GIF2vJPG Report

CS3242 Hypermedia Information Processing
Programming Assignment I: Simple Hierarchical JPEG Encoder/Decoder

Name:
Wu Yinghui Freddie
Matric No.:
986933H13
I. Introduction
This project is to develop a program that implements a simple hierarchical JPEG
encoder/decoder for greyscale images.
JPEG still picture compression standard is one of the most popularly used formats for
digital images storage and interchange. The JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
format was established in 1986 and adopted as standard by ISO/CCITT in 1991.
The power of JPEG compression lies in its efficiency in data compression and its
flexibility in handling different kinds of picture data. With the lossy mode compression,
which is most commonly used, JPEG can achieve a compression ratio from 1:10 to 1:50.
Hierarchical JPEG is one of the operation modes defined by the JPEG standard. Despite
the slightly lower compression ratio, hierarchical operation mode offers decoders the
flexibility to choose an appropriate position in the trade-off for image quality and system
capability.
II. System Design
The whole system was designed with the hierarchical JPEG operational flowchart in
mind. However, for the ease of implementation, I decided to simplify the actual
compressed file format as well as part of the internal data flows. (I call the simplified
JPEG file format vJPG. Thus, the system is called GIF2vJPG.) The brief system
block diagram is presented in Figure 1.
Image
Container
JPEG
Encoder/Decoder
Image
Container
Image
Reader
Huffman
Encoder/Decoder
Image
Writer
Figure 1
Brief block diagram of GIF2vJPG system.
By implementing image reader/writer and image container separately, the system can be
modified to access any image format as long as the corresponding reader/writer is
provided.
The JPEG encoder and decoder are designed to be stream-based black boxes, which is
because of the idea that JPEG encoders functionality is basically to convert an image
into a bit stream, and JPEG decoders is to convert a bit stream back into an image. With
the stream-based black box implementation of JPEG encoder/decoder, the system can
simply redirect output from JPEG encoder into a file stream during encoding stage, and
redirect a file stream into JPEG decoder during decoding stage. This convention greatly
simplifies the interface between the I/O components and the core encoder/decoder. A
more detailed block diagram of the JPEG and Huffman encoder is presented in Figure 2,
and diagram of JPEG and Huffman decoder is presented in Figure 3.
Image
blocks
Low-pass
Down-sampling
Low-pass
Down-sampling
+
-
Up-sampling
Interpolation
DCT
Up-sampling
Interpolation
Level shift
DCT
DCT
IDCT
Quantize
r
IDCT
Level shift
Quantizer
Quantizer
Dequantizer
Dequantizer
Zigzag
scan
Zigzag
scan
Generate
Huffman
coding table
Generate
Huffman
coding tree
Zigzag
scan
Compute
statistics for
symbol usage
Convert to
intermediate
symbols
Symbol
translation
Encoded bit stream
Figure 2
Sample block diagram of 3-level hierarchical JPEG and

Huffman encoder.
III. System Implementation

The GIF2vJPG system is implemented purely in the JAVA programming langauage, in
favour of JAVAs portability, its rich data structure library and its flexible object-oriented
programming style.
For the ease of black box implementation, I defined a few interfaces and abstract classes
to specify the external views of different blocks in the system:
-
ImageIOContainer: Abstract class used as define image I/O wrappers.
Encoded bit stream

Symbol
translation
Recover
Huffman
coding table
Convert from
intermediate symbols
back to coefficients
Zigzag
scan
Zigzag
scan
Dequantizer
Dequantizer
IDCT
IDCT
Up-sampling
Interpolation
Zigzag
scan
Dequantizer
IDCT
Level shift
Up-sampling
Interpolation
Image
blocks
Figure 3
Sample block diagram of 3-level hierarchical JPEG and

Huffman decoder.
GreymapFilter: Interface used to define filters for images (greymaps in this

project).
JPEGCodec: Interface defining common data structures and constants used by

both JPEG encoder and decoder.
HuffmanCodec: Abstract class defining common data structures, methods and

constants used by both Huffman encoder and decoder.
In addition, to provide the bit stream black box view of JPEG encoder/decoder,
JPEGEncode and JPEGDecode classes, both of which implement JPEGCodec,
interface, are extended from ByteArrayInputStream and
ByteArrayOutputStream classes, respectively. Thus, images are transformed from

pixel blocks to bit streams via the decoder and then directed to file output stream;
compressed images are read from file input stream and then directed to encoder to be
transformed back to pixel blocks. This architecture gave great advantage in coding and
debugging stages of the system.
Furthermore, in order to read in greyscale GIF images as input, a subclass of

ImageConsumer, PixelGrabber, was created to grab pixels from the
ImageProducer implementation provided by JAVAs API library. However, as the
output of the system, only vJPG (defined in Table 1, as compression output) and rawbit
PGM (as decompression output) files are use.
Table 1
vJPG1.0
vJPG file format
Magic tag for vJPG file format
CR
Lines of comments
Comment lines start with # and end at CR
Width
Width of original image (in plain ASCII decimal)
Space
Height
Height of original image (in plain ASCII decimal)
CR
Quantization scalar
Quantization scalar used (in plain ASCII decimal)
Space
Level of hierarchies
Level of hierarchies used (in plain ASCII decimal)
CR
DC Huffman table length
2 bytes (in binary, hi-byte first)
DC Huffman table
In plain bytes
DC code length
DC codes
In plain bytes (padded to byte with 0s)
0xFFFF
DC-AC separator
AC Huffman table length
AC Huffman table
In plain bytes
AC code length
AC codes
In plain bytes (padded to byte with 0s)
0xFFFE
End of file tag
IV. Evaluation
The following are the compression ratios obtained using the implemented GIF2vJPG
system on some sample images (for original image, please refer to Appendix 1) :
Image
Mandrill
Peppers
Board
Glasses
Girl
Lenna
vJPG compression
Rawbit
PGM size
GIF (256
colors)
size
58,558
36,511
15,878
16,775
17,133
17,193
2502348bit
62.35%
27.11%
28.65%
29.26%
29.36%
68,858
57,411
6,134
6,799
7,480
8,108
2752508bit
83.38%
8.91%
9.87%
10.86%
11.77%
288,664
90,331
10,681
12,490
13,669
14,404
6184678bit
31.29%
3.70%
4.33%
4.74%
4.99%
55,334
46,160
9,621
10,771
11,295
11,486
2881928bit
83.42%
17.39%
19.47%
20.41%
20.76%
393,254
283,675
29,290
32,289
34,688
36,408
7685128bit
72.14%
7.45%
8.21%
8.82%
9.26%
262,182
241,375
21,354
23,449
26,184
27,469
5125128bit
92.06%
8.14%
8.94%
9.99%
10.48%
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
From the table above, we can see that vJPGs compression ratios varies from 1:3.5 to
1:27. Also, we can observe that the more levels of hierarchies used, the lower the
compression ratio, which can be understood as a trade-off between flexibility and
compression efficiency. Furthermore, the more complex the original image is (such as
gmandrill.pgm), the lower the compression ratio. This can be explained by the fact
that heavily textured images give more significant high frequency DCT coefficients than
simple, plain images.
For more visualization of the compressed images, please refer to the Appendix I.
V. Conclusion
I implemented a pair of simplified hierarchical JPEG encoder and decoder, GIF2vJPG.
The system can perform multiple levels of hierarchical JPEG encoding/decoding with
variable quantization scalars.
I also conducted a performance test with three greyscale images of different complexities.
The compression ratios obtained showed that both the level of hierarchies used and the
level of texture the images contain affect the efficiency of JPEG compression. However,
lossy JPEG compression can provide much better compression performance than GIF in
general, due to the fact that lossy JPEG throws away some information from images.
VI. References
[1]
Wallace, G. K., et al. The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard. IEEE
Transactioins on Consumer Electronics, December 1991.
[2]
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Information Technology Digital

Compression And Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images Requirements And
Guidelines. CCITT Recommendation T.81, 1993.
[3]
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1. FCD 14495, Lossless and near-lossless coding of
continuous tone still image (JPEG-LS) (public draft). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG1
(JPEG/JBIG), 1997.
VII.
Appendix I: Visualization examples
gmandrill.gif
gmandrill_11-1.jpgv
gpeppers.gif
gpeppers_11-1.jpgv
board.gif
board_11-1.jpgv
glasses.pgm
glasses_11-1.jpgv
girl.pgm
girl_11-1.jpgv
lenna.pgm
lenna_11-1.jpgv
Quantization scalar
= 0.5
Quantization scalar
= 1.0
Compression level
=1
Compression level
=1
Decompression level = 1
10
(shown above)
Quantization scalar
= 2.0
Quantization scalar
= 4.0
Compression level
=1
Compression level
=1
Quantization scalar
=1
Compression level
=4
Quantization scalar
=1
Compression level
=4
Quantization scalar
=1
Compression level
=4
Quantization scalar
=1
Compression level
=4
11
VIII.
Appendix II: Partial source code (attached in separate sheets)
Source code list includes the listing of following source files:

1) FDCT/IDCT:
DCT.java
2) Up-/down-sampling:
GreymapFilter.java, AvgDownSample.java,
RepeatUpSample.java
3) Entropy encoding/decoding:
JPEGCodec.java, JPEGEncode.java, JPEGDecode.java,
HuffmanCodec.java, HuffmanEncode.java, HuffmanDecode.java
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GIF2vJPG Report

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CS3242 Hypermedia Information Processing

Programming Assignment I: Simple Hierarchical JPEG Encoder/Decoder

Brief block diagram of GIF2vJPG system.

Sample block diagram of 3-level hierarchical JPEG and

III. System Implementation

ImageIOContainer: Abstract class used as define image I/O wrappers.

Encoded bit stream

Sample block diagram of 3-level hierarchical JPEG and

GreymapFilter: Interface used to define filters for images (greymaps in this

JPEGCodec: Interface defining common data structures and constants used by

HuffmanCodec: Abstract class defining common data structures, methods and

ByteArrayOutputStream classes, respectively. Thus, images are transformed from

Furthermore, in order to read in greyscale GIF images as input, a subclass of

vJPG file format

Magic tag for vJPG file format

Comment lines start with # and end at CR

Width of original image (in plain ASCII decimal)

Height of original image (in plain ASCII decimal)

Quantization scalar used (in plain ASCII decimal)

Level of hierarchies used (in plain ASCII decimal)

2 bytes (in binary, hi-byte first)

2 bytes (in binary, hi-byte first)

In plain bytes (padded to byte with 0s)

AC Huffman table length

2 bytes (in binary, hi-byte first)

2 bytes (in binary, hi-byte first)

In plain bytes (padded to byte with 0s)

End of file tag

International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Information Technology Digital

Appendix I: Visualization examples

Appendix II: Partial source code (attached in separate sheets)

Source code list includes the listing of following source files:

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