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INTRODUCTION
Course Goals
This course has two specific goals: (i) To introduce students to basic concepts of soil, water, plants, their interactions, as well as irrigation and drainage systems design, planning and management. (ii) To develop analytical skills relevant to the areas mentioned in (i) above, particularly the design of irrigation and drainage projects.
Course Outline
Basic Soil-Water Relations.
Irrigation Water Requirements, Sources, quantity and quality of irrigation water: Methods in Irrigation Design of irrigation systems and structures.
Course Objectives
On Completion of this course, students should be able to: (i) Understand the basic soil-plant-water parameters related to irrigation (ii) Understand how to estimate the quantity of water required by crops. Be able to plan and design irrigation structures. Design channels and other irrigation structures required for irrigation, soil conservation, flood control and other watermanagement projects.
(iii) (iv)
SYLLABUS
Introduction Definition. Necessity of irrigation. Planning of irrigation projects. Scope of irrigation engineering. Benefits and ill effects of irrigation. Soil-Water Crop Relationship Soil and its physical and chemical properties. Root zone soil water. Crops of Pakistan and crop rotation. Methods of Irrigation Irrigation methods. Factors affecting irrigation methods. Surface methods. Sprinkler irrigation method and Sub-surface irrigation methods. Water Requirement of Crops Functions of irrigation water. Preparation of Irrigation land. Crop base period. Commanded areas. Intensity of irrigation. Duty and Delta of crop. Relationship between duty and delta. Factors on which duty depends, depth and frequencies of irrigation. Kharif-Rabi ratio, Optimization of irrigation water. Uniformity coefficient. Consumptive use of water. Estimation of consumptive use. Irrigation efficiencies. Net irrigation requirements.
Canal Irrigation System Alluvial and Non-alluvial canals. Alignment of canals. Distribution system for canal irrigation: basic definitions, determination of canal capacity, canal losses, empirical formula for channel losses and channel section for minimum seepage loss. Design of Irrigation Channels Design of stable channel. Regime channels. Kennedy's theory. Critical velocity ratio. Kutter's formula. Manning's formula. Lacey's theory. Design procedure for Lacey's theory. Estimation of transported sediment. Bed load equation. Meyer-Peter's and Einstein's formula. Design procedure for irrigation channel and maintenance of irrigation canals. Diversion Head Works Difference between a Weir and Barrage, layout of diversion head works. Diversion weir, types and components of diversion weir. Head regulator and cross regulator, canal regulation and silt control at the head works. Irrigation Outlets Definition. Essential requirements of an outlet. Types of outlets. Characteristics of outlets and description of each type of outlet.
Theories of Seepage and Design of Weir and Barrage Causes of failure by piping and direct uplift, safety against piping and uplift, Khosla's theory and concept of flow net, stream lines and equipotential lines, critical gradient, Khosla's method of independent variablies for determination of pressure and exit gradient below a weir or barrage, Khosla's simple standard profiles. Design examples of barrage, head regulator, cross regulator. River training works: Methods to control bank erosion Reservoir Planning and Dams in General Types of reservoirs, flood control reservoir, multipurpose reservoir. capacity of reservoirs. Storage zones of reservoirs. Reservoir yield. Distribution reservoir, Estimation of demands and optimal reservoir operation. Flood routing or flood adsorption, reservoir sedimentation, silt control in reservoir. Selection of suitable site for reservoir. Economic height of dam. Economics of combined project, cost benefit consideration and general principle of optimizing capital budget, various types of dam problems in dam construction. Factors governing the selection of particular type of dam, selection of darn site and environ mental impacts assessment of dams. Environmental Impact of Irrigation Engineering/Sea Water Intrusion Introduction to Related Soft wares
Books Recommended
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures Santosh Kumar Garg 12th edition or latest Khanna Publishers Irrigation and Water Power Engineering Dr. B. C. Punmia and Pande B. B. Lal 7th edition Standard Publishers, Delhi Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures: Theory, Design and Practice Dr. Iqbal Ali Institute of environmental Engineering Research, N.E.D. University, Karachi.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Irrigation is the application of water to the soil to supplement natural precipitation and provide an environment that is optimum for crop production.
Types of Irrigation
Supplementary irrigation: in areas with rainfall for a part of the season or year Total irrigation: in areas of no rainfall
Necessity of Irrigation
1.Less rainfall 2.Non-uniform rainfall 3.Commercial crops with additional water 4.Controlled water supply
Advantages of Irrigation
(2)Optimum Benefits
(3)Elimination of Mixed Cropping. (4)Facilities of Communications. (5)Generation of Hydro-electric power. (6)Domestic Water Supply. (7)Facilities of Communications. (8)Inland Navigation. (9)Afforestation.
(4) Complex and expensive to government: provision of cheaper water vs. low revenue returns
Agricultural establishments capable of applying controlled amounts of water to lands to produce crops are termed irrigation projects. These projects mainly consist of engineering (or hydraulic) structures which collect, convey and deliver water to areas on which crops are grown. Irrigation projects may range from a small farm unit to those serving extensive areas of millions of hectares.
A small irrigation project may consist of a low diversion weir or an inexpensive pumping plant along with small ditches (channels) and some minor control structures.
A large irrigation project includes a large storage reservoir, a huge dam, hundreds of kilo metres of canals, branches and distributaries, control structures and other works.
Irrigation project mainly includes the following works: (i) Storage (or intake) and diversion works, (ii) Conveyance and distribution channels, (iii) Control and other hydraulic structures, (iv) Farm distribution, and (v) Drainage works. Every irrigation project undergo following stages: 1.Development of an Irrigation Project 2.Feasibility of an Irrigation Project 3.Planning of an Irrigation Project
The planning stage itself consists of three sub stages: (i) preliminary planning including feasibility studies, (ii) detailed planning of water and land use, and (iii) the design of irrigation structures and canals.
The following are the main factors which must be determined accurately during the planning stage of an irrigation project: (i) Type of project and general plan of irrigation works, (ii) Location, extent and type of irrigable lands, (iii) Irrigation requirements for profitable crop production, (iv) Available water supplies for the project, (v) Irrigable areas which can be economically supplied with water, (vi) Types and locations of necessary engineering works, (vii) Needs for immediate and future drainage, (viii) Feasibility of hydroelectric power development, (ix) Cost of storage, irrigation, power and drainage features, (x) Evaluation of probable power, income and indirect benefits, (xi) Method of financing the project construction, (xii) Desirable type of construction and development, (xiii) Probable annual cost of water to the farmers,
(xiv) Cost of land preparations and farm distribution systems, and (xv) Feasible crops, costs of crop production, and probable crop returns.
Types of Irrigation w.r.to Source Irrigation may broadly be classified into : 1.Surface irrigation [(a) Flow irrigation; and (b) Lift irrigation.] 2.Sub-surface irrigation
When the water is available at a higher level, and it is supplied to lower level, by the mere action of gravity, then it is called Flow Irrigation.
But, if the water is lifted up by some mechanical or manual means, such as pumps, etc. and then supplied for irrigation, then it is called Lift Irrigation.
(ii) Flood Irrigation. This kind of irrigation, is sometimes called as inundation irrigation. In this method of irrigation, soil is kept submerged and thoroughly flooded with water, so as to cause thorough saturation of the land.
Soil Constituents
Mineral Material: Sand, clay and silt Organic matter Water Air
30% 5%
Mineral Components
Except in the case of organic soils, most of a soils solid framework consists of mineral particles. They are variable in size and composition. They can vary from small rock particles to colloids. The mineral can be raw quartz and other primary materials coarse fractions which have not changed from parent material) They can also be silicate clays and iron oxides formed by the breakdown and weathering of less resistant minerals as soil formation progressed. These are called secondary minerals.
Mineral Constituents
USDA ROCKS SAND SILT > 2 mm 0.05 to 2 mm 0.002 to 0.05 mm ISSS > 2 mm 0.02 to 2 mm 0.002 to 0.02 mm
CLAY
< 0.002 mm
< 0.002 mm
Sand Component
Visible to the Naked Eye and Vary in Size. They are Gritty when rubbed between Fingers. Sand Particles do not Adhere to one another and are therefore not Sticky.
Colloidal Material
The smaller particles (< 0.001 mm) of clay and similar sized organic particles) have colloidal properties and can be seen with an electronic microscope. The colloidal particles have a very large area per unit weight so there are enough surface charges to which water and ions can be attracted. These charges make them adhere together. Humus improves the water holding capacity of the soil.
Soil Water
Quantity of water in a soil as determined by its moisture content does not give a true indication of the soil wetness. A clay soil, which on handling feels dry, can be at the same moisture content as a sandy soil, which feels wet. A plant will have less difficulty extracting water from a sandy soil than from a clay soil at the same moisture content. There is need for a soil wetness which reflects the ease or difficulty of extraction of water from the soil by the plant. The Concept of Soil Water Potential is therefore used in Soil/Plant/Water Relations.
Mechanism of Soil Water Movement The flow of water in any hydraulic system, including the soilplant-water system, takes place from a state of higher to one of lower potential energy. The steepness of the potential gradient from one point in the system reflects the ease with which water will flow down the potential gradient between the points. Soil-water system is mainly made up of three components:
i) Gravitational Potential: Reflects gravitational forces on the soil water. ii) Pressure Potential: This is positive when greater than atmospheric pressure, and negative when below atmospheric. A negative pressure potential (or tension, or suction) is also known as the matric potential. It is characteristic of soil water above a free water surface. iii) Osmotic Potential: reflects the effect of solutes in soil water, in the presence of a semi-permeable membrane The total potential of soil water at a point is the sum of all the components of potential, which are acting. Note that the movement of water in the soil is slow, so kinetic energy is neglected.