Qo Fomintt Publication OT red PlificeHERESIES isan ides-orented journal devoted tothe examination of att and polities from 2 feniist perspective. We Believe that what is Shuman called at can have 2 political im sean chet in the making of at and of all Pala sreaets aut kemitis a women play & Gaunt cole We hope that HERESIES wil stim tte dhatogue around vada} political and es thetic theory, encourage the senting of the NS (Rey of femisa sapiens, and generate new ce ive energies among warren I ill be 9 place ihc aiverity cane articulated. We ae con ‘ited to the broadening of the definition and ‘Retin of a HERESIES is sructurel 25 a collective of enw nets ome of whom ore aso socal, Mare Tis esbion feminists oF anarchists, our fields hue panting, seulpure, weiting,enthropol ee Meraune, performance, af story, ach CBee and fleeting, While the themes of the indiicual paves wll be datermined by the ‘tective, each issue wll have a ctterent ed {oral stati made up of contribtrs 2 well as members ofthe collective. Lach sue wil tk Tetierent visu form, chosen by the group fe Sgonsibie, HERESIES oul try to be accountable Bead in ouch mith the international femini Cammunity An open evaluation mecting wil beheld ayter the appearance of each sue ‘Themes will annouaced well in advance a Dede to collect material from many Sources. {Gee imide of Back cover for lst of projected ages: ein ta ren Haare shel ine Tne the ine ars Buing, 08 obo seg ok hoy Yo See mu ae he US Sale ane $250. Aen a come Fat thsite PS Basu, cana Set Sisto een NS nats, Yanan 7 wer Sa Siatine glint rt Dna posige eel ‘sues. Possibly satelite pamphlets and broad Seles will be produced continuing the discus Sion ofeach conta heme “Re women we are aware that historically she ‘connections between our lives, our ats and Out {eas have been suppressed Once these com ‘sections are tlatied they can function os & teams to dissolve the alienation between a2 Shed midiences and to understand the releton Ship between at an! polities, work and wor fo As a stop toward a demystification of at ‘Se veject the standard relationship of eriicism Xd art wai the present system, which as ‘often become tye rlatonsip of advertiser 12 product, We wil not advertise 2-new Set 9 Fens products jst Because they are made by ‘Nomen We are not commited t0 any particu Tar syle or esthetic, nor to the competitive Imtlity that pervades the art warld. Our vey [tfemingan fs one of process and change, 2c \Gerfel that inthe process of this dialogue we ho fosters change nthe meaning of at j THE COLLECTIVE: Patsy Becker, Joan Broder man, Mary Beth Edelson, Harmony Hannon Tlhesbeth Tes, Joyee Kozlof, ene Ladson tuey tippard, Mary Miss, Marty Pttenger, 8 tit Sehepir loan Sydr, tke Solomon, Pat Stee, aay Stevens, Michelle Stuart, Susan ore, ‘livabeth Weatherford, Sally Webs: ins Tankowite Frou rt nde ameeel ncmecs pir tiring? They wStimtnnmtsaiutetr tomes tara, ‘ogc they fem my feminism Feiner my pl si iy a btn toed By aed tase tein He eee ent aris tne eed {hat soon ound wan dao today asta ngles calgon acl che ela te ted ns tin felt Sas one ‘Saterday eco a, sinh. rar no dgedtinafemestcon, at From the First-Issue Collective ‘he editorial collective of this first save of Heresies shares not a political line but a con ‘mitment to the development of coferent fem fist theory inthe context of practical work. The time for tetormulating old positions or mecely tacking sexism is past. Now we must take on themost problematie aspects af feminist theory, testhetie theory and politcal theory. We are not ‘only analyzing our awn oppression in order to put am end to ft, but also exploring concrete trays of transforming society into one thats Soctaly just and culturally fre. “Therale ofthe arts and the ats inthe polit cal process sour specie arena. By confronting the very teal diferences in our own attitudes towards art and politics, which reflect those in the wider feminist community, we have un: covered networks connecting a broad range of forms and ideologies As material forthe fist ‘este came n tous, we found that no hard ine ould be drawn between texts and visual max fevial, There are, theveore, ew "illustrations" here, but independent statements expresied ‘ually, verbally, or in combination, sharing wets nse: tad hey a ‘et ‘or ie Aaah Sete se mgt the bam Sn deeniy Rewer mal nilbesndesn tele Seek copred deur nae ae sien recon of Seah pasatethe same power and the same intent, and in dicating that word and image can be equal ingredients in poltically elective art We found no soltions to the issues raised, ‘but we ate finding approaches that fel Isher and more satisfying, Working together tomerd Collective decisions was ently sifferent fom working alone or 35 part of canventional hie. arches: Each of us worked on every page ofthis magazine, slow and faustating proces but ‘one from which we learned prea deal. sbaut tech other, about editorial ond. mechanical Skill, about the collective process itself about fur subject—feminis, art and poliies--and bout what ie means to be politcal in «rea active living situation. We mean to g0 on from these beginnings and we Took t0 the lager feminist community for participation, response and criticism. Together we car work toward Some answers. We have nothing to ose but out ius Joan Braderman, Harmony Hammond, Elizabeth Hess, Arlene Laden, Lucy Lippard, May Stevens. tee 2 trl ee ren th es oF te {he Ba evsiion Beemer a 2 is net wat te BR al ce vee 6 ‘ceste tana blest some othe Sours at “Route oman ram he power to make» be soy ‘Bett our rode eer TPS) came Pm 2 toe een called 9“ cay St ia Fh tlle and pesos ee ly within wheter Sr eh wh ea ee a fossa ahs hae ts wana domes mart reghern eke ethene movement woul! ike o bing 2 ot reais the peal ait yu ms 0 The “ocala aout ees 8 patie. Bt one pa nolaene daira hameigo st on plaid may St apart foe | go the aise ‘creey womarts ie aie better becoue ofToward Socialist Feminism* Barbaro Ehrenreich [AL some level, perhaps not too well arti lated, socialist feminiem has been around for & Fong time, You area woman in a capitalist Society, Yow set pissed off: about the jab, about the bil, about your fusband (or ex) about the kids schoo, the housework, being pretty, not being pretty, being looked at, not being looked ft and either way not Istened to), ete. you think about al these things and Bow they ft together and what hast be changed, and then tow look around for some words to hold all these thoughts together ia abbreviated form, You'd almost have to come up with something Te “sactalit feminism ‘hlotof us came to socialist feminism in just that way. we were reaching for 9 word/tetm/ phase that would begin to express all of our Eoncerss, all of our principles, in 2 way that fetter “socialist” nor “Temist” seemed to. | fave to admit that most socalist feminists | now ate not too happy with the term “socialist fens ether On the one hand is t00 long, {have ne hopes fora hyphenated mass move {nent onthe ather hand ies much too short forwhot is ater al. ealy socialist internation: alist anti-racist ant-heterasest Feminism. “The trouble with taking @ new label of any kind i that i creates an instant aura of sec tara. "Socials feminism” becomes chal lenge, a mystery, an issue in and of Tell, We hhave speakers, conferences, aticles on "social ist feminism’ — thou we know perfectly well thatether "socialism or erin is too huge tnd too inclusive tobe a subject for any sensible Sheech, conference, oraticle. People, includ Ing avowed soctalist feminists, ask themselves fwiously, "What Is socialist feminism?” There iss kind of expectation that its (ori about to be at any moment maybe in the next speech, Conference, or article) a brillant sythesis of Sword historical proportions —an evolutionary Ieap beyond Mary, Heud and Wollstonecraft Geta it wil turn out to be nothing, 2 fad Sevced on by a few disgruntled feminists and Female socialists, atemporary distraction Tuant to try to cut though some of the rnystery which has grown up around socialist Feminism. Here 1 am going to focus on our "theary” the way we look at and analyze the world t am not going to dest with our total Sutlook as socialist feminists because T want to Stick as closely a5 posible to the interface of the two main tadilons we grow out of—socia- fem and feminism, ‘A togical way to starts 10 took at socialism and feminism separately. How does a socialist ninore precisely a Mantat~—look at the word? FHow does a femist look atthe world? Te begin {nith, Rlarusim and feminism have something Important in common: Wey are critical ways of looking at the world. Both ip. away popular ‘mythology and "eomeon-sense wisdom” and force us to look at experience in a new way. Both seek to understand. the world—not in terms of state balances and symmetries [3 in Conventional social science), bat in terns of nragonisms, So they Tead to Conclusions which fre jarring and sturbing atthe samme time that they ae fiberaing, There is ao way to have a Marist_of 3 feminist outlook and remain a Spectator To understand the reality aid bare by these anaiyseststo moveinto action tochange ce am going to festit mysel to what! asthe core insights of Marasm and feminism Jind state these as briefly and star as possible ‘Maris (i 20 words or less) addresses itself to the class dynamics of capitalist society. Every Social sventist knows thatapitalstsocietes are Characterized by more o¢ les severe, systemic inequality. Mandsm understands this inequality to arise trom processes which are Iagansie 10 Capitalism as an economic sytem. A minority of jeep [the capitalist class) own all the facto fies) energy sources/tesources on which every ‘One else depends im order to le. The great rmayonity (the working class) must, out of sheer fecesity, work, under conditions set by the Capitalists, for the wages the capitalists pay Since the capitalists make their profits by bat- ing less im ages thon the value of what the trovkers actualy produce, the relationship be Treen these to classes is necessarily one of Ineconcilable antagonism: the capitalist class ‘owes its very existence othe continued exploit. ‘Shon ofthe working class. What maintains ths Stern of class ules, he last analysis, foxce. The capitalist class contols (directly oF i iecty) the means of organized vilence rep fevented by the state—policemen, jails, etc nly by waging @revoluionay struggle aimed ft the selzure of state power can the working Clas free itself, and, ultimately, all people Feminism adresses sel to another familiar inzqualty All human societies are marked by Some degree of inequality betwen the sexes. ‘ne survey human societies ata glance, sweep: ing through history and across continents, we Se that they have commonly been characterized by: the subjugation of women to male Authonty, both within the farmland. in the Community in general; the ebjectitication of ‘women as 2 foun af property asexual division Of labor in which women are confined to such fsctvitie a8 chidrasing, pestorming personal Services for adult males, and specie (osvally Tow prestige forms of productive labor Feminists, stuck by the near-universaty of those things, have looked for explanations in the biological “givens” which underlie ll hr rman” social existence: men are. physically Songer than women onthe average, especialy ‘compared to pregnart women or women who fare nursing babies. Furthermore, men have the Power to make women pregnant. Thus the forms that sexual inequality fakes—however various they may be from culture to culture rest. in the last analysis, on what fs clearly physical advantage males hold over females, That it Say, they rest on violence, or the threat of violence, “The ancient, biological roots of male sy premacy-—the fact of male violence--are on fmonly obscured bythe laws. and: conventions ‘which regulate the relations between the sexes in any'particularcultere, But they are there, fsccording to a feminist analysis. The possibilty ff male assault stands a 2 constant warning to bad” rebellious, aggressive) women. and lives “good women ito compliety with male Supremacy. The reward for being. "good" Covety,” Submissive) is protection tra ran {dom male vielence and, in some eases, econ foie security T hone | have weitten these capsule sum rmaries of Marxism and feminism in such a ‘ray thet some similarities of approach show {hrough. Marasm rips away the myths about “democracy” and “pluralism to reveal a system of class vule that eests on Jorible exploitation, Feminism cuts through myths about “instinct and romantic lave t expose male rule as le ff force. Both analyses compel us to look a 3 fundamental injustice. Wether, or both, make you uncomfortable, they were meant to! The {hoice 1s to reach forthe comfort of the myths 1, as Marx put it, to work fora social order ‘which does not require myths te sustain Having gone tothe trouble to prowde these thumbnail sketches of Marsisnt and feminism the abvious thing to-do would be just to add them up and cal the sum "socialist erinism In fact, this 1s probebly how most socialist feminists operate mont ofthe time asa kind of hybrid, pushing. feminism in social circles socialism in feminst circles. Practically speak ing, I think this sa perfectly reasonable wey to ‘operate a ot of the time. One trouble with leaving things ike that, though, that keeps people wondering "Well, what is she rely? or ‘Semanding of us What s the principal conta Sictionr” Such questions often stop us In our teacks: It sounds 50 compelling and. authori {ative and logical: “Make a:choice! Be one or another!” Yet we know thot there #s 2 political onsistney to socialist Feminism. We ae nat hybrids or feneesaiters To get to that political consistency we have ‘ogo beyond the capsule versions of Marnsm and feminism I laid out. We have to differ fentiate ourselves, as feminists fom other kinds Of feminsts, and as Marts ram other kinds of Marist, We have to stake ost 2 socialist fem nist kind of feminism and a socialist feminist Lind of socialism: Only then is there a postitl ty thet things will "add up" to something more than an uneasy juxtaposition Fest, what 18 our outlook as feminists and how is itifferent fom that of other feminist | think most eadieal feminists and socials emi ists would agree with my capsule characteriza tion of feminism a5 for as goes. The trouble with adieal feminism. from a socialist fominst Point of view, is that doesrt go any farther Femains wansfted by the universality of male Supremacy: things have never ‘eally changed; All social systems ate "patrarchies, imperiak ism, mutase and capitalism are all simpy expressions of innate male aggressiveness. And “The problem with hiss not only thatitleaves out men (and the possibility of reconciliation with them on a'tuly human and egalitarian Sass) But that i leaves out an awl ot about women" For example, to dicount a socialist ‘country such a8 Ching as 4 "patarchy"—as | have heatd some radical feminists do—i 10 ignore the real struggles and achievements of Iilions of women. Socialist feminists, while fagrecing that there something timeless and Universal about women’s oppression, have in Sisted that it takes different lorms i ciferent Settings, and that che eliferences are of vital Importance. There is a difference between 4 Society in which Seas is expressed by female inanticide anda society in which sexo takes the form of unequal representation onthe Central Commitee” And the difference worth ving for ‘One ofthe historical variations on the theme ‘of sexism which ought to concern all Feminists {the set of changes that came withthe tans ‘ion from an agrarian society to industrial ap Callsm. This fs no academic sue. The socal system which industrial capitalism eplaced was Infact a patriarchal one, and I'am using that tem now in is orginal sense to mean a system in which production is centered inthe hawse hold and is presided over by the oldest male The factis tht industial capitalism came along and tore the rug out from under that systen production went into the factories, individuals broke off trom the family to become “ee” wage eainers. To say that capitalism distupted the patriarchal organization of production and family ie not, of course, to say that eapital- ism abolished mate sipemacy! But the particu.lar forms of sex oppression we experience today are, 10 a significant degree, recent develop meats A huge historical discontinuity les Between us and tue patriarchy. If we are 10 Understand our experience as women today, we ‘must move bevond the biological invaianis of fhumen expersence toa consideration of capita Theee are other ways | could have gotten to thesame point. could have said simply that 38 feminists ware most interested in the ost ‘oppressed. women —poor and werking: class women, third world women and for that 162. Sorwe are led to.a need to comprehend and Conti captalsm {could have said that we need to address ourselves to the class sytem Simply because women are members of classes, But | am tying to bring out something else about our perspective: that there's no way £ Understand sexism asst acts on our hves-—newer mind class oppression for » minitel without putting tin the hntoical context of capitalism Now lets go on to our outlook as Marxists ‘Again, 1 think mort socialist feminists would gree with my eapeule summary as far a8 ‘toes, And the teouble again vs that there ae 2 fot of people (I all them "mechanical Marc ‘St) wha donot go_any further. To these people, the only “eal” and important things that go on in capitalist society are those that felate tothe productive process oe the conven tional political sphere. From such 3 paint of ‘View, every other part of experience and socil ‘eustence education, sexuality, recreation, the Family ar, musi, housework (Vou name )—'s peripheral tothe central dynamics of social Changes His part of the “superstructure” oF veulore Socialist feminists are ina very different ‘camp. We (along with many Marwsts who are hot feminist) see capitalism as a soctal and Cultural totality. We understand that, in its Search for markets, capitalism is driven to penetrate every nook and cranny of social xi fence. Especially in the monopoly capitalism jhas, the realm of consuanption is every B35 Important, just fom an economie point o view, [nthe realm of production. So we cannot under. Stand clas strgale as something confined (0 iesues of wages and hours, o¢ confined only t0 Workplace ives, lass stuggle aceurs in every Srena where the interes ofthe classes conflict, nd that inchades education, health, the ats, ttc, We sim to wansform not only the owner: “Shino the means of production, but the totality ‘of social existence So. as Marat, we come to feminism from a completely diferent place than the "mechani fal Marist.” Because we see monopoly cap {alam asa palitical/economc/cultural totaly, ‘we have room within our Maras ramewerk or feminist saves which have nothing ostensibly 10 ddo with production or “polities,” issues that have to.dovwith private” te Furthermore, in our brand of Marxism, there {no "woman question,” no big mystery about ‘women because we never compartmentalized ‘women off to the "superstructure in the fist flace. Marxists of a echnical Bent continual Ty gonder the sue of the unwaged woman the housewife) is she really a member ofthe work tng clas? That is, does she really produce su plus value? We say, of course housewives are Irembers ofthe working class not because we hve some elaborate proof that they realy do produce surplus value but because we under and a clas as being composed of people: and 2s having a social existence quite apart from the captalstdominated realm of production When we think of cass in this way, then we see ‘hatin fact the women who seemed mast periph- feral, the housewives, are at the very heart of thet class~raising children, holding together families, maintaining the culture nd. social ‘networks ofthe community, So we are coming out of kind of feminism and a kind of Morais whose interests quite naturally lw together | think we are ina pest tion now to ee why Is that socialist erin has Bean such a great mystery. It isa paradox ‘ony as fang as what you mean by socialise feally “mechanical Marxism” and shat you mean by feminism is an ahistorical kind of rad fal feminism. These things dan't add up; they have nothing in common. ‘Buti you put together another kid of social ‘sm and another kind of feminism, as | have {eed ta deline them, you do get some common {round And that ohe ofthe most important things about socialist feminism today: that 8 1 space free from the constrictions ofa tun fated kind of feminism and a truncated version ‘of Marsm-—a space in which we can develop the kind of politics that address the politcal? teconomie/cultural totality of monopoly capi tals society, We could go only so far with the valable Feminism, the conventional Marist Und then we had to bresk out to something that ‘Snot so restrictive. and 20 incomplete Hn is ‘ew ofthe world We had 0 ake anew name, “Socialist feminism,” in order to aseet our de termination to comprehend the whole of ut ‘sportence and to forge a politics that reflects the totality ofthat comprehension ‘At that I may have fulfilled my mission of demystiying socialist femme, but | don’ Geant to leave thes theory as a “space” or a ‘Common ground. Things are besianing to grow In that ground. We ae closer to a synthesis in fur understanding of sex and class, capitalism Sand male domination, than we wer afew years go. Here twill ndiestevery sketchy one Such Tine of thought 1 The Marast/leminist understanding that ‘lass and sex domination est “ultimately” on force ie comect, and the remains the most devastating critique of sexst/eapitalist society, But there is 2 ot to that “ultimately.” Inaday-to-day sense, most people acquiesce to sex {and class domination vaithout being hel in ne by the threat of violence, and often without ven the treat of material deprivation 2 Is very important, then, f0 figure out what, if not the direct application of force, beeps things going. Inthe eave of class, 2 great deal has been witen already about why the ‘American working class lacks militant lass ‘consciousness. Certainly ethnic divisions, pecially the Black/white division, ave & key 10 the answer But, | would argue, in addition to being. divided, the working class has been socially atomized: working clas neighborhood: hhave been destroyed and allowed to decay, ite has become increasingly privatized and inward Teoking, skills once possessed by the working class have been expropriated by the capitalist lass; eapicalist- controlled “mass culture” hat tedged out almost ll indigenous working-clase Culture and institutions. Instead of collectivity land self-reliance as a class, there s mumual iolaton and collective dependency on the capitalise class, 5. The subjugation of women, in ways char acteristic of late capitalist society, hat been 2 Key to this process of class atomization, To put another way: the forces which have stom red working-las fe and promoted cultural) material dependency onthe capitalist class are the same forces which have served to perpet atethe subjugation of women. Its women who late most isolated in what has become an in ‘reasngly privatized family” existence feven when they work outside the home tog). in ‘many inances, womens skis (productive Skils, healing, midwifery which Rave been di ‘edhied or banned to make way for commode tes. 15, above al, women who are requited t0 be uttety passve/anertieal/dependent (2 “Temiine’) i the face ofthe pervasive capita. Ist penetration of private life. Historically, late capitalist penetation of working-class life has Singled out women as prime targets o pacifics- tion (oe feminization”) because women are the cultre-bearers of thei clas. “follows that there ia fundamental iter connectedness between women’s stagale and ‘whats traditionally conceived a5 class stugale. Not all women's struggles have an inherently Snikcapitalist thrust (particularly not. those ‘which Seek only to advance the power and ‘wealth of special groups of women), but al those which build collectivity and collective Confidence among women are italy important to the building of elas consciousnest Con versely, notal class struggles have an inherent Ty antisenst thrust especially not those which Clingto pre-industrial patriarchal values) bat al those which seek to bud the social and cultural Butanomy of the working clase are necessary Tinke tothe stagae for women’s liberation “This is one direction which socials feminist analyssis taking. No one is expecting a synthe sis 10 emerge hich wil collapse socialist and ferministstugales into the same thing The cap sale summaries gave earer retain their “ult tate” truth: there are crucial aspects of capital Istlomination ch a acial oppression) which & purely feminist perspective simply cannot ac: {aunt for or deal with without bizare distor tions, that i There ave crvcial aspects of sex ‘oppression (such as male violence within the famiy) into which socialist thought has ile insta again, without alot of stretching and distortion Hence the need to continue fo be Socialists and teminists But there f enough ofa Synthesis, both in what we think and what we do, for us to begin to develop a sell-confident identity a5 socatist feminists. ‘tTeminstConerence, Nelo Spge On, ly 75,3 Vere rome smerny nis A nd a The "wa Soca emo” tn setae ASSIA Neen Seat SitesTijuana Maid* Martha Rosler cecotter, tusluds sents mathe nleSo\Ge'ip aun gage artrene eso. 6615 sevfa ance pocue pelabres Se fngléo. IGoé soln we Escosteasfa, enpeciainenea sin mis sider! Hachae mujeres eri Eine aiaris con in afeay un tarjeta pare ir de compres s9- Biceo'y ee ailf‘se ven on un cumin uroano 4 Sue trsbaton Er Sreynound ex my coro, casi fl, Of aecty a alguien que le [lssul gutta jouer sou Tuts por 25 eantaveey pero ta orey~ foun sogré que la corte aos parara, si yo erveara a diario, Solsia sitar‘con aie eifos en las asanery pero lag gue 0 R~ Elres Sansun mictor trauajan gare ia petrena toto cl afe y hance in soche 20 coupan ag sun fansh ies. Ey ela, or nome ferns dijeran ays dio Fodda trabniar viviendo eco ora Foniave. Ke pagarfan merce, pore siquiera qo erozarfe la Srjan ctusar ¢ Starioy ease semanas 7 as tarjeta ‘us gor priners vet cuando tongs 22 efos, Wacta 6 reset que batfn Tiegalo 6 Pifuanay intents a0 af puctio. ‘lao nance pooo tradajo y al hermina cesta saigas que este- ‘ban teabajanda de aries on Sun Diego, eotate segura de 2'Pios) acpesiarior Dejaefa, Rosita y Junto con ‘anol ay apolar # besser ia pareve de ort- Ear Je’ srontera'y etter eqplen, Prefiero no eincutir oe Ectailes ge cone Ilesnt guts fobfa unos bomoree que ne De- fan macro dinero, pero pronctSon consersirme omploe mi Sronto y luego in tarjeta verde, Pere mance Tecsbt ie ear~ Bias duerfon 4330 por une felac, pero sact slenpte ao 20 fase ne alld de Low inepectores con dotac. Plenf un papel Eklenso Que tos darfa le nited ee ni suelo por 3 neset 7 fatonces pe crasron. or Soda Tiguan tay honoree ot founetiendo enplads. Hor cruran a cientoz, mileb de Mix Foros casa ator to ic eabfa enone = SS Ene SE eee eta, SRO cee tee oar Saint Sua eh cog Bo erations Gy aoc DER an sn he eee ee dete ents ee TS. So Eu eee, Sos Secs cleat aneti oh tie tu eclgaie her celle pe Be trek Pen Ube harwury ade iacns. oe ae ae eine See Hor Ene SSSR Dae Arce iniae Sens te virieaeee ee io Aarne Gane oe Meituslaacne SMA ahe Ghia te na eR te a ye ve arab any a le ee gone Bee owen oaTERT SORES ¢ TanGY BOD EEO DP aca Y ES LILA De ACA Butter 2 slices of bread. Spread unte de sansesuliie 2 retex fe fice generously vith peanct Sedae de pans Unte eenerees Tutcer ena'top vith e layer of mente 1 rebatada con mante™ Selly: "Cover'vish remaining Sulla ae secanuate'y Tuees Eiice‘of Breagh satin tales Son 4a atour cebraa con ia LIK tor Reese Danohe in adeea (ASegenat)s Sieve EL Libro contione una Lista de franee en inglés 7 en erpetel? Shoop the Riteken #0. Barra ai piso de 28 covina. tcetera, etcetera, y contione una frase gus off siempre: Noe eion tia cada marioeon gare norsttonSlgwa ves? | Ficinos yp erato y seabS de pagaries a lop tonbres. re verano y ior nffce estaban on el eanpe y in patrote a2 Bik de Visite for unos afss, Hotabe leyenda en ni eusste wna poche Stn foe gatron an pues, in aije qu soprara psaue tents que vestirae pero de solos modoe sobre y ae recargé oon treaty trac dc eftapr ne-agarv6: Acree y release Botts ba sratando se tecaree y te tisé's In cama, Ropeié mi roe fac \erior. Espasa fornarte pero ne sef€'y covrf al tao y terrd 1a'puoyta soa candagon Inctatta cast tontendo 2a pacrts y yo onencf a Sterar. Ade Gazpude de gue scabé tongs aieto de corte ie'puerte penrando gue $i podeia eater satondids sn qualquer En"peasefa porgue jo era iiegsi y paras ente tipo ae gente ti felplate suficlente pote sefarse. Finsinente of Is uses de Sntvonte cerrer, oh corre prenliS'y se fol, Salf scrvlende © ‘Bi suarto. Aovegt totse a eatee y'ne ful, om ue caniey al Después de acte incidente ne conocido ab mujeres que han ido volaces jor sub patroner, una Ge elise sslie enararaa, Gable bastante que Rasch, son ted Chamscos my cophivony stele tan mal aoe apenas polfe entenierie, E. sefor cect ae e'hatsabe, ncaaa pare preguntanse 40 culedo iba's hacer shie ‘op carte, que no go i piatiilo mexicenoy o para prepartarwe Shledo 10d ¢"hacerles ange tansiens #e baota Se gal extentids. rovno ibe t durar ei fe gue‘abe, Eotonces facia tases. Ho” farque ne disguctata ai) 81 eovinar Lar conidas atarfeenee bs. "Mi nenmana ne plstio8 de ue aushecha Ge nuestro puctio {he 1a alovada tagune Beach for una partie pare sulder noe ios, pero pasate toto ei afa Iinphando'y cociganto, La tenf= ‘Fisren! Estate muy Joven, sola y no poufa hablar inglés, Fle ETilciaéicoteroy se mat Bueno, ais pettonoe me dejaban coger Lo que yo quest de ue iy lige eaaneo sane ta con ante cere se Towbrgs, af cusses era chios'y gal alutado, pers tanta trabadoy y sonfa's ssonpo. a Decrufe dou téenze regres 8 San Diogo con ai nice, eta yer atufa teecar sn ol pordice cone antoneeer samoe ‘so 620 42h c In semuna pero 1a otea ere ade chico y séie Zrnon tlonpre Ge iz peatbn eneate de Se telvielSe Bae yr onbeag"tisens 7 sto Dre muchas ectacane y pire fie desenpolver 7 pasar in Néctos ta conti’ era paler, spreciaban nis conldae neice fonreds Gonsige, pero ne fabiate come gue fuera sph Alin © ‘er guvlpida, "Tinbién cenfan todce Tov 1itrss se "openssh ves oe strasaton con 3 senanae y cuundo Lee peal Que a2 fas earn dijeron que no polfan porgue tenfan muchas eventas’ Ne uafe y les dije que Le ite « hanlar's 1a poleciay gue Aue Fleleulo forge ee enojaron y Gijeroa que Le iven’s echar 18 sigra, “Deiata apustads y degé si enpleo- 13 WM slgutente trabajo tashién cra ap Le Jetta, con un doctor 4 ou tenltieyipor $55 4 La semanal Teafe que cosinar totes tee Jontanoy ouldee a soe atten y tacer sade 2a Jingiezs y quedamne Pifer de la seoane, af ee que no potie ver g nie nies, 10a5~ Tihatice gs ai dinero Lianandoiee por telefono! Despude de SL Us eho of decir de ux actor tel J tal pagabs $35 4 18 50 fans pare que elguisn viviere allf"5 aes a de semana. Wor en- Fise 22 y hice arrogioe donde conpratance toca 1a conida con Eicstecs sueldoar te datance de comer y aiapiteance pars @Y) Sus anigos y aacads devaba tener otvon tranajos durante el afe. Eiseud s cofoner tastance gente eras) ae esta navera, Ho +6 ju tende Zann por pincer bacon conidn mexicana para faestany Aud 22 i'acie afenge ae La ieeesene Fors hace € semanas el aeder entr8 ol euarto cuando noe stapes dearest fen tou connaS a nanoteany to Selig 7 ‘Hos ae teann cosinante'y Limplanto bare diferente gentoy ¢ Aes t le semana. 5 muehftino dinera, pero teabalo my 33°) Yaoy independent : Ta conor 09 ta Telia que trate de ovganiiey Tee criaiaos Socinerts 7 los {andineron, Loe Tepeles en ol pats, forsee Secon neous de 62 Ja fora sia tener sepuridud de sur EEuuajoos ii ae Lieean s sncernar o los petrones se van Ge acgclonae no bay teatajo~ hasta he Ago a'unas de Lag juntas, URES" Intene o sprendar varias cores Apreoi Que ob ‘sRipectoree Ya an puemban $90 por ioe mojedoe 7 que m0 les 5 ortaan nn sujet sleneste op tour, Aetgw 6 enor ‘hus por sae uou do Noaotroe hay eienos de gente en Maco SShefctaay r Gesengeracae que con gusto tourfan nueette sea Sate,” 20158, 70 are pa ae eine Riova gue soy iadependiente poafe tater pacado nts viento con tf eilos foro nese 2 tonntaa ni cemor £08 conetenaie por Gor ne uitaron el een, Dow guitaron 20-0 30 cuanto yo. Sk'hay, toiaa « in very ate preuntar peda, Hos dijeren @ Sos Sas fan e represor doopao. quo ine choguesbany pero_caat flu ins segreesh y abora aon aifciiee encckerars Masti Treen por Afar, toainente Tes pagne $501 tor oateen coo GEESE {Sito paradee'cn ia erontora, Habfan tantae vfbora (hr crete que ee ite a pica nm antes que acceare a0 crusae 30 auuar ie Buidres a gue fresco i Lite ce gues eurilie Livre ar pie a 3 Esti hitmons sujraion Line ge uneven, peta a te, trtas co i Faia ee Lanes a ee ae Pete iter glee ea etl oe ee soem pete 1a ey eee Etipdere ta boss mutt Saeiene 9 eesieee, 3 Gated: Uinta sitmate i casio fe vimare PaPetond’s atye Restore str an tei AS Tacs peo oorhy tease ton sue 30 50 ‘SShie’ en un teapo por 10 minutos, pfieiog, Abretoa por un 1a€0y SOTaSE SGAEDS Lge ede et ahs fetes fn cer Ghittsy slechoe por el huevo Se foien barca que euvde doradee. Friel {Se Salcllas y 16 sulaa de iecante preparade anterfornente. sarees Et ccdgsno'y ia sal y pinion, Gere & fuoga ieste por's minutor (Sure poefarar in lalan av fisomte, corte loo jitomtesy agre~ us un pace de agua, Barve por ute 4 Nora. Pest for un colator fess vhs earocy alnendrao, njory Jengibres y ehites. dgreaue Lo [Hionaten Agregue el zGsaZ, winugroy saz Hieren aneia gue epee) ‘otnorstr con nie bijos. 2s enagerers uo tra- Gopbrte los detetce Unidoe donse puto tener freguttan «veces en inglés o's veces en espefaly Sanbifs los esposon que po preeultan par queist eame across when | 3522. twas 6 months since | came to Tivana from any village. There was little work nd my sitter had friends who were wotking 2s maids in San Diego, and she was sure it ‘would be eay to arrange-—I would leave Rosita and Juanito with her {nd she would help me find aut how to get across the border and get 8 ob, FGrather not discus the deals of how I got here. There were ‘men whe demanded ot of money from me, but they promised 0 {Betmeajob ight away and a green card later, Dut never got the ard. They wanted $350 for a fake one, bt those usually dont get bast the inspectors. signed a paper saying would give them hall my Salary for’ months, and they took me across. Allover Tijuana there aremen with Beautiful, shiny Ameican cats, waiting, promising obs. They take hundreds, thousands of women across every year dda’ know ths then was tersifed —I was sure Pd be caught, a! was also very afraid to go toa foreign county. knew only afew words of English, How lonely Febe, especialy without my kids! Many women cross everyday withthe mica, apass only for shopping. They take the {Greyhound to downtown San Diega and than fake a city bus to work The Greyiound s very expensive, most $1. | heard someone say that the city wanted ro have a busta the border for 25, but Grey hound got the court to stop them If went seros everyday could bewithmy ids at ight, but the ones who do that are abways tied — working forthe patrona all day and caring forthe famiies at neh. utanyway, the men said I cauld only get a job lvingin witha family {would pay less but a least | wouldn& have to pass the border, withits inspectors, every day. They aleunpredetable, like Jaguars; they let you pas every day, everyweek, and then all ofa Sudden they take yout card aay, ‘Themen got mea job witha very ich family; the boss was business executive. The patrona waskind, really. She showed me how things worked in er house and helped me with English She said se expected that would ony stay about 8 months with he, lang {enough to learn English and how ta dress and do my har, 50 could [et an office job asso surprised! Iwas just thanking God to have job, They expected me to work 7 days aweek, But when {old them Bout Rosita and Juonito they gave me aday anda hal off The ‘woman gave mea hook to study called Nome Maid Spanish Cook Book. The book sad, "Our am isnot to teach the Mexican orSpanish Speaking maid how fo meke her own native dishes, She can do that perfection and without ourelp. We want to have her help OU. inthe kitchen. To do things ¥ OU R way.” The book has deswings of fan American kitchen with everything named in Spanish This hook Blso gives recipes for typical American foo, ike Hamburger San Wwiches, Hot Dogs, Tuna Casserole, Steak, tea Loaf, and Apple Pe Te tells how to make things forthe basses parties ike Cover Crackers, and also how to make drinks, My botey favorites mere Martinis and Old Fashioned Emparedado de aleay Peanut Butter Jelly Sandwich Mantequilla de Cacahuate uter 2slicesof bread. Spread —_Unte can mantequilla 2rebane coneslicegenerouslywithpeanat dasde pan. Untegenerosamente uterandtopwithalayerot Unarebansds con mantequila. telly. Coverwithremainingsice decacahuateyluega con la foftvead: cut half Serve with alsa. Citra cn a otare- ‘largeplassofmik forakearty —banada dean ycortealamitad Tune (dlagonalSirva con un vaso Brande deleche, ‘Thebook as alistofphrasesin Englishand Spanish, ike: ‘Sweep thekitchen floor Barra elpizode la cocina scrub Bsreuve ‘waxand polish encere ysaque rillo Welike reaktastservedat...._Nosgustaquenos sivaelidess Have youevershoppedina——yunoalas. “upermarket?| Faldo usted al syper-mercado? etcetera, etcetera, andithasa phrasethat heard often ill you cook a Mexican dinner for us sometime? [Naséocina una comida menicana para nosotros alguna vez? ‘There was alot too, with three kids messy lke pgs, the huge house, and many partes to clean up after. The seRora ed a speak rome in Spanish, but her accent was so bad that | could hardly Understand her. The sehr hardly spoke tome at all exceot to ask ‘me when Iwas going te make chile con carne, which snt a Menican {ish orto ask me'when leas going to make ther some tamales. "3 pretend 'dide understand eign twant to make tamales for hem | Gidnt expect to do so much cooking, Hut | would not last cm Dlained. Sol made tacos I dontknow which dished more, ‘Cooking the boring American foods they loved ofthe tacos onceweek. My sister told me about agi from our village who was taken ToLaguna Beach by 2 couple to cae for their childten, bu all day they had her cooking and cleaning. They had her cook very spicy Mexican dishes for hel friends, and then they would bring her out t show tothe guests. She was very young and alone and couldnt speak English: She commited sucide— shelled here ‘Weil, my patrones let me eat what I wanted when they were lone, and never ate so much meat nny fe! I made $30 3 week, half of twent othe men, my zoom was tiny and badly it, ut hac ‘work, and! was eating egulaly. 5 ‘We settled into routine and finished paving the men. Iwas spring ad the kids were in camp andthe patona went on visit fora few days. as reading in my room one night when the patton Knocked onthe door told him to wart because | had to get dressed buuthe came in anyway and leaned over me. | ied to escape, he stabbed me and we struggled. Hewastvingto kiss me and shove me ‘onto the bed He ripped! my underwear. He began to force me but Tpulled away and an to the bathroom and locked the door He pounced, almost breaking the oor ard I began to cry ven after he oped was afraid to open the door thinking he could be hidden Somewhere inthe room | knew had na hope of help trom the police ipecause | was legal and because that typeof guy has enough many toe himself off Finally heard the ont door close, theca star! up tnd deve away. Ianto my oom. gathered al my things and ran fH tooka bus downtown and spent the might wating fr the bus to the border. Since that incident | have met four women who were aped by heir bases, one of them won made pregnant ol ws lh ale ‘Aiter awhile went back to San Diego with my mica This time | lenew to look in the newspaper to lind aj0b, got one with a professor And his wife La Jolla. They pad meoonly $25 week but the house ‘nas smaller and thee weee ony 2kids, who spent al their time Before the TV. There were many statues and paintings and beautiful ‘gs and much to dst and vacuur. They hada lotof ole patter and Statues made by the Indians of Mexico. The food was better, they Snpreciated my Mexican food, ands dia’ mind cooking so much Allthese ginane wart to ea the food ofthe poor The wife smiled st me lot, but she spake to me as though | were a child a very stupid They also had al the "Spanish Mai” books. “inese people were very bad about paying me. Once they got ‘weeks behind and when I asked them to pay they said they couldnt because they had alot of bills. | got angry and told chem 1 was going tocall the plice, which was ridiculous because they got angry and ssid they were going o call immigration. Iwas terified and let theo My nex job was also in La lla, witha doctor and his family, for 4355 a week! I had to cook all he meals, take care of the kids, dal the cleaning, and stay 7 days 8 week 1 couldn’ ee my kids Spent so much money calling them 6a the phone! After almost year Theard of a Mr So-and:so who would pay $353 week for someone f live there 5 days aweek He hited 2 of us ané made an arrangement ‘sere we Sought all the food with our salaries, we fed and cleaned Up ater hie and Wis frends, and he let us take other jobs during the Gay. Lmet some awfully mean people that way. {don't know which Sre worse, the ones who are real demanding or the kind ones who ‘think they ae giving you charity. By thea | haa reputation for making good Mexican food fr parties, so di that as well 35 clean Ing or people But 6 weeks ago the sehr cameiinto our room while we were undressing nd started getting fresh, so we left and moved to. 9 cheap, Hote. downtown, Imake $100 week cooking and cleaning for di ferent people, 6 days aweek. Thats alot money, but work very hard And independant a tuted Chil Pepners with Sauce fora party sogreen chilis tomato savee Spounds of exam cheese ‘pounds of tomatoes ‘pound of yellow cheese ‘pound a raisins ‘dozen eggs, separated vepound of almonds, blanched i cupet raisins Scloves of gate flour 2ounces of ginger bilfor eying ‘ounce of dred, ground chilis rion, chopped {pound af suger Beupsaf tomato sauce 1 guar of vinegar oregano, salt and pepper oat Bro the peppers over the fire uni the skin blisters, Wrap them ina cloth for minutes, them peel them, Sit one sie, remove seeds fnd vein, Leave the stems. Stuff them with cheese andratsns. Beat he egg whites until they ate thick. Ad the yolks and bea they are lly. Add the salt. Dredge the chits and ip th ‘aa Fry them until shy are golden. ry the onion and add the tomatosauce you have prepared ealir. Add the oregano andthe slt and pepper Cook over alow flame for minutes (Tomake the tomato sauce, cutup the tomatoes, add alitle water, cook for 4 hour Put through a sieve. Grind the raisins nut, falc, ginger, and hil, Add tothe tomatoes. Add sugar, nega, ‘ale Cook unl thick.) There is awoman in La olla who tried o organize the maids, cooks, and gardeners, che legal ones, because even they make less than $2 an hour without any job secrity, I they get sicko their bosses go on vacation theres no work. {have even gone to some at thet meetings, and it was there that | found aut various things. learned thatthe inspectore no longer pay $50 for information about legals and that they donot care about the women, only the men Some of thers have legal maids themselves. But even so, weal! iinaw that for each one af us there are hundreds of hungry anc desperate people in Mexico who would gladly take our obs for half the pay. Especially now, with such hard times. was one of them. Now that Fm independent! could have spent more tie with my kids but twa weeks ago my big fear was realized because they took fay my mien They took 2 or 20 away from us while was there ll §tonce, without asking any questions, They said we would ge them back after they were checked, but almost never are the retuned and ow they are hard to get. missed work for days, and finally I paid £50 10 those men with cars. Ths time they passed a bunch os, one at Lime, rom one man tothe other along the borer. There were so ‘many snakes that | thought I'd gt biten before I made it across 0 [Now 'm looking fora jb with family that wil let me bring my kids. 1know Ill make less, but is worth it have arin whois ‘mating e ringo she does not love, but he wants a good Mexican tite and cook, and he will adopt hee daughter would rather lve in Mexia but there's no work by mri I ean support myself and my ‘Kids get aja in the US. where can Keepy kids | won't have 10 face the border roubles. eis te will sti have the other things to worry about, ike other people's messes, or the seforas who askime, “ometimes in English and sometimes in Spanish, am | going fo cook them a Mexican dinner? Or like thet husbands, who don’ ack but ‘who wish o get fam me something else Bien Cocina famoza, pero mejor ia bola Themed cokawel butte packetook cools better) Mienieansaying, quoted in ena’ Menlcan Cootbock TITLE, Tijuana Mai food govel3 COST: postcards paper s1099 Postage?" S300, Brot 30 Friscellancous: $3 ‘units,run of approx 380; originally printed by sheartiston ElecraGestsiner and by Moonlite Buepring alla, Ong. cos, about sist SOURCES: Women'sstoriesasepresenteinarticlesby Laurie Beckiundin the San Diego Evening Tribune ol Oct. 108 11, 1975 talks with osetina Fouls, Laure Beeklund, Cecilia Duarte is Blanco &athers.on both sides the mistress servant relationship, Some afwhom canbe named many "Mexican" coakbaoks for ‘Americans among them George Booths oad & Drink of Mexico and Einar Burt's Ola Pedrida, end of couse, Home Maid Spanish ang Home aid Spanish Cook Book 'RTIRIBUTIONS: waraaet Storm &EsieGinnet, Home Maid Spanish Cook Book, Apron Pocket Press La jolla, 1968 Homage o Ousmane sembene’s ln Black Gi Senegal, 1966) ‘Translatedwith Oscar Chaves, Vitor Zamudio, and Norma (Quintero eters and Geetha Gvarie, Ala Blanco, es Blanco and Either GuerteroCatarias. ‘Recent convert othe Chicana movement, like grngas, want \o earn tortilla making from a caokbook fetpe: impossible "fone ‘Angel Cutiertez, Gringo Manual on How to Handle Mexicans “the theo of og sent uta gosta novels that hones using raat roi te le i Pa Se Avon ata Rs an at Iie oct She wes: “Len up in os as eke she odie | wal the cone | we with ie ooh, es,“ Women in the Community Mural Movement Eva Cockcroft Womens rolein the community aural move ‘ment is much greater than i generally recog nized. Major city-sponsoced moral programs th Boston (Adele Seronde and Summerthing), New York (Susan Shapiro Kiok and Cityars), and os Angeles {Judy Baca and Citywide) have been Iniiated and’ directed by women artis, who have given these programs much of thei cher acter and philosophy. Women have led school ‘ural projects, mural collectives, and mura work with street youth. Whether working a5 individual muralist, members of coalitions oF in collectives, women have increasingly dom ‘nated the mural movement a3 force for No elitsm, collectivity, and the practice of so- ial philosophies ranging trom humanist to ‘Murals on urban walls reflecting the asia tions of neighborhood residents Baya part of the more general social upheaval ofthe 1960s Artss found themselves dragged into the Sociol ‘arena and forced to consider questions beyond ‘those of pure form. By the late 190 they could no longer avoid confronting questions concer ing the relevance, audience, and uses of thelr at. A-number of movements arose that tied 1 enlarge the audience and scope of contempo {ary att. Minority group and politically active artists felt both a demand and an opportunity to {reate an art responsive to their special here land relevant to ther own ethnie group, com unity, oF movement. Mainstream ais, tempted to bring art out ofthe museums and ino’ the cities inthe foem of ‘urban super tophics, environmental sculptures,” street. ‘works, ad happenings. Out ofthe coincidence ‘ofthese social and artistic forces the commun fy mutal movement began in 1967-68, The mural movement took on diferent forms in ilferent locations, depending on which por Uicular combination of socal forces spared its beginnings. The frst mura in Chieage the 1967 Wall of Respect, was painted by 21 Black artists ‘wom the Organization of Black American Cul ture (OBAC) and celebrated Black history and culture. tt a5 4 poltealart happening invole Ing musicians and poets who playee and tea! 3s the painting progressed. Although women ar ists participated im the Wall of Respect, they were not among those who continued the ‘movement Chicago and went from the OBAC wall to paint in Detot For along time Vanita Greens Black Women (1970) served asthe token of women's participa tion in the Chicago mural movement. Creen was 17, a high schoo! dropout, when she sow Willian Walker paling the Peace and Saiva tion Wall of Understanding near the Cabrini Green projects where she lived. After watching for a time, she asked Walker for paints and bashes and on a storage shed nearby painted portraits of famous Black women from Aunt Femima to Angela Davis. Almost immediately altemards, the wall was defaced with large Splashes of white paint, pactcally the ony de facement in Chicago up to that time. When Green saw what the vandals had done. she com mented, "Before, it was just a prety picture, butt says more now." In general, though, dur ing those early years women found thet place largely as assistants and apprentices in one of thetwe major community-bssed Chicago mural soups: Public. Are Wortshop, led by. Mark Rogovin, and Chicago Mural Group, a mult ethnic coalition led by Willa Walker and john Weber In Boston, on the other hand, women played {an inportan olen attodcing the uel Wea Boston artist Adele Seronde' proposal calling for the use of neglected exty sites to transform the city into a museum was the star. Tivough the collaboration of Kathy Kane of the Mayors Gifice of Cultoral Atta, the Insitute of Con {emporary Arta number of Black artist, and Seronde, Summeeting was launched twas the langest and mast productive of the early mural Programs, beginning in 1968 and peaking. In 41870. The Summerting program combined ele iments of three distinct phenomena which had emerged the preceding year—the renaissance in Black culture (Wallo! Respect) the “Sumer i the City Paintin Festival” and various cleanup programs, and the desire of environmental ar SSS to workin urban spaces. Summerthing Sponsored Black Power murals, child's play round and pocket-park projects, and decor {ive wallsall within 2 fameworc allowing for neighborhood control Under Seronde's vee tion, the program emphasized the sotiologcal father than the decorative aspect of public at Many impresive was were painted from 1966 101970, especially in the Black commnunities of Roxbury and. South Ené—inclding the fist women's Wall, Sharon unm’ Black Women, painted in 1970. Seronde is only one of many women whohave made important contributions as organ fers and administrators. Judy Baca, 2 leading Chicana murals in Los Angels, obtained City funding for a similar neighborhood-orented large-scale mural program (Citywide Musas} in 1974, Shelly Killen heads 2 program for murals in prisons im Rhode Island, which has operated Inthe eorectional institutions therefor the past two" years Sandy Rubin's Altemate Cratit \Workshop in Philadelphia ploneeres techniques for developing the anstic potential of graffi writers, several of her workshop graduates have Become: mutalists in their own ght Rath Asawa and Nancy Thompson developed the Al Yyatado School-CommunityProgtom it San Francisco, which brings cocamuity att ito the publie schools to enrich the school exper fence and has helped to open the doors to "Art Issn the Schools programs atound the cous try. Infact, atthe present time, the majoity of the mural programe throughout the nation are dlirected by women The major infos of women artists into the mural movement didnot take place until 197% 75 when news about the community walls had become Hetter known outside the acta mural Communities. This was als atime of expansion forthe Womet’s Liberation Movement, Many women artis tried mural work, but not all of them became muraliss. “Community mural work, although highly rewarding, requites eriain kind of openness and great dedication also demands physica labor, community or fanizing, going to meetings, and an ability to Seal with the great variety of people who come Uiptotak ormake comments, However, 2 nut ber of the women seho did become involved in the eadly 1970s now identity themselves as mor lists and are recognized for their artistic conte butions “The development of Caryl Yasko, one of the best muralistsn the nation and a leader ef the Chicago Mural Group, ilustates this pocess Like Green, Yasko wat introduced tothe mural movement though Wilkam Walker when she ‘oluntoered aa parent assistant fora mural he teas duecting with children at her neighborhood School. after this experience, Yasko and her patener in asmall a enterprise, Kathy Judge, 4 Eetamicist, worked with small children to paint Walls of Hope. Yasko and Jucge were then in Vited o jai the Chicago Miral Group. tn the Summer of 1972, Yasko ditected her fist maior project, Under City Stone. a mural that rns Fhroughout the 55th Steet undespass in Hyde Park. Painted from Vaska's design withthe help of team recruited from passers-by, it shows hhundeeds of figures walking around and, above them, the machinery, technology, and elle ton of today's city. Yasko painted herself n he6 coud slim young woman, paintbrshes in hand, ababy on her back The following yeat, Vasko painted in the heart of the Black-Belt South Side with 2 team fof young Black people. Located on a prenatal Clinic wall, this mural depicts statuesque larger-thanrife women with their chide 1974 Yasko broke new ground Tor the Chicago smuralists Although matals had become com ‘monplace in many areas of Chicago, certain ‘ahite working-class aeas peopled by Potsh and ‘ther Middle European Immigrants remained Untouched. The question of whether murals ‘were valid only for minonty-group ghetto areas ‘oF would also be meaningful in white working Clase neighborhoods was in the air In thoes Cities where the murals had begun with the Black Power thust of the late soties, a move: ment toward more general themes was begin hing. In 1974 Yasko began a mammoth mural Im the Logan Square afea of Chicago. The mural Uses symbolic figures and images fo identify the Nalues of the largely Polish and Gielorsian residents ofthe area‘and to depict them work {ing together to maintain contol in 3 highly nical, mechanized worl, This major wal has opened the door for 4 number of other ‘murals im thi and similar neighborhoods YYasko, however, is only ane of many women snuraists who have made important arti Contributions, Luey Mahler's vivid mural at the ‘Wright Brothers School in New York s one of the earliest murals on a public school building Astrid Fler, with her distinctive combinationSedan Fancca ator haw sate) ofa primitive Iteralism with surealist images, has created series of ambitious underpast murals in the Hyde Park area of Chicago. Helly Fight, who painted an antiwar mural in the Loop area of Chicago (1973), has gone on to do Several succeeding walls with ‘gang. youth Marie Burton, who with Highfill end Rogovin ‘onauthored the Mra! Manual works primarily With teenager Her Bored of Education in Ch {ago (1971 and the Celebration of Cultures in Milwaukee (1975) are among the most impres sive of the school murals, And these are jst @ few of the women muralists working on com rmonity walls in away that might be called the “Chicago model” (others are ust. DeVan, Esther Chart, Ruth Felton, and Celia Radek) In the Chicago model, the atistleader of 2 ‘mural team, using community and youth input, designs the wall and directs the painting of The community participates as @ new class of patrons who help to pay for the mural and are Consulted onthe design. In spite ofthe change in patronage, and paticipation of comunity people as team members, the Chicago models “emphasis on professionalism i tir close tO the mural todition trough the ages. Murals, after all, have rarely been painted by inividu- Bis, mostly they are done by a group of asi lanis working under « master This herarehical process has been challenged boy several developments within the mural movement. One i the experimentation with ‘eth Fo artists collectives. A collective isa very if ult and highly unstable form of organization in 4 society emphasizing individualism, and few last longer than a year or two. Many women muralist have come into the movement 35 oF fganizers or members ofa collective group. The ‘mutual suppot and shared responsiblity the Collective ffersan individual often necessary tw provide the courage to attempt a fist mural {and some of the labor power to finish i). Es pecially in the ease of women this factor can be Becisive ‘Within the Latin culture, machismo often reaches rather extreme form, yet this Is coun {ered by a strong communal traction. [snot Surprising therefore that in 1974 3 group of Latin ‘American women muralits~-Mujeres Murai {asavos formed in San Francisca. Most of the women were students or recent graduates af the Son Francisco Ar Institute and connected with the Galeria de La Raza, the center for Chicano fantats im the Mission dstriet, Ther philosophy ‘as simple and very postive ur cultes, ou images ate song Ii portant that the atmosphere of the world be lage with colo and Me. Throughout Hi fexy thee have been very few women who aveligued nat Who! ya sue roa hat ‘women: too ran work 3 this tevel That we Can put oguher salon and clink: We ‘tleryouthe colors hat me mak,Theie two bestknown walls, Latinodmerica and the Pacos Tacos Stand mural were both ‘done inthe spring and suinmer of 1974" They telebrate the beauty and schness of the Latin tradition. For Latinmerica, the four women comprising the original core of Mujeres uta ‘slas--Patricia Rodriguez, Consuelo. Mendez Castle, ene Perez, and Gracels Carll de {Lopez worked together to create the design Different parts ofthe mural are painted by each anistin her inividual style, yet the mural suc ‘eeds 28 a untied work because of the cleat ‘tganization, and the distinctively Bight, cleat folerthat i characteristic ofthe group. In the Pacos Tacos mul the unity ss more tenuous. The wall divides into two distinctly different halves reflecting the different artistic styles of Consuelo Mende Castillo and Graciela Caro dde Lopez. In many. ways. Mujetes Muralstas was never really a collective", but rather ¢ troup af women who came together to werk on 5 parcular all mural. An almost instant fame fotced them inte a prematurely formalized exis tence as a "collective group,” while leaving them litle ume to resolve diflerences in polit fal consciousness ‘between members of the ‘rou, oF cultural differences between Chicana Sind Latin American women. The, problem of individualism was never really tackled though there was an attempt to make decisions by a\consensus ofthe group. Internal diferen- ces caused the group to dissolve formally early in 1976. The women ‘who comprised Mujeret Mualistas ate now ‘working a6 individual murat, Many mural painting collectives, including most those that grew out ofthe largely white ounterculture end antiwar movements, ether Start with women iho then invite male arts in. oF simply include both women and men (item fed by women with roots in Marxism and feminism, these collectives tend to be strongly anti-sexst, antiimpenlist, and to use overtly politica images in thei artwork. One of these “oups was the Peoples Painters of New Jersey, ‘who "muralized” Livingston College from 1972 to 1974. Modeled after the Ramona Para B- sades of Allende’ Chile, the People’s Painters were concerned equally with the polities! ef. fects of their mals and with trying to over. come individualism and a sense of personal tego. Their fast wall was for the Livingston Women's Center, which was very appropriate since the founders of the group lula Smith, Kathy Jones, and myself consicered ourselves activist inthe Women’s Liberation Movement. ‘We worked on the design collectively, discus Ing aden ist and then finding the images, We chose to work in a simple style, using heavy black outlines and lat cola, 50 thatthe women at the Center could help us paint, We aso con. Sciously worked over parts of the moral that thers had originated fo combat the tendency to say at the end ofthe project, “And this part is mine.” While we did nat wholly succeed in tliminating our sense of personal ego, we did Find that by consciously emphasizing collec tity in our wosk we could overcome personal Inseeurties and achieve stonger politcal and tsi results. We went onto incorporate men into our group and painted eight other murals bore agreeing to disperse in 1974, when some of our members graduated and others decided to go.on to other things ‘The Haight-Ashinuty Muralit in San Francie «co, a collective led by jane Norling, see them Selves as Yant-impetaist cultural workers, The fist mural, Rainbow People, was painted in 1972 as part of large anwar demons tion. & Hoight landmark, Rainbow Peopie was repainted and updated in 1978. Unity Eye (1973) liagrams the ingredients for creating a eval Yionary culture in che United States The moral shows a revolution peopled and led by women, And ws painted by an alkfemale texan Most fecently, the Haight-Ashbury Murals, have Deen working on 2 300-foot ong history of the Class struggle in San Francasco, “The most radical and problematic challenge to tradition has been the development of Cot lective muralsin which nom-artst members of 2 ‘community work with an artisefactitator who helps them to crete their own mural. While ¢ stiong emphasis on community patilpation Characterizes all community mural projects, this particular emphasis rellets an attempt £9 create a “people's at” In every sense Of the ‘word: Simply providing paint and a wall to teen- {agers and young adults not the answer There must be a direction, a method for working co- ‘peratvely, and 2 technique that makes it pos sible to bypass the need for yeas of study of Srawing and design The most complete method, and the model for much related work elsewhere in the nation, wwas developed by Susan Shapio-Kiok and the Citas stalin New York City This mettod begins with a number of concept meetings dur ing which the theme is discussed. In the early Cityants Workshop murals, scenes were acted ‘out and developed, photographed, and then projected and traced, When the mockup was Complete, twas enlarged by an opaque projec: tor and painted in. Black Women of Alica Today (1971), designed and executed by teen age alls at “The Smith” hovsing project the Lower East Side, is typical ofthe early shouette Style Later murals became more comples a the technique came to include the use of drawings and slides. a6 well as photographs and the ‘paque projector. The Jewish ethnic mural at the Balystoker Old People’s Home f collage ‘of images designed and painted by a group of Jewish teenagers under the direction of Stsan CCaruso-Green(cutrent diector of Cityarts WorkshopTwo other collective walls were painted in 1974 and 1975 by Lower East Side women under the direction of Tomie Arai. The Wall of Re spect for Women (1974) epitomizes the nom antagonistic type of feminism portrayed ‘on fonawhite community wally dealing with the theme of woman. Rather than ‘condemning, ‘mare traditional women’s rales (eg. mother felephone operator, this mural celebrates al the roles played by women. The second wal Women Hold Up Mall the Sky (1975), painted by many of the same women who worked on the earlier wall as well as some men, pottays women’s oppression within the context of the larger social struggle. Although ‘most of the images come from a generalized women’s ex perience, the figures breaking out of oppression fare of both sexes. tn both walls women are shown performing theie traditional jobs. and with few exceptions, this s the way women are pertayed in community walls Some murals about women emphasize the biological Tactor, and almost all include the ‘mother-child theme. Yet these would be con Sidered ‘highly “conservative. images by the Women’s Liberation Movement. the use of such stereotypical imager of women isnot the ‘result of ignorance onthe pat of women mural ists In part it eflects the goal of Third World feminism, in which womens rights ave seen 95 ‘one part ‘of the more general social stugle land great care is taken to keep feminism tors Sppeatng tobe a divisive force ‘Within politcal erganizatios lke the Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP, politcal education courses discus the need to overcome machi imo and the oppressive role definitions which make re difficult for men and wanten to work together as companeros. Some of the verses from the song "Quiero decita” (1 Want tell You Something), written collectively by” Suni Paz, Juana Diaz, and other Puerto Rican sisters in 1972 and often sung at politcal rallies and community events, state the changes in the sale female celationship for which they are sttugsing Ala mujer me di: {tambien debeslochar ‘detu gran pasivided Al hombre le toca ahora. feylense que mre Sthepensary sentir ‘uene derecho. sex." (To the woman tsay You mast srg to abandon Your conditioned passivity Inde leave behind Tothe man say ty toundersiand that woman can think and fel, andhasaight toexst) The mother in Latin eultre is seen as the ‘moral leader of the household andthe authority {nthe exiucatan of her children. The forced steilization of women by the U.S. government InPuorto Rico and other Lata American coun ‘es fs wel asthe poor at home} has served Intensify the felt need for wornen to bear chi thon inorder to preserve thee race, This creates Certain differences in attitude about popula ton control and the Tami stucture Between Third World feminism and the rest ofthe Women’ iberation Movement. ‘Overtly feminist murals are found primarily ‘on Women’s Center walls, withia the university world, and in certain selected city neighbor hoods Haight-Ashbury, for example-arhere 3 base of support exists. Most often, the feminist Consciousness of women muraliss i expressed by the substation of female for male as asym Bolle or heroic figure, or even ty the mere inclusion of women as aetive figures in any ‘mural The problem of responsibility tothe perma2 rent audience, those who have to ive with the fr isone with which the community muralist s “Constantly faced. The ideals t0 work constant ly atthe cuting edge of tusues~netther too Tar ahead nor too far behind. This fs 3-continual Struggle involving a constant series of iiclt decisions and has been a diect part of my own recent experience a8 2 muralist. After several ‘Yeats of working ina celatvely radiealized un Yersity setting, | undertook some murals in 3 very ‘different ‘environment -conservatnve Siall town in the Adirondack mountain. My problem was how to paint a bicentenniat mural that would be accepted by the permanent rest dents as thet history and yet not violate my ‘convictions or the tuth ust as began workin early 197, the very town authorities who were ‘my Sponsrs whitewashed youth mural on ecology {had diected in 1974, which mas crt fal of the town’s dumping sewage into. the Sehvoon River conceived my design as 2 con promise: the ancestors of the present residents fre shown ae workers in the fogging industry ‘the saw mil, and the textile Tactores—a work ing-class history, But one with only positive images. | began painting the wall with great misgivings. Ihwas the reaction ofthe “locals,” And thei enthusiastic hunger for ther own hi Tory, that made me tealize that it 1S not just ‘minorty-gtoup people or urban ghetto residents Who have been deprived of theit history and thei igh 9 their wn at expression, but every segment of America’s working people Communication between muralists around the mation has Increased greatly since” 1974 Three major mural conferences have oecutted and the exchange of information and tech- iques has furthered experimentation. Many fruralists who. previously worked alone have begun to experiment with collective techniques and vice versa.In 1875, for example, five ‘muralist from the Chicago Maral Croup (Caryl Yasko, Mitchell Caton, Ctlia Radek, Jstine DeVan, and Lucyne Radycki) worked on a cal lectively designed and painted wall. Pesci tion Yor Good Heath Care. The muralist were 9 nixed group—cavially, sewally, and in terms of previous mural experience. This was ther list Collectively designed wal, although they had helped each other to paint on other walls. The location at 87th and Rede is near the head ‘quater of the American Novi Paty in Chicago Initially, there wos some fear that racial attacks might prevent the group from working, but there were na disturbances daring the time the mural was being painted. Acceptance in this white working class neighborhoed ofa racially ‘mixed group of muraists reflects the prestige thatnutals have achieved in Chicago. ‘The continuing attempt at collectivity and away from the Individuastic “genius” concept Of the artist prevalent inthe art world has been ‘one of the: major distinctions pioneered by ‘women in the mural movement, derives at least in pat from the influence ofthe Women's Liberation Movement” The non hierarchical structures ofthe early women’s orgenizations, 235 well as the difect experience of conscious pessrasing groups, with the sisterhood and Suppor they provided, became a part af the utlook of a numer ofthe women muralist: ‘The changes resulting trom their individ ex: periences wth Women's Liberation led them 0 bring the some egalitarian and collective prac {ces tothe mural groups they joined helped found, ‘While ideas from feminism and Marxism are implicit nthe atempt to create a people's at especially in murals by women-the level of politicization and consciousness among murah Its varies greatly, Most community muralist, however ithey were familia with Mao's words atthe Yenan Forum, would agree that: Inthe od today al ear, all iterate a ar balong a ents cates and are geared 0 Seite pole fine: There tin fact no such things Attra sake ha stand bone {loses ae tha detached Hom one 11 thats tue, one must choose—and they have chosen sic “one Se ee an, Paredon ‘tal Cocker ofthe fachcoming So, Towards Rel te Conemoory Sar soxenet‘Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying ‘Advlenne Rich (These notes are concerned with relationships. between and among women. When "pe'sonal ‘elationship” is relerred to, I mean a relation- ‘hin between two women. Iwill be lear in ‘what follows when Fam talking about women's relationships with men) Te old, male idea of honor. A man’s “woud” lutficedto other men-—without guarantee, “Our Land Free, Our Men Honest, Our Women Fruita” a popular colonial toasin America Male honor also having something to do with Liling: I could not love thee, Dear, s0 much / Lov'd 1 not Honour more ("Ta Lucasta, On Going to the Wars") Male honor as something needing tbe avenged: hence, the due Women’shonox, something altogether else: i= inity, chastity, fidelity o-a husband. Honesty Invwomen has not been considered important We have been depicted as generically whims- Cal, deceitul subtle, vailsting, And we have bee rewarded for ving. ‘Men have been expected 0 tell the uth about facts, not about feelings. They have not been ‘expected to falk about feelings tall Yeteven about facts they have continually lied ‘We assume tht politicians ae without honor. We read their statements trying to crack the Code. The scandals of their polities not that tren in high places lie, only that they do so with Such indiference, so endlessly, stil expecting to be believed. We are accostomed to the com tempt inherent inthe polital le ONO DDD To discover that one has been Hed to In a per Sonal relationship, however, leads one to fel 3 litle craey SPOON Lyingis done with words, and also with silence ‘The woman who tells es in her personal rla- Lionshigs may or may not plan er invent her ling. She may not even think of what she Is oing in caleuatod way {A subject is raised which the ae wishes buried She has to go downstairs, her parking: meter wil have run out. Or there fs a telephone call she ‘ought to have made an haut ago. ‘he s asked, point-blank, a question which may lead into painful talk “tlow do you fee! about what is happening between us?” Instead of ty- ing to describe her fectings in their ambigutty and contusion, she asks, "How do you feo” ‘The othe, because she i trying to establish @ around! openness and trust, bewins describing hreeown feelings, Ths the har lens more than she tells ‘And she may also tall herself a lie. that she is Concerned with the others feelings, not with herown ‘But the lar is concermed with her own feelings ‘The liar lve in fear of losing cooteo. She can pot even desire a relationship without manip Tauon, since tobe vulnerable to another person ieans for her the lors of control ‘The liar has many fiends, and leads an exis tence of reat loneliness snnunon onan nononronononno, ‘The lar often suffers from amnesia, Amnesia.js the silence of theunconscious To le habitually, a5 a way of life, is to lose Contact with the unconscious, Its like taking sleeping pil, which confer sleep but blot out Grooming The unconscious wants th It {eases to speak to those who want something te more than uth In speaking of lies, we come inevitably t0 the Subject of truth, There is nothing simple or e237 fbout this idea. There fe no “the uth,” {euth” truth nt one thing oreven a5)3tem, Teis an increasing complenty. The pattern of the carpet isa surface. When we look closely, for when we become weavers, we learn of The tiny multiple treads cneeen inthe overall oat tein the knots onthe underside ofthe carpet. This iswhy the effort to speak honestly is so im= portant. Lies are usually attempts to make a»Pa everything simper—for the har—than it welly '5 or ought tobe In ying to others we end up fying to ourselves Weldeny the importance of an event or 2 pe son, and thus deprive ourselves ofa part of our lives" we use one piece a the pastor present to screen out another, Thus we lose faith even ‘with our own ives The unconseious wants uth, a the body does ‘The complesity and fecundity of dreams come fom the’ complexity and fecundity of the un- conscious stugaling to fll that desire, The omplesity and fecundity of poetry come fom {he some sugale PHM ‘An honorable human relationship thats, one invwhich two people have the right to use the Word “love's 8 process, delicate, violent, fftentarniying tooth persons involved, 2 pr ess of refining the teathe they can tel each ‘other tis important todo this because breaks down human Sll

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