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Cytokinesis
What are spindles and
centrioles?
Spindles – structures made of
centrioles and additional microtubule
fibers.
Helps to move chromosomes apart
during mitosis.
G2 phase – centriole pair is replicated
Each centriole is made of 9 triplets of
mictrotubules arranged in a circle.
Structure of a
Microtubule
Microtubules are made of protein
fibers.
Separating Chromatids
by attaching Spindle
Fibers
1. Two sets of microtubules extend
outward toward opposite poles.
2. Microtubules attach to centromeres
and poles.
Chromatids in each chromosome can
be separated.
*Just like fishing; microtubules are like
fishing line, reeling in chromatids.
How do chromatids
separate?
“Reeling” occurs because of spindle
fibers are broken down, bit by bit.
As the fibers become shorter, the
chromatids that they are pulling
move closer and closer to the poles.
Chromosomes separated from each
other are called chromatids.
When chromatids finally arrive, each
pole has one complete set of
chromosomes.
What are the Stages of
Mitosis?
Biologists tend to divide mitosis into
four stages:
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
Prophase
Chromosomes coil up and become
visible
Nuclear envelope dissolves and
spindle forms.
Metaphase
Chromosomes move to the center of
the cell.
Spindle fibers link the chromatids of
each chromosome to opposite poles.
Anaphase
Centromeres divide
2 chromosomes move toward
opposite poles as spindle fibers
shorten.
Telophase
A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole.
Chromosomes uncoil and the spindle
dissolves.
Cytokinesis
(As mitosis ends, cytokinesis begins)
Cytoplasm is divided in half
Cell membrane grows to enclose
each cell
Cell pinched in half by protein
threads (in animal cells).
In plant cells, a cell plate is formed
by fusing of the Golgi Apparatus.