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1) Dokumen ini sekadar draf ringkas untuk rujukan rakan-rakan. Masih ada yang saya tidak sertakan iaitu contents, objectives, foreward dan reflection. 2) Saya harap anda semua tidak bergantung sepenuhnya pada jawapan saya. Bukan berniat untuk kedekut, tetapi saya takut sekiranya saya melakukan kesalahan yang besar dalam jawapan dan hal ini mampu memberi kesan kepada projek anda.
3) Sekiranya saya ada melakukan kesilapan, saya minta jasa baik anda untuk memaklumkan kepada saya. 4) Mohon ampun atas segala kekurangan.
INTRODUCTION (source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/33106504/Add-Math-Completetask4-2010-sample) History of Index Number Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of such factors which cannot be measured directly. According to Bowley, Index numbers are used to measure the changes in some quantity which we cannot observe directly. For example, changes in business activity in a country are not capable of direct measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in business activity by studying the variations in the values of some such factors which affect business activity, and which are capable of direct measurement. Index numbers are commonly used statistical device for measuring the combined fluctuations in a group related variables. If we wish to compare the price level of consumer items today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only one item, but in comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the present agricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of independence. Here again, we have to consider all items of production and each item may have undergone a different fractional increase (or even a decrease). How do we obtain a composite measure This composite measure is provided by index numbers which may be defined as advice for combining the variations that have come in group of related variables over a period of time, with a view to obtain a figure that represents the result of the change in the constitute variables. Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables that they are intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in the measurement of which index number techniques are commonly used are (i)price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we have index of wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainly interested in index numbers of prices showing changes with respect to time, although methods described can be applied to other cases. In general, the present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the past. The present period is called the current period and some period in the past is called the base period. Index Numbers Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable or group of related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other characteristics such as income, profession, etc. A collection of index numbers for different years, locations, etc., is sometimes called an index series. Simple Index Number A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change ina single variable with respect to a base. Composite Index Number A composite index number is a number that measures an average relative changes in a group of relative variables with respect to a base.
PART 1 (a) Describe in brief (i) price index, (ii) weightage, (iii) composite index. Answer : (i) Price index : an index number expressing the level of a group of commodity prices relative to the level of the prices of the same commodities during an arbitrarily chosen base period and used to indicate changes in the level of prices from one period to another. Weightage : the assignment of a quota (as of members of a legislature) to a particular segment of the population as a special favor or concession in a proportion above that allowable on a strictly numerical basis
(ii)
(iii)
(iii) Composite index : A grouping of equities, indexes or other factors combined in a standardized way, providing a useful statistical measure of overall market or sector performance over time.
(b) State four ways of weightage representations. Find the examples of the representations using internet or any printed materials. Answer : Ways to represent weightage :
1) Pie chart
2) Bar graph
3) Line graph
4) Histogram
PART 2 We often hear complaints from the public about inflation. It causes an increase in the household expenditure in a family. The household expenditure for every family is different. a) Complete Table 1 for your family's monthly expenditure for the year 2013.
Answer: Average Monthly Expenditure for the year 2013 (to the nearest RM) 1200 Percentage of monthly expenses (to the nearest %) 20.0
Monthly salary
Item
240
4.0
600
10.0
210
3.5
(b)
If we want to compare the cost of living from one year to another, we have to calculate the price index that involves some of the items mentioned above. (i) In order to calculate the price index of all the items above, we have to consider the average monthly expenses of any previous year as the base year. Select the appropriate year as the base year. Answer: Item Average Monthly Expenditure for the base year 2008 (RM) 700 200
Food Accomodation (Rental / Loan) Transportation (Petrol/ Loan / Bus fare etc) Clothing Education Recreation Utilities (Water / Electricity / Telephone) Medication Miscellaneous TOTAL
450
(ii) Hence, complete Table 2 below: Answer: Average monthly expenses for the year 2008 as the base year (RM) 700 Average monthly expenses for the year 2013 (RM)
Item
Food Accomodation (Rental / Loan) Transportation (Petrol / Loan / Bus fare etc)
1200
200
240
450
600
Clothing
120
240
Education
1000
1500
150
210
180
210 300
(c) ( i) Complete Table 3 based on the above information. Item Price indices for the year 2013 based on the year 2008 171.43 Weightage
20.0
120.00
4.0
133.33
10.0
Clothing
200.00
4.0
Education
150.00
25.0
140.00
3.5
116.67
3.5
Medication
150.00
5.0
Miscellaneous
150.00
25.0
1331.43
100
( ii)
Hence, calculate the composite index for the average monthly expenditure in the year 2013 based on the selected base year.
= (171.43 X 20) + (120 X 4) + (133.33 X 10) + (200 X 4) + (150 X 25) + (140 X 3.5) + (116.67 X 3.5) +(150 X 5) + (150 X 25) (20 + 4 + 10 + 4 + 25 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 5 + 25)
151.90
(d) Make a conclusion about your family's expenditure based on your findings.
Answer : Based on the findings, I found that the average expenses for current year is higher than the base year 2008. We spent a total of RM1200 for food in 2013 compared to only RM700 in 2008. Other expenses such as accommodation, utilities, transportation, clothing, education, recreation, and medications also increase compared to the year 2008. This is due to the high inflation rate in 2008. After the year 2008, daily expenses for our family had increased due to the increasing of the prices of raw materials.
PART 3 Your family is planning to buy a new television set. ( a) You have conducted a survey on the price of the television for two different brands from three different shops. You would like to make a comparison between two modes of payment, namely, cash payment and payment by installment. Table 4 (a) shows the prices of televisions by cash payment in three different shops whereas Table 4(b) shows the prices of televisions by instalment. Complete Table 4 (a) and 4(b) using the data you obtained. Answer:
Price (RM) Brand Size of Television (inches) Mean Price (RM) Standard Deviation (RM)
TS
SH
24 32 40 24 32 40
Ramli Electonics & Hardware 788 1599 2500 699 848 1269 Table 4(a)
Price (RM) Brand Size of Television (inches) Ramli Electronics Hup Seng & Hardware 1383.2 945.6 2503.2 1918.8 4043.2 3000.0 1103.2 838.8 1356.6 1017.6 1803.2 1522.8 Table 4(b) Mean Price (RM) Standard Deviation (RM)
TS
SH
24 32 40 24 32 40
The mean and standard deviation of the data can be calculated using formula :
(b) Determine the brand and size of the television that you have decided to buy. Give your reasons based on the findings from part (a) above.
Answer: I want to buy a size 32 inch TS television. This is because there are only five members in my family and only requires medium-sized television for our living room. I choose this brand because I am confident of its quality as our family has long been using this brand for other electrical appliances in our home. Although the brand TS is more expensive than the brand SH, our family still can afford to buy it. I plan to buy from Ramli Electronics & Hardware store because they offer 2 years of warranty. In addition, they also offer the lowest price of televisions compared to the other two shops.
(c) The Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs wishes to present the Fair Price Shop Award for one of the above shops. If you are one of the panels for this award, determine the shop that deserve the award. Do you consider the value of the mean and the value of standard deviation in making your decision? Give your justifications.
Answer: If I am one of the panel for the award, I would prefer Ramli Electronics & Hardware shop because the mean price of all types of television for both brands is the lowest compared to the other two shops. Standard deviation for the telivisons at the shop is also the lowest. It shows that the prices of television offered by the Ramli Electronics & Hardware shop is reasonable and affordable.
PART 4 (a) Your family has a fixed monthly income. In order to buy the television, your family needs to make some adjustment on the various types of expenditure. [You can choose to pay by cash or by installment] Show the average monthly expenditure that you have modified in a table.
Item
1200
1200
240
240
600
500
Clothing Education Recreation Utilities (Water / Electricity / Telephone) Medication Miscellaneous Television TOTAL
50 1300 100
210
210
(b)
Assuming you have just started working with a monthly salary of RM2 500. You intend to save 10% of your salary every month. Plan your monthly expenditure as in Table 1 above and add other items such as savings and contributions to your parents.
Item
400
300
200
100 100 50
100