Unit I Introduction

IFETCE/ EEE/ M.SUJITH/ III YEAR/ VI SEM/ EE 2355/ DEM/ PPT/ VER 1.
0
1
DESIGN OF
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
1. INTRODUCTION
2
Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design -
Electrical Engineering Materials-Space factor - Choice of
Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings -Thermal
considerations - Heat flow -Temperature rise - Rating of
machines -Standard specifications.
IFETCE/ EEE/ M.SUJITH/ III YEAR/ VI SEM/ EE 2355/ DEM/ PPT/ VER 1.0
3
DESIGN maybedefinedasacreativephysical
realizationof theoretical concepts.
ENGINEERING DESIGN is the application of Science,
technologyandinventionstoproducevariousmachinesto
solve specified tasks with optimum economy and
efficiency.
Problemof designandmanufactureof electric machinery
is to build, as economically as possible, amachinewhich
fulfilsacertainset of specificationsandguarantees.
Major considerations in Electrical
Machine Design
4
The major considerations to evolve a good design are:
(i) Cost .
(ii) Durability.
(iii) Compliance with performance criteria as laid down in
specifications.
Design Factors
Mechanical force required for movement in rotating
electrical machines can beproduced bothby electrostatic
and electromagnetic fields since both the fields store
energy.
Inelectrostatic machines, theenergy densityislimitedby
thedielectricstrengthof themediumused.
In electromagnetic machines, magnetic effect is used for
productionof forceandthereisno comparablerestriction
inmagneticfields.
5
Voltages that can be developed and used by normal
means, the forces produced by electrostatic effects are
veryweak.
A small current can produce large mechanical forces by
electromagnetic means and therefore all the modern
electrical machinesareelectromagnetictype.
6
7
DESIGN FLOW CHART
START
GIVEN
SPECIFICATION
CHOICE OF MATERIALS:
MAGNETIC, CONDUCTING,
INSULATING, etc.
ASSUMPTION OF BASIC QUANTITIES
SUCH AS, FLUX DENSITY, AMP.COND/m,
etc
DESIGN PROCESS: MAGNETIC CIRCUIT,
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT, MECHANICAL &
THERMAL DESIGN
MODIFY
ASSUMPTIONS
B A IFETCE/ EEE/ M.SUJITH/ III YEAR/ VI SEM/ EE 2355/ DEM/ PPT/ VER 1.0
8
A
PERFORMANCE
CALCULATION
COMPARE WITH GIVEN
SPECIFICATION
IS
SATISFACTORY?
PRINT DESIGN
SHEET
STOP
B
NO
YES
9
BASIC STRUCTURAL PARTS OF AN
ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTATING MACHINE
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT:
Provides the path for magnetic flux.
Consists of air gap, stator& rotor teeth, stator &rotor, cores(yokes)
cores (yokes).
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT:
Consists of stator &rotor windings.
DIELECTRIC CIRCUIT :
Consists of insulation
THERMAL CIRCUIT:
Considered with mode& media for dissipation of
heat.
MECHANICAL PARTS:
Frame, bearing and shaft.
Limitations in design
(i) Saturation.
(ii) Temperature rise.
(iii) Insulation.
(iv) Efficiency.
(v) Mechanical parts.
(vi) Commutation.
(vii) Power factor.
(viii) Consumer specifications
(ix) Standard specifications.
10
11
SATURATION:
Themaximumallowableflux density istobedeterminedby the
Saturationlevel of theferromagneticmaterial.
TEMPERATURE RISE:
Life of the machine depends on the type of insulating material
used.
Life of the insulating material in turn depends upon the
temperatureriseof themachine.
Proper coolingandventilationtechniquesarerequiredtokeepthe
temperaturerisewithinsafelimits.
12
INSULATION:
The insulating material should withstand electrical,
mechanical andthermal stressesproducedinthemachine.
The size of the insulation is not only decided by the
maximumvoltagestress but alsobythemechanical stresses
produced.
Eg. For thesameoperatingvoltagethicker insulationhas to
be used for large sized conductors than for smaller sized
ones.
EFFICIENCY:
Shouldbeashighaspossibletoreducetheoperatingcost.
Magnetic and electric loadings used should be small and this
requireslargeamount of material.
So thecapital cost of amachinedesigned foehigh efficiency
ishighwhileitsrunningcost islow.
13
14
MECHANICAL PARTS:
Construction of a machine should satisfy numerous
technological requirements.
InI.M lengthof air gapissmall inorder tohavehighp.f.
Inlargemachines, sizeof theshaft is decidedby considering
the critical speed, which depends upon the deflection of the
shaft.
Typeof bearings tobeuseddepends ontheinertiaforces due
to unbalanced rotors and unbalanced magnetic pull, and the
type of construction whether the machine is mounted
verticallyor horizontally.
15
COMMUTATION:
Commutation conditions limits the maximumoutput of the
machine.
POWER FACTOR:
Poor P.F resultsinlarger valuesof current for thesamepower,
thereforelarger conductor sizeshavetobeused.
Problemof P.F isparticularlyimportantincaseif I.M.
Lengthof air gapisdeterminedbyP.F considerations.
Valueof flux density depends onthepower factor, henceP.F
becomesalimitingfactor.
16
CONSUMERS SPECIFICATIONS:
Specifications laiddownintheconsumersorder has
tobemet.
Design evolved should also satisfy the economical
constraintsimposedonthemanufacturer.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
Specifications are the biggest strain on the design,
sinceboth theconsumer as well as themanufacturer
cannotget awayfromthemwithoutsatisfyingthem.
Modern machine manufacturing techniques
Modern machines arecharacterisedby avery widerange
of power outputs.
The power range varies from a fraction of a watt to
several hundredsof megawatt inasingleunit.
Thustheratio of power output of thesmallest machineto
that of thelargest machineis1:10
10
17
Rangeof rotational speeds of electrical machines is very
wide.
One machine may have a speed of few revolutions per
second while that of another may be several thousand
revolutionsper second.
Thelargevariedfields of applications, andwiderangeof
both power output and speed of operation of electrical
machineshasledtoavarietyof typesof construction.
18
19
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
MANUFACTURING
1. Small size Machine (up to 750W).
2. Medium size Machine (Few kW-250kW).
3. Large size Machine (250kW-5000kW).
4. Larger size Machine (hundreds of MW).
Small size machines: Electrical machines having power output up to
about 750Wmaybecalledsmall machines.
Mediumsize machines: Electrical machines having power outputs
ranging froma few kilowatt up to approximately 250 kW may be
classifiedasmediumsizemachines.
Largesizemachines: Electrical machines withpower O/P intherange
of 250kWuptoabout 5000kWareclassifiedaslarger sizemachines.
The machines are usually designed and manufactured as a series and
haveadefinitepower output range.
Larger machinesaredesignedonindividual basis. Thepower o/pof the
machinesarehundredstomegawatt.
20
21
Theactionof Electromagnetic machines canberelatedto
3BASIC PRINCIPLESnamely,
(i) Induction(Faradayslaw).
(ii) Interaction(Biot Savartslaw).
(iii) Alignment (Productionof forcedue
toalignment-inReluctancemotors).
22
BASICPRINCIPLES:
Faradayslaw:
This law states that e.m.f induced in a closed electric
circuitisequal totherateof changeof fluxlinkage.
The direction of induced e.m.f is such that the current
producedbyit opposesthechangeinfluxlinkages.
Thechangeinfluxlinkagescanbecausedinthreeways:
Coil is stationary w.r.t flux and the flux varies in magnitude w.r.t
time- emf induced is called as transformer emf or pulsational emf-
usedintransformers.
Flux is constant w.r.t time and is stationary and the coil moves
through it- emf induced is called motional emf- used in rotating
machinesliked.cmachines, inductionandsynchronousmachines.
Both the changes mentioned above occur together i.e., the coil
moves through a time varying field- this process involves both
transfer and conversion of energy- thus used in commutator
machines.
23
The electromagnetic force is given by:
f
e
=Bil sin newton
Where B=flux density, Wb/m
2;
l =length of conductor, m;
I =current carried by conductor, A;
=angle between direction of current and
magnetic field.
When the conductor and magnetic field are perpendicular to each
other, =90 degree.
So , f
e
=Bil newton
24
25
ELECTROMAGNETIC DESIGN
STATOR & ROTOR
ROTATING MACHINE STATIONARY
Core Core & winding
Teeth dimension
Winding & air gap
26
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ROTATING
STATIONARY
Frame Tank
Shaft (Transformer
tank)
Bearings
27
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
It consistsof
1. Conductingmaterials
2. Magnetic materials
3. Insulatingmaterials
Electrical Conductingmaterialsconsistsof
1. Highconductivitymaterials
usedfor makingall typesif windingsrequired
in electrical machines, apparatus, devices.
intransmissionanddistribution.
2. Highresistivitymaterials(alloys).
Usedfor makingresistancesandheatingdevices.
28
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING MATERIALS:
High conductivity materials.
Copper, Aluminium, Iron & Steel, Alloys of copper.
High resistivity materials (Alloys).
Nickel, Silver & Iron
29
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF HIGH CONDUCTING
MATERIALS:
1. Highest possibleconductivity.
2. Least possibletemperaturecoefficient of resistance.
3. Adequatemechanical strengthi.e., absenceof brittleness.
4. RollabilityandDrawability.
5. Good weldability and Solderability which ensures high reliability
andlowelectrical resistanceof thejoints.
6. Adequateresistancetocorrosion.
30
ALLOYSOF COPPER:
1. Bronze- copper basedalloys containingtin, cadmium, berylliumand
certainother metalsaregenerallycalledBronzes.
Berylliumcopper
Cadmiumcopper
2. Brass- contains66%Cu, 34%Zn.
3. Copper silver alloy- contains99.1%Cu, 0.06to0.1%silver.
31
MATERIALSOF HIGH RESISTIVITY:
Theycanbeclassifiedinto3categories:
I- GROUP: (MATERIALSUSEDFOR PRECISION WORKS)
Consists of materials used in precision measuring
instruments& inmakingstandardresistancesandresistance
boxes.
Important material used is Manganin (composition of
Cu86%, Mn12%, Ni 2%)
II- GROUP: (MATERIALSUSEDFOR RHEOSTATS)
Consists of materials from which resistance
elements are made for all kinds of rheostats and
similar control devices.
Principal alloy is constantan consisting of 60 to 65
%Cuand40to35%Ni).
II- GROUP: (MATERIALSUSEDFOR HEATINGDEVICES)
Consists of materials suitable for making high
temperature elements for electric furnaces, heating
devicesandloadingrheostats.
32
Alloys of Nickel, Chromiumand Iron called as
Nichrome.
Alloysof Aluminium, IronandChromium.
ELECTRICAL CARBON MATERIALS:
manufactured from graphite and other forms of
carboncoal, etc.
Carbon brushes are often graphited i.e., heat treated to
increasethesizeof crystals.
Thisraisestheconductivity of thebrushesandreducestheir
hardness.
Carbon brushes should acquire a mirror smooth surface in
order that they does not cause wear of commutator when
mountedonthem.
33
CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Based on the relative permeability, materials may classified as,
1. Ferromagnetic materials. (r much>1)
2. Paramagnetic materials. (r slightly>1)
3. Diamagnetic materials. (r slightly<1)
Based on the width of hysteresis loop,
1. Soft magnetic materials.
2. Hard magnetic materials.
34
SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS:
i) Solidcorematerials
ii) Electrical sheet & strip
iii) Special purposealloys.
i) SOLIDCORE MATERIALS:
Iron, lowcarbonsiliconsteel, cast iron, gray cast iron,
cast steel, soft steel, ferro-cobalt.
ii) SHEET METALS:
Electrical steel sheets(Non-orientedsteel), and
ColdRolledGrainOrientedsteel (CRGO).
iii) SPECIAL PURPOSE ALLOYS:
Mumetal, Permalloys, Super permalloy, Perminvar,
Permendur.
35
INSULATING MATERIALS (or) INSULANTS
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
Anideal insulatingmaterial shouldhave;
i) highdielectricstrength, sustainedat elevated temperatures,
ii) highresistivityor specificresistance,
iii) lowdielectriclosses,
iv) goodthermal conductivity,
v) highdegreeof thermal stabiltyi.e. it shouldnot
deteriorateat hightemperatures.
36
CLASSIFICATION:
i. Class Y - cotton, silk, paper, cellulose, wood, etc neither
impregnatednor immersedinoil.
ii. Class materialsof classY suitablyimpregnated.
iii. Class E- Synthetic resin enamels, cotton, paper laminated with
formaldehydebonding, etc.
iv. Class B- mica, glass fibre, asbestos, etc, with suitable bonding
materials.
v. Class F-materials of class B with suitable bonding materials of
higher thermal stability(25C higher thanclassB).
vi. Class H- glassfibre, asbestos& built upmica, withsuitablebonding
materialslikesiliconresins.
37
vii. Class C- Mica, ceramics, glass, quartz without binders or with
siliconresinsof higher thermal stability.
INSULATINGMATERIALSUSEDIN MODERNELECTRIC
MACHINES:
Mica, Micafolium, Fibrous glass, Asbestos, Cotton fibre,
Polyamides, Synthetic-resinenamels, Slot-liningmaterials, Wood,
Silicones, Epoxide thermosetting resins, Synthetic resin,
Petroleumbasedmineral oils, Askarels.
APPLICATIONS:
a. Wiresfor magneticcoilsandwindingsof machines.
b. Laminations
c. Machines& Transformers.
38
LIST OF SYMBOLS:
SYMBOL
MEANING UNIT
a Number of parallel paths in armature
winding.
a
z
Area of cross section of conductor mm
2
ac Specific electric loading Amp.cond./m
B
av
Specific magnetic loading Wb/m
2
or tesla
B
gm
Maximum air gap flux density under load
conditions.
Wb/m
2
or tesla
b Pole arc m
b
p
Width of the pole body M
C
o
Output coefficient Kva/m
3
-rps
c Cooling coefficient C W-m
2
D Armature diameter m
39
d
s
Depth of the slot mm
E Generated emf or back emf V
E
cm
Maximum voltage between adjacent
segments
V
E
ph
Induced emf per phase V
f frequency Hz
I Rated current A
I
a
Armature current A
I
z
Current in each conductor A
I
ph
Current per phase A
L Armature length m
40
N speed rpm
n speed rps
n
s
Synchronous speed Rps
P Rating of machine kW
P
a
Power developed by armature kW
p No. of poles -
Q kVA rating of the machine kVA
Q
l
Loss dissipated per unit area kW/m
3
R resistance ohm
S Dissipating surface m
2
T
c
Turns per coil -
T
ph
Turns per phase -
41
V
a
Peripheral speed m/sec
W
s
Width of the slot mm
y
s
Slot pitch mm
Z Total no.of armature or stator conductors -
Magnetic flux Wb
Ratio of pole arc to pole pitch -
Pole pitch m
efficiency -
Temperature rise C
Current density A/mm
Resistivity ohm-m
42
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF ROTATING
MACHINES
Every rotating machine has the following three quantities.
The presence of any two quantities, will produce the third
quantity.
Magnetic field-I (field)
Magnetic field-II (armature)
Mechanical force.
43
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A D.C
MACHINE:
STATOR - yoke or frame
- field pole
- pole shoe
- field winding
- Interpole
ROTOR - armature core
- armature winding
- commutator
OTHERS - brush
-brush holder
44
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SALIENT
POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
- armature core
- armature winding
ROTOR - field pole
- pole shoe
- field winding
-damper winding
45
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF CYLINDRICAL
ROTOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
- armature core
- armature winding
ROTOR - solid rotor
-field conductors or bars
46
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
CYLINDRICAL ROTOR SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
- stator core
- stator winding
ROTOR - rotor core
-rotor bars
-end rings
47
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SLIP RING
INDUCTION MACHINE
- stator core
- stator winding
ROTOR - rotor core
-rotor winding
-slip rings
Space Factor
Space factor (S
f
) is the ratio of bare conductor
area to total slot area.
48
49
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC LOADING
SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING (ac):
Defined as the average flux density over the air-gap of the
machine.
SPECIFIC MAGNETIC LOADING (Bav):
Defined as the number of armature (or stator) ampere conductors
per metre of armature (or stator) periphery at the air-gap.
DL
p
gap air the at path flux of Area
gap air the around flux Total
Bav

= =

D
IzZ
gap air the at perihery Armature
conductors ampere armature Total
ac
= =

50
FACTORS DECIDING THE CHOICE OF SPECIFIC
MAGNETIC LOADING:
Maximum flux density in iron parts of the machine,
Magnetizing current, and
Core losses.
FACTORS DECIDING THE CHOICE OF SPECIFIC
ELECTRIC LOADING:
Permissible temperature rise,
Voltage rating of the machine,
Size of the machine, and
Current density.
51
CHOICE OF SPECIFIC ELECTRIC LOADING(ac)
i) Temperature rise ()
depends on Q (losses), which in turn depends on ac.
Allowable depends on insulating material used.
ii) Cooling coefficient (C)
is also proportional to the cooling coefficient;
a machine with a better ventilation has a lower C and then higher ac can
be used.
iii) Operating voltage (V)
In high voltage machines, the slot space factor, Sf is less and so only
smaller ac can be used. It also depends on the shape of the
conductors, circular or rectangular in cross section.
iv) Current Density ()
Choice of depends on cooling; higher C higher value in the
choice of ac.
52
THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:
Conduction.
Convection.
Radiation.
EQUATION OF HEAT FLOW FOR CONDUCTION :
Q
con =
1
-
2
R
where,
Q
con
=heat dissipated by conduction, W;
1
,
2
=temperatures of two bounding surfaces ,C;
R
=thermal resistance of the conducting medium,

thermal ohm.
Natural
Artificial
53
NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING:
Q=Q
rad
+Q
conv
=
rad
S+
conv
S
Q = S watt
Where =
rad
+
conv
=specific heat dissipation or emissivity due to
radation plus convection.
THERMAL RESISTANCE:
It is defined as the resistance which causes a drop of 1C per
watt of heat flow.
54
HEATINGTIME CONSTANT:
It is the index of time taken by the machine to attain its final
steadytemperaturerise.
COOLINGTIME CONSTANT:
It is defined as time taken by the machine for its temperature
risetofall to0.368of itsinitial value.
RATINGOF MACHINES:
Ratingof machines refers tothewholeof thenumerical values
of electrical and mechanical quantities with their duration and
sequencesassignedtothemachinesby themanufacturersandstatedon
theratingplate, themachinecomplyingwiththespecifieddimensions.
55
ENCLOSURES FOR ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINE
1. Open machine
2. Open pedestal machine
3. Open end- bracket machine
4. Protected machine
5. Screen protected machine
6. Drip-proof machine
7. Splash-proof machine
8. Hose-proof machine
9. Pipe-ventilated (or) duct-ventilated machine
10. Totally enclosed machine
Heat flow
Heat flow in two dimensions:
Heat does not travel along parallel paths and the dissipating surfaces are
not homogenous.
Inactual practicetheheat flowis indifferent directions andthewindings
andcoreshaveinsulationinadditiontocopper andironrespectively.
Thermal resistivity of built up windings and cores depends upon relative
thicknessof insulationtocopper andiron.
56
Consider a coil having a large axial length:
l-length of coil m,
W-width of coil m,
T- thickness of coil,m.
py-thermal resistivity along aa, ohm m
px-thermal resistivity along bb, ohm m
q- heat produced per unit volume.
57
Thermal resistance of horizontal and vertical elementary strips
Two thermal paths are in parallel.
58
lxt
wdx
CD AB l
t dxw
y y
4 ) (
/
+
+
=
( ) 4
x
x
w
dx
tdx
t
l AB CD lwx

= +
+
Total thermal resistance of walls
Q be the total heat produced in the coil
59
( )
2 2
4 t w lx
twdx
x y
y x

+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
y x
w
t
t
w
l
Q

8
60
TEMPERATURE RISE
Q =Power loss (heat produced ), J /s or W
G =weight of the active material of the Machine, kg
h =specific heat, J /kg-
C
S =cooling surface area, m
2
= specific heat dissipation, W/ m
2
-
C
c = 1/ = cooling coefficient, m
2
-
C / W
m
=final steady temperature rise,
C
61
HEATING CURVE
m
0.0632
m
T
h
Time,t
Temp rise
= m(1-e
-t/Th
)
62
COOLING CURVE
Time,t
0.368
i
T
c
Temp rise
= ie-t/Tc
Rating of Machines
Rating of machines refers to the whole of the numerical values of
electrical andmechanical quantitieswiththeir durationandsequenceas
signed to the machines by the manufactures and stated on the rating
plate, themachinecomplyingwithspecifiedconditions.
63
OVERMOTORING:
(usingamotor of higher ratingthanisrequiredby load) leadstohigher
capital costs and increased losses because of lower efficiency at
reducedload.
In a.c drives, motors working at reduced loads lead to poor power
factor leadingtouneconomicloadingof supplycircuitsandapparatus.
LOADDIAGRAM(or) TIME SEQUENCEGRAPHS:
which show the variation of motor torque, power and load current as
functionof time.
64
65
TYPES OF DUTIES AND RATINGS
The following are the types of duty as per IS:4722-1968
Specification for rotating electric machinery:
S
1
: Continuous duty
S
2
: Short time duty
S
3
:Intermittent periodic duty
S
4
:Intermittent periodic duty with starting
S
5
:Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
S
6
:Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
S
7
:Continuous duty with starting & braking
S
8
:Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.
In the descriptions and diagrams for duty types S1 through S9 the following
symbols are used:
P =power in kW
P
v
=losses in kW

max
=maximum temp. in C
n =speed/min
=temperature in C
J
M
=moment of inertia of the
motor in kgm
2
J
ext
=moment of inertia of the
load referenced to the motor
shaft in kgm
2
t
A
=starting time in s, min
t
B
=load period in s, min
t
Br
=Braking time in s, min
t
S
=cycle duration in seconds
t
St
=stop period in s, min, or h
t
r
=relative duty cycle (%)
t =time in s, min, or h
T =thermal time constant in
minutes
67
CONTINUOUS DUTY(DUTY TYPE S
1
):
Duration of load is for a sufficiently long time such that all
parts of the motor attain thermal equilibrium.
(i.e) The motor will attain its maximum final steady state
temperature rise.
E.gcontinuously runningfans, pumps andother equipment
whichoperatefor several hours.
Thesimplifiedloaddiagramisahorizontal straight line.
Continuous rating may bedefined as theload that may be
carried by the machine for an infinite time without the
temperature rise of any part exceeding the maximum
permissiblevalue.
68
SHORT TIME DUTY(DUTY TYPE S
2
):
The motor operates at a constant load for some specified time
which is then followed by a period of rest.
Period of load is so short that the machine cannot reach its
thermal equilibrium i.e steady state temperature rise.
Period of rest is so long that that the motor temperature drops to
the ambient temperature.
E.g. Railway turntable, navigation lock gates.
Short time rating of a motor may be defined as its output at
which it may be operated for a specified time without exceeding
the maximum permissible value of temperature rise.
S1: Continuous duty S1: Short time duty
70
The period of operation is so short that the temperature rise of the motor does not
reach its final steady state value.
And the period of rest is so long that the motor returns to cold conditions.
Standard short time ratings are: 10,30,60 & 90 minutes
SHORT TIME RATING:
Short timeratingof amotor maybedefinedasitsoutput at whichit
may be operated for a certain specified time without exceeding the
maximumpermissiblevalueof temperaturerise.
INTERMITTENT RATING:
It applies to an operating condition during which short time load
periods alternate with periods of rest or no load without the motor
reaching the thermal equilibrium& without the maximumtemperature
risingabovethemaximumpermissiblevalue.
DUTY FACTOR (or) LOAD FACTOR (or) CYLIC DURATION
FACTOR):
It isdefinedastheratioof theheating(working) periodtotheperiod
of wholecycle.
71
INTERMITTENT PERIODIC DUTY(DUTY TYPE S
3
):
Theperiodof constant loadandmachinede-energizedalternate.
Theload periods aretoo short to allow the motor to reach its final
steadystatevalue.
Periodsof rest arealsotoosmall toallowthemotor tocool downto
ambient temperature.
E.gCranes, liftsandcertainmetal cuttingmachinetool drives.
S3: Intermittent periodic duty-type without starting
73
INTERMITTENT PERIODICDUTY WITHSTARTING:
Consists of sequence of identical duty cycles each consisting of a
period of starting, aperiod of operation at constant load and arest
period.
Theoperating period and rest period aretoo short to obtain thermal
equilibriumduringoneduty.
Theintermittent ratingof themotor appliestoanoperatingcondition
duringwhichshort timeloadperiods alternatewithperiods of rest or
no load without the motor reaching the thermal equilibriumand
without the maximum temperature rising above the maximum
permissiblevalue.
S4: Intermittent periodic duty with starting
75
INTERMITTENT PERIODIC DUTY WITH STARTING &
BRAKING:
Consists of a sequence of identical duty cycles each consisting of a
period of starting, a period of operation at constant load, a period of
brakingandarest period.
The operating period and rest period are too short to obtain thermal
equilibriumduringonedutycycle.
S5: Intermittent periodic duty with starting and electrical braking
77
CONTINUOUS DUTY WITH INTERMITTENT PERIODIC DUTY:
period of operation at constant load and a period of operation at no
load.
The machines with excited windings hence normal no load voltage
excitationduringtheloadperiod.
The operation and no load voltage excitation during the load period are
too short to attain thermal equilibrium during one duty cycle .
S6: Continuous-operation periodic duty
79
CONTINUOUS DUTY WITH STARTING & BRAKING:
Consists of a sequence of identical duty cycles each having a period of
starting, a period of operation at constant load and a period of electrical
braking.
There is no rest or de-energised period.
The duty factor for this duty cycle is 1.
S7: Continuous-operation duty with starting and electrical braking
81
CONTINUOUS DUTY WITH PERIODIC SPEED CHANGES:
periodof operationat constant loadcorrespondingto apredetermined
speed of rotation, followed immediately by a period of operation at
another loadcorrespondingtoadifferent speedof operation.
Theoperating period is too short to attain thermal equilibriumduring
onedutycycle, therebeingnorest andde=energizedperiod.
S8: Continuous-operation periodic duty with related
load/speed changes
Temperature rise
Q =Power loss (heat produced ), J /s or W
G =weight of the active material of the Machine, kg
h =specific heat, J /kg-
C
S =cooling surface area, m
2
= specific heat dissipation, W/ m
2
-
C
c = 1/ = cooling coefficient, m
2
-
C / W
m
=final steady temperature rise while heating ,
n
=final steady temperature rise while cooling,
i
=initial temperature rise over ambient medium,
C
T
h
=heating time constant
T
c
=Cooling time constant, S
t =time, S
85
METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF MOTOR RATINGS FOR
VARIABLE LOAD DRIVES:
I. Method of average losses,
II. Equivalent current method,
III. Equivalent torque method, and
IV. Equivalent power method.
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE RISE:
i. Thermometer method.
ii. Resistance method.
iii. Embedded temperature detector method.
86
COOLINGOF ROTATINGELECTRICAL MACHINES:
In most cases, the cooling electrical machines is carried out by air
flowandthiscoolingiscalledventilation.
In high speed machines such as turbo alternators, hydrogen is
usedfor cooling.
ADVANTAGESOF HYDROGENCOOLING:
Comparedwithair, hydrogenhasthefollowingproperties:-
i) (1/14)
th
density therebythewindagelossesand
noisereduced.
ii) 14timesspecificheat and1.5timesheat
transfer leadingtoimprovedcooling.
87
iii) 7timesthermal conductivityresultinginreduced
temperaturegradient,
iv) reducedcoronaeffect,
v) will not supportcombustionsolongasthe
hydrogen/air mixtureexceeds3/1.
In operation, the fans mounted on the rotor circulate
hydrogen through the ventilating ducts and internally
mountedgascoolers.
Therequiredgaspressureismaintainedbyaregulator.
Theprecautionto beobservedis thestator framemust be
gas tight andexplosionproof andoil filmgas seals at the
rotor shaft endsareessential.
88
INDUCEDANDFORCEDVENTILATION:
Ininducedventilation, thefanproducesdecreasedair pressureinsideof
the machine, causing air to be sucked into the machine under the
external atmosphericpressure.
In the forced ventilation, the air is forced into the fan by the fans
mountedinternallyor externally.
Theventilationcanalsobeclassifiedas,
i) Radial,
ii) axial and
iii) combinedradial andaxial.
Standard Specifications
Standard ratings of machines
Types of enclosure
Standard dimensions of conductors to be used
Method of marking ratings and name plate details
Performance specifications to be met
Types of insulation and permissible temperature loss
Permissible loss and range of efficiency
Procedure for testing of machine parts and machines
Auxiliary equipments
89
N ame Plate D etails
KW or KVA rating of machine
Rated working voltage
Operating speed
Full load current
Class of insulation
Frame size
Manufacturers name
Serial number of the machine
90
Standard Specifications
IS 325-1966 : Specifications for 3ph induction motor
IS 4029-1967 : Guide for testing 3ph induction motor
IS12615-1986 : Specifications for energy efficient
induction motor
IS13555-1993 : Guide for selection & application of 3ph
induction motor for different types of
driven equipment
IS8789-1996 : Values of performance characteristic for
3ph induction motor
IS 12066-1986 : 3ph induction motors for machine tools
91

Unit I Introduction

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Unit I Introduction

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

IFETCE/ EEE/ M.SUJITH/ III YEAR/ VI SEM/ EE 2355/ DEM/ PPT/ VER 1.

=thermal resistance of the conducting medium,

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen