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Declensions; singular and plural for all 8 cases:

Declens. Example Nom. S. Voc. S. Acc. S. Ins. S. Abs. S. Dat. S. Gen. S. Loc. S. Nom. P. Voc. P. Acc. P. Ins. P. Abs. P. Dat. P. Gen. P. Loc. P.

masc. -a nara -o -a -a -ena - (-amh) (-asm) -ya -assa -assa -e (-amhi) (-asmi) - - -e -ehi (-ebhi) -ehi (-ebhi) -na -na -esu

neut. -a phala -a -a -a -ena - (-amh) (-asm) -ya -assa -assa -e (-amhi) (-asmi) -ni (-) -ni -ni (-e) -ehi (-ebhi) -ehi (-ebhi) -na -na -esu

fem. - vanit - -e -a -ya -ya -ya -ya -ya -ya -yo (-) -yo (-) -yo (-) -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

fem. -i bhmi -i -i -i -iy -iy -iy -iy -iy (-iya) -iyo - -iyo - -iyo - -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

fem. - nad - - -i -iy -iy -iy -iy -iy (-iya) -iyo - -iyo - -iyo - -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

fem. -u dhenu -u -u -u -uy -uy -uy -uy -uy -uya - -uyo - -uyo - -uyo -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

masc. -i aggi -i -i -i -in -in -imh -ism -ino -issa -ino -issa -imhi -ismi - -ayo - -ayo - -ayo -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

Declens. Example

masc. - pakkh

neut. -i atthi

masc. -u garu

masc. - vid

neut. -u cakkhu

masc. -ar satthar

fem. -ar mtar

masc. or rarely neut. -as

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Nom. S. Voc. S. Acc. S. Ins. S. Abs. S. Dat. S. Gen. S. Loc. S. Nom. P.

- - -ina -i -in -in -imh -ism -ino -issa -ino -issa -ini -imhi -ismi - -ino - -ino - -ino -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

-i -i -i -in -in -ino -issa -ino -issa -ini -imhi -ismi - -ni - -ni - -ni -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

-u -u -u -u -un -un (-umh) (-usm) -uno -ussa -uno -ussa -umhi (-usmi) - -avo - -ave -avo - -avo -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

- - -u -un -un (-umh) (-usm) -uno (-ussa) -uno -ussa -usmi (-umhi ) - -uno - -uno - -uno -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

-u (-u) -u -u (-u) -un -un (-umh) (-usm) -uno -ussa -uno -ussa -usmi (-umhi ) -ni - - -ni -ni - -hi (-bhi) -hi (-bhi) -na -na -su

- - -a -ra -r -r -u -uno -ussa -u -uno -ussa -ari -ro

- - -a, -e -ara -ar -uy -ar -uy -u -uy -ya -u -uy -ya -ari -uy -uya -aro

-o

-o -as -as -aso -aso -asi - (m or n) or ni (n)

Voc. P. Acc. P.

-ro -ro

-aro -aro -e (m or n) or ni (n) - ehi (-ebhi) (m or n) - ehi (-ebhi) (m or n) -na -na -esu

Ins. P. Abs. P. Dat. P. Gen. P. Loc. P.

-rehi -hi -rehi -hi -rna -na -rna -na -resu -su

-arehi -hi -arehi -hi -arna -na -na -arna -na -na -aresu -su

Personal Pronouns: Personal Pronouns:

1st person aha

2nd person tva

3rd person M. so (sa sometimes)

3rd person F. s

Nom singular

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Acc singular Inst singular

Gen singular

Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Instr plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural

ma may and me(enc) mama and me(enc) sometimes mayha mama() or me sometimes mayha may mayi maya amhe (or no) amhehi (no) amhka (no) amhka (no) amhehi amhesu

ta (or tva) tay and te(enc)

ta tena

ta tya

tava and te (enc) tassa

tass

tava or te tay tayi tumhe tumhe (or vo) tumhehi (vo) tumhka (vo) tumhka (vo) tumhehi tumhesu

tassa tasm or tasmh tasm or tasmh te te tehi tesa tesa tehi tesu

tass tya tya() or tassa t t thi tsa tsa thi tsu

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem ta(d): the, this, that, those, the Demonstrative Pronouns:

Masculine so (sa sometimes) ta tena tassa tassa tasm or tamh tasmi or tamhi te te tehi tesa tesa tehi tesu

Feminine s ta tya tass tass tya tya() or tassa t t thi tsa tsa thi tsu

Neuter ta or tad ta or tad tena tassa tassa tasm or tamh tasmi or tamhi tni tni tesa tesa tehi tesu

Nom singular Acc singular Inst singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Inst plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: eta(d): he, she, it, this, that, the used to denote a PRESENT person or object same as above BUT with 'e' prefix on all forms. ex: eso, es, eta, etc.

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Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: ida: he, she, it , this, the. If differentiated from etad, then ida is nearer. Thus: this as opposed to that. Demonstrative Pronouns:

Nom singular Acc singular Instr singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Instr plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural

Masculine aya ima imin assa or imassa assa or imassa

Feminine aya ima imya ass or imass ass or imass

Neuter ida ida imin assa or imassa assa or imassa imamh or imasm asmi or imasmi imni imni imehi imesa imesa imehi imesu

imamh or imasm imya asmi or imasmi imya() ime ime imehi imesa imesa imehi imesu im im imhi imsa imsa imhi imsu

Interrogative Pronouns:

Nom singular Acc singular Instr singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Instr plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural

Masculine ko ka kena kassa or kissa kassa kasm or kasmh kismi or kimhi ke ke kehi kesa kesa kehi kesu

Feminine k ka ky kass kass kya kya() or kassa k k khi ksa ksa khi ksu

Neuter ki ki kena kassa or kissa kassa kasm or kasmh kismi or kimhi kni kni kehi kesa kesa kehi kesu

Relative Pronouns:

Nom singular Acc singular

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Masculine yo ya

Feminine y ya

Neuter yam or yad ya or yad

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Instr singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Instr plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural

yena yassa yassa yasm or yasmh yasmi or yamhi ye ye yehi yesa yesa yehi yesu

yy yass yass yya yya() or yassa y y yhi ysa ysa yhi ysu

yena yassa yassa yasm or yasmh yasmi or yamhi yni yni yehi yesa yesa yehi yesu

Demonstrative pronoun amu: he, she, it, that--Warder p. 231 Reflexive and possesive pronouns: Attan: Attan has its own conjugation (Warder p. 184). Saya and sma: Saya and sma are indeclinables meaning oneself. Saka: Saka is conjugated as adjective in agreement with the thing that is possessed, not the possessor. Sa: Sa is conjugated as a pronominal adjective and is used like saka as well as in some compounds.

Numerals: eka= "One" or "some" plural

Nom singular Acc singular Instr singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular Nom plural Acc plural Instr plural Gen plural Dat plural Abl plural Loc plural Used as stem dvi stem paca

Masculine eko eka ekena ekassa ekassa ekasm or ekamh

Feminine ek eka eky ekiss ekiss ekya

Neuter eka eka ekena ekassa ekassa ekasm or ekamh ekasmi or ekamhi ekni ekni ekehi ekesa ekesa ekehi ekesu

ekasmi or ekamhi ekiss eke eke ekehi ekesa ekesa ekehi ekesu ek ek ekhi eksa eksa ekhi eksu

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adjectives Same for all genders Nom and Acc Ins Gen Dat Abl Loc

"two" dve dvhi dvinna dvinna dvhi dvsu

"five" paca pacahi pacanna pacanna pacahi pacasu

ti= "three"

Nom singular Acc singular Instr singular Gen singular Dat singular Abl singular Loc singular

Masculine tayo tayo thi tia tia thi tsu

Feminine tisso tisso thi tissanna tissanna thi tsu

Neuter ti ti thi tia tia thi tsu

Catu(r)= four

Nom and Acc Instr and Abl Gen and Dat Loc

Masculine cattro

Neuter cattri cathi catunna catsu

Feminine catasso

The following numerals are used as adjectives and conjugated like paca (five): cha(.l): six satta: seven aha: eight nava: nine dasa: ten ekdasa: eleven dvdasa: twelve te.lasa: thirteen cuddasa: fourteen paarasa: fifteen so.lasa: sixteen sattarasa: seventeen ahdasa: eighteen

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The following numerals are used as nouns, are feminine singular and inflected like jti: vsati:twenty sahi: sixty sattati: seventy asti: eighty navuti: ninety

The following numerals are declined like neuter nouns in "a," are set in apposition with other nouns, and thus agree in case and but not gender and can be either singular or plural. (t)tisa: thirty cattrsa: forty pasa: fifty sata: "hundred" sahassa: "thousand" The following numbers are called "Ordinal Numbers" and mean "first" "second" "third" etc. They are declined like adjectives in "a".:

pahama: first dutiya: second tatiya: third Catuttha: fourth Pacama: fifth chaha: sixth

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Verb Forms: Tense Indi. Act. (Present) I/III V -a - VII/casu -e -O 3rd Person Sing. -ati 2nd Person Sing. -asi 1st Person Sing. -mi 3rd Person Plural -anti 2nd Person Plural -atha 1st Person Plural -ma

VI II IV Future Optative Imper -a -e

-ti -eti -ayati -oti -jati -oti -(i)ssati -eyya -atu -etu -i -esi, -si,

Aor main(past) a Aor VII-e Aor Less common (past) Ind. Passive conjugation

-si -esi -ayasi -osi -jasi -osi -(i)ssasi -eyysi -a -ahi -e -ehi -i -esi -si

-mi -emi -aymi -omi -jmi -omi -(i)ssmi -eyym(i) -mi -emi -i -esi -si,

-anti -enti -ayanti -onti janti never -(i)ssanti -eyyu -antu -entu -isu -esu -asu

-tha -etha -ayatha -otha jatha -otha -(i)ssatha -eyytha -atha -etha -amittha -ittha -attha

-ma -ema -ayma -oma jma -oma -(i)ssma -eyyma -ma -ema -amimh or -amimha -iha -amh

-()yati

-()yasi

-()ymi

-()yanti

-()yatha

-()yatama

Verb Form Gerund Infinitive Verb Form Present Participle -a -e Past Participle -a Future Passive Participle

Invariable -(i)tv (or) (t)ya (or) tvna (or) tna -(i)tu Masculine, Neuter -anta -amna -enta -ayamna -(i)ta -(i)tabba -(an)ya Feminine -ant -amn -ent -ayamn -(i)t -(i)tabb -(an)y

Present Participle: irregular ant conjugation (p. 169 Warder)

Perfect Tense: Very rare. Only common with the verb ah. 3rd sg = ha 3rd pl = hasu

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Action Nouns: These end with -ana and sometimes take a patient in the accusative or genitive case. They may also take an agent in the genitive or instrumental.

Conjunctive Indeclinables: Conjunctive: Ca (enclitic): and Pi (enclitic): also, too Atha (initial): then Distunctive: V (enclitic) or, either Udhu (initial) or? Adversative: Pana (enclitic): but, however Causal: Hi (enclitic): for, because Tasm: therefore Tad, ta: then, so Emphatic: Kho (enclitic): indeed Khalu (enclitic): indeed Ha: indeed Hypothetical: Ce (enclitic): if Sace (initial): if Interrogative: Nu (enclitic): ? Nanu: isnt it? Udhi: or?

Comparisons: Usually suffixed with tara and includes both comparative and superlative. Two other suffixes exist. ()(y)ya is usually comparative and iha is usually superlative. They are inflected as adjectives in a. Abstract Nouns: Add suffixes: -t (feminine) -tta() Double abstracts sometimes occur. Noun Prefixes: a- or an- = negative su- = well or good du(r)- = ill or bad Other negative prefixes: ni(r)-, vi-, apagata- (go away), vigata-(be expended), vita-, are used to express either mere negation or departure and loss. Some negative words are prefixed with negative prefixes to create double negatives or strong affirmations. Agent Nouns:

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Nouns ending with -(i)tar expressing the doing of a verb. Verb root Bhs = to speak becomes bhsitar = speaker conjugation p. 210 Warder. Also family member titles frequently end with tar. Ex. pitar , bhtar and mtar. Ubho: both declined as on p. 274 Warder Compounds: Please see my compound cheat sheet at my website for extensive information about compounds.

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