TWO PORT

NETWORKS NETWORKS
Maheshi Dissanayake
SUB - TOPICS
z PARAMETER
y PARAMETER
h PARAMETER
T, , and hybrid equivalent circuits T, , and hybrid equivalent circuits
Relationship between sets of parameters
Parallel and series connection
Maheshi Dissanayake
OBJECTIVES
To understand about two port networks and its
functions.
To understand the difference between z
parameter, y parameter, h parameter. parameter, y parameter, h parameter.
To investigate and analysis the behavior of two
port networks.
Maheshi Dissanayake
Linear network
+
V
-
I
I
One port network
I
1
I
2
TWO PORT NETWORKS
Linear network
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
1
I
2
I
2
+
V
2
-
Two port network
Maheshi Dissanayake
A two-port model is a description of a
network that relates voltages and currents
at two pairs of terminals
The current entering from one terminal of a pair
TWO PORT NETWORKS
The current entering from one terminal of a pair
leaves the other terminal in the pair.
It has two pairs of voltage current
relationships.
Maheshi Dissanayake
There are 4 variables that is I
1
, I
2
, V
1
and V
2.
Two are independent and two dependent
Six set of equations can be written.
The various term that relate these voltages and The various term that relate these voltages and
currents are called parameters.
Maheshi Dissanayake
Two port network driven by voltage source.
Two port network driven by current
Linear network
I
1
I
2
+

V
1
V
2
Two port network driven by current
sources.
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
-
Linear network
+
V
2
-
Maheshi Dissanayake
TWO-PORT PARAMETERS
Maheshi Dissanayake
The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
-
Z
11
Z
21
Z
12
Z
22
Z PARAMETER
The terminal voltage can be related to the terminal
current as:
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V
I z I z V
+ =
+ =
(1)
(2)
Maheshi Dissanayake
V
1,
V
2
are dependent variables and I
1,
I
2
are
independent variables.
In matrix form as:
(

=
(

2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
The individual parameter is defined as,
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
2 2
= =
= =
I I
I
V
z
I
V
z
0
2
2
22
0
2
1
12
1 1
= =
= =
I I
I
V
z
I
V
z
Maheshi Dissanayake
Where;
z
11
= open circuit input impedance.
z
12
= open circuit transfer impedance from
port 1 to port 2.
z
21
= open circuit transfer impedance from
port 2 to port 1.
z = open circuit output impedance. z
22
= open circuit output impedance.
Maheshi Dissanayake
T network
Find the Z parameter of the circuit below.
+
V
1
+
V
2
I
1
I
2
Z
a
Z
b
Z
c
_
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
2
=
=
=
=
I
I
I
V
z
I
V
z
0
2
2
22
0
2
1
12
1
=
=
=
=
I
I
I
V
z
I
V
z
b
b a
z
z z
=
+ =
c b
b
z z
z
+ =
=
If Network is reciprocal
0
1
2
= I
I
0
2
1
= I
I
12 21
z z =
Maheshi Dissanayake
How can you redesign a circuit to appear as a
reciprocal T network?
Set of equations given:
(

=
(

2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
What is expected
(

=
(

2
1
22 12
12 11
2
1
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
Maheshi Dissanayake
(

+
=
(

2
1
22 12 12 21
12 11
2
1
) ( I
I
z z z z
z z
V
V
(

=
(

2
1
22 12
12 11
1 12 21 2
1
) ( I
I
z z
z z
I z z V
V
2 22 12 1 12 21 2
I
2
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
I
1
Z
11
-Z
12
Z
12
Z
22
-Z
12
(Z
21
-Z
12)
I
-
+
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 1
Find the Z parameter of the circuit below.
240
+
V
+
I
1
I
2
40
240
120
V
1
_
V
2
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
i) I
2
= 0(open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.
240
120
+
V
1
+
V
I
1
I
a
I
40
120
V
1
_
V
2
_
I
b
Maheshi Dissanayake

=
=
(2) (1) sub
) 2 ......(
400
280
) 1 .......( 120
1
1
I I
I V
b
b

=
=
(3) (4) sub
) 4 .......(
400
120
.......(3) 240
1
2
I I
I V
a
a
= =

84
(2) (1) sub
1
1
11
I
V
Z = =

72
(3) (4) sub
1
2
21
I
V
Z
Maheshi Dissanayake
ii) I
1
= 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
240
120
+
V
1
+
V
2
I
y
I
2
I
x
40
120
_
_
I
x
Maheshi Dissanayake
= =

=
=
96 Z
(2) (1) sub
) 2 .......(
400
160
) 1 .......( 240
2
2
2
V
I I
I V
x
x
= =

=
=
72
(3) (4) sub
) 4 .......(
400
240
) 3 .......( 120
1
2
1
V
Z
I I
I V
y
y
= = 96 Z
2
2
22
I
= = 72
2
1
12
I
Z
[ ]
(

=
96 72
72 84
Z
In matrix form:
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 2
Derive an expression for the current voltage
relationship of the given network
I
1
-
+
I
2
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
1
2
2 2 V
x
-
+
+
V
x
-
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 3 _home Work
Find the Z parameter of the circuit below
+
+ +
10
j4
2 I
2
I
1
+
_
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
-j20
10I
2
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
i) I
2
= 0 (open circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.
+ = =
+ =
j4) (2
V
Z
j4) (2 I V
1
1 1
j4
2 I
1
I
2
= 0
=
=
+ = =
0 Z
circuit) (short 0 V
j4) (2
I
V
Z
21
2
1
1
11
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
ii) I
1
= 0 (open circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
= =
|

\
|
+ =
+

=
= =
=
j8) - (16
V
Z
10
1

20
j
V 2I
10
10I - V

j20
V
I
10
I
V
Z
10I V
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1
12
2 1
+
_
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
-j20
10
10I
2
I
2
I
1
= 0
= = j8) - (16
I
V
Z
2
2
22
[ ]
(

+
=
j8) - (16 10
0 j4) (2
Z
form; matrix In
Maheshi Dissanayake
Y - PARAMETER
Y parameter also called admittance parameter
and the units is siemens (S).
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
-
Y
11
Y
12
The terminal current can be expressed in term of
terminal voltage as:
1
-
2
-
Y
21
Y
22
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I
V y V y I
+ =
+ =
(1)
(2)
Maheshi Dissanayake
In matrix form:
Then:
(

=
(

2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
V
y y
y y
I
I
1
11
=
I
Y
1
12
=
I
Y
If - Reciprocal network and If network is
reciprocal
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
2
2
=
=
=
=
V
V
V
I
Y
V
Y
0
2
2
22
0
2
1
12
1
1
=
=
=
=
V
V
V
I
Y
V
Y
21 12
Y Y =
2 1
I I =
Maheshi Dissanayake
network
Find the Y parameter of the circuit below.
I
2
+
V
1
+
V
2
I
1
Y
a
Y
b
Y
c
Short circuit the input or output to obtain the
parameters:
When input, V
1
=0 , Y
b
is dropped from the
analysis
_
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
When Output short circuited
a
V
a b
V
Y
V
I
Y
Y Y
V
I
Y
= =
+ = =
=
=
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
2
2
-Y
12
Y
11
+
Y
12
Y
22
+
Y
12
When Input short circuited
a
V
a c
V
Y
V
I
Y
Y Y
V
I
Y
= =
+ = =
=
=
0
2
2
22
0
2
1
12
1
1
Maheshi Dissanayake
equivalent circuit of a reciprocal
network
( (
=
(
1 12 11 1
V y y I
(

=
(

2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
V
y y
y y
I
I
(

+
=
(

2
1
22 12 12 21
12 11
2
1
) ( V
V
y y y y
y y
I
I
(

=
(

2
1
22 12
12 11
1 12 21 2
1
) ( V
V
y y
y y
V y y I
I
Maheshi Dissanayake
-Y
12
Y
11
+
Y
Y
22
+
Y
12
I
2
+
V
2
+
V
1
I
1
Y
12
(Y
21
-y
12
)V
1
_
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 1
Find the Y parameter of the circuit shown
below.
5
+
+
I
1
I
2
15
20
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
i) V
2
= 0
5
20
+
V
1
I
1
I
2
I
a
I
I I
I V
a
a
1
(2) (1) sub
) 2 .......(
25
5
) 1 .......( 20
1
1

=
=
_
I
a
S
V
I
Y
4
1
1
1
11
= =
S
V
I
Y
I V
5
1
5
1
2
21
2 1
= =
=
Maheshi Dissanayake
ii) V
1
= 0
5
15
+
V
2
_
I
1
I
2
I
x
S
I
Y
I I
I V
x
x
4
(4) (3) sub
) 4 .......(
20
5
) 3 .......( 15
2
2
2
= =

=
=
In matrix form;
S
V
Y
15
2
2
22
= =
S
V
I
Y
I V
5
1
5
2
1
12
1 2
= =
=
[ ] S Y
(
(
(

=
15
4
5
1
5
1
4
1
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 2 (circuit with dependent
source)
Find the Y parameters of the circuit
shown.
10
j4
2 I
2
I
1
+
_
+
V
1
_
+
V
2
_
-j20
10
j4
2
10I
2
I
2
I
1
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
i) V
2
= 0 (short circuit port 2). Redraw the circuit.
+
_
+
V
1
_
10
j4
2
10I
2
I
2
I
1
S 0
V
I
Y
S j0.2) - (0.1
j4 2
1

V
I
Y
j4)I (2 V
0 I
1
2
21
1
1
11
1 1
= =
=
+
= =
+ =
=
Maheshi Dissanayake
ii) V
1
= 0 (short circuit port 1). Redraw the circuit.
S j0.025) (0.05
I
Y
2
+ = =
+
_
+
V
2
_
-j20
10
j4
2
10I
2
I
2
I
1
) 2 .......(
j20 -
1

10
1
V 2I
10
10I - V

j20 -
V
I
) ........(1
j4 2
10I -
I
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
1
|
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
+
=
[ ] S
j0.025 0.05 0
j0.075 1 . 0 j0.2 0.1
Y
form; matrix In
S j0.075) (-0.1
V
I
Y
(1) (2) sub
S j0.025) (0.05
V
I
Y
2
1
12
2
2
22
(

+
+ +
=
+ = =

+ = =
Maheshi Dissanayake
For the Y parameters we have:
V Y I = == =
For the Z parameters we have:
I Z V = == =
From above;
I Z I Y V = == = = == =
1
Going From Y to Z Parameters
From above;
I Z I Y V = == = = == =
1
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (







( (( (
( (( (

( (( (




= == =






= == = = == =
Y
y
Y
y
Y
y
Y
y
z z
z z
Y Z
11 21
12 22
22 21
12 11
1
Y
Y
det = == =
Therefore
where
Maheshi Dissanayake
TWO PORT NETWORKS
Lecture 2
Maheshi Dissanayake
( (( (

( (( (



( (( (

( (( (



= == =
( (( (

( (( (



2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
I
h h
h h
I
V
V
V
Hybrid (h)Parameters:
Employed in transistors.
Where
0
1
1
11
2
=
=
V
I
V
h
0
2
1
12
1
=
=
I
V
V
h
0
1
2
21
2
=
=
V
I
I
h
0
2
2
22
1
=
=
I
V
I
h
Maheshi Dissanayake
Hybrid Parameters:
Short circuit the output terminal V
2
=0
h
11
short circuit input impedance
h
21
short circuit current gain
Open circuit the input terminal I
1
=0
h
12
open circuit reverse voltage gain
h
22
open circuit output admittance h
22
open circuit output admittance
For reciprocity condition h
21
= - h
12
Can be derived from their relationship to either y
or z parameters
Derive Expressions for h parameters in terms of
z parameters or y parameters. (HW)
Maheshi Dissanayake
Maheshi Dissanayake
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
-
A
C
B
D
T (ABCD) PARAMETER
The equation is:
Why I
2
is negative?
) 2 .......(
) 1 .......(
2 2 1
2 2 1
DI CV I
BI AV V
=
=
Maheshi Dissanayake
In matrix form is:
Thus
(

=
(

2
2
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
0
2
1
2
=
=
=
I
I
V
V
A
0
2
1
2
=
=
V
I
I
V
B
In term of the transmission parameter, a
network is reciprocal if;
0
2
1
2
=
=
I
V
I
C
0
2
1
2
=
=
V
I
I
D
1 BC - AD =
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example
Find the ABCD parameter of the circuit
shown below.
2 I
1
I
2
4 2
10
+
V
2
_
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
_
4
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
i) I
2
= 0,
2
1 . 0
10
2 1 1
2
1
1 2
+ =
= =
=
V I V
S
V
I
C
I V
2
10
+
V
I
1
+
V
2 . 1
5
6
10
2
2
1
2 2
2
1
= =
= +
|

\
|
=
V
V
A
V V
V
V
10 V
2
_
V
1
_
Maheshi Dissanayake
ii) V
2
= 0,
( )
+ =
+ + =
= =
=
10 12
10 2
4 . 1
14
10
2 1 1
2 1 1 1
2
1
1 2
I I V
I I I V
I
I
D
I I
2
10
I
1
I
2
+
V
1
_
4
I
1
+ I
2
= =
+
|

\
|
=
+ =
8 . 6
10
10
14
12
10 12
2
1
2 2 1
2 1 1
I
V
B
I I V
I I V
[ ]
(

=
4 . 1 1 . 0
8 . 6 2 . 1
T
Maheshi Dissanayake
22
11
h
z
H

= == =
Two Port Parameter Conversions:
To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of
parameters you are in, move along the vertical until you are in the
row that contains the parameters you want to convert to then
compare element for element
Maheshi Dissanayake
INTERCONNECTION TWO-
PORT NETWORKS
Maheshi Dissanayake
Interconnection of two-port network
Two port networks can be connected in series,
parallel or cascaded
With proper choice of parameters the combined
parameters can be added together.
Series Connection Series Connection
[z] parameters preferred
Parallel Connection
[y] parameters preferred
Cascade Connection
[T] parameters preferred
Maheshi Dissanayake
Parallel Connection
b a
b a
b b b b b
b b b b b
a a a a a
a a a a a
V V V
V V V
V y V y I
V y V y I
V y V y I
V y V y I

= =
= =

+ =
+ =

+ =
+ =
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
Q
[ ] [ ] [ ]
b a
b a b a
b a b a
b a b a
b a
b a b a
b a
b a
y y y
y y y y
y y y y
y y
y y
V y y V y y
I I I
V y y V y y
I I I
V V V
+ =
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

+ + + =
+ =
+ + + =
+ =

= =
or
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
22 22 21 21
12 12 11 11
22 21
12 11
2 22 22 1 21 21
2 2 2
2 12 12 1 11 11
1 1 1
2 2 2
Maheshi Dissanayake
Cascade Connection
( ( (
V B A V

, ,
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
b
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
b
b
b b
b b
b
b
a
a
a a
a a
a
a
Q
[ ] [ ][ ]
b a
b b
b b
a a
a a
b b
b b
a a
a a
T T T
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V
D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V
=
(

=
(

=
(

or

2
2
1
1
Maheshi Dissanayake
* Parallel
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
b a
y y y + ++ + = == =
y
a
y
b
z
a
parameters Y
parameters Z
Summary: Interconnected two port NW
* Series
* Cascade
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
b a
z z z + ++ + = == =
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ]
b a
T T T = == =
z
a
z
b
T
a
T
b
parameters ABCD
Maheshi Dissanayake
TERMINATED TWO PORT
NETWORKS
Maheshi Dissanayake
TERMINATED TWO PORT
NETWORKS
In typical application of two port network, the
circuit is driven at port 1 and loaded at port 2.
Figure below shows the typical terminated 2 port
model. model.
54
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
-
+

Z
g
Z
L
V
g
Two port
network
Maheshi Dissanayake
Z
g
represents the internal impedance of the
source and V
g
is the internal voltage of the
source and Z
L
is the load impedance.
There are a few characteristics of the terminated
two-port network and some of them are;
I
V
1
1
i
Z impedance, input i) =
g
V
V
V
V
I
I
I
V
I
2
g
1
2
v
1
2
i
2
2
o
1
A gain, voltage overall v)
A gain, voltage iv)
A gain, current iii)
Z impedance, output ii)
=
=
=
=
55 Maheshi Dissanayake
The derivation of any one of the desired
expression involves the algebraic manipulation of
the two port equation. The equation are:
1) the two-port parameter equation either Z or Y or
ABCD.
For example, Z-parameter,
) 2 .......( I Z I Z V
) 1 .......( I Z I V
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
+ =
+ = Z
56 Maheshi Dissanayake
2) KVL at input,
3) KVL at the output,
.......(3) Z I V V
g 1 g 1
=
) 4 .......( Z I V
L 2 2
=
From these equations, all the characteristic can
be obtained.
57 Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 1
For the two-port shown below, obtain the suitable
value of R
s
such that maximum power is available
at the input terminal. The Z-parameter of the two-
port network is given as
(
(

=
(
(

2 6
12 11
Z Z
With R
s
= 5,what would be the value of
(

=
(

4 4
22 21
Z Z
s
2
V
V
58
+
V
1
-
I
1
I
2
+
V
2
-
+

R
s
4 V
s
Z
Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
1) Z-parameter equation becomes;
2) KVL at the output;
) 2 .......( 4 4
) 1 .......( 2 6
2 1 2
2 1 1
I I V
I I V
+ =
+ =
Subs. (3) into (2)
) 3 .......( 4
2 2
I V =
59
) 4 .......(
2
1
2
I
I =
Maheshi Dissanayake
Subs. (4) into (1)
) 5 .......( 5
1 1
I V =
= = 5
1
1
1
I
V
Z
For the circuit to have maximum power,
1
I
60
= = 5
1
Z R
s
Maheshi Dissanayake
To find at max. power transfer, voltage
drop at Z
1
is half of V
s
From equations (3), (4), (5) & (6)
s
2
V
V
) 6 .......(
2
1
s
V
V =
Overall voltage gain,
61
5
1
2
= =
s
g
V
V
A
Maheshi Dissanayake
Example 2
The ABCD parameter of two port network shown below
are.
The output port is connected to a variable load for a
maximum power transfer. Find R and the maximum
(

2 0.1S
20 4
maximum power transfer. Find R
L
and the maximum
power transferred.
62 Maheshi Dissanayake
Solution
ABCD parameter equation becomes
V
1
= 4V
2
20I
2
I
1
= 0.1V
2
2I
2
At the input port, V
1
= -10I
63
(1)
(2)
(3)
Maheshi Dissanayake
(3) Into (1)
-10I
1
= 4V
2
20I
2
I
1
= -0.4V
2
2I
2
(2) = (4)
0.1V
2
2I
2
= -0.4V
2
+ 2I
2
0.5V = 4I
(4)
0.5V
2
= 4I
2
From (5);
Z
TH
= V
2
/I
2
= 8
64
(5)
(6)
Maheshi Dissanayake
But from Figure (b), we know that But from Figure (b), we know that
V
1
= 50 10I
1
and I
2
=0
Sub. these into (1) and (2)
50 10I
1
= 4V
2
I
1
= 0.1V
2
65
(8)
(7)
Maheshi Dissanayake
Sub (8) into (7)
V
2
= 10
Thus, V
TH
= V
2
= 10V
R
L
for maximum power transfer,
R
L
= Z
TH
= 8 R
L
= Z
TH
= 8
The maximum power
P = I
2
R
L
= (V
TH
/2R
L
)
2
x R
L
= V
2
TH
/4R
L
= 3.125W
66 Maheshi Dissanayake