1

Nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L capupay;-jhtutpay; - +2 A jhtutpay; - +2 B

xU kjpg;ngz; - tpdh tpil
midj;Jg; ghlq;fspd; mwptpayhu; gl;bay; ay
1. 2. ,U nrhw; ngaupL Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ];g] P p]; gpshz;lhuk; vd;w E}iy ntspapl;ltu; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; - 1753 (];tl P d;) 3. tpijj; jhtuq;fspd; ,aw;if tifg;ghl;bid njhFj;jtu;fs; [pahu;[; nge;jk; - 1800 ru;N[hg; lhy;ld; `Pff ; u; 4. [pahu;[; nge;jk; - 1800 5. - 1884 1817 - 1911 fh];gu;L gh`pd; - 1623

n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk; vd;w E}iy vOjpatu;fs; - 1884 ru;N[hg; lhy;ld; `Pff ; u; 1817 -

1911 kuG toptifghl;bid ~~ ilNer;ru;ypf;fd; /gpshd;]d; /ghkpypad;|| vd;w E}ypid ntspapl;ltu;fs; mlhy;g; vq;su; 18441844-1930 fhu;y; gpuhz;ly; 1849 - 1893

6. 7. 8.

jhtuj;jpd; jpRj;njhFg;Gfis %d;W tiffshfg; gpupj;jtu; rhf;]; 1875 ~vd;irk;| vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; Fd; - 1878 bNuhNrhgpy;yhtpy; ckpo;eu P ; Rug;gpfspy; ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fis Kjd;Kjyhf fz;lwpe;jtu; C.G. ghy;gpahzp - 1881 /gpskpq; -

9. 10. 10. 11. 11.

tpsf;F J}upif FNuhNkhNrhik Kjd;Kjyhf fz;lwpe;jtu; 1882 ~~FNuhNkhNrhk;|| vd;w ngaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

thy;Nlau; - 1888

12. 12.

<];l; nry;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l rhW capUs;s <];l; nry;fisg; NghyNt jpuhl;ir urj;jpy; nehjpj;jiy Vw;gLj;j Kbtij fz;lwpe;jtu; Gd;ru; 1897 ntt;NtW jpRf;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLj;j jdpj;jdpahd jhtur;nry;fis ntw;wpfukhf tsu;jj ; tu; G. N`gu;Nyz;l; - 1898 (n[u;kd;) `pA+Nfh Bt;up]; - 1901

13. 13. 14. 14.

jpBu; khw;wj;ij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzptpjpia ntspapl;ltu; gpshf;Nkd; -1905

15. 15.

nkz;lypd; ,Ugz;G fyg;G Ma;T KbTfis cWjpnra;a Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; tpy;ypak; Ngl;rd; nu[pdhy;L Gd;dl; 1906 W. N[h`hd;rd; 1909

16. 16. 17. 17.

~[Pd| ; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; [Pdf ; isf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gij Kjy; Kjypy; cWjpnra;jtu; gpupl;[]; - 1916 T.D iynrd;Nfh - 1920

18. 18.

~~ntu;diyNr\d;|| vd;Dk; thu;ji ; jia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

19. 19.

~~bg;Nshfhf;f]; epNkhdpNa|| vd;Dk; ghf;Bupahtpy; DNA tpd; gq;F gw;wp Ma;Tfs; nra;jtu; gpulupf; fpup / gpj; - 1928

20. 20.

Ie;jhtJ jhtutpay; $l;lk; Nfk;gpupl;[; (,q;fpyhe;J) vd;Dkplj;jpy; ele;j tUlk; 1930 bf;fd;]; - 1938

21. 21.

ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; (m) n`f;Nrh]; khNdhgh];Ngl; topj;jlk; (m) Neub Mf;rp[Ndw;w topj;jlj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;

22. 22.

gupNrhjid tifg;ghl;baiy Gof;fj;jpw;F nfhz;Lte;jtu;fs; Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp - 1943

23. 23.

DNA tpy; cs;s fhuq;fspd; msitf; Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfSf;fhd fUj;Jfis ntspapl;ltu; vu;tpd; rhu;fhg; - 1949

24. 24.

DNA ,ul;il RUs; khjpupia ntspapl;ltu;fs; N[k;]; thl;rd; gpuhd;rp]; fpupf; - 1953

25. 25.

irl;Nlhifdpd; (ifdbd;) n`h;upq; kPd; tifapypUe;J gpupj;njLj;jtu;fs;. kpy;yu; ];$[;

26. 26.

[Pdf ; s; gytifahd nehjpfspd; cw;gj;jpw;fhd nra;jpiar; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gij ahuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; - 1958

27. 27.

xU [Pd; xU nehjp Nfhl;ghL (m) xU [Pd; xU ghypngg;ilL Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd Nehngy; guprpidg; ngw;wtu;fs; gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; -

28. 28.

1958 jhtuq;fspy; kyu;jiyj;J}z;Lk; xsp <u;gG ; g; nghUshd igl;NlhFNuhikf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; gl;yu; - 1959 R.W N`hyp - 1965 1966

29. 29. 30. 30. 31. 31.

tRNA Fshtu; ,iy tbt khjpupia ntspapl;ltu; jdpnry; Gujk;

vd;w nrhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

12tJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; $l;lk; ve;j ,lj;jpy; $baJ? [Piy 1975 nydpd; fpuhl (Nrhtpaj; u\ ; h) u\a

32. 32.

mfpy cyf jhtutpay; ngau; #l;Lr;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L 1978

33. 33.

Kjd;Kjyhf ~~#NlhNkhdh]; G+blh|| vd;Dk; ghf;Bupah ufj;ij cUthf;fpatu; Mde;jNkhfd; rf;futu;jj ; p - 1979 1980

34. 34.

,e;jpahtpy; kPijy; INrh raNdl; (MIC) cw;gj;jp vg;NghJ Jtf;fg;gl;lJ?

35. 35. 36. 36. 37. 37. 38. 38. 39. 39.

Nghghy; mty epfo;rr ; p ele;j tUlk;. 1984 brk;gu; 2 kw;Wk; 3 nraw;if Kiw jhtu tifg;ghl;bid epwtpatu;. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ~~ rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; || vd;w E}ypid vOjpatu; . rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; ,Unrhw;ngaupL Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpatu;. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ,Unrhw;ngaupL Kiwia ~~];gr P ]; gpshz;lhuk; || vd;Dk; E}ypy; rupahd Kiwapy; ifahz;ltu; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; fh];ghNu

40. 40.

mfj;Njhy; nry;fspy; Mur;RtupYk;> fpilkl;l RtupYk; cs;s jbg;Gfisf; (fh];ghupd; gl;ilfs;) fz;lwpe;jtu;

41. 41.

[Pdf ; Sf;Fk;> nehjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig fz;lwpe;jtu;fs;. gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk;.

42. 42. 43. 43. 44. 44.

jpBu; khw;wq;fis ~~];Nghu;l] ; | ; | (,aw;ifapd; tpisahl;L) vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ltu;. rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; jpBu; khw;wk; vd;gJ njhlu;rr ; paw;w khw;wk; vdf; fUjpatu;. Ngl;rd; DNA it X- fjpu;fisf; nfhz;L Ma;T nra;J Gifg;glk; vLj;jtu;fs;. tpy;fpd;]; kw;Wk; /gpuhd;fpspd;

45. 45.

DNA

,ul;bg;ghjy; Kiwia ~~ghjp goikKiw || vdf;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fs;. thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;

46. 46.

thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; $wpa ghjp goik DNA ,ul;bg;G Kiw rupahdJ vd cWjpg; gLj;jpatu;fs; kPrpy;rd; kw;Wk; ];lhy;

47. 47.

1934 ypUe;J 1939 fhy ,ilntspapy; jpR tsu;gG ; nray; El;gj;jpw;F mbj;jskpl;ltu;fs; fhj;nul;> xapl;> Nehg;Nfhul;

48. 48.

1960k; Mz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; nraw;if Kiwapy; Ma;tfj;jpy; jhtunry;fs; jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfs; tsu;fF ; k; Kiwia njhlq;fpa nly;yp gy;fiyf;fof jhtutpay; epGzu;fs;. Nguhrpupau; P. kNf];tup Nguhrpupau; S. ehuhazRthkp gh];lr ; u;

49. 49.

kJtpy; nehjpj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk; jpwid <];lN ; ghd;w rpy Ez;Zapu;fisf; nfhz;bug;gijf; fz;lwpe;jtu;.

50. 50. 51. 51. 52. 52. 53. 53.

~irNk];| vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; ahu;? Gr;du; nehjpapd; ~~G+l;L rhtpf;Nfhl;ghl;bid|| jUtpj;jtu;. /gp\ ; u; /gp\\

nehjpapd; ~~J}z;lg;gl;l nghUj;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bid || nrhy;ypatu; Nfh\ ; hz;l; Nfh\y ,Us; tpidfisf; fz;lwpe;jtu; nky;tpd; fhy;tpd;

54. 54. 55. 55.

C4 topj;jlj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu;.

N`l;r; kw;Wk; ];yhf;

fpisf;fhyprp]; epfo;rr ; pia fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs;. vk;ld;> Nkau;`hg; kw;Wk; ghu;dh];

56. 56. 57. 57. 58. 58. 59. 59. 60. 60. 61. 61.

rpl;upf; mkpy Row;rp (m) l;iufhu;ghf;rpypf; mkpy Row;rp (TCA) fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs;. ru; N`d;]; mlhy;g; fpug;]; [pg;uypid Kjd;Kjyhff; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; . FUNrhth - ([g;ghd;) vy;yhj; jhtuq;fSf;Fk;> G+j;jYf;F xNu khjpupahd xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy msTfs; Njitg;gLtjpy;iy vdf; $wpatu;fs; fhu;du; kw;W; Myhu;L ngl;Nuhypa vz;nziar; rpijj;J mfw;Wk; #NlhNkhdh]; ghf;Bupaj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; rf;uguj;jp kuG top tifg;ghl;il cUthf;fpatu;fs;. vq;su; kw;Wk; g;uhz;ly; vk;.v]; tsu;gG ; Clfj;ij cUthf;fpatu;fs;. Kuh\ Kuh\pfp kw;Wk; ];$f;.

ghlk; -1 MQ;rpNah];nguk;fspd; tifg;ghL

A = 3x1=3 B =7X1=7
nraw;ifKiw jhtu tifg;ghl;bid epWtpatu; - ];tl P d; jhtutpayhu; ,Unrhw;ngaupL Kiwia mwpKg;gLj;jpatu; - fh];gu;L gh`pd; (1623) XuiwAila kfue;jigf; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; - khy;Ntrp totog;ghd kpA+rpNy[; jputk; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; - khy;Ntrp mfhypgh ,d;bfh jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kQ;rup - Nfl;fpd; ghk;Gf;fbf;Fk; njhONeha;fF ; k; kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; Ntu;fis cila A+/Nghu;gpNarp FLk;gj;jhtuk; [hl;Nuhgh fh]pg;gpNghypah 7. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; tifg;ghl;by; cs;s tFg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if - 24 8. #yf Nky;kyu; kw;Wk; ,uz;L #ypiyfisAila kyu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; rhu;eJ ; s;s lhf;]hd; - igfhu;gpy;Nyl;Nl 9. ~~rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;|| ,t;tifg;ghL Njhd;w xU J}z;LNfhshf ,Ue;jJ - kuGtop tifg;ghL 10. ; spy; kpfTk; vspait njhd;ikahdit 10. capu; thOk; MQ;rpNah];ngu;kf uhNdy;]; Jiw 11. 11. tiyg;gpd;dy; euk;gikT cila xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; - ];ikyhf;]; 12. 12. euk;GfSf;F mikjpA+l;Lk; kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; My;fyha;L - epf;Nfhl;bd; 13. 13. ,jpy; xU kfue;jjhs; xU Mz; kyiuf; Fwpf;Fk; A+Nghu; A+Nghu;gpah irahj;NjhNghuh 14. 14. ,e;j jhtuj;jpy; ,ize;j kyu; fhk;Gila kyu; fhzg;gLfpwJ i`gp];f]; Nuhrh irndd;rp]; 15. 15. czthfTk;> nghJthfTk;> CWfha; NghlTk; gad;gLk; itl;lkpd; C mjpfKila jirg;gw;Ws;s fdpfs; jUk; jhtuk; - gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh 16. 16. ~~ NfupNahgpy;yk;|| vd;w jhtuj;jpd; gynrhw;ngau; NfupNahgpy;yk; rhf;rhbyp];/Nghyp]; fpuhkpdpa]; mk;ngy; Nyl;b]; Nfhupkg ; p]; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

17. 17. ,J lhl;Nlhdpk; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - rhrhg;u]; rhrhg;u]; 18. ; u; tifg;ghl;by; ve;j thpirfspy; 4 Jiwfs; 24 18. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff FLk;gq;fSk;> 5 Jiwfs; 27 FLk;gq;fSk; cs;sd? # igfhu;gy;Nyl;Nl kw;Wk; fhyprp GNshNu 19. 19. jhtuq;fis ,dq;fz;lwpa xU jpwTNfhyhf fpA+ n`h;Ngupak; kw;Wk; cyfpYs;s gy n`h;Nghpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tifg;ghL# nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff ; u; tifg;ghL

20. 20. nraw;ifKiw tifg;ghL ,t;thWk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. # ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL 21. 21. nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghl;by; mdfhu;bNarp jhtuq;fSk;> [pd;[pngNurp jhtuq;fSk; xNu tFg;gpy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl fhuzk; # xNu xU kfue;jjhisg; ngw;Ws;sd. (Nkhdhz;lu ; pah) 22. ; h; ntspapl;l n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk 22. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff # %d;W njhFjpfisAilaJ. 23. ; h; tifg;ghl;by; jw;fhy Jiwfs; ,t;thW 23. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff miof;fg;gl;ld ,lk;ngWk;? tptupj;Js;sdu;? # # Nfh`hu;lL ; fs; 24. ; f ; z;l vtw;Ws; 24. ,izahj jdpj;j my;ypfisAila jhtuq;fs; fPof # ghyp ngl;lhNy # 3 kw;Wk; 9 202 Jiwfs; 25. 25. ,d;ngNu tupirapYs;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;if KiwNa 26. ; h; jq;fs; tifg;ghl;by; vj;jid FLk;gq;f ; is 26. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff 27. ; h; tifg;ghl;by; jw;fhy FLk;gq;fs; vt;thW 27. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd? - # 28. 28. jyhkpGNshNuapy; vj;jid Jiwfs; FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd? # 6 Jiwfs; 34 FLk;gq;fs; 29. 29. gpd;tUk; ve;j thpirapy; #yf fPo; kyu;fs; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; cs;sd? # ,d;ngNu 30. 30. A+dpnrf;RNty;]; vd;w tupirapy; cs;s FLk;gk; 31. 31. nj];gprpah ghg;Gy;dpah ,lk;ngw;Ws;s FLk;gk; # 32. 32. khy;Ntrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s thpir 34. 34. ntz;il jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngau; 35. 35. nghq;Nfkpah fpshguh xU 36. 36. M];fpNdhkpdp M];gpuh xU 38. 38. NgNgrp FLk;gj; jhtuj;jpd; fdp # # A+/Nghu;gpNarp khy;Ntrp -

jyhkpGNshNu #yf miw ntb fdp Vngy;kh]; h]f ; ]; v];Fnyz;l]; kuk; ePuj ; ; jhtuk; nyf;A+k;

33. 33. Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l]; jhtuj;jpd; fdp - # # # #

37. ; liyj; jhtuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngau; - # muhf;fp]; i`Ngh[pah 37. Ntu;ff # 39. 39. NgNgrp FLk;gj;jhtu #yfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; #y; xl;L Kiw # tpspk;G #y; xl;L Kiw

40. 40. &gpNarp ,lk;ngw;Ws;s thpir -

,d;ngNu FWf;F kWf;F ,iyaikT # my;yp xl;bait

41. 41. ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpahtpd; ,iyaikT - # 42. 42. ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpahtpy; kfue;j jhs;fs; 43. 43. ntu;Ndhdpah Mu;Nghupah xU # kuk;

44. 44. rpu kQ;rupahdJ jdp kyuhf FWf;fk; mile;Js;s jhtuk; - # vf;fpdhg;]; 45. 45. xU jug;gl;l rpukQ;rup fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; - # 46. 46. nrhyhNdrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiw yhdpah # ghypNkhdpNay;];

47. 47. eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epwKl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # nrhyhdk; rhe;Njhfhu;gg ; k;. 48. ; fhl;by; mikahky; rw;W rha;thf mike;Js;s 48. #ypiyfs; Neu;fN kyu;fSila FLk;gk;; 50. 50. up]pd]; fk;Adp]; xU # nrhyh nrhyhNdrp # 300 # Fw;W kuk; 49. 49. A+/Nghu;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ngupdq;fs; -

51. 51. fpshNlhLf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L # A+/Nghu;gpah jpUf;fs;sp 52. 52. `Ptpah gpNurpypad;]p]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; # %d;W rpw;wpiyfisAila $l;biy # Roy; ,iyaikT # $l;Lirk; 53. ; kyu; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ # ];nlupypl;rpah nu[pNdh 53. gwitfspd; nrhu;ff 54. 54. kpA+]h jhtuj;jpd; ,iyaikT 55. 55. uhtndyh klfh];fupad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rup vz;zpf;if # MW # fhyprpNd # 217 # gid # 10 kPll ; u;

56. 56. uhtndyh klfh];fupad;rp]; kyupy; fhzg;gLk; tskhd kfue;j jhl;fspd; 57. 57. mupf;Nfrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupir

58. 58. mupf;Nfrp FLk;gj;jpYs;s Ngupdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 59. 59. nghuhr]; gpyhngy;yp/ngu; vd;gjd; rhjhuzg;ngau; 61. 61. ~~lhf;]p];|| vd;gjd; nghUs; # tifg;gLj;Jjy; 62. 62. ~ehk];| vd;gjd; nghUs; 64. 64. jhtu tifg;ghl;bw;F # # tpjpKiwfs;

60. ; Fyp/nguh jhtu ];ghbf;]; kQ;rupapd; ePsk; 60. Nfhupgh mk;gu

63. ; f ; z;lthW miof;fg;gLk;. # Kiwghl;Lj; jhtutpay; 63. jhtutifg;ghl;bay; fPof mbg;gilahditfs; jhtuq;fspd; cUtj;Njhw;wk; & mikg;G

65. ; f ; z;l 65. jhtutifg;ghl;bd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Ez;zwpTj;jpwd; fPof vt;nttw;wpw;F gaDs;sitahf ,Uf;Fk;? # kUj;Jtk;> Ntshz;ik &fhLfspd; guhkupg;G 66. 66. gpw;fhy tifg;ghl;bahyhu;fs; kyupd; gz;GfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jjd; fhuzk; #kyupd; gz;Gfs; khWglhky; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikAlDk;> epue;jukhf cs;sjhy;. 67. 67. ntspg;Gwg; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tifg;ghL # nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghL

68. 68. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];> # 69. P p]; gpshz;lhuk;| 69. ~];g]

1753y; ntspapl;l E}ypd; ngau; E}ypy; tptupj;Js;s rpw;wpdq;fs; # 7300

];g] P p]; gpshz;lhuk;

70. 70. ypd;Nda]; tifg;ghl;by; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ # kyupd; gz;Gfs; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ 71. 71. nraw;if Kiw tifg;ghl;bd; Fiwahf fUjg;gLtJ # neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila jhtuq;fs; jdpj;jdp gpupTfspd; fPOk;> khWgl;l gz;Gfis nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; xNu gpuptpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ. 72. 72. jhtuq;fspd; gy gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tifg;ghL # # ,aw;if Kiw tifg;ghL 73. 73. tpijj; jhtuq;fspd; ,aw;if tifghl;ilj; njhFj;jtu;fs; [pahu;[; nge;jk; kw;Wk; ru; N[hrg; lhy;ld; `Pff ; u; (,q;fpyhe;J) 74. 74. ,aw;if Kiwtifg;ghL vt;nttw;wpid mwpa cjTfpwJ? # njhlu;G kw;Wk; cwtpid mwpa 75. 75. ,aw;ifKiw tifg;ghl;bd; Fiw # kuG top njhlu;gpid tpsf;fhjJ. 76. 76. kuG top Kiw tifg;ghL Njhd;w J}z;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ # rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; 77. 77. n[h;kdpapy; vq;su; kw;Wk; gpuhz;ly; jq;fsJ kuGtop tifg;ghL ntspaplg;gl;l E}y; # ~~ilNer;ru;ypf;fd;/ gpshd ; d; ghkpypad;|| gpshd] 78. 78. kuG top tifg;ghl;by; Nkk;ghL mile;j jhtuq;fshff; fUjg;gl;lit # ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu tFg;gpy; M];lN ; u]p FLk;gk; # xU tpj;jpiy jhtu tFg;gpy; Mu;ff ; pNl]p FLk;gk; 79. 79. gupNrhjid tifghl;baypd; mbg;gil # xj;j kw;Wk; NtWgl; NtWgl;l Gwj;Njhw;wg; gz;Gfs; 80. 80. gupNrhjid tifghl;bay; vd;gJ # ~~capUs;s jhtuj;njhifapd; Kiwghl;bay;|| 81. 81. tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil myF nfhz;Lte;jtu;fs; # rpw;wpdk; 82. 82. ~~gupNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay;|| vd;w nrhw;fisg; Gof;fj;jpw;F # Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp (1943) #o;epiy tif 83. 83. gupNrhjid tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gil myF # jhtuf;FO ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 85. 85. ,Unrhw;ngaupL Kiwia gad;gLj;jpatu;

84. 84. xd;W my;yJ gy $l;Lr; rpw;wpdq;fisf; nfhz;l fyg;gpdf; fytp nra;ahj # fk;Ngupak; # fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];

86. 86. Ie;jhtJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; $l;lk; eilngw;w ,lk; # Nfk;gphpl;[; (,q;fpyhe;J - 1930) 87. 87. 12tJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; $l;lk; eilngw;w ,lk; # nydpd;fpuhl; (Nrhtpaj; u\ ; h) ([Piy 1975y;) u\a

88. 88. mfpy cyf jhtutpay; ngau; #l;Lr; rl;lk; (ICBN) eilKiwf;F te;j tUlk; # 1978 # jhtu mOj;j cgfuzk; # 41 nr.kP kw;Wk; 29 nr.kP 89. 89. n`h;ghupak; jahupf;fg; gad;gLk; cgfuzk; 90. 90. n`h;ghupa jhspd; msT

91. 91. n`h;Ngupa cyu; jhtu;khjpupfspd; kPJ njspf;fg;gLk; G+Q;irf;nfhy;yp kUe;J # nku;fF ; upf; FNshiuL (0.1 rjtPjk;) 92. 92. n`h;Ngupa cyu; jhtukhjpupfis ghJfhf;fg; gLk; G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; # ehg;jyPd; kw;Wk; fhu;gd;il ry;igL 93. 93. [Pdf ; spd; Muha;rr ; pf;F n`h;ghupak; vt;thnwy;yhk; gad;gLfpwJ? # [Pd; Nrkpg;G epiyahf # 60>00>000 f;Fk; Nky; 94. 94. mur jhtutpay; Njhl;l n`h;ghupak; fpA+> ,yz;ld;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s n`u;ghupaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 95. 95. ,e;jpa jhtutpay; Rw;wha;T epWtd n`h;ghupak; NfhaKj;J}h;; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s n`h;ghupaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if # 10>000 f;Fk; Nky; # 12>000 f;Fk; Nky; # ,aw;if Kiw tifg;ghL # 1>90>000 -f;Fk; Nky; 96. 96. khepyf;fy;Y}hp n`h;Ngupak;> nrd;id jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s n`h;ghupaq;fspd; 97. 97. nug;gpnel; n`h;Nghpak; jpUr;rp> jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s n`h;Ngupaq;fspd;; 98. ; h; tifg;ghL vd;gJ 98. nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff tifg;ghl;L Kiw 100. 100. 101. 101. 102. 102. 103. 103. 104. 104. 105. 105. 106. 106. 107. 107. 108. 108. 109. 109.

99. 99. cyfpy; cs;s gy n`h;Ngupaq;fspYk;, jhtuj;Njhl;lq;fspYk; gpd;gw;Wk; # nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff ; h; tifg;ghL [pahu;[; nge;jk; ( 1800 -1884 ) ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;il rhu;ej ; ,aw;if Kiw tifg;ghL jhtutpayhu;fs; # ru; N[hrg; lhy;ld; `Pff ; u; (1817(1817- 1911) # %d;W njhFjpfs; nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff ; h; tifg;ghl;by; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; rpw;wpdq;fs; # 202 Jiwfs; 97>205 rpw;wpdq;fs; # tupir tupir - jyhkpGNshNu # 6 Jiwfs; jhtuq;fs; fPof ; f ; z;l vt;thpirapy; mlq;Fk; ? # 4 Jiwfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lLs;sd? # 34 FLk;gq;fs; # tupir - b];fpGNshNu 23 FLk;gq;fs; s; tl;ltbt my;yJ $k;G tbt G+j;jsKila kyu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; fPof ; z;l vt;tupirapy; mlq;Fk;? jyhkpGNshNu tupir nfhz;Ls;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; KiwNa #yfj;jpd; fPoG ; wj;jpy; tl;L Nghd;w G+j;jsKila kyu;fisf; nfhz;l tupir b];fpGNshNuapy; cs;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; Nfhg;ig tbt Gj;jsKila kyu;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; vt;tupirapy; # thpir - fhyprp/GNshNu fhyprp/GNshNu #yf Nky; my;yJ fPo; my;yJ ghjpNky; fPo; kyu;fs; fhzg;gLk; tupir tupir fhyprp GNshNuapy; cs;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; n[dpuh gpshz;lhuk; vj;jid njhFjpshf ntspaplg;gl;lJ?

# 5 Jiwfs; 110. 110. 111. 111. /NgNgrp FLk;gk; vj;Jiwapd; fPo; mike;Js;sJ?

27 FLk;gq;fs # Jiw NuhNry;];

Gy;ypfs; kw;Wk; my;ypfs; njspthfTk;> KOikahf my;yJ gFjp ,ize;j my;ypfisf; nfhz;l kyu;fs; ,lk; ngw;w Jiz tFg;G # NfNkhngl;lhNy # ,d;ngNu # ,d;/ngNu cila tupir # n`l;bNuhkpNu # 3 Jiwfs; 12 FLk;gq;fs; #yf fPo; kyu;fisf; nfhz;l tupir 3 JiwfisAk; 9 FLk;gq;fisAk; nfhz;l tupir

112. 112. 113. 113. 114. 114. 115. 115. 116. 116. 117. 117. 118. 118. 119. 119. 120. 120. 121. 121. 122. 122. 123. 123. 124. 124. 125. 125. 126. 126. 127. 127. 128. 128. 129. 129. 130. 130. 131. 131. 132. 132. 133. 133.

#yf Nky;kyu; kw;Wk; ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l #ypiyfisAila kyu;fis tupir n`l;bNuhkpNu nfhz;Ls;s Jiwfs;> FLk;gq f ; s; KiwNa #yf Nky; kyu; kw;Wk; ,uz;L #ypiyfisAila tupir igf;fhu;gy;Nyl; tupir ig fhu;gy;Nyl;Nl nfhz;Ls;s Jiwfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; # 4 Jiwfs; 24 FLk;gq;fs; nrhyhNdrp FLk;gk; vj;Jiwapd; fPo; cs;sJ? JiztFg;G # ghypNkhdpNay;];

Kiwaw;w kyu; Xu; mLf;F ,jo;fisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s # khNdhf;sikbNa # Jiz tFg;G NkhNdhf;sikbNa jpwe;j #y;fs; fhzg;gLk; tFg;G # njhd;ikahdit # [pk;Ndh];ngu;Nk 34 FLk;gq;fs; tFg;G khNdhfhl;byplNdapy; cs;s tupirfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fs; KiwNa 7 tupirfs; # uhNdy;]; 1500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; 125 rpw;wpdq;fs; # Xuhz;L rpWnrb # kuk; # khy;Ntrp fPof ; f ; z;l vj;Jiwiar;rhu;ej ; jhtuq;fs; kpfTk; vspait kw;Wk; khy;Ntrp FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Ngupdq;fs;> kw;Wk; rpw;wpdq;fs; KiwNa # 82 Ngupdq;fs; # 22 Ngupdq;fs; khy;th rpy;nt];lu ; p]; vd;gJ nj];gprpah ghGy;dpah vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s khy;Ntrp FLk;gj; jhtuq;fs; fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; 8 tupirfisAk; 36 FLk;gq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ

el;rj;jputbt Nuhk tsupfs; cila FLk;gk;

epyk;glu; Edp epkpu;ej ; jz;L> kw;Wk; el;rj;jpu tbt Nuhktsupfs; cilaJ # khy;th Nuhl;lz;b / Nghypah (jpupfhy (jpupfhy ky;yp) fPof ; z;ltw;Ws; Edp jdp kyu; ngw;Ws;s jhtuk; # khy;th];lu ; k; Nfhunkz;Nlypah Nfhz jdp kyu; nfhz;l jhtuk; # nj];gprpah ghg;Gy;dpah fPof ; z;l jhtuq;fspy; Edp my;yJ Nfhz irk;kQ;rup nfhz;lJ # ngNthdpah XNlhNul;lh (NguhKl;b) khy;th rpy;t];lu ; p]; jhtuj;jpy; cs;s G+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fs; vz;zpf;if # 3

10

134. 134. 135. 135. 136. 136. 137. 137. 138. 138. 139. 139. 140. 140. 141. 141. 142. 142. 143. 143. 144. 144. 145. 145. 146. 146. 147. 147. 148. 148. 149. 149. 150. 150. 151. 151. 152. 152. 153. 153.

fPof ; z;ltw;wpy; 10 Kjy; 12 G+f;fhk;G nrjpy;fs; cs;sd # ngNthdpah XNlhNul;lh G+f;fhk;Gr; nrjpy;fsw;w jhtuk; # mr;R #y; xl;L Kiw fPof ; z;litfspy; gpsTf;fdp fhzg;gLtJ # mGl;byhd; ,d;bfk; kw;Wk; irlh fhu;bNghypah ( epyj;Jj;jp ) fPof ; z;l vj;jhtu tpijfspy; J}tpfs; %bf; fhzg;gLk; # fh]pg;gpak; ghu;gnld;]; fPof ; z;ltw;wpypUe;J gh];le ; hu;fs; jUk; jhtuk; # i`gp];f]; nfd;dh gpd]; CWfha;> n[y;yp kw;Wk; $o;kk; jahupf;fg; gad;gLtJ # i`gp];f]; rg;lhupgh fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; Rit kpFe;j rl;dp jahupf;fg;gLgitfs; # i`gp];f]; nfd;dh gpd]; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fl;il jUk; jhtuk; i`gp];f]; rg;lhupgh # nj];gprpah ghg;Gy;dpah # /NgNgrp /NgNgrp # mGl;byhd; ,d;bfk; khy;Ntrpf; FLk;g kyu;fspy; #y;fs; vt;thW mike;Js;sd?

my;ypfs; gpsTw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # i`gp];f]; irNrhngl;lhy]; fPof ; z;ltw;wpy; 482 Ngupdq;fs; nfhz;l FLk;gk; ,e;jpahtpy; 100 Ngupdq;fSk;> 754 rpw;wpdq;fSk; cs;s FLk;gk; # nghq;Nfkpah fpshguh xU # kuk; # muhf;fp]; i`g;Ngh[pah

M];fpNdhkpdp M];gpuh xU # ePuj ; j ; htuk; Ntu;ff ; liyj; jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngau; NgNgrp FLk;g jhtuj;jpd; fdp # nyf;A+k;

/NgNgrp FLk;gj;jhtu #yfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; #y; xl;L Kiw # tpspk;G #y; xl;L Kiw jiuapy; glu;ej ; rpWnrbAs;s mtiuf;FLk;gj; (NgNgrp) jhtuk; # ,d;bNfh/nguh vdp/gpy;yh (nrg;G neUQ;rp) # FNuhl;lNyupah ntUNfhrh epkpu;ej ; rpWnrbcila NgNgrp FLk;g jhtuk;

NgNgrp FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej ; gpd;Df;nfhbj; jhtuk; # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah

154. 154. gl;lhzpj; jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngau; gw;Wf;fk;gpAs;s VWnfhb. igrk; rl;iltk; 155. 155. 156. 156. 157. 157. 158. 158. 159. 159. 160. 160. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ NgNgrpf; FLk;g jf;ifj;jhtuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ? # Gjh;nrb jhtuk; # f[hd];f[hd; # M];fpNdhkpdp pNdhkpdp M];gpuh

NgNgrpf; FLk;gj;jhtu Ntu; Kz;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; ghf;Bupahf;fs; iuNrhgpak; nyFkpNdhrhuk; # lhy;ngu;[pah yhl;b/Nghypah eype;j jz;Lila rq;Fg;G+tpd ,Unrhw;ngau; # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ fl;ilj;jhtuk;? gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ghdpf;fps; kQ;rup nfhz;lJ? # lhy;ngu;[pah yhl;b/Nghypah

11

161. 161. 162. 162. 163. 163. 164. 164. 165. 165. 166. 166. 167. 167. 168. 168. 169. 169. 170. 170. 171. 171. 172. 172. 173. 173. 174. 174. 175. 175. 176. 176. 177. 177. 178. 178. 179. 179.

NgNgrpf;FLk;g jdp ,iy nfhz;l jhtuk; #

# FNuhl;lNyupah [d;\pah

,U rpw;wpiyf; $l;biyf;nfhz;l NgNgrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; N]hu;dpah il / gpy;yh %d;W rpw;wpiyf; $l;biyf; $l;biyf;nfhz;l mtiuf; FLk;gj;jhtuk; # yhg;yhg; gu;Gupa]; xw;iwr; rpwF $l;biy cila NgNgrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk;; # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah (rq;Fg; G+) EdpapYs;s rpw;wpiyfs; gw;Wf; fk;gpahf cUkhw;wk; mile;Js;s jhtu NgNgrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; Nru;ej ; J? # igrk; rl;iltk; ( gl;lhzpj; jhtuk; ) fpYfpYg;ig nrbapd; (FNuhl;lNyupah ntUNfhrh ) kQ;rup vt;tifiar; # nurpNkh]; # # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah ntf;]py;yup ,joikT (nfhb my;yp) jOT ,joiktpd; NtW ngau; ,iyf;Nfhz jdpkyu; nfhz;Ls;s jhtuk; ,wq;F

NgNgrpFLk;g kyupy; cs;s ngupa ,uz;L my;ypfs; # ntf;]py;yk; mtiuf; FLk;gj;jhtuj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L gf;fthl;L my;ypfs; # MNy (rpwfy;yp) kfue;jj;jhs;fisAk; #yfj;ijAk; ghJfhf;Fk; mtiuf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s fPo; Gwj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L my;ypfs; ngau; # glfy;yp (fhupdp) tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp tbt my;yp tl;lk; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; # NgNgrpf; FLk;gk; (mtiuf;FLk;gk;) xd;gJ kfue;j jhs;fs; ,ize;Jk; xd;W jdpj;Jk; (9 +1) fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah M];fpNdhkpdp M];gpuh # FNuhl;lNyupah ntUf;Nfhrh # /NgNgrp ( mtiuf;FLk;gk; ) ePsthf;fpy; ntbf;f $baJk;> ,U miwfis cila mb ,ize;j # /NgNgrp ( mtiuf;FLk;gk; ) # ,UGw ntbfdp ( nyf;A+k; ) kfue;j fk;gpfs; cilaf; FLk;gk; NgNgrp FLk;g jhtuj;jpd; fdp tif

kfue;jf; fk;gpfs; ,U fw;iwfshf (5 + 5) ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # fPof ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; 5 kfue;jf; fk;gpfs; ePskhfTk;> 5 kfue;jf; fk;gpfs; Fl;ilahfTk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; xU fw;iw ,Ukl;l <UUt kfue;j jhs; tl;lk; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk;

fUTWjy; epfo;rr ; pf;F gpwF jhtukyupd; #w;igf;fhk;G Mf;Fj; jpRthf khwp tsu;rr ; paile;J fUTw;w #w;igia kz;zpw;F nrYj;JtJ fPof ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ? # muhf;fp]; i`Ngh[pah # /NgNgrp (epyf;fliy) liy) fUT+z; mw;wJk; kw;Wk; rpwePuf tbtKila tpijfs; fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; mijg;Gld; $ba ,iyfs; jhtuk; cila FLk;gk;

180. 180. 181. 181. 182. 182.

( Pulvinus )fhzg;gLk;

# fpisl;Nlupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah

xw;iwg;Gy;yp ,jo; kyupd; fPoG ; wj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;

12

# fpisl;Nlupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah 183. 183. 184. 184. tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rp tbt my;yp ,jo;fs; ,wq;FjOT> ,joiktpy; cs;s FLk;gk; # /NgNgrp (mtiuf; FLk;gk;) fPof ; f ; z;l vf;FLk;g jhtuq;fspy;> Nky;kl;l #w;igAlDk;> #w;igf; fhk;GlDk;> xU #yf ,iyAlDk; xU #yf miwapy; gy #y;fSk; ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJ 185. 185. 186. 186. 187. 187. 188. 188. 189. 189. Kb J}tpfisAk; cilaJ # /NgNgrp FLk;gk; # fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah (rq;Fg; G+) fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; jdpj;j #y; jz;Lk;> cs;Nehf;fp tise;Jk;> #y; rq;Fg; G+tpd; kyu; tha;gg ; hL # Br., Brl., %, , K(5), C(5), A(9)+1, G1 Gujr; rj;J kpFe;j gUg;G tiffs; vf;FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? gad;gLk; jhtuk; # lhy;ngu;[pah 190. 190. # NgNgrpf; FLk;gk; # nghq;Nfkpah gpd;Ndl;lh yhl;b/Nghypah (E}f;f kuk; ) (Gq;fk;) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; kUj;Jt FzKila vz;nzAk;> Nrhg;Gk; jahupf;fTk; fl;ilj;jhtuq;fs; jUk; NgNgrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; # bNuhfhu;gg ; ]; rhz;lypd]; (Ntq;if kuk;) gpd;tUtw;Ws; fapW jahupf;fg; gad;gLk; ehu;jj ; htuk; # FNuhl;lNyupah [d;]pah # nr];Ngdpah 191. 191. (rzg;ig ) (nr];Ngd;) vd;w V[pg;bahf;fh

mr;Rik> kw;Wk; ngapd;l; jahupf;fg;gad;gLk; ,d;bNfh ePyr;rhaj;jUk; NgNgrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; # ,d;bNfh / nguh bq;Nlupah (mtupj;jhtuk; )

192. 192. 193. 193. 194. 194. 195. 195. 196. 196. 197. 197. 198. 198. 199. 199. 200. 200. 201. 201. 202. 202. 203. 203.

gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu kyu; kw;Wk; tpijfspypUe;J ePyr;rhak; fpilf;fpwJ # fpis fpisl;Nlhupah nlu;Nd\ d\pah gpd;tUtdw;Ws; myq;fhuj; jhtukhf Njhl;lq;fspy; tsu;ff ; g;gLtJ # gpA+l;bah gpuhz;Nlhrh # yhj;jpu]; XNlhNul;l]; &gpNarp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupir # ,d;ngNu ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpahtpy; ,iyaikT # FWf;F kWf;F ,iyaikT ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpahtpy; kfue;jj; jhs;fs; # my;yp xl;bait &gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Ngupdq;fs; # 76 Ngupdq;fs; FLk;g # 500 ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; &gpNarpf; FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 274 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; rpd;Nfhdh mgprpdhyp]; kw;Wk; nkhupz;lh bq;Nlhupah vd;gJ &gpNarpf; # kuq;fs; kpA+rhz;lh rpWnrb Gju;nrb tifiar Nru;ej ; &gpNarpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; # &gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s nkd;ikahd jz;L cila tifiar; rhu;ej ; jhtuk; # &gpah Nfypak; ,iytl;l mikT nfhz;l &gpaNarp jhtuk; # ( fhl;Lj; jP ) Y}gpNd]; `pu;#l;l]; ,dpg;Gg; gl;lhzp vd miof;fg;gLk; mtiuf; FLk;gj; jhtuk;

13

204. 204.

fPof ; ; fz;ltw;Ws; fhk;gpil ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpah

205. 205. 206. 206. 207. 207. 208. 208. 209. 209. 210. 210. 211. 211.

fPof ; ; fz;litfspy; Nfhz ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; nfhz;l jhtuk; # fhu;bdpah ~fhu;bdpah | jhtu kQ;rup tif # Edp (my;yJ) Nfhz irNkh]; ~~ Nfhupk;Ngh]; irNkh];|| kQ;rup fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpah nfhj;Jg; Nghd;W irNkh]; kQ;rupfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # Me;Njh nr/ghy]; ,d;bf]; (flk;g kuk;) #yf fPo; kyu;fs; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; # kpA+]hz;lh &gpNarpf; FLk;gj; jhtuj;jpy; njhL ,joiktpy; mike;j ngupa Gy;yp tl;lj;jpy; xU Gy;yp ,jo; kl;Lk; ngupajhf fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # kpA+]hz;lh &gpNarpf; FLk;g jhtu kyupy; my;yp ,jo;fs; Foy; Nghd;w gFjpAld; nrq;Fj;jhf fhzg;gLk; mikg;gpd; ngau; # i`g;Ngh fpuhl;lup tbtk; (m) rhy;tu; tbtk; &gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; #y;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? # mr;R #y; xl;L Kiw xw;iw #y; jz;L Edpapy; ,uz;lhf gpsTg;gl;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuf; FLk;gk; # &gpNarp # fhu;bdpah # ngu;up # rpd;Nfhdh m/gprpdhyp]; Ie;J #yf ,iyfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; ,f;N]huh fdp tif # &gpNarp

gfl;lhd tz;zj;Jld; ngupa my;yp Nghd;w Gy;ypapjo; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;

212. 212.

213. 213. 214. 214. 215. 215. 216. 216. 217. 217. 218. 218. 219. 219. 220. 220. 221. 221. 222. 222. 223. 223. 224. 224. 225. 225.

&gpNarpf; FLk;gj; jhtuj;jpy; ntbfdp nfhz;Ls;s jhtuk; fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuj;jpy; $l;Lf; fdp tifiar; rhu;ej ; J? # nkhupz;lh bq;Nlupah ,f;N]huh fhf;]pdpahtpd; kyu; tha;gg ; hL # Br., Brl., , , K (4), C(4) A4, G(2) # fh.gpah muhgpfh (fh/ gpnrb) ~Fapidd; | vd;w kUe;J ngwg;gLk; # uhd;bah bq;Nlhupah fhgpd; vd;w; My;fyha;L cs;s jhtuk; kNyupahf; fha;rr ; iyf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; jhtuk;

# rpd;Nfhdh m/gprpdhyp];

G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp rhW nfhLf;Fk; jhtuj;jpd; fdp ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? # &gpah bq;Nlhupah

fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtu Ntu;fspypUe;J ~myprupd;| kw;Wk; ~gu;Gupd;| rhaq;fs; (Nklu;) fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; rptg;G rhak; jUk; jhtuk; # Xy;ld; Nyz;bah mk;ngy;Nyl;lh fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtug; gl;ilfspypUe;J kQ;rs; rhak; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ? # nkhupzl ; h mqF ; ]b ; /Nghypah

14

226. 226.

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ fl;ilj; jUk; jhtuk; ? # mildh fhu;b/Nghypah (kQ;rf; flk;G)

227. 227. 228. 228. 229. 229. 230. 230. 231. 231. 232. 232. 233. 233. 234. 234. 235. 235. 236. 236.

&gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; fl;ilj; jUk; jhtuk; # nkhupz;lh bq;Nlhupah (Edhkuk;) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; moFf;fhf jhtuj;Njhl;lj;jpy; tsu;f ; f ; g;gLtJ # fhu;bdpah [h];kpdha;l]; (gd;du P g ; ; G+) ntu;Ndhdpah Mu;Nghupah xU # kuk; vf;fpdhg;]; # yhdpah rpukQ;rupahdJ jdpkyuhf FWf;fk; mile;Js;s jhtuk; # xU jug;gl;l rpukQ;rup (N`hNkhNfk];)fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # rpw;wpdq;fs; vz;zpf;if M];l ; N ; urp

kyUk; jhtuq;fSs; 900 Ngupdq;fs; nfhz;l kpfg;ngupaf; FLk;gk; (#upa fhe;jpf; FLk;gk; ) 708 rpw;wpdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; Mz;lN ; u]pf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Ngupdq;fs; kw;Wk; # 138 Ngupdq;fs; fPof ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; gy Mz;L rpWnrbf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L # A+gNlhupak; XNlhNul;lk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; M];lN ; urpf;FLk;gj;jpy; Gju; nrb tifiar; rhu;ej ; J # nrdp\ nrdp\pNah fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; vf;FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej ; jhtuq;fspy; Ntu; kw;Wk; jz;Lfspy; vz;nza;f; Foha;fSk;> epwkw;w Nyl;lf;]k P ; fhzg;gLtJ # M];lN ; urp ( #hpafhe;jpf; FLk;gk; ) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Ntu;f; fpoq;Ffs; fhzg;gLtJ? # lhypah fhfh]pdpah fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; jz;Lf; fpoq;F fhzg;gLtJ # `Pypahe;j]; bA+gNuhr]; fPof ; z;litfspy; jiufPo; XLjz;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # fpiurhe;jpkk; ,d;bfk; ( mf;fufhuk; ) M];lN ; urpf; FLk;g jhtuq;fspy; XLjz;L fhzg;gLtJ # yhdpah gpd;Ndl;b/gplh fPof ; f ; z;l jhtu ,iyfspy; $l;biy kw;Wk; khw;wpiyaikT nfhz;Ls;sJ # ntu;Ndhdpah Mu;Nghupah # A+gNlhupak; XNlhNul;lk; tl;l ,iyaikT vj;jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ?

237. 237. 238. 238. 239. 239. 240. 240. 241. 241. 242. 242. 243. 243. 244. 244. 245. 245. 246. 246. 247. 247. 248.

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Ntuz;ik ,iyaikT nfhz;l jhtuk; # yhdpah gpd;Ndl;b/gplh fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; vj;jhtuj;jpy; J}tpfs; nkd;ikahd Kl;fshf khwpAs;sJ ? # fhu;jj ; hk]; bq;Nlhupa]; # fhgpLyk; my;yJ rpukQ;rup gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; ,Ujug;gl;l rpukQ;rupapy; ,U tifahd rpWkyu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? gpd;tUk; # `Pypahe;j]; MDt MDt]; # tl;L rpWkyu;fs; M];lN ; urp FLk;g jhtu kQ;rupapd; ikaj;jpYs;s Foy; M];lN ; urpf; FLk;g kyu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;G tif kQ;rup

rpWkyu;fs; ,t;thWk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ

#hpaf;fhe;jpf; FLk;g jhtuj;jpy; kyupd; tpspk;gpYs;s ehtbt rpWkyu;fs;

15

vt;thW miof;fg;ngWk;

# fjpu; rpWkyu;fs; ()

249. 249. 250. 250. 251. 251. 252. 252. 253. 253. 254. 254. 255. 255. 256. 256. 257. 257. 258. 258. 259. 259.

xU jug;gl;l rpu kQ;rupapy; midj;J rpWkyu;fSk; Foy; kyu;fshf fhzg;gLk jhtuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? mike;Js;sJ? # ntu;Ndhdpah Mu;Nghupah # yhdpah gpd;Ndl;b/ gplh # M];lN ; urp # mbr;#y; xl;L Kiw # # tha;gg ; lhL # Br., Ebrl., rpg;nry;yh biulhf;]; GNuhf;Fk;gd;]; , , K , C(5) A(5), G(2) gpd;tUk vj;jhtu kyupy; midj;J rpWkyu;fSk; ehtbt rpWkyu;fshf gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj;jhtur; rpw;wpdq;fspy; Gy;yptl;lk; FWf;fike;J M];lN ; urpf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s jhtukyu;fspy; #y;xl;L Kiw vt;thW #hpa fhe;jpf;FLk;g jhtu ntbah cyu;fdp vt;tifiar; Nru;ej ; J? gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; rpd;n[dp\pa]; kfue;j jhs;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; biulhf;]; GNuhf;fk;gd;]pd; Foy;rpWkyupd; kyu; fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; biulhf;]; GNuhf;fk;gd;]; fjpu;rpWkyupd; kyu; tha;gg ; hL # Br., Ebrl., %, ,K C(5), A0, G(2) gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu tpijfspypUe;Jg; ngwg;gLk; rikay; vz;nza; ,ja NehahspfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ? # fhu;jhk]; bq;Nlhupa]; ( rhg;/stu;) fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; Fspay; vz;nza; jahupf;fg; gad;gLtJ? # vf;ypg;lh GNuh];lN ; ul;lh (fupryhq; (fupryhq;fz;zp) fPof ; f ; z;litfspYs;s vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kUe;J rpWFlypYs;s tisj;jir GOf;fis ntspNaw;w gad;gLfpd;wJ? #Mu;lb ; kprpah khupl;bkh gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;j gl;Lj;JzpfSf;F rhaNkw;wg; gad;gLk; ,aw;ifahd rptg;G rhak; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wJ? # fhu;jj ; hk]; bq;Nlhupa]; gUj;jp JzpfSf;f kQ;rs; rhaNkw;wg; gad;gLk; jhtu kyu;fs; vjpypUe;Jg;ngwg;gLfpwJ? # lh[pl]; vnuf;lh # fpiurhe;jpkk; rpdNuup/Nghypak; nfhRtpul;bahfg; gad;gLk; igupj;jpuk; jUk; jhtuk; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;J rpf;fup ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? # rpf;Nfhupak; ,d;bg]; (fhrpdpf;fi P u) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ moFj;jhtukhf tsu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ? # [pd;dpah vnynfd;]; nrhyhNdrp ,lk; ngw;Ws;s Jiw # ghypNkhdpNay;]; # nrhyhdk; rhe;Njhfhu;gg ; k;

260. 260. 261. 261. 262. 262. 263. 263. 264. 264. 265. 265. 266. 266. 267. 267.

eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epw Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; #ypiyfs; Neu;fN ; fhl;by; mikahky; rw;W rha;thf mike;Js;s kyu;fSila FLk;gk; # nrhyhNdrp

16

268. 268. 269. 269. 270. 270. 271. 271. 272. 272. 273. 273. 274. 274.

nrhyhdj;jpy; cs;s Ngupdq;fs; vz;zpf;if # 21 Ngupdq;fs;

90 Ngupdq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nrhyhNdrpf;FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 70 rpw;wpdq;fs; # Xuhz;L rpWnrb nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;rpdh (fj;jup) vd;gJ

nrhyhNdrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Gju;nrb jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L # nrhyhdk; lhu;tk; (Rz;ilf;fha;) fPof ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; nrhyhNdrpf; FLk;g kuk; # nrhyhdk; rhe;Njhfhu;gg ; k; # nrhyhdk; n[a;[hd;\pak; (fz;lq;fj;jpup) fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj; jz;by; epkpu;ej ; Kl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; jz;L nkd;ikahfTk;> fl;ilj; jd;ikAlDk; fpisfSldk;> J}tpfisAk; cilaJ? # ngl;Ldpah i`gpuplh epf;Nfhl;bahdh mNyl;lh fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; jz;L fpoq;F khw;wkile;Js;sJ? # nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; KOikahd ,iyiaAk;> vjpupiyaikTk; nfhz;Ls;sJ? # ngl;Ldpah i`gpupah # nrhyhdk; ief;uk; fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; Nfhzk; tpyfpa ];fhu;gpaha;L irNkh]; kQ;rup (iugpbak;) fhzg;gLfpwJ? fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuq;fspy; vJ jdpj;j ,iyf;Nfhz irNkh]; kQ;rup nfhz;Ls;sJ? # lhl;^uh ];lu ; hNkhdpak; # nrhyhdk; bA+gNuhrk; fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuj;jpy; n`ypf;fha;L irNkh]; kQ;rup fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; mk;ngy;Nyl; irNkh]; kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpd;wJ # itj;jhdpah rhk;dp/nguh fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; G+tbr; nrjpYila jhtuk; # nrhyhdk; ief;uk; # ngl;Ldpah i`gpuplh (kzj;jf;fhsp)

275. 275. 276. 276. 277. 277. 278. 278. 279. 279. 280. 280. 281. 281. 282. 282. 283. 283. 284. 284. 285. 285. 286. 286. 287. 287. 288. 288. 289. 289. 290. 290.

fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; vj;jhtuj;jpy; G+tbr; nrjpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy? fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; Mur;rkr;rU P ila kyu; fhzg;gLfpwJ? # lhl;^uh ];lu ; hNkhdpak; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,Ugf;f rkr;rU P ila kyu; cila jhtuk; # i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l]; fPof ; f ; z;l ________________________ jhtuj;jpy; Foy; mikg;Gld; fhzg;gLtJ njhL ,joikTld; Gy;ypfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. # lhl;^uh nkl;ly; (Ckj;ij) fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuj;jpy; jOT ,joikTld; Gy;ypfs; # ngl;Ldpah i`gpuplh fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuq;fspy; kzptbtj;jpy; epiyj;j Gy;yptl;lk; nfhz;lJ vJ? # nrhyhdk; nkyhQ; nkyhQ;rpdh Nghd;w my;ypfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? (fj;jup) fPof ; f ; z;l vf;FLk;gj;jhtuj;jpy; iftprpwpapd; kbe;j ,jo;fs; (gpypf;Nfl;) # nrhyhNdrp mb xl;lba kfue;jfk;gpfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # nrhyhdk; ief;uk; fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; tskhd ,uz;L kfue;jhs;fSk;> %d;w kyl;L

17

kfue;jjhs;fSk; FWf;fk; mile;Js;s jhtuk; # 291. 291. 292. 292. 293. 293. 294. 294. # mr;R #y; xl;LKiw

i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l];

nrhyhNdrpf;FLk;gj;jpy; #y;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? nrhyhNdrp FLk;gj;ij rhu;ej ; gpd;tUk; jhtuq;fspy; vj;jhtuj;jpy; ngu;up tiff; fdp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # iyf;Nfhngu;rpfhd; v];Fyz;lk; (jf;fhsp) fPof ; f ; z;l jhtur; rpw;wpdq;fspy; ntbfdpfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; & ngl;Ldpah # lhl;^uh

fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; jirtypia ePff ; g; gad;gLk; ~~ml;Nuhgpd;|| vd;Dk; my;fha;L ngwg;gLk; jhtuk; ml;Nuhgh ngy;y Nlhdh 295. ; hNkhdpak;|| 295. gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; G+f;fspypUe;J ~~];lu vd;Dk; kUe;J fpilf;Fk; jhtuk; 296. 296. 297. 297. 298. 298. # lhl;^uh ];lu ; hNkhdpak; # lhl;^uh ];lu ; hNkhdpak; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs;> kyu;fs;> kw;Wk; ngu;upfdpfs; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ? # nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhNgl;lk; (J}Jtis) fPof ; f ; hZk; vj;jhtj;jpd; ,iyfs;> Ntu;fs; lhdpf;fhfTk;> euk;Gj; jsu;rr ; piaf; Fzg;gLj;jTk;> rpWePu;Nghf;f ; pidj; J}z;lTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ? # itj;jhdpah rhk;dp/nguh (mKf;fpuh) 299. 299. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; epf;Nfhl;bd;> ehu;epf;Nfhl;bd; kw;Wk; mdNgrpd; Nghd;w my;fyha;Lfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ? # epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk; (Gifapiy) 300. 300. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; euk;GfSf;F mikjpA+l;Lk; kUe;jhfTk;> jir gpbg;G Ntjidf;F kUe;jhfTk;> g+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;jhfTk;> gad;gLtJ vJ? # epf;Nfhl;bd; 301. 301. 302. 302. 303. 303. 304. 304. 305. 305. 306. 306. 307. 307. 308. 308. 309. 309. 310. 310. 311. 311. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ gfy; ky;yp MFk;? gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ,uT ky;yp MFk; ? # # nr];lu ; k; ilA+u;dk; nr];lu ; k; ehf;lu;dk; M];Jkh ff;Fthd; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; jhtuk;

gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspy; tsu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ? # ngl;Ldpah i`gpuplh (,sk; rptg;G kyu;) A+/Nghu;gpNarp FLk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ngupdq;fs; up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; xU `PtpahgpNurpypad;]p]; # # Fw;W kuk; # A+/Nghu;gpah jpUf;fs;sp jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; %d;W rpw;wpiyfisAila $l;biy 7500 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; s; # 300

fpshNlhLf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L

A+/Nghu;gpNarpf;FLk;g jhtu Ngupdk;> kw;Wk; rpw;wpdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if # 300 Ngupdq;fs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj; jhtuq;fs; Mg;gpupf;fh kw;Wk; njd; mnkupf;fhtpy; # A+/Nghu;gpNarp (Mkzf;F FLk;gk; ) 450 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s A+/Nghu;gpNarpf; FLk;g Ngupd rpw;wpdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if # 70 Ngupdq;fs; # A+/Nghu;gpNarp gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj;jpy; mjpf msT Xuhz;L rpWnrbfisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ?

18

312. 312. 313. 313. 314. 314.

gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; vd;gJ #

Xuhz;L rpWnrb

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ A+/Nghu;gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; kuk;? gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s jhtuq;fs; clyg;Gw gz;GfspYk;> ,d;gn ; gUf;fg; gz;GfspYk; gythW khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? # A+/Nghu;gpNarp vf;FLk;gj; jhtuj;jpy; vy;yhj; jhtuq;fspYk; ghy; Nghd;w my;yJ ePuk ; Nyl;lf;]; jputk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # A+/Nghu;gpNarp gpd;tUk; jhtuj;jpy; epkpu;ej ; my;yJ epyk; glu;ej ; jz;bidf; nfhz;lJ # A+/GNuh];lN ; ul;lh gpd;tUk; vjDila jz;L cUisahfTk; fpisj;Jk;> kw;Wk; fl;ilj; jd;ikAlDk; cl;Fopiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? # up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vjpy; ghy; Nghd;w Nyl;lf;]; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # A+. jpUf;fs;sp ePuk ; ; Nyl;lf;]; ngw;Ws;s jhtuk; vJ? nfhz;Ls;sJ? # [l;Nuh/gh Fu;f];

315. 315. 316. 316. 317. 317. 318. 318. 319. 319. 320. 320. 321. 321. 322. 322. 323. 323. 324. 324. 325. 325. 326. 326. 327. 327. 328. 328. 329. 329. 330. 330. 331. 331. 332. 332. 333. 333. 334.

gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; vjd; ,iyfs; ,iyf;fhk;GlDk;> khw;wpiy mikitAk; # up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; # A+. ];gpyd;nld;]; # [l;Nuh/gh Fu;f]; gpd;tUk; tws;epy rpw;wpdq;fspy; ,iyfs; FWf;fkile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # A+/Nghu;gpah fPof ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpd; irahj;jpd; kQ;rupiar; #o;eJ ; s;s ,iyfs; gfl;lhd tz;zKld; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # A+/gyNrupkh (ghy;ngUf;fp kuk;) # irahj;jpak; A+/Nghu;gpah jhtuj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;g kQ;rup vJ? gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; ,izahd Kl;fshf khwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? gpd;tUk; tws;epy ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; Nuhkr; Rug;gpfshf khwpAs;sd?

irahj;jpa kQ;rupapd; Mz;kyu;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? # ikak; tpyfpa mikT Kiw gpd;tUk; vk;kQ;rupapd; ntspg;gwj;jpy; kJRug;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ? # irahj;jpak; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; ghdpf;fps; kQ;r ; up fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?#uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rup jdpj;j nurpNkh]; tifiar; rhu;ej ; J? # FNuhl;ld; ];ghu;rp/GNshu]; (vyp Mkzf;F) gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; Nfl;fpd; kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # mf;fhyp/gh ,d;bfh (Fg;igNkdp) gpd;tUtw;Ws; Mz; kw;Wk; ngz; kyu;fs; jdpj;J ,iyf;Nfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ # gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj;jpy; #yf Nky; kyu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?# A+/nghu;gpNarp fPof ; ; fz;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; Mz;kyu;fs; ,U G+tpjo;tl;lq;fisAk; ngz; kyu;fs; xU G+tpjo; tl;lj;ijAk; cilaJ? # FNuhl;ld; ];hu;rp/GNshu]; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; G+tpjo;fs; mw;w Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;kyu;fs;

19

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? 335. 335. 336. 336. 337. 337. 338. 338. 339. 339. 340. 340. 341. 341. 342. 342. 343. 343. 344. 344. 345. 345. 346. 346. 347. 347. 348. 348. 349. 349. 350. 350.

# A+/Nghu;gpah # gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];

gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu kyu;fs; jdpj;j G+tpjo;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd? gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu kyu;fspy; ,ize;j G+tpjo;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu kyu;fs; gy fw;iwahyhd kfue;jjhs;fisAk;> kw;Wk; fpisj;j kfue;jf; fk;gpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ? # mr;R #y;xl;L Kiw A+/Nghu;gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; fdp vt;tifiar; rhu;ej ; J? # gpsTf; fdp my;yJ l;&g; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; fdpahdJ gpsTw;W xw;iw tpijiaf; nfhz;l %d;W fhf;f];fshf gpupfpwJ? fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; (nuf;kh tiff;fdp) #uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; # njhL ,jo; mikT gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; kyl;L #yfk; vjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; (Mz;kyu;) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; jhtu Mz;kyu; tha;gg ; hL vJ? # Br., Ebrl., ., .,P(5).,A ,G0 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; kyl;L kfue;jj;jhs;fs; vjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? # uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; (ngz;kyu;) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; jhtu ngz;kyu; tha;gg ; hL vJ? # Br., Ebrl., ,, P(3),A0 ,G(3) kyupy; xU G+tpjo;tl;lKila jhtuk; vJ? FNuhl;ld; ngz; kyu; fPof ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; ];lhu;rR ; epiwe;j fpoq;F Ntupidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? # khdp`hl; v];Fnyz;lh (kuts;sp) itl;lkpd; C mjpfKila jhtuf;fdpfisAk;> czthfTk;> CWfha; NghlTk; gad;gLk; jhtuk; # /gpy; gpy;yhe;j]; vk;gpspf;fh (ney;yp) ,ae;jpucaT vz;nza; rikay; vz;nza; kw;Wk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj;J}z;Lk; kUe;J ngwg;gLk; jhtu tpijfs vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? # up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; (Mkzf;F) vj;jhtuj;jpd; tpijfspypUe;J tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; J}z;Lk; kUe;Jk;> Njhy;tpahjpfisf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> kUe;Jk; kw;Wk; igNah Bry; vz;nza; jahupf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ? # [l;Nuh/gh Fu;fh]; (fhl;lhkzf;F) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; KOj;jhtuKk; kQ;rs; fhkhiyia Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ vJ? # gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; (fPohney;yp) # [l;Nuh/gh fh]pg;gp/Nghypah vj;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; Ntu;fs; ghk;Gf;fbf;Fk;> njhONeha;fF ; k; kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ? cyfj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nkhj;j ,aw;if ,ug;gupy; 98% Nkw;gl;l ,ug;gu; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nuf;kh tiff; fdpAilaJ vj;jhtufdpapy; up]pd]; fk;A+dp]; jhtuj;jpd; 5 G+tpjo;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? # uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; A+/Nghu;gpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpy; #y;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd?

351. 351.

352. 352. 353. 353. 354. 354.

20

ngwg;gLk; jhtuq;fs;

vitnait? (ghuh ,ug;gu;)

# `Ptpah gpNurpypad;]p]; 355. 355.

# khdp`hl; fpsh]pNahtp (kzpf;Nfhgh ,ug;gu;) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspy; tsu;ff ; g;gLgit vitnait? # A+/Nghu;gpah gy;Nrupkh (Njhl;lj;jpd; jpd; FNuhl;ld;) # A+. jpUf;fs;sp (ghy; Gju;) # Nfhbak; NtupNfhl;lk;

xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuf;FLk;gk;
kpA+Nrrp - tiof; FLk;gk;
356 356. 357 357. 358 358. 359. 359. 360 360. 361 361. 362. 363 363. 364 364. 365 365. 366 366. 367 367. 368 368. 369. 69. 370 370. 371 371. 372 372. 373 373. gpd;tUk; vf;FLk;gj;jpy; 6 Ngupdq;fSk; 150 rpw;wpdq;fSk; cs;sd? # kpA+Nrrp - thiof;FLk;gk; ntg;g kz;lyg; gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; FLk;gj; jhtuq;fs; # kpA+Nrrp - thiof;FLk;gk; ,e;jpahtpy; 2 Ngupdq;fSk; 25 rpw;wpdq;fisAk; nfhz;l jhtuf;FLk;gk; # jhtuk; kpA+Nrrp - thiof;FLk;gk; (thio) njhlu;eJ ; gy Mz;Lfs; jiuabj; jz;lhd iuNrhk; %yk;capu;thOk; # kpA+]h ghub]pahfh kpA+Nrrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mupatif kuk; vJ? # uhtndyh klfh];fupad;]; gazpfspd; gid vdg;gLtJ vJ? # uhtndyh klfh];fupad;]; # jiuab iuNrhk; # kpA+]h (thio) kpA+]htpy; cz;ikahd jz;L vJ?

khNdhfhu;gpf; gy;yhz;L jhtuj;jpw;F cjhuzk; cz;ikj;jz;L fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;

kpA+Nrrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; jiuf;F Nky; tsUk; fl;ilj; jd;ikcila # uhtndyh # uhtndyh # kpA+]h (thio) jhtukhFk;. # ghypNfk]; fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; ,UtupirfspYk; ,iyaikT fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; fpisj;j ];ghbf;]; kQ;rup fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; kpA+]h vd;gJ ___________________ # uhtndyh kpA+Nrrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; #y;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? # mr;R #y; xl;L Kiw kpA+]htpy; fhzg;gLk; fdptif # ngu;up uhtndyhtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdptif # ntbfdp kpA+]htpy; G+tpjo; tl;lk; mike;Js;s ,jo; mikT #njhL ,jo; mikT kpA+]htpd; Mz;kyu; tha;gg ; hL # Br., Ebrl, ,,P(3+2)+1,A3+3,G0

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vj;jhtuj;jpy; $l;Lirk; kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?

374. kpA+]htpd; ngz;kyu; tha;gg ; hL

21

# Br., Ebrl., 375 375.

,,P (3+2)+1, A0, G(3)

kpA+]htpd; ,Ughy; kyu; nfhz;l jd; tha;gg ; hL # Br.,Ebrl., , , P(3+2)+1,A3+3, G(3)

376 376. vj;jhtu ,iyab ciwapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; rhW ey;y ghk;gpd; er;rpid Kwpf;Fk; jpwd; tha;ej ; J? # kpA+]h ghub]pahfh (thio) # kpA+]h irdd;rp]; 377 377. Fl;il Nee;jpu thioapd; ,U nrhw;ngau; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? jhtuk;

378 ; g;gLk; vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;J kzpyh ehu; 378. gpypg;igd;]; ehl;by; tsu;ff # kpA+]h nlf;]i ; lyp]; ( kzpyh ehu;jj ; htuk;) # kpA+]h nlf;]i ; lyp]; # uhtndyh klfh]; fupad;rp]; 379. 79. mghfh Jzp nea;jYf;Fk;> fapW jahupf;Fk; ehu; ngwg;gLtjw;Fk; gad;gLk; 380 380. ~~gazpfspd; gid|| vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ # n`ypNfhdpah

381 381. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kpA+Nrrpf; FLk;g myq;fhuj; jhtuk; MFk;?

mupf;Nfrp - gidf; FLk;gk;

382 382. 383 383. 384 384. 385 385. 386 386. mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gk; vt;tupirapd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ? # fhyprpNd mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj;jpYs;s Ngupdk; kw;Wk; rpw;wpdq;fs; vz;zpf;if # 217 Ngupdq;fs; # 25 Ngupdq;fs; 2500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; 225f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rpw;wpdq;fs; # epgh G&l;bf;fd;]; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;g Gju;rn ; rb vJ? # fhzg;gLfpd;wJ?

vj;jhtj;jpd; iuNrhkpypUe;J Neubahf gy ,iyfs; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd? epgh G&l;bf;fd;]; # /Nghdpf;]; mf;fhyp]; # nghuhr]; gpyhngy;yp/ngu;

387 387. gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jz;L fZ ,ilntsp FWfpAk;> Fl;ilahfTk; gUj;Jk; 388 388. mfd;w ,iyabr; gFjpiaAk;> mq;iftbt $l;biyAk; cila mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj; jhtuk; 389. 389. fyhk]; jhtuj;jpy; ,iyfs; vt;tiktpy; mike;Js;sJ? # khw;wpiy mikT 390 390. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; mq;iftbt tpup,iz euk;gikT nfhz;l ,iyfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # nghuhr]; gpyhngy;ypngu; __________ kQ;rup fhzg;gLfpd;wJ? 391 ; p]; jhtuj;jpy; 391. /Nghdpf;]; rpy;nt];lu

# /Nghdpf;]; rpy;nt];lu ; p]; 392 392. $l;L ];ghbf;]; kQ;rup vj;jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ? # Nfhfh]; epA+rp/nguh 393 393. 394 394. Filg; gidapd; ,Unrhw;ngau; # nfhup/gh mk;gF ; yp/nguh gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ khNdhfhu;gpf; jhtuk; MFk;.

22

# nfhup/gh mk;gF ; yp/nguh 395 395. mupr;Nfrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; ghypfhu;g;gpf; kw;Wk; Xupy;yj; jhtuk; vJ? # Nfhfh]; epA+rp/nguh

396 ; pf; kw;Wk; <hpy;yj;jhtuk; vJ? 396. gpd;tUk; mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; ghypfhu;gg # 397 397. nghuhr]; gpyhngy;yp/ngu; ntsp mLf;fpYs;s G+tpjo;fs; ,jo;miktpYk;> cs; mLf;fpYs;s G+tpjo;fs; jpUF ,jo; miktpYk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; # /Nghdpf; /Nghdpf;]; mf;fhyp]; 398 398. 399. 399. 400 400. 401 401. mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj;jpy; #y;fs; vk;Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd? # mr;R #y; xl;L Kiw /Nghdpf;]; mf;fhyp];; jhtuj;jpy; #y;fs; mike;Js;s tpjk; # mbr;#y; xl;LKiw mupf;Nfrpf; FLk;gj;jpd; fdp Br., Ebrl., Br., Ebrl., 403 403. 404 404. 405 405. 406 406. 407. 408. 408 409. 409 410. 410 411. 412. 412 413. 413 414. 414 415. 415 ,, P3+3, A3+3, G0 ,, P3+3, A0, G(3) # Nfhfh]; epA+rp/;nguh # vyhap]; ifndd;rp]; # mNlhepbah nkupyp # l;&g; Nfhfh]; epA+]pnguhtpd; Mz;kyu; tha;gg ; hL

402. ; hL 402 Nfhfh]; epA+]pnguhtpd; ngz;kyu; tha;gg fy;g tpUl;rk; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

Nrhg;G jahupf;fg;gad;gLk; gid vz;nza; vjpypUe;J ~~kzpyh gid|| vd;Dk; moFj;jhtuk vJ?

~~xapd; gid|| vdg;gLk; moFj; jhtuk; vJ? # NfupNahlh A+ud;]; ]; kpA+rpNy[; jputj;ijAila jhtuq;fs; mlq;fpa FLk;gk;? # khy;Ntrp XuiwAila kfue;jig fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk; # khy;Ntrp cSe;J jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngau; # tpf;dh Kq;Nfh xUtpijf;nfhz;l> fPok ; l;l #w;igapypUe;J tsu;rr ; paile;j ntbah cyu;fdp # rpg;nry;yh kuG top tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Nkk;ghL mile;j ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuf; FLk;gk; Jiw # M];lN ; u]p u] nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pff ; u; jhtu tifg;ghl;by; Kjd;Kjypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s # uhNdy;]; cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa n`u;Ngupak; vq;Fs;sJ? # fpA+ (,yz ; d;) (,yzl uprpd]; fk;A+dp]; jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kfue;jq;fs; # gyfw;iw fy;g tpUl;rk; jhtuj;jpd; ,Unrhw;ngau; # Nfhfh]; epA+rp/nguh

ghlk; 2. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

A =2x1=2 B =5x1=5

23

1. Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;jj; jpRthf khw;wk; miltJ miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NtWghliljy; ________

__________ vd

2. tio> fy;thio Mfpa jhtuq;fspy; ,iyf; fhk;gpy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ghud;ifkh ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh ghud;ifkh 4. ve;j jhtuj;jpd; i`g;Nghnlu;kp]; mLf;F Nfhyd;ifkhthy; MdJ? `Pypahe;j]; 5. Ntu;jJ ; }tpfis cw;gj;jp nra;git biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs; gl;lhzpapd; tpijAiw 6. M];bNah]; fpsPiuL fhzg;gLk; gFjp 8. fh];ghupd; gl;ilfs; 9. topr;nry;fs; Ff;fu;gpl;Nlrp ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntu; d; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntu;

3. jhtuj;jpd; midj;J cWg;GfspYk; nghJthf fhzg;gLk; vspa jpR

7. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];Fyu;; fw;iwfs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuf;FLk;gk; ________ y; mfj;Njhypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ___________ 10. 10. gyKid iryk;

___________ fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntu;

11. 11. Gwzpapd; filrp mLf;F ___________ MFk;. ____________ vdg;gLk;. ______ vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

mfj;Njhy;

12. ; yhu; fw;i ; w 12. GNuhl;Nlhiryk; jz;bd; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp mike;Js;s th];F cs;Nehf;F iryk; fd;[hapd;l; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L ________ y; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 13. 13. iryKk;> GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; 14. 14. kdpj kz;il XL tbt th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 15. 15. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp nfhz;Ls;s th];Fyhu; fw;iw fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

16. 16. ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy __________y; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Gy; 17. 17. ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; fd;[hapd;l; xUq;fike;jit > %bait fw;iwf; Nfk;gpak; fw;iwf;Nfk;gpak; 18. 18. th];Fyhu; fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk; GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; Nfk;gpak; ___________ fhzg;gLk;. Nfk;gpak; ___________ fhzg;gLk;. 19. 19. th];Fyhu; fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk;> GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;

20. 20. th];Fyhu; Nfk;gpa tisaj;jpd; nry;fs; ntspg;Gwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nry;fs; _________ Mf NtWghL milfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak;

24

21. ; papd;NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk; ghJfhg;G mLf;fpd; 21. jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr ngau; _________ vdg;gLk;. ngupnlu;k; 22. 22. ~mdh| vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; 23. 23. GNuhf;Nfk;gpaj;jpypUe;J cUthdJ Kjyhk; iryk; kw;Wk; Kjyhk; GNshak; 24. 24. Vud;ifkh fhzg;gLtJ fhzg;gLk; Nfhyd;ifkh ePuj ; ; jhtuq;fs; 25. 25. lhl;^uh kw;Wk; epf;Nfhl;bahdh jhtuj;jz;Lfspd; i`g;Nghnlu;kp]; gFjpapy; Nfhzf; Nfhyd;ifkh M];bah ];fpsPiuLfs; 27. P fspy; ePu vjd; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ? 27. buf;fL 28. 28. iryf; Foha;fs; cila xU [pk;Ndh];nguk; jpR ry;yil nry;fs; MQ;rpNah];nguk;fs; > fhg;Gnry;fs; tuk;Gila Fopfs; ePll ; k; 26. 26. Kidg; gFjpfs; mfd;w Nfhy; tbt ];fpsPiuLfs; fPNo

29. ; spYk; fhzg;gLk; czitf;fl;jJk; 29. nlupNlhigl;LfspYk;> [pk;Ndh];ngu;kf 30. 30. Jiz nry;fs; fhzg;gLtJ

31. ; f ; z;litfspy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; cilait? 31. fPof Nfhyd;ifkh FNshud;ifkh 32. 32. iuNrhnlu;kprpy; fhzg;gLk; Fl;il nry;fs; 33. 33. Nfk;gpak; mw;w th];Fyhu; fw;iw 34. 34. Ntu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; iryk; biuf;Nfhgpsh];Lfs;

%ba th];Fyhu; fw;iw

ntspNehf;F iryk; ngupirf;fps; fhu;fN ; fk;gpak; ngupirf;fps;

35. 35. mfj;NjhYf;Fk;> th];Fyu; fw;iwfSf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jpR 36. 36. ngupnluk; vd;w ,uz;lhk; epiyj; jpRit cUthf;FtJ 37. 37. ];Bypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F 38. 38. fh];gupd; gl;ilfs; vjdhy; MdJ? #gupd; 39. 39. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtupd; iryk; ehd;F Kid iryk; kw;Wk; ntspNehf;fpaJ 40. ; paw;W 40. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; ];fpsPud;ifkhthy; Md Gwzp njhlu;rr fhzg;glf; fhuzk; FNshud;ifkh FNshud;ifkh Gwzp 42. 42. #hpaf;fhe;jp jz;by; ngupirf;fps; vjdhy; MdJ? fw;iwj; njhg;gpfshf njhlu;rr ; paw;w tisak; 43. 43. vJ rpijtiltjhy; GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp cz;lhfpwJ? fo P g ; f;fkhf cs;s GNuhl;Nlhiryk; 44. ; xU 44. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; gpj;ijr; #o;ej tisakhf mike;Js;sJ 45. 45. gpj; fhzg;glhj gFjpfs; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Ntu; ,t;tif ];By; A+];By; 41. 41. #hpaf;fhe;jp jz;by; nurpd; Foha;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

25

46. 46. Nky; fPo; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 47. 47. ];ghd;rp ghud;ifkhtpd; rpwg;gpay;G ];fpsPud;ifkh

#hpafhe;jp

fhw;wpilntspfisg; ngw;wpUg;gJ

48. 48. xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;; jz;bd; fw;iw ciw vjdhy; MdJ? 49. 49. Nfhyd;ifkhtpd; nry;Rtu; vjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ? nry;YNyh];> n`kpnry;YNyh]; kw;Wk; ngf;bd; 50. ; fhzg;gLk; 50. Nfhy; tbtj;jpy; ePzL 51. ; spYk; 51. [pk;Ndh];ngu;kf $Wfs; ry;yil nry;fs; Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; nlupNlhigl;LfspYk; cs;s czitf; flj;Jk;

52. ; ; fz;litfspy; GNshak; ghud;ifkh mw;wit? nlupNlhigl;Lfs; 52. fPof 53. 53. fh];gupd; gl;ilfspd; Kf;fpag;gzp ePuhdJ GwzpapypUe;J ntspNaWtijj; jLj;jy; 54. 54. iryj;jpw;Fk;> GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNal fhzg;gLk; jpR ,izg;Gj; jpR 55. 55. #hpaf; fhe;jp jhtuj;jz;by; rpy mLf;F ];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fs; jpl;Lfshf xt;nthU th];Fyhu; fw;iwapd; GNshaj;jpd; kPJ fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it td;ikahd gh];l; (m) fw;iwj; njhg;gpfs; 56. 56. ,iyapilj; jpRtpy; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhit kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;s ,iy ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iy 57. 57. ];ghd;[p ghud;ifkhtpd; gzp thA gupkhw;wk; 58. 58. iryj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; jpRf;fspNyNa capUs;sJ? iryk; ghud;ifkh 59. ; ; vjd; %yk; ry;yilf; FohAld; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sd? 59. Jiz nry;fs Fopfs; 60. ; z;litfspy; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; fhzg;glhjit? 60. fPof GNshak; ghud;ifkh ,iyapilj;jpR Kjpu;ej ; ry;yilf; Foha; Foha;fs; kw;Wk; GNshak; ehu;fs; 61. 61. ,iyapd; ,UGwj;Njhy; mLf;FfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; jsj;jpR 62. ; U fpilahJ? 62. ,tw;wpy; vjpy; cl;f iryj;jpw;F te;j gpd; kPzL ; k; GwzpapypUe;J

63. 63. ~fpA+l;bd;| vd;w nkOFg; nghUspd; nray;ghL ,JthFk;? ePuhtpg; Nghf;iff; Fiwg;gJ 64. ; f epfo;rr ; papy; Kf;fpag; gq;F nfhs;sf; $baJ? 64. ,e;j jpR xspr;Nru;fi ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh 65. 65. gf;f Ntu;fs; mfj;Njhd;wpfs; vdf; $wf; fhuzk; mit Njhd;Wkplk; ngupirf;fps; 66. 66. ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh ,jd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;thioapy; kl;Lk; 67. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; xd;w MQ;rpNah];ngu;kf ; spy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLtJ Mdhy;> 67. fPof [pk;Ndh]; ngu;kf ; spYk; kw;Wk; nlupNlhigl;LfspYk; fhzg;glhjJ. Jiz nry;fs; 68. 68. el;rj;jpu tbtpy; fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh

26

69. 69. Gy;yp/ghu;k; nry;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; 71. 71. ,uz;lhk; ghJfhg;G mLf;F vdg;gLtJ ];fpspud;ifkh

Gy; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jz;L ngupnlu;k;

70. 70. jpwe;j th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; fhzg;gLk; mikg;G

72. 72. ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUshy; Md ,uz;lhk; epiy nry; Rtu; nfhz;l jpR 73. ; hd; kuj;jpd; taJ 3500 Mz;Lfs; 73. mnkupf;f ehl;bd; nrf;Nfhah nlz;lu 74. ; ePqF ; jYf;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;s nry;fs; 74. ,iy RUSjYf;Fk;> RUs; ePqF Gy;yp/ghu;k; nry;fs; [bulliform Cells] 75. 75. Ntupd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F iuNrhnlu;kp]; (m) vgpg;gpskh 76. 76. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ~fy;nry;| vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ? gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuL 77. 77. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;; jz;bd; ~i`Ngh-nlu;kp];| ,r;nry;fshy; MdJ Nfhyd;ifkh 78. 78. fhg;G nry;fs; ,jpy; cs;sd 79. 79. gl;ilj; Jisfs; ,jpy; cs;sd Gwj;Njhy; jz;L Mf;Fj;jpR

80. ; gFg;gilAk; jd;ik nfhz;l jpRj;njhFjp 80. njhlu;eJ 82. ; pf;Ff; fhuzkhd jpR 82. fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePlr 83. 83. tpijfspd; tpijAiwapypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;w gUj;jp jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

81. ; N ; ghf;F tsu;rr ; pf;Ff; fhuzkhd jpR Edp Mf;Fj;jpR 81. jhtuj;jpd; ePsg ,il Mf;Fj;jpR Nky;kl;l ehu;fs; ,e;jj;

84. 84. tpijAiwapd; fbdj;jd;ikf;F ___________ fhuzkhf cs;sJ. Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; uLfs; 85. 85. ypg;up/ghu;k; ehu;fs; vd miof;fg;gLtJ iryk; ehu;fs; 86. 86. Kjy; epiy th];Fyhu; jpRf;fs; ,jpypUe;J cUthfpd;wd. GNuhNfk;gpak; 87. 87. xw;iwj; Jisj; jl;Lila i]yf; Foha;fs; ,j;jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ khQ;rp /nguh 88. 88. gy Jisj; jl;Lila i]yf;Foha;fs; ,j;jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ ypupNah nld;lu ; hd; 89. 89. gpj; gFjp ,r;nraiyr; nra;fpd;wd 91. 91. jz;Lfspd; i`g;Nghnlu;kp]; gFjpapy; Nrkpj;jy; Ig;Nghkpah Nfhzf;Nfhyd;ifkh cs;s 90. 90. ,ilntspf; Nfhyd;ifkh fhzg;gLk jhtuk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; epf;Nfhl;bahdh

92. 92. gf;f Mf;Fj; jpRtpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L th];Fyhu; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhu;fN ; fk;gpak; 93. 93. nry;Rtu;fspy; mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLk; nry;fs; 94. 94. ikag; gFjpapYs;s jsj;jpR vJ? nkLy;yh ];fpsPiuLfs;

95. ; spYk; ePiuf; flj;Jk; $Wfs; ahit? 95. nguzpfspYk;> [pk;Ndh];ngu;kf iryk; buf;fL P fs;

27

96. 96. nkLy;yh vd;gJ ,ijf;Fwpf;Fk;?

gpj; gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR

97. 97. jhtuj;jpd; ePs; mr;Rf;F ,izahf cs;s Mf;Fj;jpR 99. 99. iry jpRtpYs;s nry; tiffSs; capUs;s nry;fs; iryk; ghud;ifkh 100. 100. GNshak; ghud;ifkh ,j;jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;

98. 98. kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpy; ,izg;gj;jpR vjdhy; MdJ? ];fpsPud;ifkh

101. 101. iryk; #o;th];Fyhu; fw;iw (Amphivasal) ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ mf;Nfhu]; 102. ; gFg;gilAk; jd;iknfhz;l xj;j msTila nry;fshy; Md 102. njhlu;eJ njhFjp fPof ; f ; z;lthW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Edp Mf;Fj;jpR 104. 104. js Mf;Fj;jpR gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vij cUthf;Ffpd;wd? Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj; 105. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; 105. fPof fhzg;gLtJ vJ? cs;sJ xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fsp;y; njspthff; ,il Mf;Fj;jpR Mf;Fj;jpR 103. ; ghf;F tsu;rr ; pf;F vJ fhuzkhf mikfpwJ? 103. jhtuj;jpd; ePsN

106. ; f ; z;litfs; gf;f mf;Fj;jpRtpw;F cjhuzq;fshFk; 106. fPof th];Fyhu; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhu;fN ; fk;gpak; (ngy;Nyh[d;) 107. 107. jz;L kw;Wk; eilngWfpwJ? 108. 108. jz;L kw;Wk; Ntupd; FWf;fsit mjpfupf;fr; nra;tJ vjd;%yk;

gf;fj;jpR ,uz;lhk; epiy epiyj;j jpRf;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Ntu;ff ; poq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; ];lhu;r; Jfs;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w ghud;ifkh vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Nrkpg;G ghud;ifkh 109. 109. FNshud;ifkhtpd; Kf;fpa gzp i`g;Nghnlu;kp]; xspr;Nru;fi ; f 110. 110. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; epy tho;j; jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fspy; fhzg;glhjJ vJ? 111. ; f ; z;l nry;fspy GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];Lfs; fhzg;glhj capuw;w jpR vJ? 111. fPof ];fpsPud;ifkh 112. 112. Nkf;Nuh ];fpsPiuLfs; gpd;tUk; vj;jhtu tpij ntspAiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? FNuhl;NlhNyupah ];fpsPud;ifkh ehu;fs; 114. 114. Edp Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; GNuhNfk;gpaj;jpypUe;J cUthfpd;w GNshaf; $Wf;s ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ Kjy; epiy GNshak;

113. 113. jhtuj;jpw;F cWjpmspj;J typikf;nfhLf;Fk; jhq;FjpR vJ?

115. 115. GNshaj;jpd; flj;Jk; $Wfs; ry;yilf; Foha; $Wfs; 116. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; ry;yilf;Fohapd; rpwg;G gz;ghFk; 116. fPof Rtu; xl;ba irl;Nlhgpshrk; 117. 117. ry;yilf; Foha;fs; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd MQ;rpNah];nghu;kf ; s;

28

118. ; ry;yilf;Foha; $Wfspy;> ry;yilj; jl;Lfspy cs;s Jisfs; 118. Kjpu;ej vg;nghUs;fspdhy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? 119. 119. GNshak; jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. NfNyh]; ehu;fs; ,t;thWk; ];fpsPud;ifkh

GNshak; ehu;fs; (m) gh];l; ehu;fs;

120. 120. jhtuq;fspy; cs;s jpRj;njhFg;Gfis %d;W tifahf gpupj;jtu; rhf;]; 121. 121. fUk;Gj; jhtuj;jpy; (1875y;) #o;eJ ; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;G nry;fs; (Accessory Cells) fhg;Gnry;fisr;

,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd Jizf; fUtpr; nry;fs; 122. 122. Gwj;NjhypypUe;J Njhd;Wk; nry;fs; ghypg;Nghbak; biuf;Nfhk;fs;

123. 123. fPof ; z;l jhtuj;jpy; GNshak; #o;th];Fyhu; fw;iw fhzg;gLfpwJ? 124. 124. gpj; nry;fspy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLtJ gPdhy; > fhy;rpak; Mf;]Nyl; gbfq;fs; 125. 125. iuNrhnlu;kp]pd; Kf;fpa gzp 126. 126. fh];ghupd; gl;ilfs; cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis ghJfhj;jy; nghUshy; MdJ. #gupd;.

_________

127. ; fs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd Gwzp 127. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ];lhu;rJ 128. 128. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;by; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; gjpe;Js;s jsj;jpRtpd; gzp czTg;nghUl;fis Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; thA gupkhw;wk; 129. 129. xUtpj;jpiyj jhtuj; jz;bd; 130. 130. kdpj kz;il tbt XL th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; cs;s th];Fyhu;fw;iwfs; cs;s

fd;[hapd;l; > xUq;fike;jit> %bait kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;F iryk; tbtj;jpy; jhtuq;fs; xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 132. 132. ,jpy; GNshak; ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; GNshak; ehu;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 133. 133. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; iryf;Foha;fs; ~Y| tbtpy;mike;Js;sd xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 134. 134. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; ePuhtpg;Nghf;if Fiwf;f cjTtJ vJ? fpA+l;bf;fps; 135. 135. ,jpy; nurpd; Foha;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ ];lhu;r; mLf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 136. ; ha; tbt neUf;fkhd ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd 136. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vjpy; gPgg ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L 137. 137. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fh];ghupd; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L 138. 138. ,jpy; A+];By; (Eustele) fhzg;gLfpwJ Nfk;gpak; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L 139. ; papd; NghJ Gjpa nry;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. 139. ,J ,uz;lhk; epiytsu;rr 140. 140. ,jpy; Kjy;epiy nkLy;yup fjpu;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

131. 131. ,jpy; GNshaj;jpd; ry;yilf;Foha;fs; Jiznry;fs; Mfpait cs;sd.

29

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L 141. 141. ,Ugf;fKk; xj;j mikg;Gila ,iyfs; ______ If; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ];ghd;[pghud;ifkh my;yJ ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh 142. 142. mjpf fhw;wpilntspfs; nfhz;l ];ghd;[p ghud;ifkh nry;fspd; gad; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; %yk; thA gupkhw;wk;

143. P ; NtWghL nfhz;l ,iyfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 143. Nky;fo ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs; 144. 144. ,iyj;Jisfs; ,jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ fpA+l;bf;fps; 146. 146. ,iyfspy; cs;s ,iyapilj; jpRf;fspy; _______ nry;fspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; cs;sd 147. 147. xspr;Nru;fi ; f ,iyfspy; eilngWtJ ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh nry;fs; Rthr miw fPog ; G ; wj;Njhy; 145. 145. ,iyfspy; eilngWk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;if Fiwf;f ,J cjtfpwJ

148. 148. ,iyj;Jiw fPo; miw ,t;thWk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ

149. ; fhzg;gLk; ghud;ifkh 149. ,iyfspy; fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfis #o;eJ nry;fshd ciw ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ fw;iw ciw (m) vy;iy ghud;ifkh ,U tpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iy ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy ghud;ifkh nry;fs; iryk; 150. 150. ,jpy; GNshak; ry;yilf;Foha;fs; > Jiz nry;fs;> GNshak; ghud;ifkh nry;fs; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpwJ 152. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; 152. fPof fhzg;gLfpd;wd. iryk; 151. 151. ,jpy; GNshak; ehu;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy Foha;fs;>

,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy

153. P fSk;> iryk; ehu;fSk; fhzg;gltpy;iy 153. ,jpy; iryk; buf;fL

154. 154. ,jpy; rg;shf;fl;il tbt fhg;G nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd xU tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy 155. 155. ,jpy; Jizf; fUtpnry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? xU tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy 156. ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfspy; rpypf;fh nry;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd? 156. fPof xU tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iy (Gy;) 157. 157. xU tpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyfSf;F ,itfs; cWjp mspf;fpd;wd. ];fpsPud;ifkh jpl;Lfs;

30

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr ; p

158. 158. ,tw;wpd; nrayhy; jhtu clypd; Kjy; epiy mikg;G cz;lhf;fg;gLfpwJ Edp Mf;Fj;jpR 159. ; p ,jd; nrayhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. 159. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu ,iyfspy; FWf;F tsu;rr th];Fyhu; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; fhu;f; Nfk;gpak; 160. 160. ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiy iryk; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;L 161. 161. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; fhu;f; Nfk;gpak; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngy;Nyh[d; 162. 162. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;by; fhu;f; nry;fs; gFg;gile;J ntspg;Gwj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; nry;fspy; Rgupd; gbAk; gFjp fhu;f; (m) ngy;yk; 163. ; fk;gpaj;jpd; 163. fhu;fN cl;Gwkhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; (m) ghud;ifkh nry;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ 165. 165. ,Utpj;jpiyj; ngy;Nyhnluk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Gwzp ________ vdg;gLfpwJ.

164. 164. ,itfs; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; kug;gl;ilia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; epiy GNshak; gwzp> ngupnlu;k; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr ; papd; NghJ fhu;f; jhtuj;jz;bd;

jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; gFjpfs; _________ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. gl;ilj; Jisfs; 166. . ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr ; papy; tre;jfhyk; kw;Wk; 166 Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; iryk; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kd;gUtf;fl;il mjd; taij fz;lwptJ ________ (m) tre;j fhyf;fl;il vdg;gLk;. nld;lN ; uhFNuhdhy[p. 167. 167. jhtuq;fspd; jz;by; cs;s Mz;L tisaq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia itj;J

168. ; f ; z;litfspy; ilNyhnry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 168. fPof ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr ; papy; 169. 169. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; iryf;Fohapd; iryk; ghud;ifkhtpypUe;J tsu;rr ; papy; Njhd;Wk; nry;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd ilNyhnr];fs; 170. 170. ,jpy; cs;s ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,uz;lhk; iryj;jpd; vg;gFjpapy; ePiuf; flj;j cjTfpd;wd? rhw;Wf; fl;il (m) My;gu;zk; 171. ghud;ifkhtpy; nry;Rtu; ,tw;wpdhy; MdJ? nry;YNyh];> ngf;bd; 172. fhu;f; jpRtpy; fhzg;gLk; nyd;]; tbt Jisfs; gl;ilj; Jis 173. ,iyj;Jisia mLj;J fhzg;gLk; fhw;wiw Rthr miw 174. kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpy; i`g;Nghnlu;kp]; fPof ; f ; z;l ve;j nry;fshy; MdJ? ];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fs;

31

175. Jizr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gpupT MQ;rpNah];ngu;kf ; s; 176. xUq;fike;j kw;Wk; %ba th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; cila jhtu gFjp #hpafhe;jp ,iy 177. Vnud;ifkh jpRtpd; Kf;fpag;gzp kpjj;jy; y

ghlk; 3. nry; capupay; kw;Wk; kugpay;

A =2x1=2 B =4x1=4

1. FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;w ngaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

thy;ilau; (1888(1888-y;)

2. [Pdf ; s; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpnra;jtu; gpupl;[]; 3. ,izg;G Nrhjidf; fyg;G tpfpjk; 7:1:17 4. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kPsN ; ru;fi ; f Fd;wy; nry; gpupjypd; NghJ GNuh/Ng];- I ve;j epiyapy; epfo;fpwJ? ghf;fpBd; <NdhjPNuh ykhu;ff ; pahdh 6. capu;Ntjp jpBu;khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,J __________ mkpNdhMkpyq;fis cUthf;f Kbtjpy;iy. rpy

5. ve;j jhtuj;jpd; `pA+Nfh l;tpup]; jpBu; khw;wj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu;

epANuh];Nghuh

7. LNuhNrhgpy;yh nkyNdh fh];lu; Nfkpl;Lfs; __________ vz;zpf;ifapy; FNuhk;Nrhk;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd ehd;F

8. ey;ypNrhkp ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ 2n-2 9. DNA-tpd; ,ul;il RUs; khjpupia tpsf;fpatu; 10. 10. DNA %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; 20A thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;

11. ; f ; z;l ve;j capupdj;jpy; RNA fhzg;gLtjpy;iy? DNA itu];fs; 11. fPof 12. 12. nry;ypYs;s RNAtpy; m-RNA tpd; msT 3-5 rjtPjk;

13. 13. ghf;Bupa nry; ________ f;F mjpfkhd flj;J RNA f;fs; cs;sd 70 14. 14. mugplhg;]p]; jhypahdh jhtuj;jpd; [PNdhk; 5 15. ; y; jpBu;khw;wk; 15. ghf;BNahNg[;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpBu; khw;wk; ePff 16. 16. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjpapd; epiyj;j jd;ikf;F cjTtJ BNyhkpau; 17. 17. xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhkpYk; cs;s xNu khjpupahd ,U mikg;Gfs; FNuhNkl;Lfs;

32

18. ; uhkpaUk;> BNyhkpaUk; ,y;yhj epiyaw;w FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;G 18. nrd;lN cilaJ lGs; kpdpl;]; ghy;gpahdp C.G (1881) 20. 20. FNuhNkhl;bl;Lfs; ,ize;Js;s ikak; nrd;lN ; uhkpau; uhkpau;

19. 19. ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhkfis Kjd;Kjypy; fz;L gpbj;jtu;

21. 21. kdpj cly FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 44 22. 22. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp BNyhkpau; kf;fhr;Nrhsk;

23. 23. B- FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk; capup 24. 24. lGs; kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk;

fhzg;gLk;nry;fs; Gw;WNeha; nry;fs;

25. P ; Rug;gpapy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk; 25. ckpo;eu 26. 26. tpsf;Fj; J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLtJ mrpl;lh GNyupah 27. 27. xU capupdj;jpd; tho;jpwidf; Fiwf;fpd;w FNuhNkhNrhk; B- FNuhNkhNrhk; 28. 28. DNA -tpd; gf;fthl;L tisaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; tpsf;Fj; J}hpif J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk; 29. 29. #g;gu; epA+kup vd miof;fg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk; B- FNuhNkhNrhk;

30. 30. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; njspthff; fhzg;gLk; nry; gFg;G epiy nkl;lhNg]; 31. 31. ~L| tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ rg; - nkl;lh nrd;lu ; pf;

32. ; pf; 32. ~V| tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ nkl;lh - nrd;lu 33. 33. [Pd; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; 34. 34. N`hNkh Nrg;gpad;]pd; [PNdhk; 23 35. ; Sf;Fk;> nehjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;igf; $wpatu; 35. [Pdf gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; 36. 36. kdpj [PNdhkpy; cs;s epA+f;spNahilLfspd; vz;zpf;if 3.2 x 109 37. 37. 631 [PNdhk; fhzg;gLtJ epA+f;spNahilLfs; XgpNah fpshrk; gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; W. N[h`hd;rd; (1909)

38. 38. xU [Pd; xUnehjp Nfhl;ghl;bid toq;fpatu;

39. 39. muhgpbahg;rp]; jhypahdhtpd; [PNdhkpd; msT 130 nkfhNg];fs; 40. 40. kdpjdpy; capu;Ntjp nray;fspy; <LgLk; [PNdhkpd; rjtPjk; 38.2% 41. 41. ,izg;G Nrhjidf; fyg;G tpfpjk;; 7 : 1 : 1 : 7 42. 42. kpah]p]; (m) Fd;wy; nry; gpupjypd; NghJ FWf;Nf fyj;jy; eilngWk; epiy ghf;fpBd; 1:7:7:1

43. 43. tpyfy; (Repulsion) Nrhjid fyg;G tpfpjk;

33

44. 44. Ngl;rd; - Gd;dl; 1906 y; gpizg;G gw;wpa Ma;Tfis elj;jpa jhtuk; fz;L ; gpbj;jtu;fs; yj;iju]; XNlhNul;l];

45. 45. ,izg;G kw;Wk; tpyfy; epfo;Tfis ,dpg;Gg; gl;lhzpr;nrbapy; Ngl;rd; - Gd;dl; 88 khu;fd; mf;Nuh nrd;lu ; pf; FWf;Nfw;wk; ,jpy; khw;wj;ij

46. 46. Ngl;rd; > Gd;dl; ,dpg;Gg;gl;lhzpapy; nra;jNrhjidapy; fpilj;j ngw;Nwhu; Nru;fi ; fapd; rjtPjk; ahJ? 47. 47. kuG tiuglj;jpd; myF

48. 48. kdpjdpd; 17 tJ FNuhNkhNrhk;

49. ; Sf;fpilNa eilngWk; 49. gpize;j [Pdf cUthf;FfpwJ?

kuGg; gz;Gfs;

50. 50. [Pdf ; spd; FWf;Nfw;w epfo;jfT vg;NghJ mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;? ,uz;L [Pdf ; s; njhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ

51. 51. ve;jj; jhtuj;jpy; `pA+Nfh-Btup]; jpBu; khw;wj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jhu; <NdhjPuh ykhu;ff ; pahdh 52. 52. capu;Ntjp jpBu; khw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,J _________ mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cUthf;f Kbtjpy;iy epA+Nuh]; Nghuh

53. 53. irru; iffh]; ,j;jpBu; khw;wj;jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L [Pd; jpBu; khw;wk; 54. ; y; jpBu; khw;wk; cs;s capup 54. ePff ghf;Bupah Ng[;fs; Nrhsk;

55. 55. nfhy;yp jpBu; khw;wk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; 56. ; hd; 56. [Pdpd; nray;ghl;L myF rp];lu

57. 57. ngdprpypak; mjpkhd ngdprpypid cz;lhf;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzk; J}z;lg;gl;l jpBu; khw;wk; 58. ; k; FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp fhzg;gLk; capup 58. Edp ePff 59. 59. LNuhNrhgpy;yh nkyhNdhfh];lu; fhkpl;Lfs; FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd 60. 60. kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpwl;rp ehd;F ,ul;bg;ghjy; LNuhrh gpy;yh

____________ vz;zpf;ifapy;

61. ; s; jpUk;g 61. jiyfPo; jpUg;gj;jpd; tpisthf FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s [Pdf milAk; Nfhzk; 180 mf;Nuh nrd;lu ; pf; ,lk; ngau;jy;

62. 62. kdpjDila 17 tJ FNuhNkhNrhk;

63. 63. rpw;wpdq;fs; NtWghl;bw;Ff; fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk; 64. ; pf; jiyfPo; jpUg;gk; fhzg;gLtJ 64. ngupnrd;lu

rpk;gd;rp Fuq;F

65. 65. xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; xw;iwika (n) FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd [PNdhk; AAA

66. 66. "A" [PNdhk; vdpy; bupg;gsha;by; fhzg;gLtJ?

34

67. 67. ghypg; gpsha;b Vw;glf; fhuzk;

xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gg ; l;l NkhNdhNrhkpf;

FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjpfs; ,Uka njhFjpAld; ,iztjhy; 68. 68. 2n-1 vdg;gLtJ 69. 69. 2n+1 vdg;gLtJ biuNrhkp 2n-2

70. 70. ey;ypNrhkp ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ 71. 71. 2n+2 vdg;gLtJ 72. 72. 2n-2 vdg;gLtJ nll;uhNrhkp ey;ypNrhkp

73. 73. n`f;rh gpsha;b bupbNfypy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

42

74. 74. Kjd;Kjyhf kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jhdpak; ,J bupl;bNfy; 75. 75. kugpaypd; ,aw;gpay; mbg;gilf; nghUs; 76.kugpaypd; Ntjp mbg;gilg; nghUs; FNuhNkhNrhk; D.N.A

77. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; RNA kuGg; nghUshff; fhzg;gLfpwJ 77. fPof Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; 78. ; ghf;Bupa mwptpayhu; fpup/gpj; 78. kugpaypy; DNA tpd; gq;F gw;wp Muha;ej 79. 79. DNA ,ul;bg;ghjiy ghjpgoik Kiw DNA ,ul;bg;G vd;W $wpatu;fs; thl;rd; - fpupf; 80. 80. DNA ,ioapy; ,uz;L epA+f;spNahilLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s J}uk; 3.4 A 81. 81. v.Nfhiyapy; DNA ,ul;bg;ghjy; eilngWk; Neuk; 40 epkplq;fs; 82. 82. iuNghNrhkpd; nkhj;j vilapy;> iuNghNrhky; RNA 4040-60% 83. 83. DNA tpy; cs;s kuGr; nra;jpahdJ J}J gbahf;fk; 84. 84. RNA tpd; FNshtu; khjpupia ntspapl;ltu; 85. 85. xU nry;ypy; J}J RNA tpd; msT R.W. N`hyp RNAtpy; khw;wg;gLk; epfo;rr ; p

3 - 5 % RNA ghypkNu];

86. ; fiaj; njhlq;fp itf;Fk; fhuzp 86. Gujr; Nru;fi 87. 87. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,itfshy; MdJ

DNA & Gujq;fs;

88. ; isf; nfhz;ls;sd vd;gij Kjd;Kjyhf 88. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; [Pdf cWjpnra;jtu; gpupl;[]; (1916)

89. ; uhkpau; 89. ___________ epiyapd; NghJ FNuhNkbl;Lfs; efu;tjw;F nrd;lN mtrpakhfpwJ mdhNg];

90. 90. ifdNlhNfhu; Guj ,iofs; kw;Wk; Ez;Foy;fs; _______________ cUthf;f cjTfpd;wd ];gpz;by; ,iofs;

35

91. 91. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; cs;s ,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fq;fspypUe;J ________ cUthfpd;wd. NtW ngau;fs; epA+f;spNahy]; 92. 92. B- FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; NtW ngau;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 93. 93. jhtuq;fspy; tho;jpwid ,itfs; Fiwf;fpd;wd B- FNuhNkhNrhk; 94. 94. ,it epiyw;w FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;G nfhz;lit lGs; kpdpl;]; #g;gu; epA+kuup kw;Wk; Jiz

95. ; uhkpaUk;> BNyhkpUk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy lGs; kpdpl;]; 95. ,tw;wpy; nrd;lN 96. 96. ,itfs; rpy jhtuq;fspd; fU r];ngd;rhu; nry;fspy; cs;sd ,uhl;rr FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; 97. 97. ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G fUk;gl;il kw;Wk; epwkw;w gl;il 98. 98. ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,t;thWk; miof;fg;gLk; ckpo;eu P ; Rug;gp FNuhNkhNrhk; 99. 99. tpsf;F J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis Kjd;Kjyhf fz;lwpe;jtu; /gpskpq; (1882) 100. 100. tpsf;F J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk; xU nry; My;fh vJ? mrplhGNyupah 101. 101. [Pdf ; Sf;fk;> nehjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; fPof ; f ; z;l G+Q;irapy; capu;Ntjp Ma;Tfis nra;jdu; 102. 102. epANuh];Nghuh

[Pdf ; s; gy tifahd nehjpfspd; cw;gj;jpw;fhd nra;jpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vdf; fz;lwpe;jtu;fs; gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; (1958)

103. 103.

~~ xU [Pd; xU nehjp Nfhl;ghL|| jw;NghJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? xU [Pd; xU ghypngg;ilL Nfhl;ghL

104. 104.

kdpj ikl;Nlhfhz;lu ; pah [PNdhk; fPof ; ;fz;l [Pdf ; isAk;> fhu,izfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ 37 [Pdf ; s; 16>569 fhu ,izfs;

105. 105. 106. 106. 107. 107. 108. 108. 109. 109.

N`hNkh Nrg;gpad;]pd; [PNdhkpd; vz;zpf;if 3300.00 kdpjupy; njupate;Js;s [Pdf ; spd; nray;ghLfs; 30>000 - 40>000 ,izg;G> tpyFjy;

gpizg;G (Linkage) vd;Dk; epfo;rr ; papd; ,U$Wfs; kuG tiugj;jpd; myF khu;fd; (m) nrd;bkhu;fd; rhu;y]; lhu;tpd;

jpBu; khw;wq;fis ];Nghu;l] ; ; (,aw;ifapd; tpisahl;L) vd Fwpg;gpl;ltu;

110. 110. 111. 111.

fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; jpBu; khw;wKw;w capupdk; vJ? <NdhjPuh ykhu;ff ; pahdh [Pd; jpBu; khw;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L irru; Mupl;bdk; - rpwpa tpijfs; - ngupa tpijfs;

irru; i[fh];

36

112. 112.

DNA tpy; xU rpy iel;u[d; fhuq;fSf;F gjpyhf NtnwhU fhuk; ,iztJ gjpyPL jpBu; khw;wk;

113. 113.

tpijfspy; jpBu; khw;wj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; ,aw;gpay; fhuzpfs; X-fjpu;fs; kw;Wk; fhkhf; fjpu;fs;

114. 114.

kfue;jj; J}s;fspy; jpBu;khw;wj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; ,aw;gpay; fhuzp Gw Cjhf fjpu; tPrR ;

115. 115.

Ez;Zapu;fs;> cau; epiy jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; Ntjp jpBu; khw;wq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ vjpy; kPjN ; jd; ry;NghNdl; (EMS)

116. 116. 117. 117. 118. 118. 119. 119.

[Pdpd; nray;ghl;L myF vJ?

rp];lu ; hd;

[Pdpd; kW Nru;fi ; f myF vJ? nuf;fhd; [Pdpd; jpBu; khw;w myF vJ? kpA+l;lhd; FNuhNkhNrhk; EdpapNyh my;yJ ,ilapNyh ePff ; k; Vw;gLtjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L LNuhNrh/gpy;yh kw;Wk; kf;fhr;Nrhsk;

120. 120.

capupdq;fspd; gupzhk tsu;rr ; pf;F _________ jpBu; khw;wq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. ,ul;bg;ghjy;

121. 121. 122. 122. 123. 123.

kdpjDila 17-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk;

mf;Nuhnrd; ; pf; uhnrd;lu nkl;lh nrd;lu ; pf;

rpk;gd;rp Fuq;fpy; 17-tJ FNuhNkhNrhk;

guk;giu Neha;fisj; Njhw;wtpf;f fhuzkhf cs;s FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp ,lk;ngau;jy; jpBu; khw;wk;

124. 124.

xU capupdj;jpYs;s mbg;gil FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFjp mjd; klq;fpy; mjpfupj;Njh my;yJ Fiwe;Njh fhzg;gLtJ A+gpsha;b

125. 125.

fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; Ml;Nlhl;upg;gpsha;bf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L thio> jpuhl;ir> ju;G+rzp

126. 126. 127. 127. 128. 128.

fPof ; f ; z;l jhtuq;fs; Ml;Nlhl;upg;gpsha;bf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Mg;gps; Kjd;Kjyhf kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jhdpak; vJ? bupl;bNfy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia ,ul;bg;ghf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ? fhy;rr ; p]pd;

129. 129.

biuNrhkp ______ vd;Dk; jhtuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ lhl;Luh ];lu ; hNkhdpak;

130. 130.

ngUk;ghyhd jhtu itu];fspy; __________ kuGg; nghUshf cs;sJ RNA

131. 131.

bg;Nshfhf;f];

epNkhdpNa vDk; ghf;Bupahtpy; DNA itg;gw;wp Muha;ej ; tu;

gpulupf; fpup/gpj; (1928)

37

132. 132.

DNA

itg;gw;wp X- fjpu;fisf;nfhz;L Ma;T nra;jtu;fs; tpy;fpd;]; kw;Wk; /gpuhd;fpspd;

133. 133.

DNA ,ul;il RUs; khjpupia ntspapl;ltu;fs; N[k;]; thl;rd; kw;Wk; gpuhd;rp]; fpupf; (1953)

134. 134.

DNA itg;gw;wp rhu;fhg; tpjp (m) fhu ,iztpjp ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L 1949

135. 135. 136. 136.

DNA-tpd; ,uz;L epA+f;spNahilLfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s J}uk; 3.4 A thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf; $wpa ghjp goik DNA ,ul;bg;G Kiwjhd; rupahdJ vd;W cWjpg;gLj;jpatu;fs;; kPrpy;rd; kw;Wk; ];lhy;

137. 137.

DNA -,ul;bghjypd;NghJ ePlr ; pf;F fhuzkhf cs;s nehjp DNA ghypnkNu];

138. 138. 139. 139.

DNA Jz;Lfis ,izf;fg;gad;gLk; nehjp

iyNf];

nry;ypy; RNA tpy; J}J RNA tpd; rjtPjk; 3 -5 rjtPjk; k

140. flj;J RNA tpd; kWngau; S - RNA (Soluble RNA) (m) fiuAk; RNA 141. 141. 142. 142. 143. 143. 144. 144. nry;ypy; RNA tpy; flj;J RNA tpd; rjtPjk; kuG rq;Nfjj;jpDila mbg;gil myF 15 tpOf;fhL

Nfhlhd; (Codon)

,J nkjpNahidd; vDk; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpw;fhd rq;NfjkhFk; AUG ,itfs; mu;jj ; kw;w rq;Nfjq;fs; MFk;. UAA UAG UGA

145. fPof ; f ; z;l %d;WNfhlhd;fs; epWj;J rq;Nfjq;fs; MFk; . UAA UAG UGA 146. 146. DNA tpy; cs;s kuG nra;jp J}J RNA Tf;F nehjpfspd; <Lghl;Lld; khw;wg;gLk; epfo;rr ; p 147. 147. J}J RNA tpYs;s gbahf;fk; epA+f;spNahilL tupir Kiwia ghypngg;ilbd; vdg;gLk;.

mkpNdh mkpy tupir Kiwahf khw;wg;gLk; epfo;rr ; p _______ 148. 148. nkhopahf;fk;

DNA tpy; mjpRUf;f RUs; cs;s gFjpia jsu;jj ; p tpLk; nehjp NlhNghINrhkpNu];

38

149. 149.

tpsf;F J}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,tw;wpd; rykhz;lu;

Cirl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

150. 150. 151. 151.

FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; kPsN ; ru;fi ; f epfOk; epiy Fd;wy; gpuptpd; GNuhNg];-I kdpj bg;sha;L nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,df;FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if 46 capu;Ntjp jpBu;khw;wk; ,jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. epA+Nuh];Nghuh DNA tpypUe;J [Pd; nra;jpfis m-RNA vq;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ? iuNghNrhk; iuNghNrhk

152. 152. 153. 153.

154. 154.

,U gpize;j [Pdf ; Sf;F ,ilapy; cs;s FWf;Nf fyj;jy; tPjk; 1% vd;why; me;j ,U [Pdf ; Sf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s tiugl ,ilntsp 1 khu;fd;

155. 155. 156. 156.

nkl;lh nrd;lu ; pf; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; tbtk;

V- tbtk;

mf;Nuh ghf;Bupak; bA+kp/Ngrpad;]; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Neha; kFl foiy Neha;

157. 157.

epA+Nuh];Nghuhtpy; capu;Ntjp Muha;rr ; pia nra;jtu;fs; gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; k

158. 158. 159. 159. 160. 160. 161. 161.

vd;bNuhlhf;rpid Njhw;Wtpg;gJ

mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; flj;J RNA

mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ikAila RNA

FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Edpg;gFjpapd; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikf;F cjTtJ BNyhkpau; bNuhNrhgpy;yhtpd; ckpo;eu P ; Rug;gpfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gtif FNuhNkhNrhk; ghypBd; FNuhNkhNrhk; FNuhNkhNrhk

ghlk; .4

capu; njhopy; El;gtpay;

A=2x1=2 B =3x1=3

1. nu];lu ; pf;\d; nehjp ,tw;why; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ ghf;Bupaq;fs; kl;Lk; 2. xt;nthU nu];lu ; pf;\d; nehjpAk; DNA %yf;$iw ,e;j ,lj;jpy; Jz;bf;fpwJ epA+f;spNahilL tupirapy; 3. may; [Pid nry;ypDs; mwpKfg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw kpd; Jisahf;fk; 4. Vwf;Fiwa ,d;iwa epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; may; [Pid ngw;w jhtuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Ik;gJ

39

5. G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; er;Rj;jd;ikAila nly;lh vz;Nalhlhf;]pd; Gujj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; fr;rh vz;nza; 7. capUs;s jhtu nry;ypypUe;J KOjhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; vdg;gLk; KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik nry; gFg;G ; ,izit cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzp 8. irl;Nlhifdpd; gzp ,ij mjpfupg;gJ __________ 6. [Pd; ,lk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh _________ I rpijf;fpwJ.

9. jpR tsu;gG ; Kiwapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; nraw;if tpijfs; 10. 10. ,uz;L GNuhl;Nlh gpsh];LfSf;F ,ilNa 11. 11. ,tw;wpd; %yk; cly fyg;gpdq;fs; ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; (PEG) cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ];igUypdh GNuhl;Nlh gpshr ,izT 12. 12. gpd;tUk;; xd;W jdp nry; Guj capupdkhFk; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ ];igUypdh nrd;id kFl foiy Neha; 13. 13. kdpjd; cl;nfhs;s jf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpe;j khj;jpiufs; ,jpypUe;J 14. ; pikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; 14. lhf;lu; M.S Rthkpehjd; Muha;rr 15. 15. mf;Nuhghf;Bupak; bA+kp/Ngrpad;]; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Neha; 16. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; xw;iw nry;ypypUe;J tsu;ff ; KbtJ 16. fPof Nful;> Kl;ilNfh];> vYkpr;ir > cUis 17. 17. DNA ,ioia Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; Jz;bf;Fk; nehjp nu];lu ; pf;\d; vz; ; lh epA+f;spNa]; vzN 18. ; pf;\d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa]; 18. ,J %yf;$W fj;jpupf;Nfhy; vdg;gLk;. nu];lu 19. 19. ,J 1970 Mk; Mz;L fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. 21. 21. ,J nu];lu ; pf;\d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa]; 20. 20. ,J DNA Jz;Lfis ,izf;Fk; jpwDilait DNA iyNf]; 1966 Mk; Mz;L fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. DNA iyNf]; 22. 22. ,J FNshdpq; Cu;jp (m) flj;jp vdg;gLfpwJ gpsh];kpl; DNA 23. 23. ECORI ,jpypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. v];n]uprpah Nfhiy

24. ; p Fd;wpa 24. i`g;Nghgpl;A+luprk; fhuzkhf tsu;rr Cf;Ftpf;Fk; [Pd; khw;wj;jhy; cUthf;fpa nghUs; kdpj tsu;rr ; p `hu;Nkhd;

Foe;ijfSf;F

tsu;rr ; pia

25. ; k; jpwD}l;Lk; [Pd; khw;wj;jhy; cUthf;fpag; 25. nry;fSf;F itu];fis vjpu;fF nghUs; ,d;lu;/nguhd; ,d;lu;ypA+f;fpd; 27. ; rpfpr;ir mspf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ 27. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ePupopT Neha;fF 28. 28. ,J ,uj;j mOj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ nudpd; jLg;ghd;fs; 29. 29. ,aw;ifapy; rpijTWk; gpsha];bf;if cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jhtuk; ,d;Rypd; 26. ; j; jpwd;ngw;w ,uj;jnts;isaZf;fs; ngUf;fj;ij J}z;LtJ 26. Neha; vjpu;gG

40

vypf;fhJ my;yp ,jo; jhtuk; 30. 30. ghz;lh fisf;nfhy;ypia nraypof;fr;nra;Ak; ghf;Bupak; ];ln ; ug;Nlhik]]; i`f;Nuh];Nfhgpf]; 31. 31. ,J jf;fhspapy; nry;Rtu; nghUl;fisr; rpijj;J khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp fdpapd; nkd;ikj; jd;ikiag; ngWfpwJ 32. 32. __________ ghypNfyf;lN ; uhNd]; czu;jil RNA vd;w ghf;Bupa jhtu ufj;ij nry;fis vd;gJ fhahdJ fdpahf gOg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhd nehjpfspd;

nray;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; RNA %yf;$WthFk;. 33. 33. Mde;j; Nkhfd; rf;utu;jj ; p Kjd;Kjyhf

_______

cUthf;fpdhu;.

#NlhNkhdh]; G+blh

34. jpRf;fspypUe;J gpupj;njLj;j jdpj;jdpahd 34. ntt;NtW ntw;wpfukhf jhtuj;jpR tsu;gG ; Kiw %yk; nra;jtu; G. N`gu;Nyz;l; fhNyhn[dprp]; 1898(n[u;kdp)

35. ; pd; NghJ Nfy]pypUe;J jz;L Njhd;WtJ _________ vdg;gLk;. 35. jpR tsug;g 36. ; pd; NghJ Nfy]pypUe;J Ntu; Njhd;WtJ ___________ vdg;gLk;. 36. jpR tsu;gg iuNrhn[dprp]; 37. ; p epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; GJnly;yp 37. ,e;jpa Ntshz;ik Muha;rr 38. ; p epiyak; (BARC) mike;Js;s ,lk; Kk;ig 38. ghgh mZ Muha;rr 39. 39. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; thrid jputq;fSf;fhd ik Muha;rr ; p epiyak; (CIAMP) mike;Js;s ,lk; yf;Ndh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 1966

40. 40. jdpnry; Gujk; vd;w nrhy; ve;j Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? 41. ; iu msit Fiwf;fpwJ. 41. ,J ePupopT Nehahspfspd; ,uj;j ru;ff fhkh - ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; 42. 42. jdpnry; Gujj;jpy; Gujj;jpd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT? 60

- 72 rjtPjk;

43. 43. jhtu nry;ypypUe;J KOj;jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd;. KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik 44. 44. ,aw;ifapy; rpijTWk; gpsh];bf;if cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jhtuk; vypf;fhJ my;yp ,jo; jhtuk; 45. 45. ikf;Nfh Gujk; ,jpy; mjpf mstpy; cs;sJ? ntf;lhu; b.vd;.V SCP <];l; 46. 46. ehk; tpUk;gpa [Pid vLj;Jr; nrd;W Xk;GapupAld; ,izf;Fk; DNA vJ? 47. 47. kdpj clypy; nfhOg;G Njq;Ftij jilnra;tJ. Gw;WNeha; 49. 49. Gjpa [Pd; njhFg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;F Fwpg;gp;ll ; tifapy; DNA it ifahSk; Kiw kuG nghwpapay;

48. 48. mf;Nuh ghf;Bupaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ti-gpsh];kpl; vjid cz;lhf;FfpwJ?

50. 50. vypf;fhJ my;yp ,jo; jhtuk; rpijf;f cUthf;FtJ. PHB 51. 51. rpW ,dj;jhtuq;fis gbg;gbahf ,aw;if #o;epiyf;F nfhz;L tUtJ tYg;ngWjy;

41

52. 52. fhy];jpR 53. ; 53. tsu;gG

jz;L kw;Wk; Ntu; my;yJ fUepfu; jpRthf tsu;rr ; pailtJ kWNtWghL miljy; 5.8 __________ ,Uf;FkhW

Clfj;jpd; PH?

54. ; k; nra;jypy; Ml;NlhfpNstpd; ntg;gepiy 54. Ez;Zapu; ePff itf;fNtz;Lk;. 121C apy; 15 epkplq;fs; 55. 55. Gifapiyj; jhtuj;ijj; jhf;Fk; G+r;rp 57. ; is ngw;w ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; 57. may; [Pdf Ez;Zapu; ePff ; k; 59. 59. v];n]uprpah Nfhiyapy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa

khz;lf;lh nrf;]l ; h gPll ; h ty;fhup];

56. ; ; 56. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j ghf;Bupah jdpnry; Guj capupahFk;? my;fyp [Pd] 58. ; Clfj;jpYs;s Ez;Zapu;fis ePff ; g; gad;gLk; Kiw 58. tsu;gG tl;lkhd DNA vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

gpsh];kpl; DNA NtWghL milahj jpR

60. 60. fhy]; vd;gJ _____________ jpRj;jpushFk;.

ghlk; 5 jhtu nraypay; nraypay;

A =3x1=3 B =8x1=8

1. ~vd;irk;| vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; 3. buhd;]/ ; gNu];fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L

Fd;

(1878)

2. nehjpapd; G+l;L rhtpf;Nfhl;ghL ,tuhy; $wg;gl;lJ. gp\ ; u; gp\\ buhd;]; mkpNd]; 4. xspr;Nru;fi ; f ,q;F eilngWfpwJ. gRq;fzpfq;fs; 5. Row;rp vyf;lu ; hd; fl;jj ; ypd;NghJ cw;gj;jpahtJ ATP kl;Lk; 6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ 5C Nru;kk;? 7. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws vJ C4 jhtuk;? iuNgh]; fUk;G

8. gr;iraj;jpd; cw;gj;jpw;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; nkf;dr P pak; (Mg) 9. #upa Mw;wiy ftu;ej ; pOf;Fk; mjpfj;jpwd; nfhz;l epwkp iel;uNrhNkhdh]; 11. 11. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ KO xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuk; ? f];Fl;lh 400nm - 700nm 12. ; fia kpfj;jpwk;glj; J}z;Lk; xsp miy 12. xspr;Nru;fi 14. ; fapd; NghJ ntspfg;gLk; thA 14. xspr;Nru;fi 15. 15. ,Us; tpid ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? 16. 16. C4 ghij ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? gr;irak; 10. 10. gpd;tUk; ve;j ghf;Bupak; mNkhdpahit iel;iul;lhf Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ?

13. ; paq;fs; 13. ,Ul; Rthrk; ,jpy; eilngWfpwJ. ikl;Nlh fhz; fhz;lu Mf;]p[d; fhy;tpd; Row;rp

N`l;r; - ];yhf; ghij

42

17. 17. xspr;Rthrk; ,t;thWk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ? 19. 19. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ Kjd;ik epwkpahFk;?

C2 Row;rp gr;irak; ~a|

18. 18. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L l;u]Puh 20. 20. xspr;Nru;fifapd; ,Us;tpidfisf; fz;lwpe;jtu; nky;tpd; fhy;tpd; 21. 21. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 5 fhu;gd;fisf; nfhz;l Nru;kk; vJ? RuBP 22. 22. C3 jhtuq;fspy; xsptpidfs; kw;Wk; ,Us;tpidfs; eilngWk; ,lk; ,iy ,ilj;jpR nry;fs; 23. 23. C3 topj;jlj;jpy; Co2 I Vw;Fk; %yf;$W vJ? RuBP 24. 24. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ C4 jhtuky;y? NfhJik

25. 25. thz;lh jhtuk; xU __________ MFk;. njhw;Wj; jhtuk; 26. 26. xsptpidapy; cz;lhFk; xLf;f Mw;wy; NADPH2 27. 27. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Jiz epwkpay;y? 28. ; f epwkpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; 28. xspr;Nru;fi gr;irak; ijyf;fha;L ,uz;L

29. 29. fPof ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; nghJthd Rthrjsg; nghUs; vJ? fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; 30. 30. ATP apd; kpif Mw;wy; gpizg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 31. 31. fhw;W Rthrj;jpd; Kjy; epiy khw;wkilar; nra;Ak; nehjp gpsTwr; nra;Ak; nehjp <LgLtJ fpisf;fhyprp]; hyprp]; n`f;NrhifNd];

32. 32. FSf;Nfhir gh];gupfuzkilar; nra;J FSf;Nfh]; 6 gh];Ngl;lhf 33. 33. gpuf;Nlh]; 1>6 gp];gh];Ngl;il jyh 3 fhu;gd;nfhz;l ,uz;L %yf;$Wfshf My;NlhNy]; 34. ; g;gl;L INrh-rpl;upf; mkpykhFk; tpidapy; 34. rp];-mNfhdpbf; mkpyj;Jld; ePu; Nru;ff mNfhdpNl]; 35. 35. KOikahf Mf;rp[Ndw;w kilAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilg;gJ 38 ATP 36. 36. igUtpf; mkpyj;jpd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w fhu;gd; ePff ; tpidia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nehjp igUtpf; bi`bu[Nd]; 37. 37. -fPll ; h FSlhupf; mkpyk; xU ___________ fhu;gd; Nru;kk; MFk;. Ie;J n`f;NrhifNd]; 39. 39. FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if xd;W ,uz;L ATP 40. 40. xU %yf;$W FADH2 KOikahd Mf;rp[Ndw;wj;jpd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; ATP 41. 41. xU %yf;$W NADH2 KOikahd Mf;rp[Ndw;wj;jpd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; ATP %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if %d;W 42. ; hd; flj;J rq;fpypapy; ATP cz;lhtJ _________ vdg;gLk;. 42. vyf;lu Mf;rp[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; 43. 43. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; EMP topj;jlk; vdg;gLtJ Mw;wypd; msT 2900 KJ fpisf;fhyprp]; 44. 44. xU%yf;$W FSf;Nfh]; KOikahd Mf;rp[Ndw;wj;jpd; NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jk; 38. 38. FSf;Nfhi]> FSf;Nfh]; 6 gh];Ngl;lhf gh];gufuzk; nra;Ak; nehjp

43

45. 45. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; 5C Nru;kk;

irYNyh]; gh];Ngl; Mf;rpd;

46. 46. jhtu `hu;Nkhd;fspy; Kjd;Kjyhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ 47. 47. nraw;if Mf;rpDf;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L 49. 49. new;gapupy; gf;fhNd Nehia Vw;gLj;JtJ Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ? tpiuT epiy cjpu;jy; NAA Mf;]pd; 48. 48. Kid Mjpf;fk; vd;gJ vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ?

[pg;uypf; mkpyk;

50. ; p epiy vt;thW 50. rpf;kha;L tisT tiuglj;jpy; tiuthd tsu;rr 51. 51. Mf;]pd; ,ij jLf;fpwJ?

52. 52. new;gapupy; Nfhkhspj;jd Nehia cUthf;FtJ 53. 53. ,iyj;Jis %Ltijj; J}z;LtJ 54. ; pl gad;gLtJ 54. epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePff

[pg;uypd; 2>42>4-D

mg;rprpf; mkpyk;

55. 55. cjpu;jy; vjdhy; jilnra;ag;gLfpwJ? Mf;rpd; 56. 56. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; thA epiyapy; cs;s `hu;Nkhd; vJ? vj;jpypd; 57. 57. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cau; jhtuq;fspd; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;if `hu;Nkhd; vJ? IAA 58. 58. xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy; mstpw;Nfw;g mikAk; jhtuj;jpd; gjpy;nray; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? xspf;fhyj;Jtk;

59. 59. kyu;jypy; xspf;fhyj;Jt gjpy; tpisT Kjy;Kjypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l jhtuk; Gifapiyj; jhtuk; 60. 60. FWk;gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Gifapiyj; jhtuk; 61. ; fy; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 61. ePsg NfhJik> Xl;]; 62. 62. <];l; nry;fspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l rhW capUs;s <];l; nry;fisg; NghyNt jpuhl;ir urj;jpy; nehjpj;jiy Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij fz;lwpe;jtu; Gr;du; (1897) 63. 63. ~irNk];| vd;w nry;iyKjd; Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpatu; 64. 64. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Cf;fpfs; vdg;gLtJ Mg2+ kw;Wk; Mn2+ 65. 65. Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f nehjpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L b i`l;u[Nd]; 66. 66. i`l;NuhNy];fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 67. 67. iyNa];fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 68. 68. INrhnknu];fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fhu;Nghi`l;Nu]; gh]; ; gh n`f;N]h INrhnkNu]; gh]N Gr;du;

`p];bbd; bfhu;ghf;]pNy];

69. 69. iyNf];fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L igUtpf; mkpy fhu;ghf;]pNy]; 70. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; mlf;fpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L raidL 70. fPof 71. 71. nehjpapd; J}z;lg;gl;l nghUj;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bid nrhy;ypatu; 73. 73. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kjd;ik epwkp vJ? gr;irak; ~a| 74. ; papy; vj;jid ATP f;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,uz;L 74. Row;rpgh];gupfuzk; epfo;rr 75. 75. ,Us; tpidfs; vdg;gLtJ ________ vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. fhu;gd; epiy epWj;jg;gly; Nfh\ ; hz;l; Nfh\y 72. ; f epwkpfs; ________ y; mjpf mstpy; cs;sd. fpuhdh 72. xspr;Nru;fi

44

76. 76. C3jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ney;> NfhJik> cUis 77. 77. C4 jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk; > l;upGy];> mkuhe;j]; 78. 78. C4 jhtuq;fs; ________ If; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,U tbtg;gRq;fzpfq;fs; 79. ; fj; jpwd; kpFe;j jhtuk; (C4 jhtuq;fs;) 79. xspr;Nru;fi fUk;G > kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> l;upGy];> mkuhe;j]; 80. 80. fhu;ghf;]pNy]; nehjpapd; NtWngau; 82. 82. &gp];Nfh ikl;Nlh fhz;lu ; pah 81. 81. ,Us; Rthrk; ___________ y; eilngWfpwJ. gpshf;Nkd; (1905) 83. ; f ; z;l vj;jhtu Ntupy; cs;s ntykd; jpR fhw;wpYss;s <uj;ijAk;> 83. fPof kioePiuAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wJ? thz;lh 84. 84. jw;rhu;G Cl;lKiw jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L thz;lh 85. ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; gr;irak; mw;W> ikf;Nfhiurh Ntu;fisAk; nfhz;l 85. fPof MQ;rpNah];ngu;k; jhtuk; vJ? khNdhl; khNdhl;Nuhgh f];Fl;lh 86. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; KO xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuk; 86. fPof

xspr;Nru;fi ; fapd; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp tpjpia ntspapl;ltu;

87. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; gFjp xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuk; tp];fk; 87. fPof 88. 88. ,J #upa gdpj;Jspj; jhtuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. l;u]Puh 89. ; f jw;rhu;G Cl;l capupfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. 89. ,J Ntjpr;Nru;fi iel;uNrhNkhdh]; uNrhNkhdh];> 90. ; f 90. ,J Ntjpr;Nru;fi ngf;fpal;Nlhth gpw Cl;l capupfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. G+Q;irfs; > ghf;Bupaq;fs; ATP

91. 91. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLtJ 93. 93. fpisf;fhyprp]; ,jpy; eilngWfpwJ 94. ; papy; 94. fpisf;fhyprp]; epfpo;rr

92. 92. fpisf;fhyprp]; _____________ vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. EMP topj;jlk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; (m) jsg;nghUs; gh];gupfuzk; cUthFk; nra;y; _________ vdg;gLk;

Neub gh];gupfuzk;

95. ; r ; papy; epfu yhgk; ___________ MFk;. 95. fpisf;fhyprp]; epfo;r 2ATP kw;Wk; 2NADH2 96. ; hd; flj;JnghUl;fs; cs;sd. 96. ,jpy; vyf;lu 97. 97. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyak; vd miof;fg;gLtJ fUtp Nfdhq; Rthrkhdp bf;fd;]; (1938) <];l; kw;Wk; ghf;Bupah ikl;Nlhfhz;lu ; pah ikl;Nlhfhz;lu ; pah

98. 98. Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ fhu;gd; - il - Mf;i]L ntsptplg;gLtij ep&gpf;Fk; 99. 99. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu; 100. 100. ,jpy; fhw;wpyh Rthrk; eilngWfpwJ. 101. 101. fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;bd; Rthr <T 1 102. 102. khypf; mkpyj;jpd; Rthr <T 1.33 103. 103. ghkpbf; mkpyj;jpd; Rthr <T 0.36 (Kbtww ; J) 104. fhw;wpyh #oypy; FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T

45

105. ; p xOq;F gLj;jpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L 105. ,J tsu;rr ehg;jyPd; mrpbf; mkpyk; (NAA) 106. 106. jhtu `hu;Nkhd;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhf fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ Mf;rpd; 107. 107. ,itfs; ,aw;if Mf;rpd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
IAA & PAA

108. ; p xOq;F gLj;jpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. 108. ,J jhtutsu;rr 2>4 -il FNshNuh/gpdhf;rp mrpbf; mkpyk; (2>4 -D)

109. ; pf;Ff; fhuzkhd Nfk;gpaj;jpy; nry; gFg;igj; 109. jhtuj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr Jtf;fp Cf;Ftpg;gJ Mf;rpd; 110. 110. fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; jpRtsu;gg ; pYk;> fhy];jpRitj;Njhw;Wtpg;gjpYk; gad;gLtJ Mf;rpd; Mf;rpd; FU Nrhth ([g;ghd;) 111. 111. tpijapyhf;fdpfs; ___________ njspg;gpd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 112. 112. [pg;uypd; `hu;Nkhid Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu; xU nghUshy; Vw;gLfpwJ. 114. ; pia J}z;LtJ 114. jz;L ePlr ngwyhk;. [pg;uypd; [pg;uypd; irl;Nlhifdpd; [pg;uy;yh/gpA[pFuha;

113. ; pahdJ _____________ vd;Dk; G+Q;ir cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;; 113. ney;ypy; fZtpil ePlr [pg;uypf; mkpyk;

115. 115. fUTWjy; epfobkNyNa _________ Ig; gad;gLj;jp tpijapyhf fdpfis 116. ; fpwJ. 116. ,J cUisf; fpoq;F jhtuj;jpy; tsu;tlf;fj;ij ePfF 117. 117. ,J nry; gpupjiy J}z;LfpwJ. 118. 118. n`u;upq; kPdpypue;J irl;Nlh ifdpid gpupj;njLj;jtu;fs; kpy;yu; kw;Wk; ];$[; (1954) rpahl;bd; 119. 119. ,J kf;fhr; Nrhsj;jpYk;> ,sePupYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vj;jpyPd; vj;jpyPd; mg;rprpf; mkpyk; (ABA)

120. ; pia jilnra;fpwJ. 120. ,J jz;L kw;Wk; Ntu; Mfpatw;wpd; ePs; thl;ltsu;rr 121. 121. ,J Ntu;fs; jiu Nehf;fp tsu;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. 122. 122. jhtu ghfq;fs; cjpu;tij J}z;LtJ.

123. ; p mlf;fpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. vj;jpyPd; kw;Wk; ABA 123. ,J tsu;rr 124. ; f ; z;l vj;jhtuj;jpy; kyu;jypy; xspf;fhyj;Jt gjpy;tpisT Kjd;Kjyhf 124. fPof fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. NkupNyz;l; kh%j; 125. 125. vy;yhj; jhtuq;fSf;Fk;> G+j;jYf;F xNu khjpupahd xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhy msTfs; Njitg;gLtjpy;iy vd;W fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs; fhu;du; kw;Wk; Myhu;L 126. 126. ,J ehs; eLepiyj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L #upafhe;jp > kf;fhr;Nrhsk; 127. ; jia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; 127. ntu;diyNr\d; vDk; Fspu;gjd thu;ji T.D iynrd;Nfh (u\ ; h) 1920 (u\a 128. 128. C4 jhtu fw;iw ciw nry;ypy; fhu;gd;- il - Mf;i]il Vw;Fk; %yf;$W gh];Ngh <dhy; igUtpf; mkpyk; 129. 129. N`l;r; - ];yhf topj;jlj;jpy; fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; EioAk; 4 fhu;gd; $l;Lg;nghUs; khypf; mkpyk;

46

130. 130. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ C3 jhtuk;?

ney; khNdhl;Nuhgh

131. 131. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ kl;Fz;zpj; jhtuk;? vyf;lu ; hd;

132. ; p vJ? 132. Mf;rp[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; eilngWk; epfo;rr flj;J rq;fpy; KOnehjp NfhJik 133. 133. Gujk; kw;Wk; Gujky;yhj gFjp nghUl;fis nfhz;l nehjpfs; 134. 134. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ ePs; gfy; jhtuk;? 135. 135. ,iyj;Jis %Ltijj; J}z;LtJ 136. 136. fhw;W Rthrjjpd; Kjy; epiy mg;rprpf; mkpyk;

fpisf;fhyprp;]; ATP kl;Lk; ikl;Nlhfhz;lu ; pah

137. ; hd; flj;jg;gLk; epfo;rr ; papy; fPof ; f ; z;ltw;wpy; vJ cUthfpwJ? 137. Row;rp vyf;lu 138. 138. xspr;Rthrj;jpd;NghJ ,uz;L fpisrpd; %yf;$Wfs; ,ize;J rPiud; cUthFk; epfo;T eilngWk; Ez;ZWg;G 139. ; f ; z;l ve;j epfo;tpy; jsg;nghUs; gh];gupfuzk; eilngWtjpy;iy? 139. fPof igUtpf; mkpy Mf;rp[Ndw;w fhu;gd; ePff ; k; 140. 140. ,Utbt gRq;fzpfq;fisf; nfz;Ls;s jhtuk; 141. 141. jw;NghJs;s Co2 tpd; nrwpT 360 ppm ngf;fpal;Nlhth vj;jpyPd; vj;jpyPd; 142. 142. H2S I Mf;rpfuzk; nra;Ak; ghf;Bupah 143. 143. fdpfs; gOg;gjpy; gq;fhw;Wk; `hu;Nkhd; 145. 145. igl;NlhFNuhik fz;Lgpbj;jtu; 146. 146. xspr;Rthr Ez;ZWg;G nguhf;]pN]hk; kf;fhr;Nrhsk;

144. 144. jz;L gjpad;fspy; Ntu;fis cz;lhf;f cjTk; `hu;Nkhd; gl;yu; 1959

Row;rpapy; fpis Mf;rhypf; mkpy fisrpdhf khw;wg;gLk; nry;

147. ; g; nghUs; vd;gJ igl;NlhFNuhk; 147. kyu;jiy J}z;Lk; xsp <u;gG 148. ; f C4 topj;jlj;jpd; cfe;j ntg;gepiy 30 C ypUe;J 45 C tiu 148. xspr;Nru;fi 149. xspr;Nru;fi ; fapd; ,Us; kWtpidapy; Co2 epiyepWj;Jk; epfo;tpy; mij RuBP Vw;fk; nghUs;

150. ; u ; hd; flj;J rq;fpypapy; xt;nthU NADH2 %yf;$Wk; 150. Rthrpj;jy; NghJ vyf;l cUthf;FtJ 3ATP 151. 151. fpug; Row;rpapd; kw;nwhU ngau; TCA Row;rp 152. 152. nghJthf gRq;fzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fpuhdhf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 40 ypUe;J 60 tiu 153. 153. KO nehjpapd; (Holoenzyme) Gujg;gFjp ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mg;Nghvd;i]k; 154. 154. Mf;]Nyh mrpl;bf; mkpyk; xU 4 fhu;gd; $l;Lg;nghUs; 155. ; fapd; xspf;fpupia> FNshNuhgpsh];bd; vg;gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ? 155. xspr;Nru;fi ];lN ; uhkh 156. 156. irl;Nlhifdpd; vjw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ? nry; gpupT 157. 157. Ntu;fs; jiuNehf;fp tsu;tij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; `hu;Nkhd; vj;jpyPd;

47

158. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; ve;j epfo;tpd; NghJ ePu; xspg;gpsj;jy; eilngWfpwJ? 158. fPof Row;rpapy;yh xsp gh];gupfuzk; upfuzk 159. 159. My;NlhNy]; nray;gLk; jsg;nghUs; gpuf;Nlh]; 1>6 - gp];gh];Ngl; 160. 160. kf;fhr;Nrhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; irl;Nlhifdpd; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? rpahbd; rpahbd 161. ; f nra;Ak; jhtuq;fs; midj;jpYk; 161. ePiu %yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jp xspr;Nru;fi ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. gr;irak; a

ghlk; .6 kdpj ey Nkk;ghl;by; capupay;

A =2x1=2 B =3x1=3
1. ney;ypy; ntg;G Nehia cUthf;Fk; NehAapup vJ? igupf;FNyupah xiuNr 2. igupf;FNyupah xiuNrtpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy Xk;Gapu; jhtuk; b[pl;Nlupah khu;[pNdl;lh 3. epyf;fliyapy; bf;fh Nehia cUthf;Fk; NehAapup vJ? nru;Nfh]; Nghuh ngu;rNdlh 4. mfhypigd; ___________ ypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5. tpy;tk; jhtuj;jpd; ,U nrhw;ngau; mfhypgh ,z;bfh Vfpy; khu;kpyh];

6. jFe;j mZkjpapd;wp xU ehl;bd; capup Mjhu tsq;fis ,ufrpakhf Raeyf; Fwpf;NfhSld; gy mikg;GfSkl> gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fSk; Ruz;LtJ capupg; nghUs; nfhs;is ; p kUe;Jg; nghUs; 7. ghg;gp nrbapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; mjptypik kpf;f typ ePff khu;gpd; 8. Fiwe;j fNyhup kjpg;Gila Guj ,dpg;Gg; nghUs; gpNurpd; 9. nlf;Nlhdh fpuhd;b]; kw;Wk; Vfpy; khu;kpyh]; Mfpa jhtuq;fs;gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; KiwNa ve;jf; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej ; it? ntu;gpNdrp kw;Wk; &l;Nlrp FNuhl;lNyupah > ypArpdh kw;Wk; Kf;Fdh 10. 10. ,it gRik cuq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gaW tifj; jhtuq;fs; 11. ; pUj;jj;jpw;F ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd? ePyg; gr;irg; ghrpfs; 11. kz; rPuj 12. 12. v];n]uprpah Nfhiy kw;Wk; tpg;upNah fhyNu ghf;Bupaq;fs; rpWFlypy; ngUfp ePuj ; j ; Ngjpia mghafukhd mstpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; er;Rg;nghUs; vd;bNuh lhf;]pd; 13. 13. $w;W: (1): $l;Lj; Nju;T Kiwapy; cs;s xU FiwghL ghuk;gupa NtWghLfis #o;epiyfshy; Vw;gLk; NtWghLfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp mwptJ fbd;khFk;.

48

$w;W: (2) J}atopj; Nju;T Kiwapy; xU FiwghL vd;d ntd;why; Gjpa [Pdhf;fk; nfhz;l Gjpa ufq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy Nkw;fz;l ,U $w;wpy; vJ rupahdJ? ,uz;L $w;WfSk; rupahdit 14. ; fyg;gpdq;fs; vg;NghJk; 14. ,U ngw;Nwhu; %yk; cUthFk; Kjy; re;jjpiar; Nru;ej ngw;Nwhiutpl mjpfj;jpwd; ngw;wpUf;Fk; epfo;rr ; p n`l;bNuhrp]; 15. ; f ; z;litfspy; jpBu; khw;wj;ijj; J}z;Lk; nghUs;fs; 15. fPof rP]pak; kw;Wk; iel;Nuh kpijy; A+upah ml;lh kpl;lh 2 16. 16. G+r;rp kw;Wk; ctu; jd;ikia jhq;ff; $ba muprptif 18. 18. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuhitu]; vjd; %yk; guTfpwJ?

17. 17. capup fl;Lg;ghL nghUshf ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLtJ Ngrpy;y]; JupQ; JupQ;rpad;rp]; ntl;Lf;fpsp 19. ; f ; z;litfspy; ghf;Bupaq;fs; Neha; vjpu;gG ; g; nghUs;fis Rug;gjhy; capupg; 19. fPof G+r;rpf; nfhy;ypfshf gad;gLfpd;wdit vit vit? mrl;Nlh ghf;lu; kw;Wk; mN]h];igupy;yk; 20. 20. fpiurhe;jpkk; jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ___________ Neha; capup fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ. cUthf;f cjTk; [Pd; igupj;jpuk; Rf;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; rpe;Nj]; [Pd; 21. ; mstpYk; cs;s jf;fhspfis 21. Rf;Nuh]; mjpf mstpYk;> jurk; Fiwe;j 22. 22. [Pd; khw;wj;jpw;F cjTtJ _____________ MFk;. mf;Nuh ghf;Bupak; bA+kpNgrpad;]; 23. ; iuiaf; fhl;bYk;> 100 klq;F mjpf ,zpg;Gs;s Gujk; 23. ru;ff 24. 24. mnkupf;fhtpy; fhg;Gupikf; fhyk; 17 tUlq;fs; Nfhyh epl;blh 25. 25. fhg;gpf;F khw;whfg; gad;gLk; jhtuk; gpNurpd;

26. 26. Vfpy; khu;kpyh]pypUe;J fpilf;Fk; kUj;Jtg; nghUs;fs; $khupd; kw;Wk; khu;kpNyhrpd; 27. 27. ,jd; ,iyfis miuj;Jf; fpilf;Fk; gir jPff ; haj;jpd; kPJ G+rg;gLfpwJ? mfhypgh ,d;bfh (Fg;ig Nkdp (m) G+id kaf;fp) 28. 28. nrhyhdk; ief;uj;jpd; tl;lhug;ngau; 29. ; s;s FLk;gk; 29. xiurh riltk; rhu;eJ nra;ag;gl;lJ? rPdh [pd;nrq; kzj;jf;fhsp NghNarp

30. 30. Ng]pNahy]; Kq;Nfh vd;w cSe;J ufk; ve;j ehl;bypUe;J mwpKfk; 31. 31. kd kw;Wk; cly; mOj;jj;jpypUe;J tpLgl gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kUe;J 32. 32. epyf;fliyapd; bf;fh Nehia cz;lhf;FtJ G+Q;ir (nru;Nfh];Nghuh ngu;rNdl;lh) 33. 33. rpr]; Fthl;uhq; Fyhup]pd; tzpfg; ngau; 34. 34. capupfshy; rPuikf;fg;gLjy; vd;gJ Ez;Zapupfshy; #o;epiyiag; ghJfhj;jy; 35. 35. gyKiw gpwfyg;G nra;J tpUk;Gk; gz;Gfs; nfhz;l jhtuq;fis ,t;thW miof;fpd;Nwhk; upfuz;l; ngw;Nwhu; ghyp vj;jyPd; fpisf;fhy; 36. 36. GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,iztpd; NghJ ,U NtWgl;l GNuhl;Nlh gpsh];Lfis ,izf;f cjTk; nehjp `hl;[u;

49

37. 37. VAM G+Q;ir vdg;gLtJ

ntrpf;Fyhu; Mu;g];Fyhu; ikNfhiurh Nghu;lhf;]; fyit

38. 38. G+Q;irf; nfhy;ypahfg; gad;gLtJ Nju;en ; jLf;Fk; Kiw

39. ; pahd jd; kfue;j Nru;fi ; f %yk; 39. jdpj;j N`hNkhi]f]; jhtuq;fs; njhlu;rr J}a topj; Nju;T mdgPdh mNrhy;Ny 41. 41. nry;fspd; nry;Rtiu fiuar; nra;Ak; nehjp nry;YNy]; Nfhy;rpird; 42. 42. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; ,ul;bg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; Ntjpg;nghUs; mNrhy;yh gpd;Ndl;lh 44. 44. vYkpr;irapy; fhd;fu; Nehia cz;lhf;Ftgit 46. 46. ,e;jpahtpy; fhg;Gupikf; fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; rhe;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;up 45. 45. itu];fSf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gLk; Gujk; ,d;lu;nguhd;fs; 47. ; pf;Ff; fhuzkhd tp\ thA 47. Nghghypy; Vw;gl;l mty epfo;rr kPijy; INrh raNdl; (MIC) 48. 48. ehk; gUFk; NjePuUf;F gjpyhf ve;j jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;? Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; #NlhNkhdh]; G+blh 49. ; cjTk; ghf;Bupak; 49. vz;nza; frpit mopj;J ePff 51. 51. kz;iz eLepiyg;gLj;Jk; capupcuk; 40. 40. mNrhy;yh jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfspy; fhzg;gLk; raNdh ghf;Bupak;

43. 43. ,e;jpa ney; taypy; mjpf mstpy; ntw;wpfukhf gad;glj;jg;gLk; capup cuk;

50. 50. NehAapup fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs; igupj;jpuk; raNdh ghf;Bupak; [Pdf ; s; 52. 52. capu; fzpdp nkd;nghUshff; fUjg;gLtJ

53. 53. vYk;G ,iztp vd;Dk; tzpfg;ngau; nfhz;l jhtuk; rpr]; Fthl;uhq; Fyhup]; (gpuz;il) 54. 54. b[plhyp]; vd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kUe;J 55. 55. fhy;rpird; vijj; J}z;lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; 57. ; kUe;jhd ~Fidd;| ,j;jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ? 57. kNyupah vjpu;gG rpd;Nfhdh mgprpdhyp]; 58. 58. ~~[pd;nrq;|| vd;w kUe;J ,j;jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ? gdhf;]; [pd;nrq; 59. ; f ; z;l G+Q;irapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ? 59. ngdprpypd; fPof ngdprpy;ypak; nehNll;lk; 60. P y; rpu;Nuhrp]; Neha;fF ; kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; jhtuk; 60. fy;yu nrhyhdk; ief;uk;(kzj;jf;fhsp) 61. ; ePzl ; ehl;fs; epiyj;J ,Ug;gJ 61. nry; G+r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjiy vjpu;jJ nlf;Nlhdh fpuhz;by; (Njf;F) 100 Nfhb 62. 62. cyf kf;fs; njhif 1850 y; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ? 6.1 gpyy ; pad; (610 Nfhb) 56. 56. capup fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; nghUshfg; gad;gLk; ghf;Bupak; b[hf;]pd; gd;kak;

63. 63. fp.gp 2000k; Mz;by; cyfkf;fs; njhif ruhrupahf vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?

50

64. 64. ekJ czT cw;gj;jpia ngUf;fpl Kaw;rpfs; nra;tJ ,e;jpa tptrha Muha;rr ; p fofk; ICAR 65.fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; xiurh rilthtpy; (ney;) cs;s Gjpa ufkhFk;. Co15, ADT 16 66. 66. jhtug; gapu;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ? jhtuq;fspd; kuGg; gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ 67. 67. jhtug; gapu; ngUf;fj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fk; rhFgbg;gaupy; gad;jUk; NtWghLfis cUthf;FtJ fhl;L ney; 68. ; d;ikiaj; jhq;fp tsUk; jd;ikAila ufk; vJ? 68. ctu;jj

69. 69. fhl;Lg; gapu;fs; mope;J tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;Fk; > capu; gy;tifj;jd;ik ghJfhf;fg; glTk; mwptpayhu; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ [Pd; tq;fp (m) n[u;k; g;sh] tq;fp 70. 70. Gw mikg;Gg; gz;Gfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tpijfs; Nju;en ; jLf;fg;gLk; Kiw $l;Lj; Nju;T Kiw fUk;G> cUisf; fpoq;F> Njapiy> thio

71. ; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjw;F 71. FNshd; Nju;T Kiw %yk; rpwe;j ufk; Nju;en vLj;Jf;fhl;L 72. 72. fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; jd;gd;ka jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L tpijaw;w jf;fhsp> Mg;gps;> MuQ;R > ju;gG ; +rzp 73. 73. fjpupaf;fq;fs; %yk; J}z;lg;gl;l jpBu; khw;wq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa ufj; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ml;lhkpl;lh - 2 muprp> fbd fdp ciw nfhz;l epyf;fliy 74. 74. Nehaw;w jhtuq;fis _________ %yk; cUthf;fyhk;. jz;L Edp Mf;Fj;jpR tsu;gG ; 75. 75. iel;u[id epiy epWj;Jk; cpaup cuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L mrl;Nlhghf;lu;> ghrpy;y];> iuNrhgpak; #NlhNkhd]; ];li ; uNal;lh Ntk; G+Q;irfs; (VAM) 76. 76. jhdpaq;fspd; tpijfis Cwitj;jy; %yk; Nky; G+r;rhf mikj;J capup cukhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghf;Bupak; 77. ; ; G+Q;ir 77. vf;Nlhl;uhgpf; ikf;Nfhiurhtpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L ngrpbNahikrPl] 78. 78. vz;Nlhl;uhgpf; ikf;Nfhiurhtpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L raNdh ghf;Bupaq;fs; 80. ; pUj;jk; nra;tjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ 80. kz; rPuj ePyg;gr;irg; ghrpfs; 81. 81. fPof ; f ; z;litfspy; capupg; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfshfg; gad;gLtJ mrl;NlhNgf;lu; kw;Wk; mN]h];igupy;yk; bA+l;NuhikrPl] ; ; vd;Dk; G+Q;irf; 82. ; jhFk;. 82. igupf;FNyupah xiuNr vd;Dk; G+Q;ir _____________ tFg;igr; Nru;ej 83. 83. ney;ypd; gpsh];lN ; ehia mitfspd; tpijfspypUe;J _______ fhykhl; B 79. 79. mkpy my;yJ fhuj; jd;ikAila kz;iz eLepiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bupaq;fs;

nfhy;yp fiurypy; 24 kzpNeuk; Cwitg;gjhy; jpwk;gl Kisf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 84. ; f ; z;l G+Q;irf;nfhy;ypfspy; ney;ypd; gpsh];lN ; ehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd 84. fPof

51

mf;urhd;> rurhd; kw;Wk; ];ngu;fhd; b[pl;Nlhupah khu;[pNdl;lh

85. 85. gpsh];l; Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; igupf;fNyupah xiuNr thOk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Xk;Gapupj; jhtuk; vJ? 86. 86. Nghu;lhf; fyitapd; Ntjp ,iaG jhkpu ry;Ngl; 9 fpfp Rz;zhk;G 9 fpfp ePu; 250 ypl;lu; 87. ; N ; ehia fl;Lg;gLj;j gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLtJ 87. ney;ypd; ntg;G Neha; (m)gpsh];l Mu;fNdh nku;Fup Nru;kq;fs; 88. 88. epyf;fliyapy; bf;fhNehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Nru;Nfh]; NghuhngurNdl;lh ve;j tFg;igr; rhu;ej ; J? bA+l;NuhikrPl] ; ; 89. 89. epyf;fliyapd; bf;fhNehapid Fiwf;f cjTk; cuq;fs; gh];bgl;bf; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; > fe;jfk; 90. 90. epyf;fliyapd; ,Unrhw;ngau; (m) jhtutpay; ngau; muhf;fp]; i`Ngh[pah 91. ; J? irN\ ; ; 91. rhe;NhNkhdh]; rpl;up ghf;Bupak; ve;j tFg;igr; rhu;ej irN\hikrPl] 92. 92. vYkpr;irapd; fhd;fu; Nehia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ghf;Bupak; rhe;NjhNkhgh]; rpl;up 93. ; ghUs; vJ? 93. vYkpr;irapd; fhd;fhu; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; capu; vjpu;gn ];lN ; ug;Nlhirf;rpspd; Jq;Nuh itu]; 94. 94. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuh Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; NehAapup vJ? ,iyg;G+r;rp 96. 96. ney;ypy; gr;ira Nrhif Vw;gLj;Jk; itu]; vJ? Jq;Nuh itu]; 97. ; f ; z;litfspy; 97. fPof G+r;rptiffs; 98. 98. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuh nehia gug;Gk; jpwd; ngw;Ws;s capup vJ? 100. 100. vJ? kPijy; INrhraNdl; (MIC) nrupd; (fhu;giuy;) 1984 brk;gu; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bupak; vJ? 2kw;Wk; 3k; Njjpfs; ntl;Lf;fpsp 99. 99. ,e;jpahtpy; 1980y; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l capup G+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;J vJ? kPijy; INrh raNdl;bypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLk; tPupaKs;s G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp kUe;J capup G+r;rpfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLgit vit vit? itu];fs;> ghf;Bupaq;fs;> G+Q;irfs;> GNuhl;Nlh Nrhthf;fs;> rpWrpW

95. 95. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuh Nehia Vw;gLj;Jk; Jq;Nuhitu]; vjd;%yk; guTfpwJ?

101. ; p ele;j tUlk; kw;Wk; Njjp vJ? 101. Nghghy; mty epfo;rr 102. ; f ; z;litfspy; gbftbfj;jpy; cUthFk;> kw;Wk; nygplhg;buh G+r;rpfis 102. fPof
Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; 104. 104. Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; cw;gj;jpnra;Ak; er;rg;nghUs;fs; ahit? vf;Nrhlhf;rpd;fs; kw;Wk; vz;Nlhlhf;rpd;fs; 103. ; f ; z;litfspy; rhWz;zp ghf;Bupak; __________ MFk;. 103. fPof

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105. 105. kuGg; nghwpapay; njhopy; El;gq;fis ifahz;l Rtpl;ru;yhe;J kw;Wk; n[u;kdp mwpQu;fs; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J nghl;upf]; kw;Wkk; n[u;kdp gPll ; u; Ngau; 106. ; u;Ngau; MfpNahu; ve;j jhtuj;jpy; fNuhbid cw;gj;jp 106. Nghl;upf]; kw;Wk; gPll nra;tjw;F fhuzkhf cs;s [Pid xiurh rilth jhtuj;jpw;F khw;wpdhu;fs;? lh/gby; fNuhbd; 107. 107. itl;lkpd; A cUthtjw;fhd nghUs; vJ?

108. ; u; Ngau; MfpNahu; lh/gb];jhtuj;jpypUe;J fNuhl;bd; 108. Nghl;upf]; kw;Wk; gPll [Pidg; gpupj;njLj;J mjid vjpy; nrYj;jp itl;lkpd; A rj;J nfhz;ljhf cw;gj;jp nra;jdu;? mf;Nuh ghf;Bupak; ^kpNagrpad;]; 109. 109. jf;fhspapy; Rf;Nuh]; mjpf mstpYk; jurk; Fiwe;j mstpYk; cs;sthWk; cUthf;fpl cjTk; [Pd; vJ? Rf;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; rpe;Nj]; 110. cUisf; fpoq;fpy; jurj;jpd; msit 20 Kjy; 40 rjtPj mstpw;F mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak; [Pd; vJ? ADO FSf;Nfh]; igNuh gh];ghupNy]; [Pd; (ADP GP Pase) 111. 111. rpWFlypy; tpg;upNah fhyNu ghf;Bupah Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; er;Rg; nghUs; vJ? vd;bNuhlhf;rpd; 112. 112. gUg;Gj; jhtuq;fspy; may; [Pidg; GFj;jp ___________ vDk; mkpNdh mkpyk; nfhz;l gUg;Gfis cw;gj;jp nra;AkhW cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. capup topg;Nghu; (BIOWAR) %yk; Vw;gLj;jpatu;fs; jhtuk; vJ? cUisf;fpoq;F capupfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; iyrpd; 113. 113. ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; vjpupfspilNa gPjpiaAk; Fog;gj;ijAk; rpjpad; tpy;yhspfs; 114. ; +rpg;nghUs; nfhz;l may; [Pidg;ngw;w 114. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; cz;zj;jf;f jL;gG 115. 115. capup topf;Nghupypy; kuGtop khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l

Me;juhf;]> ; gpNsf; > ngupak;ik kw;Wk; VNghyh VNghyh itu];fs; Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa]; (tpd;fh Nuhrpah)

116. ; f ; z;l kUj;Jtg;gaDs;s jhtuq;fspy; Gw;WNehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs; 116. fPof cs;s jhtuk; vJ? jhtuk; vJ? 117. ; iuiaf; fhl;bYk; 100 klq;F ,dpg;G nfhz;l Nkw;F Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; tsUk; 117. ru;ff ngd;lhilg;shd;lu ; h gpNurpahdh lhf;lu; rf;ugj;jp jl;il mtiu 118. 118. ngl;Nuhypa vz;nziar; rpijj;J mfw;Wk; #NlhNkhdh]; ghf;Bupaj;ij fz;Lgpbj;j mnkupf;f FbAuikg;ngw;w ,e;jpa mwptpayhu; 119. 119. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; fhg;Gupikr; nra;ag;gl;l gpuhzp vJ? Md;Nfh kT];

120. 120. mjpf msT Gujj;ijAk; nfhOg;G rj;Jk; ngw;Ws;s jhtuk; nrNdhgahl;b];

121. 121. kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nraw;iff; $l;Lg;nghUl;fshd G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp 122. ; Kiwapd; %yk; nrghyp]pypUe;J ngwg;gLk; %ypif kUe;J 122. jpRtsu;gG <kbd; 123. 123. frfrhr; nrbapypUe;J fpilg;gJ mgpd; ,rg; fhy; 124. ; f ; z;ltw;Ws; ehu;rr ; j;J mspf;Fk; jhtuk; vJ? 124. fPof

125. ; p kUe;J ngwg;gLk; jhtuk; ghg;ghtu; rhk;dp/nguk; 125. khu;/gpd; vd;Dk; typ ePff

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126. ; f ; cjTk; kUe;J 126. v/gpl;uh irdpfh vd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ,Ukiy jPuf vJ? v/gpl;upd; ,e;jpa mfhypgh 127. 127. mfhypgh ,z;bfhtpd; tzpfg; ngau; Fg;igNkdp (m) mfhypgh ,d;bfh 129. ; J? 129. Vfpy; khu;kpyh]; vf;FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;ej 130. 130. tpy;tk; jhtuj;jpd; tzpfg;ngau; vJ? 131. 131. tpy;tk; jhtu kyu; kQ;rup vt;tifg;gl;lJ? &l;Nlrp Nfhz ghdpf;fps; kQ;rup Ngau; fdp

128. ; hak;> Nrw;Wg;Gz;> Njky; Mfpatw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;j cjTk; kUj;Jt jhtuk; 128. jPff

132. 132. tapw;Wr; Nghf;F> kw;wk; rPjNgjpiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUj;Jtj; jhtuk; vJ? Vfpy; khu;kpyh]; (tpy;tk;) (fha;) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhup]; itNlrp `hl;[u; - vYk;G ,iztp 133. 133. gpuz;ilapd; ,Unrhw;ngau; ahJ? 135. ; gau; 135. gpuz;ilapd; tl;lhu jkpo;gn

134. ; J? 134. rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhup]; vf;FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej

136. 136. gpd;tUk; vj;jhtuj;jpy; gpurPd; kw;Wk; nll;uh irfpypf; l;iunlu;gpdha;Lfs; vdg;gLk; ];Buha;Lfs; Kf;fpa Ntjpg; nghUl;fshf cs;sJ? rPr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhup]; (gpuz;il) 137. ; kh> tapW njhlu;ghd eyf;FiwTfSf;F %yk; 137. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; M];jJ Neha;fF ; k; gad;gLk; kUj;Jtj; jhtuk; rPr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhup]; (gpuz;il) ikNkhrh G+bfh 138. 138. njhl;lhy; RUq;fpapd; ,Unrhw;ngau; vd;d?

139. 139. fhrNeha;< tapw;Wg;Nghf;F %yNeha;> ff;Fthd; kw;Wk; ,Uky; Mfpatw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; kUj;Jtj; jhtuk; vJ? ikNkhrh G+bfh (njhl; (njhl;lhy; RUq;fp) 140. 140. ikNkhrh G+bfh vd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; My;fyha;L ahJ? ikNkhrpd; nrhyhdk; nrhyhdk; ief;uk; gpshf; iel;N\l; rpWePug ; N ; ghf;if Cf;Ftpf;Fk; 141. 141. kzj;jf;fhspapd; ,Unrhw;ngau; ahJ? 143. ; y;> rPjNgjpia Fzg;gLj;JtNjhL 143. fha;rr

142. 142. nrhyhdk; ief;uk; vDk; jhtuj;jpd; tzpfg;ngau; ahJ? kUj;Jtj; jhtuk; nryhdk; ief;uk; (kzj;jf;fhsp)

144. 144. nrhyhdpd;fs; kw;Wk; rNghdpd; Nghd;w Nru;kq;fs; vj;jhtuj;jpypUe;Jg; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd? nrhyhdk; ief;uk; 145. ; f ; z;litfspy; capu; vjpu;gn ; ghUs;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; 145. fPof ngdprpy;ypd;> ];ln ; ug;Nlhikrpd;> MupNahikrpd; kw;Wk; FNshNuhikrpd; 146. 146. epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt; ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F vjpuhf jpwk;gl nray;gLk; nghUs; vJ? ngdprpy;ypd; ];ln ; ug;Nlhikrp]; fpuprpa]; 147. ; ug;Nlhikrpd; vDk; capu; vjpu;gn ; ghUs; vjpypUe;Jg; ngwg;gLfpwJ? 147. ];ln 148. ; ug;Nlhikrpd; vijf;Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ? 148. ];ln rpWePu; Foha; njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;> %isr; rt;T ghjpg;G> epNkhdpah fha;rr ; y;. 149. . MupNahikrPd; vDk; capu;vjpu;g; nghUs; vjpypUe;Jg; ngwg;glfpwJ? 149 ];ln ; ug;Nlhikrp]; MupNahNgrpad;];

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150. 150. MupNahikrPd; vij vij Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ? M];bNahikypb]; vDk; vYk;G Neha;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; fz;Neha;fs; 151. 151. FNshNuhikrpbd; vjpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ? ];ln ; ug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy Ngrpy;y]; tif 152. 152. ~~ FNshNuhikrpbd;|| vijf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ?

ghf;Bupaq;fis mopf;fpwJ. ilgha;L fha;rr ; iyf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ. 153. ; y; kw;Wk; rPjNgjp Mfpatw;iw Fzg;gLj;Jk; g+Q;ir vJ? 153. ilgha;L fha;rr M];gu;[py;y]; /g;A+kpNfl]; 154. ; ghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ vJ? 154. gpd;tUtdtw;ws; 60 tif capu; vjpu;gn Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp]; Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghu;kp]; 155. ; ghUs; 155. ~rpgpyp]; | Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; ~ ghrpl;Nurpd;| vDk; capu; vjpu;gn vjpypUe;Jg; ngwg;gLfpwJ? vjpu;g; nghUs; vJ? 156. ; iuapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLk; capu; 156. ePupopT NehahspfSf;F ru;ff ghrpl;Nurpd; xiurh rilth NghNarp 157. 157. ney;ypd; jhtutpay; ngau;

158. ; J? 158. xiurh rilth vf;FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej muprpj; jtpl;L vz;nza;

159. 159. igNah -Bry; vz;nza; vjpypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ? 160. 160. [g;ghdpy; muprpapypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLk; kJghdk; 161. 161. gUj;jpapd; jhtutpay; ngau; 162. 162. Njf;F - ,jd; jhtutpay; ngau; rhNf

fhrpg;gpak; ghu;gnld;]; nlf;Nlhdh fpuhd;b]; ntu;gpNdrp gUj;jp

163. ; J? 163. Njf;F - vf;fLk;gj;ijr; rhu;ej

164. 164. ypd;l; vd;w ,ioj;Jzp jahupg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? fh/gp

165. 165. Nfhyh epl;blhtpd; J}shf;fg;gl;l tpijfs; ,jw;Fg; gjpyhfg; 166. ; n ; guzpapy; fhzg;gLk; ghf;Bupak; mdgPdh > mNrhyh 166. mNrhyh vd;w ePug 167. ; ghUis Ruf;Fk; ghf;Bupaq;fs; 167. capu; vjpu;gn 168. 168. ______________ iel;uNrhNkhd]; 169. 169. td];gjp kw;Wk; Nrhg; ,jpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. jtpl;L vz;nza; za 170. 170. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuhitui] flj;JtJ ,iyg; G+r;rpfs; pfs 171. ; is cila capup 171. gh];lh vdg;gLk; fisf;nfhy;ypia nraypof;fr;nra;Ak; [Pdf ];ln ; ug;Nlhik]]; i`f;Nuh];Nfhgpf]; 172. 172. FNshNuhikrpbd; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Neha; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;JtJ ilgha;L capu;gn ; ghUs; nfhs;is Fg;igNkdp 173. 173. xU ehl;bd; capup Mjhu tsq;fis ,ufrpakhf gy mikg;Gfs; Ruz;LtJ __________ vdg;gLk;. 174. 174. mfhypgh ,z;bf;fhtpd; tl;lhuj; jkpo;g; ngau; 175. 175. ney;ypy; Jq;Nuh Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ mrNlh ghf;lu; ghf;Bupah mk;Nkhdpahit iel;Nul;lhf khw;WfpwJ.

itu];

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176. 176. nraw;if

Kiwapy;

ney;

tay;fspy;

capup

cuq;fistsur;nra;a

cjTk;

raNdh ghf;Bupak; mdgPdh> fhNyhj;upf;]> ; ];fs ; pNahNfg;]h> ypq;gah> eh];lhf;> Mrpy;yNlhupah> irl;NlhePkh 177. 177. jio cuj;jpw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L nr];Ngdpah