determined to be the guiding source for moral decision making in this study (Schieman). Religions Role in Decision Making A research study examining the role of religion in problem solving showed that surveyors tended to use their personal theology in their reasoning processes for emotional problem solving. The study surveyed 327 psychology students at Bowling Green State University. Five factors of problem solving were examined to determine the level of participants reliance on religion for emotional support through decision making processes. An assumption was made in the report that the Bible was the source of religious beliefs. Three methods of solving moral problems were examined. Individuals who used the self-directing style took inherent credit for solving problems. Some individuals used the differing style to allow God to make decisions while they remained passive in the process. Others used the collaborative method of relying on God partially for the decision but also took an active role in the process. The report measured the level of perceived input from God on problem solving. The report neglected to examine how God was involved in the process and did not directly take into consideration the Bible knowledge of participants. It also was observed that the type of problems measured were of a dramatically stressful nature that aroused an emotional response. The study found that participants who were less religious used standards other than religion in decision making (Newman & Pargament). Guilts Role in Decision Making One study examining problem solving and guilt was designed to measure levels of guilt on students in their decision making processes. The study included 121 psychology students. In 1988 Kenneth Pargament and his colleagues termed three religious coping styles associated with the religious decision making process, the self-directing, deferring, and collaborative styles.

Kaisers research predicted that the collaborative and deferring styles would incur fewer feelings of guilt while the self-directing style would have more. Kaiser used four inventories or scales to determine the level of guilt associated with certain sins, they were: F-C Inventory, Personal Feelings Questionnaire, Guilt Oriented Scale, and Sin/Grace Scale. The results of the study were that the deferring style had the smallest measurement of guilt while the corroborative style had an increase in guilt but not as much as the self-directing style. Therefore, the results support the predicted outcome. This outcome was foreseeable because the deferring style of decision making excluded any action of man. This makes God bear all the moral responsibility of decisions made. The main discovery of the report was that ones religious views are an important factor in the decision making (Kaiser). Practical Decision Making Is Guided by Moral Virtues A study was conducted that compared moral decision making with practical decision making. The term practical decision making was used to indicate common since and included the idea of good judgment based on life experiences. The study predicted that practical approaches helped with behavior and moral virtue helped with practical decisions. The report reviewed three views regarding the connection between moral virtue and practical wisdom. The first was the identity hypothesis, which proposed that the two were virtually indistinguishable. The second hypothesis focused on self-interest. It held that practical decision making was designed to bring about happiness and this desire did not take others into consideration. The third hypothesis was called the developmental view and held that these qualities developed within people as they matured. It set out that moral values develop before practical wisdom. The research measured moral virtues and practical wisdom by using narrative comprehension scales in two different studies. It was theorized that the development process

could be analyzed. The first study compared the differences between third and fifth-graders, along with college students. The second study, compared differences between college students, middle-aged, and older adults. It was theorized that the development process could be analyzed. This theory was realized during the study. The first study included 79 third-graders, 53 fifthgraders and 36 college students. The second study included 53 college students, 25 middle-aged adults and 21 elderly adults. The first study suggested that the developmental view was supported and the identity and self-interest views were not supported. The second study found that comprehension levels diminished with the elderly but remained constant with younger adults. It found that moral virtues were consistent between all three adult groups and that practical wisdom increased with age. The significance of this study was that it found moral virtues and decision making outweighed practical wisdom and occurred more frequently than the use of practical wisdom (Narvaez). Religion, a Source for Moral Reasoning A study was conducted involving 126 participants to determine how cognitive ability affects moral independence from society based on religious views. The term postconventional moral reasoning was used to define reasoning unaffected by society norms. The term executive functioning was used to describe the mental ability of participants to reason and change ones behavior. There were two factors of religious influence that were considered in relation to postconventional reasoning and executive functioning. One factor was the participants satisfaction with their answers to existential questions based on the influence of their religious beliefs. The other factor was the belief in strict adherence to the biblical text in decision making, call scriptural literalism.

Measurements were taken using tests to determine cognitive ability, practical reasoning, relationship between similar items, and moral dilemmas. A Lickert-type Quest scale was used to determine the participants comfort level of religious answers to existential questions . The existential view dismissed consideration of moral standards. Participants were also given the Scriptural Literalism Scale in which questions were answered in a six-point Lickert scale. One telling fact from the research was that the Quest scale indicated that executive functioning was used in postconventional moral reasoning more than scriptural literalism. This means that participants used their own cognitive power rather than relying on scripture for decisions requiring them to rebel against society. The desire to rebel against society was based on the participants belief system as opposed to society norms. This was determined by measuring their cognitive ability. It was a very significant fact that scriptural literalism was not shown to control postconventional moral reasoning. Based on their findings the researchers recommended guidance by abstract principles rather than concrete religious laws. They further condemned using religious laws when disregarding the principles associated with those laws. They put forward that there were two problems with relying solely on scripture. The first was, the scriptures do not always agree with what God has said, and the second was that there are loopholes in scripture that disregard Christian principles. Either the law was derived from principles or principles were derived from the law. An investigation of the origin of Christian principles would have been helpful in their conclusions on this matter in light of passages like: John 8:31-32; 10:35; 17:17; 2 Timothy 3:16-17; 2 Peter 1:5-10 (Cottone, Drucker, and Javier).

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN There were four hypotheses in this research study that were analyzed. They are enumerated below. An explanation of data that was collected for this study and how it was collected was examined in the following ways. Thesis Statement Levels of Bible knowledge between participants who considered the Bible all sufficient for moral and doctrinal guidance were compared with participants who considered the Bible to be a guide in conjunction with the direct operation of the Holy Spirit and with participants who derive moral and doctrinal guidance through other means. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who claimed the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who claimed the Holy Spirit as an additional personal guide. Ho: There was not a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who indicated the Holy Spirit as an additional personal guide. Hypothesis 2 Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who indicated their moral compass comes from within.

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Ho: There was not a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who indicated their moral compass comes from within. Hypothesis 3 Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their answers and those who indicated the Holy Spirit did not guide their answers. Ho: There was a not statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their answers and those who indicated the Holy Spirit did not guide their answers. Operational Definitions Bible is the only source of morality: Answer A to question number one on the Connected with God survey. Bible Knowledge Scores: The sum of correct answers for questions 2-9 of the Connected with God survey which asked specific trivia questions of the content of the Bible. Holy Spirit and the Bible combined are the source of morality: Answer C to question number one on the Connected with God survey. Holy Spirit Guided Responses: Answer True to question number 11 on the Connect ed with God survey. Internal Moral Compass: Answer D to question number one on the Connected with God survey. Looked Up Answers: Answer True to question number 12 on the Connected with God survey.

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Assumptions (1) The population sample was adequate to represent the population. (2) The respondents answered the survey honestly and to the best of their ability. (3)Respondents understood the survey questions. (4) The correct answers to questions 2-9 were derived from supporting texts from the Bible. Limitations The population size of the research was too small to gage the viewpoints of Christians at large. The Bible knowledge section of the survey was inadequate to determine an accurate overall Bible knowledge of the participants. The survey was inadequate to accurately determine the level of personal guidance or commixture of moral standard elements of surveyors. The vast array of theological ideals between each individual in the population could not be accounted for and was a limiting factor. Research Procedures Written permission was issued to Bryan College and Tiftonia Church of Christ, which contained this studys population, to survey its attendees. Surveys were conducted using email requests to Bryan College Adult Studies Students and via survey handouts at Tiftonia Church of Christ. Surveys were conducted using SurveyGizmo.com for Bryan College. A link to the survey on SurveyGizmo.coms website was emailed to the adult studies student body at Bryan College and interested students followed the link to the survey and took the survey. The survey was constructed by the researcher. The survey included a demographic question, trivia questions based on biblical texts, and a personal question regarding Bible study habits.

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Population The population of this research included 400 individuals from Bryan Colleges adult studies programs and 70 church-goers of Tiftonia Church of Christ. A common trait with the population was that they attended a Christian institution. The differences between members of the population included a vast array of theological ideals because of the assumption that each individual in the population had his own beliefs which may or may not match the rest of the population. Sample The sample was randomly selected, and it is believed that the accuracy of sample representation of the group is adequate for this study. The sample was selected by surveying people at Bryan College and Tiftonia Church of Christ. The sample consisted of 112 participants, 77 from Bryan College and 35 from Tiftonia Church of Christ. Instrument The Connected with God survey for this research consisted of 12 questions. The first item on the survey recorded demographic information. Items 2-9 were composed of Bible knowledge multiple choice questions. The level of difficulty regarding the trivia questions on the survey ranged from simple to complex. The simple questions were of a rudimentary knowledge level and the complex questions involved knowledge of the text from arguably obscure passages. Item 10 asked the amount of Bible the respondent had read. Items 11-12 asked if the respondent answered the questions without help or with the aid of the Holy Spirit or reference sources.

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Data Collection Having obtained permission and commitment from the institutions involved in the study, emails were sent to the student bodies at Bryan College and survey handouts were given to the general assembly of the Tiftonia Church of Christ. Retrieval of the surveys from Bryan College was provided by SurveyGizmo.com and surveys from Tiftonia Church of Christ were taken up from members of the Tiftonia Church of Christ. Upon retrieval, the results were inputted into an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Response Level Of the total population consisting of 400 students from Bryan College and 70 members of Tiftonia Church of Christ 112 (24%) surveys were completed. Time Schedule Submit final proposal. 11-19-2012 Attain permission letters 12-3-2012 Begin data collection..12-10-2012 Create Spreadsheets... 12-17-2012 Analyze data...12-21-2012 Oral presentation and submission.. 01-31-2012 Data Analysis The data was collected and complied in an Excel workbook. Responses were recorded and results were tallied. Graphs and charts were created along with other statistical analysis to determine the outcome of the study.

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CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY OF RESULTS The measure for this report was the Connected with God survey. It was design to compare specific Bible knowledge between participants who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible only, the Bible along with the Holy Spirits personal direction, or their internal compass. The results were recorded, analyzed, and included in the report below. The data reflect the number of participants, their Bible knowledge scores, and their source of morality as participants indicated on the Connected with God survey. Descriptive Data and Analysis The participants were asked to indicate their source of morality by checking the appropriate entry to question 1 of the Connected with God. There were 31 (28%) respondents who identified themselves as being guided by the Bible only. Sixty-nine (61%) respondents identified themselves as being guided by the Bible along with Holy Spirits personal direction. There were 10 (11%) who identified themselves as being guided from within. Figure 1: Number of participants

Of the 31 participants who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible only, the average sum of correct answers according to the biblical text referred to in the

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question was 6.32 (79%). Of the 68 participants who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible along with Holy Spirits personal guidance, the average sum of correct answers according to the biblical text referred to in the question was 4.93 (62%). Of the 10 participants who indicated that their source of morality came from within, the average sum of correct answers according to the biblical text referred to in the question was 4 (50%). Figure 2: Average sum of correct answers

Of the 112 participants who responded, 53 (48%) indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their responses to the Connected with God survey. Of the 112 participants who responded 59 (53%) indicated that the Holy Spirit did not guide them in their responses.

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Figure 3: Number of participants who indicated the Holy Spirit guided their responses

The average sum of correct answers of the 53 participants who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their responses was 4.79 (60%). The average sum of correct answers of the 59 participants who indicated that the Holy Spirit did not guide their responses was 5.47 (68%). Figure 4: Bible knowledge scores concerning Holy Spirit guided responses

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Inferential Data and Analysis Hypothesis 1 Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who claimed the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who claimed the Holy Spirit as an additional personal guide. Ho: There was not a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who claimed the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who claimed the Holy Spirit as an additional personal guide. Figure 5: Hypothesis 1 Minitab analysis
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: The Bible Only, The Bible and the Holy Spirit
The Bible Only The Bible and the Holy Spirit N Median 31 7.000 Other Observations 69 5.000

Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 2.000 95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (1.000,1.999) W = 2012.0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0009 The test is significant at 0.0008 (adjusted for ties)

Results Worksheet level 5 Since for: the significance (P-Value) was less than 0.05 (0.0008), the Null Hypothesis

(Ho) was rejected and the Research Hypothesis (Ha) was supported. There was a statistically
N The Bible and the Holy Spirit 69 Median 5.000 The Bible Only on Bible knowledge 31 scores 7.000 significant difference between respondents who claimed the Bible as

Mann-Whitney Test and CI: The Bible Only, The Bible and the Holy Spirit

their sole source of morality and respondents who claimed the Holy Spirit as an additional
Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 2.000 95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (1.000,1.999) personal W = guide. 2012.0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0009 The test is significant at 0.0008 (adjusted for ties)

Hypothesis 2

Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who indicated their moral compass comes from within.

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Ho: There was not a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated the Bible as their sole source of morality and respondents who indicated their moral compass comes from within. Figure 6: Hypothesis 2 Minitab analysis
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: The Bible Only, Internal Compass
The Bible Only Internal Compass N 31 10 Median 7.000 3.000

Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 3.000 95.3 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (0.999,4.000) W = 746.5 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0039 The test is significant at 0.0030 (adjusted for ties)

Results for: Worksheet 5

Since the significance level (P-Value) was less than 0.05 (0.0030), the Null Hypothesis
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: The Bible Only, The Bible and the Holy Spirit

(Ho) was rejected and the Research Hypothesis (Ha) was supported. There was a statistically
N Median The Bible Only 31 7.000 The Bible and the Holy knowledge Spirit 69 scores 5.000 significant difference on Bible between

respondents who indicated the Bible

as their sole estimate source of for morality and respondents Point ETA1-ETA2 is 2.000 who indicated their moral compass comes from
95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (1.000,1.999) W = 2012.0 within. Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0009 The test is significant at 0.0008 (adjusted for ties)

Hypothesis 3 Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their answers, and those who indicated the Holy Spirit did not guide their answers. Ho: There was a not statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between respondents who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their answers and those who indicated the Holy Spirit did not guide their answers.

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Figure 7: Hypothesis 3 Minitab analysis

Mann-Whitney Test and CI: Spirit Guided Responses, Spirit Did Not Guide
Spirit Guided Responses Spirit Did Not Guide N 53 59 Median 5.000 6.000

Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is -1.000 95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-2.000,-0.000) W = 2637.0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0375 The test is significant at 0.0354 (adjusted for ties)

Results for: Worksheet 5

Since the significance level (P-Value) was less than 0.05 (0.0354), the Null Hypothesis

Mann-Whitney Test and CI: The Bible Only, The Bible and the Holy Spirit

(Ho) was rejected and the Research Hypothesis (Ha) was supported. There was a statistically
N Median The Bible Only 31 7.000 significant difference on Bible between The Bible and the Holy knowledge Spirit 69 scores 5.000

respondents who indicated that the

Holy Point Spirit guided their answers and those who indicated the Holy Spirit did not guide their estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is 2.000
W = answers. 95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (1.000,1.999) 2012.0 Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.0009 The test is significant at 0.0008 (adjusted for ties)

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter contains conclusions and interpretations based on the findings of the collected data. The conclusions were carefully derived from a contemplation of the data regarding the hypotheses. Recommendations are put forward based on these conclusions. Future research regarding morality and moral standards are suggested. Conclusions Hypothesis 1 examined the difference in scores from the Connected with God survey between those who indicated that the Bible is their only moral guide and those who indicated that the Holy Spirit personally directs them in addition to the Bible. There was a statistically significant difference between the two. Those who indicated that the Bible was their only guide scored 17 percentage points higher than those that indicated that the Holy Spirit directs them in addition to the Bible. Though they scored higher their score was 79% and certainly not in the A range at the college level. A conclusion that can be drawn from this result is that the Bible has a greater influence on those who indicated that their source of morality was the Bible alone. This is inferred from the idea that a person is influenced by a document by how familiar they are with its contents. Consequently, lack of Bible knowledge may show the depreciation of the influential importance of the Bible on a person as opposed to the perceived leading of the Holy Spirit. The data for this hypothesis corresponds with the Bryan College BIBA 333 Bible Professors view that passages can be disregarded without fear of repercussion due to the Holy Spirits interaction with man, in that those who held his position had lower response scores. The professors statement that we are not under Law shows a priority of the Holy Spirits personal guidance over strict adherence to scripture. If one is relying on the leading of the Holy Spirit more than the Bible as their moral guide it could follow that their Bible knowledge could suffer.

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In analyzing Hypothesis 2 it was shown that there was a statistically significant difference between participants who indicated that the Bible was their sole source of morality and those who were guided by an internal compass. Those who indicated that the Bible was their only guide scored 29 percentage points higher than those who indicated that they were guided from an internal compass. There were 10 participants who indicated that they were guided by an internal compass. Their average sum of correct answers was 4 (50%) out of 8. Even though these participants did not indicate the Bible as a moral guide for them, they showed a basic knowledge of its contents. There were eight participants whose sum of correct answers was less than 3 (38%). Two of these indicated that their moral guide was an internal compass. No one who completed a survey missed every question. It can be concluded that having a basic knowledge of the Bible does not indicate that a person will allow it to be a moral guide for them. Further, according to these low scores a reliance on sources other than scripture for morality results in a deprecation of the perceived need for the Bible as a standard. It was shown regarding Hypothesis 3 that there was a statistically significant difference in Bible knowledge scores between participants who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their responses those who did not. The mean sum of correct responses of those who indicated that the Holy Spirit guided their response was 4.79 (60%) and the mean sum of correct responses from those who indicated otherwise was 5.47 (68%). It can be concluded from these results that the perception of the Holy Spirits leading had no positive reflection on the Bible knowledge scores in this study. Considering reasons why this was the case opens the door for many discussions from various different viewpoints. Both of the groups in this hypothesis agree that the Bible is a guide for us today. The level of appreciation one has of the Bible is reflected in their knowledge of it. Another interesting finding was that 16 respondents indicated that the Holy Spirit

23

personally guided them but that the Holy Spirit did not guide their responses. This report was unable to explain this inconsistency. Recommendations The primary recommendation from this research is to study the Bible. The Bible should be highly valued. The amount of Bible knowledge one has is not only a reflection of how much that person values the Bible but also its influence on his life. There are many views of the Holy Spirit and how he interacts with mankind. Further empirical research could be helpful in studying the nature of the Holy Spirit and his interaction with mankind. The Bible on the other hand is forthright in its message and clear in its language. It is easy enough for a two-year old to memorize and deep enough to immerse a sage scholar. No matter what a persons theology is, studying the Bible can only help. This report can serve as a catalyst for discussing the importance of the Bible and its influence on mankind as well as the nature and work of the Holy Spirit. Although many have strong views regarding these subjects the researcher encourages open discussion of them. Learning about God and his will for mankind is a lifetime commitment. Continually studying and drawing closer to God can strengthen a Christians relationship with him. Suggestions for further research This study is worthy of more research. A larger population should be selected and a more adequate survey should be administered. The survey should have more questions with a wide range of difficulty and should include a section for comments. One suggested subject is whether or not the Holy Spirit imparts scripture to individuals directly. An extended study could show more conclusively if Bible knowledge is higher in people who indicate that they are led by the Holy Spirit directly than those who indicate that they are not led by the Holy Spirit directly.

24

There are many views of how the Holy Spirit interacts with man apart from the Bible. Further research should be undertaken to analyze the various views and their prevalence and validity. One such study would compare Bible knowledge between institutions including Colleges, Universities, Churches, and Seminaries. This could show a lot about the efficiency of the Bible departments at these institutions. Another research project suggestion is comparing the attendance and retention of membership between Churches based on Bible knowledge levels in relation to the intensity of perceived presence and guidance of the Holy Spirit.

25

Personal Reflections This project was exciting and very challenging. The skills I have learned during this project will enable me to confidently do further research. Empirical research was new to me and though it seemed complicated, tedious, and taxing, I was excited to learn how to do it. I had been interested in doing research on this subject and when this course was introduced to me I hoped I would get my chance. I am grateful to Dr. Andrews for allowing me to take on this unique subject and his help in refining my problem statement and hypotheses are much appreciated. Originally the report had four hypotheses but one had to be thrown out. There was not enough data to support the one of the hypotheses. The hypothesis follows: Ha: There was a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between those who claimed that the Bible is their sole source of morality and those who claim that the Holy Spirit is their only guide. Ho: There was not a statistically significant difference on Bible knowledge scores between those who claimed that the Bible is their sole source of morality and those who claim that the Holy Spirit is their only guide. There was only one participant who indicated that their source of morality was the Holy Spirit alone. In order for this hypothesis to be worth including the population and sample size would have to be much larger so as to include more participants in this category. Attaining commitments from institutions to be a part of this research was challenging. My goal was to have a much larger population than that with which I ended. I began with Bryan College and was pleased to have access to the adult studies students but was disappointed that I did not have access to the traditional students. This significantly reduced the population size. I approached the church where I attend and the leadership approved the survey, but the

26

cooperation level yielded no surveys due to the leadership s restrictions. I also approached Freed-Hardeman University and was accepted graciously. I sent a consent letter on December 2, 2013 to my contact at Freed-Hardeman. The faculty forwarded my consent letter to the Institutional Review Board but it could not be reviewed until mid-January. The Institutional

Review Board chairman said that he looked over the survey and thought it would be approved with no problems. However, Freed-Hardeman was unable to make the deadline, and I will not get the survey responses until February. The addition of Freed-Hardeman University would have added 1,400 participants to the population. The fourth institution I approached was the Tiftonia Church of Christ. They were very interested in the project and were willing to participate. Tiftonia is waiting for the findings and is expecting a full report. This research project was very challenging for me. I had some personal setbacks, but my biggest problem was making it harder than it actually was. I put in countless hours organizing and calculating data incorrectly. It was a big relief to finally get on the right track. During the process of this research I decided that it would be good if I had a certificate as a research investigator. I went to the National Institutes of Health website and completed their on-line training course entitled Protecting Human Research Participants. I completed it and received my certificate on December 12, 2012. I feel that the results of this research will help readers understand the importance of the Bible. One goal I had in this project was to encourage reading the Bible. The data collected and that will continue to be collected for this research can be used for future studies and the few connections that I have made with the institutions I approached are strong and show promise of future research.

27

WORKS CITED Boyd, J. (2012, April 10). Moodle class forum [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://moodle.bryan.edu/moodle/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=7940 Cottone, J., Drucker, P., & Javier, R. (2007). Predictors of moral reasoning: components of executive functioning and aspects of religiosity. Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion, 46(1), 37-53. Jones, P. T., & Cobb, J. (2006). Reformation timeline [CD-ROM]. Torrance, CA: Rose Publishing Company.
Kaiser, D. L., (1991). Religious Problem-Solving Styles and Guilt. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30 (1), 94-98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387151 .

Mattox, F. W. (1961). The eternal kingdom. Delight AR: Gospel Light Publishing Company. Narvaez, D. (2010). Moral Virtue and Practical Wisdom: Theme Comprehension in Children, Youth, and Adults. Journal Of Genetic Psychology, 171(4), 363-388. Newman, J. S., & Pargament, K. I. (1990). The Role of Religion in the Problem-Solving Process. Review of Religious Research, 31(4), 390-404. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3511564 . Pargament, K. I., Hathaway, W., Grevengoed, N. Newman, J. & Jones, W. (1988). Religion and the problem-solving process: three styles of coping. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27 (1), 90-104. http://www.jstor.org/stable. Schieman, S. (2011). Education and the Importance of Religion in Decision Making: Do Other Dimensions of Religiousness Matter? Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion, 50 (3), 570-587.

28

APPENDIX A: RAW DATA Source of morality 2 Timothy 3:16-17 Jesus' Parents Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

Spirit Guided 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1

Commanded

Response ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

1 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 3 3

3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 4 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 4 1 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2

3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 3

1 4 4 3 3 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 3 4 3 4

1 3 3 4 1 1 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3

1 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 4 3 4 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 3

4 4 4 4 4 1 4 5 1 4 4 5 4 4 1 4 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 1 1 5 6 5 1

29

Looked Up 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

The Word

Shortest

Hearing

Read

Source of morality

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

Spirit Guided 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2

Commanded

Response ID

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4

4 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 3

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 1 2 4 4 4 3 1 4 3 2 2 2

1 2 2 1 4 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3

3 3 4 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 4 4 3 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1

3 4 1 3 3 1 4 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 4 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 4 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1

4 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 4 4 5 1 1 4 5 2 3 4 4 5 5 1 1 4 4 4 3 3 2

30

Looked Up 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

The Word

Shortest

Hearing

Read

Source of morality

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

Spirit Guided 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Commanded

Response ID

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

3 3 4 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 4 1 1 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3

1 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 4 5 4 5 3 1 1 1 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 1 5 5 4 1 2 5 5 5 2 5 4 3 2

31

Looked Up 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

The Word

Shortest

Hearing

Read

108 109 110 111 112 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

Response ID Source of morality Hearing The Word Shortest Commanded Hebrews 4:12

32

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1

Jesus' Parents First and Last 2 Timothy 3:16-17 Read Spirit Guided Looked Up

APPENDIX B: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 1

Sum of Correct answers

Total Trivia Questions

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Source of morality

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Response ID

Commanded

Commanded

1 16 31 42 50 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 103 105 106 107 109 110 111 112

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

2 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2

3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

1 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 6 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 Average Sum of Correct Responses Average Score Group 1 Number of Resondents

88% 75% 63% 25% 38% 88% 75% 88% 88% 88% 63% 75% 88% 88% 75% 75% 88% 75% 63% 88% 100% 100% 75% 88% 100% 100% 88% 100% 50% 88% 75% 6.32 79% 31

33

Score/Grade

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

APPENDIX B: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 1 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions

Source of morality

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Response ID

Commanded

Commanded

2 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 19 20 22 25 27 28 30 33 34 36 38 39 40 44 45 47 48 52 53 54 55 57 60 61 63 64 66 67

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 3

4 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 3 4 3

4 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2

4 1 3 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 3 1 4 4 1 4 1 3 3 1 3 4 3 4 1 3 2 1 1

3 1 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 4 1 3 2 1 2 3 4

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 5 8 4 4 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 2 8 2 6 5 5 5 5 3 2 7 5 8 4 3 8 4 2 5 4 5 2 5 4 4

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

25% 75% 63% 100% 50% 50% 63% 75% 63% 63% 50% 63% 63% 25% 100% 25% 75% 63% 63% 63% 63% 38% 25% 88% 63% 100% 50% 38% 100% 50% 25% 63% 50% 63% 25% 63% 50% 50%

34

Score/Grade

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

APPENDIX B: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 1 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions

Source of morality

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Response ID

Commanded

Commanded

68 69 71 72 74 76 77 78 108 8 18 23 24 26 29 35 41 43 46 51 58 59 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 104 37

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 3 1 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1

2 2 2 4 1 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4

3 3 3 3 4 3

3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 2

1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

8 7 8 5 3 8 4 3 6 8 4 5 6 2 8 2 3 3 2 4 7 3 3 7 8 8 8 6 5 7 2

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

100% 88% 100% 63% 38% 100% 50% 38% 75% 100% 50% 63% 75% 25% 100% 25% 38% 38% 25% 50% 88% 38% 38% 88% 100% 100% 100% 75% 63% 88% 25%

Average Sum of Correct Responses Average Score Group 3 Number of Resondents

4.93 62% 69

35

Score/Grade

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

APPENDIX C: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 2

Sum of Correct answers

Total Trivia Questions

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

1 16 31 42 50 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 103 105 106 107 109 110 111 112

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

2 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2

3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

1 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

1 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Average Sum of Scores Average Score Group 1 Number of Resondents

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

7 6 5 2 3 7 6 7 7 7 5 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 5 7 8 8 6 7 8 8 7 8 4 7 6

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

88% 75% 63% 25% 38% 88% 75% 88% 88% 88% 63% 75% 88% 88% 75% 75% 88% 75% 63% 88% 100% 100% 75% 88% 100% 100% 88% 100% 50% 88% 75% 6.32 79% 31

36

Score/Grade

Response ID

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

APPENDIX C: RAW DATA FOR HYPOTHESIS 2 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers

Total Trivia Questions

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

3 4 5 12 32 49 56 65 70 73

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 3 4 2 4 3 3 2 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 2 1

3 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3

4 3 3 4 4 1 4 3 1 1

3 4 1 3 2 1 3 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

2 2 2 4 3 1 2 3 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Average Sum of Correct Responses Average Score Group 4 Number of Resondents

4 3 3 2 3 6 3 2 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

50% 38% 38% 25% 38% 75% 38% 25% 88% 88% 4.00 50% 10

37

Score/Grade

Response ID

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

APPENDIX D: RAW DATA FOR HYPOSTESIS 3

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

Spirit Guided

2 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 17 19 20 22 25 27 28 30 33 34 36 38 39 40 42 44 45 47 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 57 60 61 62 63 64

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 3

4 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 3

4 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3

4 1 3 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 3 1 4 4 2 1 4 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 3 4 1 4 3 2

3 1 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 1 3 2 2 1 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 2 1 4 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 4 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 3 5 5 4 5 4 3 1 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 1 1 4 2 4 5 5 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6 5 8 4 4 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 2 8 2 6 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 7 5 8 4 3 5 3 8 4 2 5 4 5 5 2 5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

25% 75% 63% 100% 50% 50% 63% 75% 63% 63% 50% 63% 63% 25% 100% 25% 75% 63% 63% 63% 63% 38% 25% 25% 88% 63% 100% 50% 38% 63% 38% 100% 50% 25% 63% 50% 63% 63% 25% 63%

38

Score/Grade

Response ID

Looked Up

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

Read

APPENDIX D: RAW DATA FOR HYPOSTESIS 3 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

Spirit Guided

66 67 68 69 71 72 74 76 77 78 108 110 112

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

4 3 2 2 2 4 1 2 4 4 2 4 2

2 2 3 3 3 3 4 3

3 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1

3 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

2 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 2

4 4 3 3 2 4 4 3 1 4 3 4 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4 8 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 8 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 6 8 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 8 Average Sum of Correct Responses Average Score Number of Spirit Guided Resondents

50% 50% 100% 88% 100% 63% 38% 100% 50% 38% 75% 50% 75% 4.79 60% 53

39

Score/Grade

Response ID

Looked Up

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

Read

APPENDIX D: RAW DATA FOR HYPOSTESIS 3 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

Spirit Guided

1 3 4 5 8 12 16 18 23 24 26 29 31 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 49 51 56 58

1 4 4 4 3 4 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 3

3 3 3 4 3 2 3 1 4 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 4 4

3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3

1 4 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1

1 3 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3

1 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1

4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 1 5 4 6 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 1 5 5 1 5 2 5 5 5 2 5 4 5 3

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

7 4 3 3 8 2 6 4 5 6 2 8 5 5 3 7 7 7 2 6 6 6 7 6 6 3 7 2 6 7 8 2 8 5 6 4 3 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

88% 50% 38% 38% 100% 25% 75% 50% 63% 75% 25% 100% 63% 63% 38% 88% 88% 88% 25% 75% 75% 75% 88% 75% 75% 38% 88% 25% 75% 88% 100% 25% 100% 63% 75% 50% 38% 88%

40

Score/Grade

Response ID

Looked Up

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

Read

APPENDIX D: RAW DATA FOR HYPOSTESIS 3 CONTINUED

Sum of Correct answers Total Trivia Questions
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2 Timothy 3:16-17

2 Timothy 3:16-17

Source of morality

Jesus' Parents

Jesus' Parents

Hebrews 4:12

Hebrews 4:12

First and Last

First and Last

Commanded

Commanded

Spirit Guided

59 65 70 73 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 103 104 105 106 107 109 111 21 37 78

3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3

1 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2

3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

4 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1

3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

4 4 2 5 5 1 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 3 2 5 2 2 5 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 Average Sum of Correct Responses Average Score Number of Respondents Not Guided

2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2

38% 25% 75% 88% 38% 88% 100% 100% 100% 75% 63% 88% 88% 100% 100% 88% 100% 88% 0% 25% 88% 5.47 68% 59

41

Score/Grade

Response ID

Looked Up

The Word

The Word

Shortest

Shortest

Hearing

Hearing

Read

APPENDIX E: BRYAN COLLEGE CONSENT EMAIL

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APPENDIX F: TIFTONIA CHURCH OF CHRISTS CONSENT LETTER 175 Windemere Drive Ringgold, Georgia 30736 December 2, 2012

Dear Gary McDade, We invite you to participate in a research study conducted by Jason McDade, student in the Bryan College Aspire program. The faculty advisor for the study is Dr. Robert Andrews, Assistant Academic Vice President, Bryan College. The purpose of this study is to analyze specific Bible knowledge between groups that hold varying views of how God communicates to man. We will ask you to complete a survey, which should take approximately 10 minutes. You will remain anonymous and your responses confidential. Please do not include any identifying information (your name, address, name of school, etc.) as it is not required on the survey. Participation in this study is completely voluntary. You may choose to discontinue participation at any time and may skip survey questions that you do not wish to answer. Completion of the survey and submitting it to the investigators indicates consent to participate in this study. Feel free to contact me at jmcdade9879@bryan.edu or 423-544-9368 if you have any questions. Sincerely yours, Jason McDade Student Research Investigator Bryan College 423.544.9368

REPLY: Id be happy to participate. Thanks for asking! Sincerely, Gary McDade 3210 Parker Lane Chattanooga, TN 37419

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APPENDIX G: INSTRUMENT Connected with God Survey Circle the best answer without the aid of electronic devises 1. What is your source of morality: A. The Bible only B. The Holy Spirits personal direction only C. The Bible and The Holy Spirits personal direction D. My Internal compass 2. Faith cometh by hearing and hearing by the word of God, is found in : A. 2 Thessalonians 1:7 B. 1 Timothy 3:12 C. Romans 10:17 D. James 2:10 3. John 1:1 says, In the beginning was the Word. This is a reference to ________ according to verse 14 and 35. A. The Holy Spirit B. Jesus C. The Bible D. God the Father 4. The shortest verse in the Bible [ESV, KJV, ] is: A. 1 Thessalonians 5:21 B. Job 3:2 C. John 11:35 D. James 2:10 5. Peter commanded his hearers to _________ in Acts 10:48. A. Be baptized B. Pray to Jesus C. Confess Christ D. Love the Lord 6. Hebrews 4:12 indicates that _____ discerns thoughts and intentions of the heart. A. God the Father B. The word of God C. The Holy Spirit D. Christ our judge

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APPENDIX G: INSTRUMENT CONTINUED 7. Jesus parents names were: A. Joseph and Martha B. Isaac and Rebecca C. Joseph and Mary D. Jacob and Elizabeth 8. The first and last books of the Bible are: A. Mathew and Romans B. Genesis and Malachi C. Genesis and Revelation D. Matthew and Revelation 9. 2 Timothy 3:16-17 teaches: A. The scriptures make us complete B. Jesus makes us complete C. The Holy Spirit makes us complete D. We cannot be complete 10. I have read the Bible: A. All the way through B. All the way through more than once C. Several times D. Most of it E. Some of it 11. The Holy Spirit has guided my responses 12. I looked up some of my answers. T T F F

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APPENDIX G: INSTRUMENT CONTINUED Connected with God Survey

Following is a survey which is likely to take less than 10 minutes to complete. Your viewpoint is very valuable, and I appreciate you taking the time to voice your opinion. This is a confidential survey which will only be used to support research for a class I am taking. Your voluntary participation in this survey indicates your informed consent to use the data confidentially. There are no consequences for not completing the survey. Again, thank you for your participation.

Sincerely, Jason McDade

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APPENDIX H: INSTRUMENT KEY Connected with God Survey Circle the best answer without the aid of electronic devises 1. What is your source of morality: A. The Bible only (1) B. The Holy Spirits personal direction only (2) C. The Bible and The Holy Spirits personal direction (3) D. My Internal compass (4) 2. Faith cometh by hearing and hearing by the word of God, is found in: A. 2 Thessalonians 1:7 (1) B. 1 Timothy 3:12 (2) C. Romans 10:17 (3) D. James 2:10 (4) 3. John 1:1 says, In the beginning was the Word. This is a reference to ________ according to verse 14 and 35. A. The Holy Spirit(1) B. Jesus (2) C. The Bible (3) D. God the Father (4) 4. The shortest verse in the Bible [ESV, KJV] is: A. 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (1) B. Job 3:2 (2) C. John 11:35 (3) D. James 2:10 (4) 5. Peter commanded his hearers to _________ in Acts 10:48. A. Be baptized (1) B. Pray to Jesus (2) C. Confess Christ (3) D. Love the Lord (4) 6. Hebrews 4:12 indicates that _____ discerns thoughts and intentions of the heart. A. God the Father (1) B. The word of God (2) C. The Holy Spirit (3) D. Christ our judge (4) 7. Jesus parents names were: A. Joseph and Martha (1) B. Isaac and Rebecca (2) C. Joseph and Mary (3) D. Jacob and Elizabeth (4)

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APPENDIX H: INSTRUMENT KEY CONTINUED 8. The first and last books of the Bible are: A. Mathew and Romans (1) B. Genesis and Malachi (2) C. Genesis and Revelation (3) D. Matthew and Revelation (4) 9. 2 Timothy 3:16-17 teaches: A. The scriptures make us complete (1) B. Jesus makes us complete (2) C. The Holy Spirit makes us complete (3) D. We cannot be complete (4) 10. I have read the Bible: A. All the way through (1) B. All the way through more than once (2) C. Several times (3) D. Most of it (4) E. Some of it (5) F. None of it (6) 11. The Holy Spirit has guided my responses 12. I looked up some of my answers. T (1) T (1) F (2) F(2)

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APPENDIX I: PROTECTING HUMAN RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION

49