8-8

1.

911

1.1 911
1.2 912

2. 915
2.1 915
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7

915
916
916
916
917
917
920
920

2.3 920

3. 922
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.2

922
922
924
924
926
926
926
932
933
934

934

3.3 935
3.3.1 935

905

3.3.2 937
3.3.3 938
3.3.4 938

3.4 939
3.5 939

4. H 941
4.1 941
4.2

941

4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8 ,

942
942
948
948
949
949
950
950
951

4.4 951
4.5 953
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.6.6

953
953
954
954
958
962
964

5. 965
5.1 965
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3

906

965
965
966
972

5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3

974
974
975
979

5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4

979
980
980
981
982

5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6 ,

982
982
983
983
983
984
987

5.6 988
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.7.5
5.7.6

988
988
988
989
990
990
991

5.8 991
5.9 992

6. 993
6.1 993
6.2 994
6.3 998
6.4 , , 999
6.5 1000
6.5.1 1000

907

6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9 (ground anchor)
6.5.10
6.5.11
6.5.12
6.5.13
6.5.14
6.5.15

1001
1001
1002
1002
1002
1003
1003
1003
1004
1007
1007
1008
1009
1010

7. 1011
7.1 1011
7.2 1012
7.3

1012

7.4 1012
7.5

1013

7.6 1013
7.7 1013
7.8 1014
7.9 1014
7.10 1015

8. 1016
8.1 1016
8.2

1016

8.3 1017
8.4 1018
8.5 1019

908

9. 1020
9.1 1020
9.2

1021

9.3 1021
9.4

1022

1023

909

 8-8

1.

1.1
, , , ,
.

,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
10m , 10m ,
8m .
,
(stability number) .
, , 2
.
.
,
,
,
,

911

1.2
, , .
(1) H
H
,
H .
(2)
,
.
(3)
,
. 1 ,
, ,
.
(4)
, .
(5)


.
(6)
,
.

H
2 .
H H
,
.
, .

.
912

 8-8

()

< 1.1> H

< 1.2> ,

913

< 1.3>

()

< 1.4>

914

 8-8

2.

2.1
, , , , ,
, ,
, .

. ,
. ,
.

2.2
,
.

.
.


. 2.2.1 ~ 2.2.7
.

915

2.2.1
,
.

,
.

. ,
.
, , ,
, .

2.2.2 ,
, , ,
.

. H ,
N, , , , H

.

,
.

2.2.3
, .

916

 8-8

, ,
. ( ), .
.

2.2.4
.

, ,
, ,
,
.

2.2.5
, , ,
.

, , , , ,
, , .

,
. .
()
()
()
()
()
()

917

()

. .
() , , H,
.
() , , ,
.
() 1 (1 )

. ,
,
.
. I H .
() ( ) ()
. 1 20 .
( ) < 2.1>

. 1
,
.

< 2.1>

918

 8-8

()
.
.
()
.
()
.
.
() H, .
.

.
.
()
. H,
,
.
, .
.
() H .
, N 0
.
,
. .
()

. ,
,
.

919

() . (underpinning)
,
.
.

2.2.6
, ,
.

.
.
,
.

2.2.7

, , , .
.
,
. ,
()
,
.

2.3
2. , ,
.

920

 8-8

() H ,
. .
(a) H
,

(b)
H
, , (a)
,
.
H , ,
.
() (, ) ,
.
,
.
() ,
.

921

3.

3.1
3.1.1
.
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

< 3.1> .

922

 8-8

< 3.1>
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

, , < 3.1> , ,
.
,
.

923

3.1.2
< 3.2> . ,
.
< 3.2> (kg/m 3)

, ,

7,850
7,250
2,800
2,500
2,500

()

2,350
2,150
800
1,100
2,300

, 2.12
.

3.1.3
DB .
.
, ( )
.
(1)

924

W(kN)

1.8W(kN)

0.1W(kN)

0.4W(kN)

1
2
3

DB-24
DB-18
DB-13.5

240
180
135

432
324
243

24
18
13.5

96
72
54

 8-8

< 3.1> ( )
(2)

< 3.2> ()

2.1.3 DB .
< 3.3> .

< 3.3>

925

A .
Pr A
RA = Pr(1 + y1 + y2)
Pf A
RA = Pf(1 + y1 + y2)

.
.
.

3.1.4
0.3 .

0.3 .
2.1,4 i=15/(40+) = 6~12m i=0.29~0.33
. i=0.3 i=0.29~0.33 2~4%
.

3.1.5
10kN/ .

H ,
10kN/ .

3.1.6
(1) Rankine Resal
. RankineResal .
Pa = (q +h) tan2 (45- /2) - 2Ctan (45- /2)
2

Pp = (q +h) tan (45+ /2) + 2Ctan (45+ /2)

926

( 3.1)
( 3.2)

 8-8

: ()

Pp

: (kN/)

(10kN/)

: (m)

: (kN/)

, Pa : (kN/)
q

: (kN/)

(2) , , < 3.4(a)(b)>

.

(a)

(b)

a, b, c : < 3.3> .

< 3.4>
< 3.3> a, b, c
5.0mH

a=1

5.0mH3.0m

a=1/4(H-1)

N>5

N5

N : N

< 3.4>
.

K A = Tan (45-/2)
(a)

K A = 1-(4S U)/(H) (SU

(b)

(c)

< 3.5> Peck(1969)

927

(a)

(b)

(c)

< 3.6> Tschebotarioff

(a)

(b)

(c)

< 3.7>

, , Terzaghi Peck
Tschebotarioff .
. 28 , 34 ,
16 , 32 m~m H
, , .
< 3.8>~< 3.10> .
, ,
.
() ,
.
() , (N>5, N5) 3
.

928

 8-8

() <
3.11> .
() ()
q/(m) q (m) < 3.12> .

. .
(stability number), ,
.

8. .

< 3.8> ()

929

< 3.9> ( N5)

930

 8-8

< 3.10> ( N>5)

931

( 3.3)

< 3.11>

(a)

(b)

< 3.12>

3.1.7
.
.

< 3.13>
ABC OEB
ABD . ,
.

932

 8-8

< 3.13>

3.1.8

. 0.6H .
P = 10KV2A
, P

( 3.4)

: (kN)

K : (< 3.4>)
V

: (m/sec)

: ()

H : (m)
< 3.4>

0.07

0.04

0.02

0.07

933

3.1.9
H ,
, 120kN .

( 6 )
1 11~12.5kN .
.
1 10 120kN .
120kN .

3.2

.

, < 3.5>~< 3.6>

.
. .
< 3.5> U

(mm)

(N/m)

(cm3)

(cm4)

1m

1m

1m

400

75

8.0

365

912

66.4

509

429

3,820

400

100

10.5

180

1200

121

869

985

8,690

400

125

13.0

600

1500

196

1,310

1,920

16,400

400

155

15.5

761

1900

311

2,060

3,690

31,900

500

200

24.3

1,050

2,500

520

3,150

5,950

55,200

934

 8-8

< 3.6>
H
2,000 1,000 206

1,990 750 200

DB-24

DB-24

(f / )

180

182

3.3
3.3.1
(1) ,
< 3.7> .
< 3.7> (SS400, SM400, SM41)

210MPa
/r 20

210MPa

20 /r 93 {140-0.84(/r-20)}1.5MPa

/r 93 {
} 1.5MPa

: ()

: 2()

210MPa
/b 4.5

210MPa

935

4.5 /b 30 {(140-2.4(/b-4.5)}1.5MPa

: ()

: ()

120MPa

(MPa)

B8T

B10T

220

285

(MPa)

SS400

40mm

360

40mm
75mm

330

90% .
)

(2)
< 3.8> .
< 3.8>

270MPa

270MPa

1.

220MPa

220MPa

130MPa

2.

140MPa

140MPa

936

80MPa

 8-8

(1) SS400 SS400

.

. 3.3.2.1
50% < 3.7> .

(2) (
fy=300MPa) 50% < 3.8>
. 3 ,
360MPa .

80% .
, ,
. 50% .

3.3.2

(MPa)

( )

( )

-
-

, fck : 28 (MPa)
(1)
3.3.3 .

937

(1) fck=24MPa
50% .
50% .
.

3.3.3
< 3.9> .
< 3.9> fsa(MPa)

SD 300

SD 400

225

270

4.5.2.2
50% .

3.3.4
< 3.10> .
< 3.10>

(MPa)

, , , ,

12.0

13.5

1.05

, , ,

9.0

10.5

0.75

13.5

19.5

2.1

, , ,

10.5

15.0

1.5

10.5

13.5

0.9

, < 3.10>
.

938

 8-8

3.4
8-3 2.2
2.3
.

, (
) .
.

3.5
(1) N 30 N 10 3m
.
< 3.11> .
< 3.11>

H - 400
H - 350
H - 300

600kN
450kN
300kN

.
(2) 3m
2 .
(3.5) .
Qu = 20NA + (NcAc + 0.2NsAs)

( 3.5)

, Qu : (kN)
N : N
A : (< 3.14>)
Nc : N
Ac : Uc()

939

Ns : N
As : Us()
: (< 3.12>)
: 1.0 ( )
0.5 ( )
U : {< 3.14 2(a+b)}(m)
c: (m)
s: (m)
2m .
< 3.12>

0.8

0.5

1.0

< 3.14>

, , H ,

, , ,
.

940

 8-8

4. H

4.1
H
.

H ,

, .
.
RankineResal {3.1.6 (1)} ,
{3.1.6 (2)}
. < 4.1> .

4.2
,
.

.
(< 3.5)>.

, H-300 .
, .

941

4.3
4.3.1
, , , , .

5. 3. 2 5. 3. 3 , .
H .
,
, .

942

 8-8

943

944

 8-8

945

946

 8-8

< 4.1> H

947

4.3.2
3.5
.

4.3.3
1

.

.
RankineResal , ypPp=yaPa
(< 4.2>~< 4.3> h1), Pp
. , 1.0m .

< 4.2>
( )

< 4.3>
( 1 )

RankineResal , < 4.2>, < 4.3>

.
H
2~3 ,

948

 8-8

. .
8-3 2.2
.
, .

4.3.4 1/2, 750 .

4.3.4
1.2 , 1.5m 1.5m
.

4.3.3 2
.
1.5m .

4.3.5
3.1.6 (2) ,
. ,
.

4.3.3
2 . < 4.4>
.
,
3.4.3 . < 4.4>
1, 2 .

949

< 4.4>

4.3.6
1.5m . 1m
2m .

1~2m 1.5m .

.

4.3.7
, ,
, , .

1m
.

< 4.5>

950

 8-8

4.3.8 ,
,
, , .

, .
, .
,
, . ,
1m .

4.4
(1)
,
.
(2) 3.5
.

(1)
. , ,

.
, ()
.
(2)
()
()
() ,

951

() .
(a) ()
. < 4.6>
() A
B C . () <
4.6> A 1/2 .

< 4.6>
(b) .
1/50 .
(c) , 5kN/m
(4.6.4 ). ()~()
() () ()( ) ()
. < 4.7>
(1), (2), (3) .

< 4.7>

952

 8-8

4.5

, 40 .

( 4.1)

, t : ()
b : (1m)
f : (MPa)
2

M : (= W /8)
W : (N/m) (4.3.5 )
: (m)
30, 40 .

1= , 40

< 4.8>

4.6
4.6.1
(1) 3m 1m 1
. .
(2) 5m , 3m .
(3) 6m .

, .

953

4.6.2
4.3.5
.

< 4.9> ,
.

.
.

< 4.9>

4.6.3
4.6.2 ,
.
.

.
.
< 4.10>, < 4.11> , (4.2)
.

, h
t
954

( 4.2)

S :

Z :

 8-8

< 4.10>

< 4.11>

< 4.12>

955

< 4.13> -w

956

 8-8

< 4.14> -w

957

< 4.12> .

.
(1 + 2) (< 4.11>).
H ,
.
(4.2) , < 4.13>, < 4.14> .

4.6.4
(1) 4.6.2
.

< 4.15>
(2) 120kN .
(3)
(1), (2) .

(1) .
,

3.4.3 .
5kN/m .
.

958

 8-8

()
(a)
(b) < 4.16> 1, 2, 3

.
()
(a) 1 ( )

< 4.17> L-130 L1 . -150
2.51, 2.52, 2.53 . ,
L1 L1 .

< 4.16>

< 4.17>

959

< 4.18> L-130 4 + 5 6
. -150 2.54, 2.55 ( 4 +5
4 +5) 6 .

< 4.18>
(b) 2 ( )
< 4.19>
A
1, 2, 3 .
B
1.51, 1.52, 1.53 B
.
C
1.55, 1.56 ( 5 + 6 5 + 6) 4
. ,
.
.
< 4.20> 45
.
, /r(
r 2) .

960

 8-8

< 4.19>

< 4.20>
() 1
< 4.21> L , (
-150 .)
(a) L > 4.35 .
(b) L 4.35 .

961

< 4.21> (1 )
() 2
< 4.22> L ,
(a) L > 2.6 .
(b) L 2.6 .

< 4.22> (2 )
N < 4.23> .

4.6.5
4m .

962

 8-8

< 4.23> N

963

. L1301309
-150 .

4.6.6
(1) < 4.24> 45 .

(a)

(b)

< 4.24>
(2) .
N = 0.7(1 + 2)w

( 4.3)

, 1, 2 :
w

(3) .
S = 0.7N
(4) .

(1) 45 .
(2) .
(3) .

964

( 4.4)

 8-8

5.

5.1
,
.

.
, ,
.
. < 5.1>
.

5.2
5.2.1
,
, .
, H-300300 6m
.

,

.

965

2~3m . ,
.

5.2.2
(1) .
(2) .
()
, 1m .
() .
() .

966

 8-8

967

968

 8-8

969

970

 8-8

< 5.1>

971

(1)
.
(2) .
() .
()
.
() . ,
.
< 5.2> .

5.2.3
1m 60%
.
,
, 80%
.

50~70% .

60% .
,
80% .
60% .

972

 8-8

< 5.2>

973

5.3
5.3.1

.

(a)Terzaghi

(b)

< 5.3>

(Terzaghi )

( 5.1)

L = d1

( )

( 5.2)

d1

d2

h + d2 = H + d2

, ' :
d1

: < 5.3> ( )

d2

: ()

Fs

: (1.5 )

: ()

.

. (5.1) (5.2)
.

974

 8-8

(5.1) .
.
(d1) (d2) d1 + d2 (H) .
(d2) (d1) .

,
.

5.3.2
(heaving)
.

.

.
. ,
5 5m
. .

, .
< 5.4>
Xo . Xo 5.5.1
X=Xo Fs1.2
. Xo Fs1.2
X=Xo 5.5.4 5.5.5
. Xo
.
5.5.1

975

5m Xo 5m . Xo=5m
5.5.5
. Xo=5m
, Xo 5m .
Xo 5m . Xo

.

< 5.4>

c=0.2z (z: )
.

Xo = 0.5h, Fs =

( 5.3)

, h :
c=az+b

( 5.4)
( 5.5)

.
< 5.5> c=0.2z h Fs .
h+q ,
.

976

 8-8

< 5.5>
(< 5.6>).
.
()
.
()
.
() .
.
() < 5.7>
.
()
.

977

< 5.6>

< 5.7>

978

 8-8

5.3.3
,

.
( 5.6)

< 5.8>

.
.

5.4
.
, 5.5
.

,
.

3~5m .

979

.
.

5.4.1

.

() RankineResal .
() PaYa + PwYw = PpYp .
0.5~1m Max Mpx
Mx=Max-Mpx=0 .
.

< 5.9>

5.4.2
1.2 2m
. (
) .

980

 8-8

.
() Chang
()
() ()
Chang
.
.
o L
L = 1.2 o

( 5.7)

o + 2m
.

< 5.10>

5.4.3

.

981

5.4.4
, ,
.

5.4.1 Max Mpx Mx=Max-Mpx

.

5.5
5.5.1
1

. ,
5m .

PaYa=PpYp . Pa .
1 .
. 5m
.
5.5.2
.

< 5.11>

982

 8-8

5.5.2
1.2 . ,
3m, ( ) 1.8
.

5.5.1
.

, 3m
. 1.8 .
.
(RankineResal) ()
. RankineResal

.

.
.

5.5.3
, , .

5.5.4
3.1.6 3.1.7
.

< 5.12(a)(b)>
5.5.2

983

0 . RankineResal
< 5.12(b)> AB .
, .

< 5.12>

.
5.5.1
.
. 5.5.5
.

5.5.5

.
300
.

.

984

 8-8

.
()
.
.
, 5.5.1
1/2 , 3.1.6
3.1.7 . ,
.
K(f/) A(< 5.13>
100, h1) .
, K = KA(f/)

( 5.8)

< 5.13>
K < 5.14> .

< 5.15>
. .

985

< 5.14> N K

< 5.15>

< 5.16>
.
k
1/2 ,
. < 5.17>
1 2='/2'
. 3.1.7
.
P P/ .
'=/2, 2=2'/2 .
30 10m, C=20kN/

30 .
< 5.18> AB
=

f3%
= f y=10100.03=0.3m=30

986

 8-8

< 5.16>

< 5.17>

< 5.18>

5.5.6 ,
,
, , .

, .
.
, ,
. 1m
.

987

5.6

.
.

. ,
.
,

()
.
1/50 .
. , 3m
.

5.7
5.7.1
(1) 3m
.
(2) 5m
(3) 6m

, 1m 1
, .
, 3m .
.

, .

5.7.2
3.1.6 3.1.7
.

988

 8-8

(, )
. 5.5.4
< 5.19> .
< 5.19> (kN/m),
.

< 5.19> ,

5.7.3
5.7.2
.
.

4.6.3

989

5.7.4
(1) 5.7.2
.

< 5.20>
(2) .
(3) .
(4) 120kN .

4.6.4

5.7.5
4m .

4.6.5

990

 8-8

5.7.6
(1) .
(2) .
(3) < 5.21> 45 .
(4) .
N = 0.7 (1 + 2)w

( 5.9)

, 1, 2 :
w :

(a)

(b)

< 5.21>
(5) .
S=N/

( 5.10)

(6) .

4,6,6

5.8

.

.
.
H-300300 ,
. 1m .

991

< 5.22>

5.9
5 + 0.5m .

,
.

992

 8-8

6.

6.1
.
(1)
.
(2) 6.5
.
(3)
.

(1) ,
. ,
.

.

(2) ,
.

.

993

6.2
2m . ,
.

() 2m .
() ,
.
.
.
(a) Mr
Mr = 1/6 RoHo3
2

( 6.1)

Ro = 2/3 o (3-o cos) tan sin

( 6.2)

Ho = 1/2(ihi) = 1/2(1 h1 + 2 h2)

( 6.3)

0 = B/Ho

( 6.4)

, B : (m)
i, hi : (kN/), (m)
: ()

< 6.1>
(b) Rd
Rd = tanu(i hi)B
, u :

994

( 6.5)

 8-8

( C50kN/ ) (6.5)
(6.6) Rd .
Rd = CB

( 6.6)

(c)
MdFs2Mr

( 6.7)

PFs2Rd

( 6.8)

, Fs

: (Fs1.5)

: (kN/m)

Md

: (kNm/m)

(d)
< 6.2> 1.5m h(m)
Md (6.9) h

< 6.2>
< 6.3>~< 6.5> .
Md = 10KV2 h (0.6h)
, K
V

( 6.9)

: ( 0.07)
: (m/sec)

(0.6h) : (m)

995

< 6.3> B-h-V (=25) Fs=1.5

996

 8-8

< 6.4> B-h-V (=25) Fs=1.5

997

< 6.5> B-h-V (=30) Fs=1.5

6.3
.
()
.
()
.

998

 8-8

< 6.6>
() .
()

= 18kN/

()

= 10kN/

= 20~ 30

C = 0kN/

6.4 , ,
, , .
() ()
. ,
,

. < 6.7> .

< 6.7>

999

() , ,
.
() .
.
()
.

6.5
6.5.1
, Rankine
Resal . .
() RankineResal
.

.

< 6.8>
() .
(H.W.L L.W.L ) 2/3 .

1000

 8-8

6.5.2


.
5m .

5.5.1 .
< 6.9> .

.
.

< 6.9>

6.5.3
6.5.2
1.2 . , 3m
.

< 6.10>
3m .
,
.
1001

< 6.10>

6.5.4
6.5.1
, .

6.5.5
1/2
. fa2/3 .

.
1/2
.

6.5.6
1 .
1 .

1002

 8-8

1 0.4m
,
, , 1.6m
.
, 0.5m, 0.4m
2m .
,
. 2
1 .

6.5.7
SS400, 25
. fsa2/3 .

6.5.8
.
M = T/10

( 6.10)

, M : (kNm)
T

: (kN)

: (m)

6.5.9 (ground anchor)

PC
.

, , ,
.

1003

, ,
(know-how) . ,
,
.

6.5.10
(1) (ground anchor)
soil anchor rock anchor
.
pre-stress ,
.

< 6-11> .

< 6.11> Ground Anchor

(2) (Tension Zoin)
.
PCPC PC
, sheath .
(3) (Anchor Length)

.
< 6.12> .
.

1004

 8-8

< 6.12>
(4) (fixed anchor length)
.

.
. ,

.
3~10m ,
3m .
, 10m

.
* FIP : 3.0m 10m .
**USA : 4.6m(15ft) .
.
(5) (free anchor length)

.
,
4m .

1005

,
.
* FIP : 4.6~7.6m(15~25ft) .
**USA : 4.6m(15ft) .
(6) (anchor incline)
.
.

.
breathing ,
-10~+10
. USA -5~+5
( :
AAW )
* FIP : -10~+10 .
**USA : -5~+5 .

.

< 6.13>

1006

 8-8

6.5.11
.
(1)
(2)
(3) grout
(4)

.
, ,
.
,

.

6.5.12

(1)
(2)
(3) .
, , ,
, .

, ,
.
, , group .
,
5m .

1007

6.5.13

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
.

(1) . ,

.

.
(2) , heaving, boiling
.
,
.
(3) ,
.
.
a. E.Kranz
b. R.Jelinek, H.Ostermayer
(4) , ,
. .
(1),(2) , (3),(4)
.
a. B.B.Broms
b. H.Schmidt
c. H.G.Locher, Littlejohn
d. Ostermayer

1008

 8-8

e. JR()
f.

6.5.14

.

6 ,
.

1.4

1.1

2 . .
.

1.5

1.2

.
anchor cable
.

2.0

1.3

1009

6.5.15


< 6.1> .
< 6.1>

1010

(MPa)

1.0 ~ 2.5

0.6 ~ 1.5

0.4 ~ 1.0
10

0.1 ~ 0.2

20

0.17 ~ 0.25

30

0.25 ~ 0.35

40

0.35 ~ 0.45

50

0.45 ~ 0.70

10

0.1 ~ 0.14

20

0.18 ~ 0.22

30

0.23~ 0.27

40

0.29 ~ 0.35

50

0.30 ~ 0.40
0.1c

 8-8

7.

7.1
,
,
, , .

.

. DB
.
, ,
.
, .

. , ,
.
.

.

1011

7.2
.

H-300300 I-300150

H-300300 I-300150

-25090
() L-100100

19

KS H, I, , L
. EI
.

,
, .

7.3
.

,
.
.
4m , 6m .

7.4
2m .
, 2m
. 2m . 2m
2m .

1012

 8-8

7.5
6m
. .

, . 6m
.
()
, .
() .
.
.

7.6
6% .

6% ()
. ,
.

7.7
1m,
1m .

,
.

1013

.
.

7.8
3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4
1/400 .

3.1.3
, .

.
/400
/300 .

7.9

. 5% .

() 4.4
1/2 .

. , ,

.

1014

 8-8

7.10
.
(1) .
(2)
() .
(3) () .
(4) .

1015

8.

8.1


.
, .

, ,
.
, , , ,
.
,
.
,

.

8.2
(1) .
()
()
(2) , .

1016

 8-8

,
.

8.3
(parapet)
.
(1) ,
.
(2) .

< 8.1>
(a) ,
.
(b) , , .
(c) ,
.
(d) , .
.

(1) .
,

1017

.

.
.

(2) ,
.

4 , 1/2 .
0.5 . ( ) 40%
. .

< 8.2>

8.4
.
(1) 3m
, .
(2) 5m ,
.

1018

 8-8

, .
, 3m
.

8.5
.
(1) .
()
()
(2) .

< 8.3> .

(a)

(b)

(c) L

< 8.3>
(a) ,
.
(b),(c) ,
, .

1019

9.

9.1
,
.

,
.
,

.
0.5m , ( )
2m .

.

< 9.1>

1020

 8-8

9.2
.

, , ,
.
,
.

9.3

.
(1) , , ,
.
(2) 5.
.
(3) , ,
.

< 9.2>

1021

9.4
.

. .

< 9.3>

1022

 8-8

1. , , 2002.
2. , , 1992.
3. , , 2001.
4. , , , 1980.
5. , , 1990.
6. , , 2002.
7. , , 2006.

1023