IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006

09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 1
X.0 SECOND MOMENT OR MOMENT OF INERTIA
OF AN AREA
X.1 Introduction
X.2 Moment of Inertia of an Area
X.3 Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
X.4 Polar Moment of Inertia
X.5 Radius of Gyration
X.6 Parallel Axis Theorem
X.7 Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
X.8 Product of Inertia
X.9 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 2
3.1. Introduction
Forces which are proportional to the area or volume over which they act
but also vary linearly with distance from a given axis.
- the magnitude of the resultant depends on the first moment of the
force distribution with respect to the axis.
- The point of application of the resultant depends on the second
moment of the distribution with respect to the axis.
Herein methods for computing the moments and products of inertia for
areas and masses will be presented
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 3
3.2. Moment of Inertia of an Area
Consider distributed forces whose magnitudes are
proportional to the elemental areas on which they
act and also vary linearly with the distance of
from a given axis.
F

A
A A
A A
Example: Consider a beam subjected to pure bending.
Internal forces vary linearly with distance from the
neutral axis which passes through the section centroid.
moment second
moment first 0
2 2
= =
= = = =
A = A
} }
} }
dA y dA y k M
Q dA y dA y k R
A ky F
x

Example: Consider the net hydrostatic force on a

submerged circular gate.
}
}
=
=
A = A = A
dA y M
dA y R
A y A p F
x
2

IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 4
3.3.Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
Second moments or moments of inertia of
an area with respect to the x and y axes,
} }
= = dA x I dA y I
y x
2 2
Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by
choosing dA to be a thin strip parallel to
one of the coordinate axes.
For a rectangular area,
3
3
1
0
2 2
bh bdy y dA y I
h
x
= = =
} }
The formula for rectangular areas may also
be applied to strips parallel to the axes,
dx y x dA x dI dx y dI
y x
2 2 3
3
1
= = =
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 5
3.4. Polar Moment of Inertia
The polar moment of inertia is an important
parameter in problems involving torsion of
cylindrical shafts and rotations of slabs.
}
= dA r J
2
0
The polar moment of inertia is related to the
rectangular moments of inertia,
( )
x y
I I
dA y dA x dA y x dA r J
+ =
+ = + = =
} } } }
2 2 2 2 2
0
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 6
3.5. Radius of Gyration of an Area
Consider area A with moment of inertia
I
x
. Imagine that the area is
concentrated in a thin strip parallel to
the x axis with equivalent I
x
.
A
I
k A k I
x
x x x
= =
2
k
x
= radius of gyration with respect
to the x axis
Similarly,
A
J
k A k J
A
I
k A k I
O
O O O
y
y y y
= =
= =
2
2
2 2 2
y x O
k k k + =
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 7
Examples
Determine the moment of
inertia of a triangle with respect
to its base.
SOLUTION:
A differential strip parallel to the x axis is chosen for
dA.
dy l dA dA y dI
x
= =
2
For similar triangles,
dy
h
y h
b dA
h
y h
b l
h
y h
b
l
=

=
Integrating dI
x
from y = 0 to y = h,
( )
h
h h
x
y y
h
h
b
dy y hy
h
b
dy
h
y h
b y dA y I
0
4 3
0
3 2
0
2 2
4 3
(

=
=

= =
} } }
12
3
bh
I
x
=
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 8
a) Determine the centroidal polar
moment of inertia of a circular
area by direct integration.
b) Using the result of part a,
determine the moment of inertia
of a circular area with respect to a
diameter.
SOLUTION:
An annular differential area element is chosen,
( )
} } }
= = =
= =
r r
O O
O
du u du u u dJ J
du u dA dA u dJ
0
3
0
2
2
2 2
2
t t
t
4
2
r J
O
t
=
From symmetry, I
x
= I
y
,
x x y x O
I r I I I J 2
2
2
4
= = + =
t
4
4
r I I
x diameter
t
= =
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 9
3.6. Parallel Axis Theorem
Consider moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA
}
= dA y I
2
The axis BB passes through the area centroid
and is called a centroidal axis.
( )
} } }
} }
+
'
+
'
=
+
'
= =
dA d dA y d dA y
dA d y dA y I
2 2
2 2
2
2
Ad I I + =
parallel axis theorem
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 10
Moment of inertia I
T
of a circular area with
respect to a tangent to the circle,
( )
4
4
5
2 2 4
4
1
2
r
r r r Ad I I
T
t
t t
=
+ = + =
Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a
centroidal axis,
( )
3
36
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
12
1
2
2
bh
h bh bh Ad I I
Ad I I
A A B B
B B A A
=
= =
+ =
' '
' '
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 11
3.7. Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, ... , with respect to the same axis.
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 12
Example
The strength of a W360x57 rolled steel
beam is increased by attaching a
225x20 mm plate to its upper flange.
Determine the moment of inertia and
radius of gyration with respect to an
axis which is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid of the
section.
SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of
composite section with respect to a
coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
Apply the parallel axis theorem to
determine moments of inertia of beam
section and plate with respect to
composite section centroidal axis.
Calculate the radius of gyration from the
moment of inertia of the composite
section.
225 mm
358 mm
20 mm
172 mm
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 13
SOLUTION:
Determine location of the centroid of composite section
with respect to a coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
mm. 51 . 72
11730
10 50.5 8
3
=

= = =

A
A y
Y A y A Y
225 mm
358 mm
20 mm
172 mm
189 mm
12 . 50 95 . 17
0 0 11.20 Section Beam
12 . 50 425 . 7 6.75 Plate
in , in. , in , Section
3 2
= =

A y A
A y y A
mm
2
mm

mm
3
4500
7230
11730
189 850.5 x 10
3
850.5 x 10
3
( )( )
2
4500 20 225 mm mm mm A = =
( ) ( ) mm mm mm y 189 20
2
1
358
2
1
= + =
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 14
Apply the parallel axis theorem to determine moments of
inertia of beam section and plate with respect to composite
section centroidal axis.
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
4 6
2 3
12
1
2
plate ,
4
2
6 2
section beam ,
mm 10 2 . 61
51 . 72 189 4500 20 225
10 2 . 198
51 . 72 7230 10 2 . 160
=
+ = + =
=
+ = + =
'
'
Ad I I
Y A I I
x x
x x
Calculate the radius of gyration from the moment of inertia
of the composite section.
2
4 6
mm 11730
mm 10 53.8 2
= =
'
'
A
I
k
x
x
mm. 1 . 147 =
' x
k
6 6
plate , section beam ,
10 2 . 61 10 6 . 192 + = + =
' ' ' x x x
I I I
4 6
10 254 mm I
x
=
'
225 mm
358 mm
20 mm
172 mm
189 mm
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 15
Example
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.
SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
The moment of inertia of the shaded area is
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 16
SOLUTION:
Compute the moments of inertia of the bounding
rectangle and half-circle with respect to the x axis.
Rectangle:
( )( )
4 6
3
1
3
3
1
mm 10 2 . 138 120 240 = = = bh I
x
Half-circle:
moment of inertia with respect to AA,
( )
4 6 4
8
1
4
8
1
mm 10 76 . 25 90 = = =
'
t tr I
A A
( )( )
( )
2 3
2
2
1
2
2
1
mm 10 72 . 12
90
mm 81.8 a - 120 b
mm 2 . 38
3
90 4
3
4
=
= =
= =
= = =
t t
t t
r A
r
a
moment of inertia with respect to x,
( )( )
4 6
3 6 2
mm 10 20 . 7
10 72 . 12 10 76 . 25
=
= =
' '
Aa I I
A A x
moment of inertia with respect to x,
( )( )
4 6
2 3 6 2
mm 10 3 . 92
8 . 81 10 72 . 12 10 20 . 7
=
+ = + =
'
Ab I I
x x
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 17
The moment of inertia of the shaded area is obtained by
subtracting the moment of inertia of the half-circle from
the moment of inertia of the rectangle.
4 6
mm 10 9 . 45 =
x
I
x
I =
4 6
mm 10 2 . 138

4 6
mm 10 3 . 92
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 18
3.8. Product of Inertia
Product of Inertia:
}
= dA xy I
xy
When the x axis, the y axis, or both are an
axis of symmetry, the product of inertia is
zero.
Parallel axis theorem for products of inertia:
A y x I I
xy xy
+ =
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 19
3.9. Principal Axes and Principal Moments of Inertia
Given
}
} }
=
= =
dA xy I
dA x I dA y I
xy
y x
2 2
we wish to determine moments
and product of inertia with
respect to new axes x and y.
u u
u u
u u
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x
y x
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x y x
x
I
I I
I
I
I I I I
I
I
I I I I
I
+

=
+

+
=

+
+
=
' '
'
'
The change of axes yields
The equations for I
x
and I
xy
are the
parametric equations for a circle,
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
xy
y x y x
ave
y x ave x
I
I I
R
I I
I
R I I I
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=
= +
' ' '
The equations for I
y
and I
xy
lead to the
same circle.
u u
u u
sin cos
sin cos
x y y
y x x
=
'
+ =
' Note:
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 20
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
xy
y x y x
ave
y x ave x
I
I I
R
I I
I
R I I I
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=
= +
' ' '
At the points A and B, I
xy
= 0 and I
x
is
a maximum and minimum, respectively.
R I I
ave
=
min max,
y x
xy
m
I I
I

=
2
2 tan u
I
max
and I
min
are the principal moments
of inertia of the area about O.
The equation for O
m
defines two
angles, 90
o
apart which correspond to
the principal axes of the area about O.
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 21
Example
Determine the product of inertia of
the right triangle (a) with respect
to the x and y axes and
(b) with respect to centroidal axes
parallel to the x and y axes.
SOLUTION:
Determine the product of inertia using
direct integration with the parallel axis
theorem on vertical differential area strips
Apply the parallel axis theorem to
evaluate the product of inertia with respect
to the centroidal axes.
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 22
SOLUTION:
Determine the product of inertia using direct integration
with the parallel axis theorem on vertical differential
area strips
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
x
h y y x x
dx
b
x
h dx y dA
b
x
h y
el el
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
Integrating dI
x
from x = 0 to x = b,
( )
b
b
b
el el xy xy
b
x
b
x x
h dx
b
x
b
x x
h
dx
b
x
h x dA y x dI I
0
2
4 3 2
2
0
2
3 2
2
0
2
2
2
1
8
3 4
2
2
1
(

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
}
} } }
2 2
24
1
h b I
xy
=
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 23
Apply the parallel axis theorem to evaluate the
product of inertia with respect to the centroidal axes.
h y b x
3
1
3
1
= =
With the results from part a,
( )( )( ) bh h b h b I
A y x I I
y x
y x xy
2
1
3
1
3
1
2 2
24
1
=
+ =
' ' ' '
' ' ' '
2 2
72
1
h b I
y x
=
' ' ' '
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 24
For the section shown, the moments of
inertia with respect to the x and y axes
are I
x
= 10.38 in
4
and I
y
= 6.97 in
4
.
Determine (a) the orientation of the
principal axes of the section about O,
and (b) the values of the principal
moments of inertia about O.
SOLUTION:
Compute the product of inertia with
respect to the xy axes by dividing the
section into three rectangles and applying
the parallel axis theorem to each.
Determine the orientation of the
principal axes (Eq. 9.25) and the
principal moments of inertia (Eq. 9. 27).
Example
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 25
SOLUTION:
Compute the product of inertia with respect to the xy axes
by dividing the section into three rectangles.
2769858
1384929 5 . 44 5 . 31 988
0 0 0 988
1384929 5 . 44 5 . 31 988
m , mm. , mm. , mm Area, Rectangle
4 2
=
+
+

A y x
III
II
I
m A y x y x
Apply the parallel axis theorem to each rectangle,
( )

+ =
' '
A y x I I
y x xy
Note that the product of inertia with respect to centroidal
axes parallel to the xy axes is zero for each rectangle.
4
2770000mm A y x I
xy
= =

102 mm
76 mm
13 mm
13 mm
76 mm
31.5 mm
44.5 mm
44.5 mm
31.5 mm
IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Architecture AR232 Spring2006
09.06.2013
Dr. Engin Akta 26
Determine the orientation of the principal axes by
4 6
4 6
4 6
mm 10 77 . 2
mm 10 93 . 2
mm 10 42 . 4
=
=
=
xy
y
x
I
I
I
( )
=
+ =


=

=
254.9 and 9 . 74 2
72 . 3
10 93 . 2 10 42 . 4
10 77 . 2 2
2
2 tan
6 6
6
m
y x
xy
m
I I
I
u
u
= = 5 . 127 and 5 . 37
m m
u u
( )
2
6
2
6 6 6 6
2
2
min max,
10 77 . 2
2
10 93 . 2 10 42 . 4
2
10 93 . 2 10 42 . 4
2 2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
xy
y x y x
I
I I I I
I
4
min
4
max
mm 07 . 8
mm 54 . 6
= =
= =
I I
I I
b
a
y x
xy
m
I I
I

=
2
2 tan u
R I I
ave
=
min max,
the principal moments of
inertia by
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
xy
y x y x
ave
y x ave x
I
I I
R
I I
I
R I I I
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
=
= +
' ' '
um = 127.5
o
um = 37.5
o