Basics of Rock Support

Rev. April 2008

Why reinforcing the rock?

Reinforcing the rock is usually seen as:
Time consuming. Non directly productive. Expensive. Complicated.

So why reinforcing the rock ? Human workforce SAFETY.

Secure the access to the orebody.

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How?
Rock & cable bolting. Meshing. Shotcreting (sprayed concrete). Timber support. Steel Arches, concrete lining:
Used in special conditions, I.e. production level development for block caving

Backfilling.

We wont go further on those 4 because theyre not part of current SMC UGHRM offering.

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Rock Support
To create a compressive stress arc around the opening
Helps the rock to support itself

To support the loose blocks

Prevents the loose blocks of falling out and prevents the progression of cave-in

Compression stress field in tunnel roof created with fully grouted bolts.

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RMR-Bienawski / Relationship stan up time

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RMR-Bienawski Determination of support using

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Bolt types

ANCHOR-POINT BOLTS Commonly known as expansion shell bolts or wedge type.

FULLY-EMBEDDED BOLTS Either resin or cement grouted

FRICTION BOLTS Split Set or Swellex

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Split set bolt

Drill a hole smaller than the outside diameter of the bolt:
The drilling bit size is critical.

The bolt is acting as a standard mechanical split pin and stabilize the rock masses by creating compressive stress. Request an impactor or a rockdrill on the bolting line.

Friction bolts Immediate support Full column anchor

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Split set bolt

2 of the most common split set bolt:

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Swellex bolt
This bolt is acting like a split set, but the friction is created by inflating the bolt with high pressurized water.

Friction bolts Immediate support Full column anchor

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Swellex
-DIAGRAM

0 Bar 150 Bars 15 Bars 300

No leak

DRAIN SEALING SEALING FILLING + + INFLATION SEALING

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Swellex bolt
Some of the most common swellex bolts

Swellex Swellex Mn12 Swellex Mn16 Swellex Mn24

Breaking load 120 kN 160 kN 240 kN

Hole diameter 32 39 mm 43 52 mm 43 52 mm

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Grouted bolt
Resin grouted (immediate support and can be pre-tensionned). Cement grouted (no immediate support):
Cable bolting replace the rebar by a steel strand.

simple steel rebar

cement or resin fill

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Grouted cable bolt

Used to bind and secure large rock masses Used both before and after excavation:
Sublevel stoping: To prevent cave-in from hanging wall & to support pillars Cut and fill stoping: To reinforce the roof (mostly overhand cut and fill) Room and Pillar: To reinforce the roof and the pillars Block caving: To reinforce the drawbell- and production area for safer operation and extended drawpoint lifetime Drifting (long bolts within limited space)
Cable used: - 15.2 mm steel strand, or - 15.2 mm bulb anchor - Breaking strength 25 tonnes - Often 2 strands / hole Sandvik Mining and Construction

Point Anchor bolt

Mechanical bolts. Immediate support. Can be cement-grouted:
Wedge type cement grouted = Kiruna Bolt

expansion shell
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wedge type

Other types
Combination: CT bolt
Immediate support + fully grouted + corrosion protected

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Lifespan & cost

Properties of different bolt types
Bolt type
Cement grouted rebar Resin grouted rebar

Lifespan
Permanent Permanent (when fully grouted) Temporary / Permanent when grouted Temporary / Permanent when grouted Temporary (longer than split-set) Temporary Permanent

Relative cost
1 2

General comments
Low cost, good availability, No immediate support Reasonable cost, Availability of resin may be problem, Immediate support Immediate support Fast installation, immediate support, fairly low cost Fast installation, immediate support Fast installation, immediate support Good properties, expensive

Expansion shell Cement grouted wedge-type Swellex Split-set (or copy of) CT-bolt

1.5 1.25 3 1 4

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Meshing
Used together with bolting (and shotcrete)
Does not prevent deformations, but prevents loose rock from falling. Screen the size of loose rocks that might fall. Can stand up large deformations without breaking. Can be installed mechanized with screen manipulator on Robolt.

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How to choose a bolter

Rev. April 2008

How to choose a bolting unit?

Rock bolts:
DS310, DS410, DS510

DS310 Robolt 5

Cable bolt:
DS420, DS520

DS410 Robolt 7

DS420 Cabolt 7
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How to choose a bolting unit?

What type of bolting head does the customer is already using ?
BH from Tampere.
TUC from Lyon. As far as possible, the same bolting head shall be proposed to the customer. The bolting heads are so different that it is really hard to get used to the other type once trained used to one kind.

BH

TUC

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How to choose a bolting unit?

What is or are the average drift height to be bolted? What is the bolt length to be installed? Check first B value:
The drift height should be < B, and as close possible to utilize the bolter at his maximum output.

DS310/DS410

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How to choose a bolting unit?

Check then A value:
Dont hesitate to add a safety margin when possible, manoeuvrability is critical in operation.

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How to choose a bolting unit?

C is the maximum reachable height and is usually used for bolting over blasted or excavated areas, or really high spot bolting.

C value is usually not be considered as normal bolting height.

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How to choose a bolting unit?

Boom DS310 DS310 DS410 DS510 B26B B26BXL ZRU 707

Basic WxH Roughly (8' bolt) 6 x 5m 7 x 6m 8 x 7m 6 x 5,6m 7 x 6m 8 x 6,8m

Max. Drift (8' bolt) 7 x 6,5m 8 x 7,2m 8,9 x 7,9m

ZRU 1407 12 x 9m 12,7 x 9,2m 13 x 10,6m

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How to choose a bolting unit?

Need for a second optional boom?

Basket boom => DS410, or DS510.

Screening (meshing) boom :

Better to propose that option on separate boom for manoeuvrability:
Available from DS410 classe size

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How to choose a bolting unit?

Fleet effect:

If the customer owns a large fleet of DD310 (Axera 5), it is better to offer DS310 (Robolt5) even if the DS410 (Robolt 7) could fit the application.

The benefit will be carrier spare parts communality, less operator training,

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Mandatory informations
Bolt type. Bolt diameter.

Bolt length.
Plate sizes. Resin cartridges OD and length.

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Bolting heads
TUC:How Does it Work.ppt
Available on DS310 and DS410 Working H 200, HH200, RHR 50.

BH:
Available on DS410, DS510 Working with HL300 or HL 510.

TU LP & LPM:
Available on LP bolters DS210L (M) and only for Expandable shell and resin bolts. Video TULP & TULPM. Working with HLX1 & RHR 50.

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Bolting booms
Bolting booms

B26 B & XLB: DS310

ZRU 707: DS410 ZRU 1407: DS510

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Bolting controls
THC 560C:
Fully hydraulic controls based on standard THC 560 face drilling controls. Available & standard on DS310

TPC 301 EW:

Electric controls based on a PLC unit.
Available & standard on DS410, DS510

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Screen handler
Screen Handler.pdf

Videos
Spec sheet Available on:
As a separate boom DS410, DS510 On the drilling boom on DS310

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Bulk cement system

Video Bulk cement system available on:
DS410, DS510.
Standard on DS420

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DS310 (Robolt 5)
Small cross sections Compact size (5 size class) Max reach 7.3 m

Bolt length up to 3.0 m

Screen handler option Spec sheet

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DS410 (Robolt 7)
Small to medium cross sections Max reach 7.9 m Bolt length up to 3.0 m Screen handler option

Basket boom option

Spec sheet

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DS510 (Robolt 8)
For medium- to large cross sections Max reach 12.4 m Bolt lengths up to 6.0 m

Basket boom option

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DS110L / DS210L
(Robolt LP & XLP)
DS210L

XLP DS110L
Video

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Cable bolting - Cabolt

Fully mechanized working cycle
Drilling

Grouting
Cable installation

Cabolt 7 Spec sheet

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Rock bolting - Tools

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