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B ( R , t ) i dS J m ( R , t ) i dS C =S S t S H ( R , t ) i dR = C =S S t D(R , t ) i dS + S J e (R , t ) i dS E( R , t ) i dR =
S =V D( R , t ) i dS = V e (R , t ) dV S =V B( R , t ) i dS = V m ( R , t ) dV
C =S E( R , t ) i dR
dR = ?
S =V D(R , t ) i dS
dS = ?
V e (R , t ) dV
dV = ?
dR = R ( + d ) R ( )
def
dR
R ( ) R ( + d )
R ( )
R ( + d ) dR
Contour Parameter / Konturparameter Position Vector / Ortsvektor Position Vector / Ortsvektor Difference Vector / Differenzvektor
x
dR = R ( + d ) R ( )
Taylor Expansion / Taylor-Entwicklung
= R ( ) + =
d R ( ) d R ( ) d
d R ( ) d d
2
dR =
d R ( ) d d ( )
( )
= ( ) d = s ( ) dR
s ( ) =1
s ( )
s ( )
( ) dR = s ( ) dR = ( ) d
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3 3
Example: Vector Differential Line Element / Beispiel: Vektorielles differentielles Linienelement (1)
z
Contour / Kontur Curve / Kurve Circle with Radius a in the xy plane / Kreis mit dem Radius a in der xy-Ebene
a
y
R ( )
dR
R ( + d )
dR =
d R ( ) d = ( ) d = s ( ) d R d ( )
d d R ( ) = a cos e x + a sin e y d d
dR =
= a sin e x + cos e y
e ( )
d R ( ) d = a e ( ) d d = d = d = ( ) = ( ) = e ( ) ad
= s ( ) = d R
= a e ( )
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
= dR
4
2
Surface / Flche
R (1, 2 + d 2 )
1, 2
R (1, 2 ) R (1 + d1, 2 ) R (1, 2 + d 2 ) dR1 dR 2
R ( 1 , 2 )
z
dR
dS
1
1 R (1 + d1, 2 )
y
x
Position Vector / Ortsvektor
R ( 1 , 2 )
Tangential Vectors / Tangentialvektoren
dR 1 = dR 2 =
1 2
R ( 1 , 2 ) d 1 = 1 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1 R ( 1 , 2 ) d 2 = 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 2
1 ( 1 , 2 ) = 2 ( 1 , 2 ) =
1 2
R ( 1 , 2 ) R ( 1 , 2 )
5
dR 1 = dR 2 =
1 2
R ( 1 , 2 ) d 1 = 1 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1 R ( 1 , 2 ) d 2 = 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 2
dS = dR 1 dR 2 = 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2
Normal UnitUnit-Vector / Normaleneinheitsvektor
n=
1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 )
dS = n dS = 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2
= 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3 6
Example: Vector Differential Surface Element / Beispiel: Vektorielles differentielles Flchenelement (1)
z
Contour / Kontur Curve / Kurve Circle with Radius a in the xy plane / Kreis mit dem Radius a in der xy-Ebene
a
y
dR
1 = r dR 1
R ( 1 , 2 + d 2 )
2 =
R ( 1 , 2 )
R ( 1 + d 1 , 2 )
R ( 1 = r , 2 = ) = r cos e x + r sin e y ;
0 1 = r a; 0 2 = < 2
R ( r, ) r
R ( r, )
r cos e x + r sin e y
= r sin e x + cos e y
e ( )
)
7
er ( r )
= e r ( )
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
= r e ( )
Example: Vector Differential Surface Element / Beispiel: Vektorielles differentielles Flchenelement (2)
1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) = R ( r, ) R (r, ) = e r ( ) r e ( ) r
R ( r, ) r
= e r ( )
= r e r ( ) e ( ) = r
ez =1
R ( r, )
= r e ( )
n=
1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 )
R ( r, ) R (r, ) e r ( ) r e ( ) r e z r = = = = ez r R ( r, ) R (r, ) e r ( ) r e ( ) dS = n dS = dS r r
dS = n dS =
1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 )
1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2
n = n r
= 1 ( 1 , 2 ) 2 ( 1 , 2 ) d 1d 2 = e z r d r d
n dS
dR dR
1
= dS r
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
Metric Coefficients and Vector Differential Line Elements / Metrische Koeffizienten und vektorielle differentielle Linienelemente
Cartesian Coordinate System / Kartesisches Koordinatensystem Cylindrical Coordinate System / Zylinderkoordinatensystem Spherical Coordinate System / Kugelkoordinatensystem
hx = 1, hy = 1, hz = 1
hr = 1, h = r, hz = 1
hR = 1, h = R, h = R sin
dR = s dR = e x hx dx + e y hy dy + e z hz dz = e x dx + e y dy + e z dz dR x = s dR = e x hx dx = e x dx dR y = s dR = e y hy dy = e y dy dR z = s dR = e z hz dz = e z dz
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
dR = s dR = er hr dr + e h d + e z hz dz = er dr + e r d + e z dz dRr = s dR
dR = s dR = eR hR dR + e h d + e h d = eR dR + e R d + e R sin d dR R = s dR
= er hr dr = er dr dR = s dR = e h d = e r d dR z = s dR = e z hz dz = e z dz
= eR hR dR = eR dR dR = s dR = e h d = e R d dR = s dR = e h d = e R sin d
9
Metric Coefficients and Differential Surface Elements / Metrische Koeffizienten und differentielle Flchenelemente
Cartesian Coordinate System / Kartesisches Koordinatensystem Cylindrical Coordinate System / Zylinderkoordinatensystem Spherical Coordinate System / Kugelkoordinatensystem
hx = 1, hy = 1, hz = 1
dS = n dS = (e y e z ) hy hz dy dz +(e z e x ) hx hz dx dz +(e x e y ) hx hy dx dy = e x dy dz + e y dx dz +e z dx dy dS yz = n dS = (e y e z ) hy hz dy dz = e x dy dz dS xz = n dS = (e z e x ) hx hz dx dz = e y dx dz dS xy = n dS = (e x e y ) hx hy dx dy = e z dx dy
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
hr = 1, h = r, hz = 1
dS = n dS = (e e z ) h hz d dz +(e z er ) hr hz dr dz +(er e ) hr h dr d = er r d dz + e dr dz +e z r dr d
dS z = n dS = (e e z ) h hz d dz = er r d dz dSrz = n dS = (e z er ) hr hz dr dz = e dr dz dSr = n dS = (er e ) hr h dr d = e z r dr d
hR = 1, h = R, h = R sin
dS = n dS = (e e ) h h d d +(e eR ) hR h dR d +(eR e ) hR h dR d = eR R2 sin d d +e R sin dR d + e R dR d dS = n dS = (e e ) h h d d = eR R2 sin d d dSr = n dS = (e eR ) hR h dR d = e R sin dR d dSR = n dS = (eR e ) hR h dR d = e R dR d
10
Metric Coefficients and Differential Volume Elements / Metrische Koeffizienten und differentielle Volumenelemente
Cartesian Coordinate System / Kartesisches Koordinatensystem Cylindrical Coordinate System / Zylinderkoordinatensystem Spherical Coordinate System / Kugelkoordinatensystem
hx = 1, hy = 1, hz = 1
dV = hx dx hy dy hz dz = hx hy hz dx dy dz = dx dy dz
hr = 1, h = r, hz = 1
hR = 1, h = R, h = R sin
dV = hr dr h d hz dz = hr h hz dr d dy = r dr d dz
dV = hR dR h d h d = hR h h dR d d = R2 sin dR d d
11
Cartesian Coordinate System: Coordinate Surfaces, Unit Vectors, Surface Elements and Volume Element / Kartesischen Koordinatensystemen: Koordinatenflchen, Einheitsvektoren, Flchenelemente und Volumenelement
z = const.
dS xy
ez P ( x, y , z )
ey
ex
dS xz
dS yz
x = const. y = const.
12
Cylindrical Coordinate System: Coordinate Surfaces, Unit Vectors, Surface Elements and Volume Element / Zylinderkoordinatensystem: Zylinderkoordinatensystem: Koordinatenflchen, Einheitsvektoren, Flchenelemente und Volumenelement
dS xy
z = const.
dS rz
ez
P (r , , z )
r = const.
e ( )
e r ( )
dS z
dr
r d
= const.
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3 13
Spherical Coordinate System: Coordinate Surfaces, Unit Vectors, Surface Elements and Volume Element / Kugelkoordinatensystem: Kugelkoordinatensystem: Koordinatenflchen, Einheitsvektoren, Flchenelemente und Volumenelement
e R ( , )
R sin d dS
P ( R, , )
e ( )
e ( , )
dS r
R d
dS r
R sin
= const.
R = const.
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3 14
x y z
r cos r sin z
x2 + y 2 arctan ( y / x ) z
x2 + y 2 + z 2 arctan
R sin
R cos
R
x2 + y 2 / z
r2 + z2 arctan ( r / z )
arctan ( y / x )
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
15
Examples / Beispiele
1. Formulate x as a function of the cylinder and spherical coordinates. / Formuliere x als Funktion der Zylinder- und Kugelkoordinaten.
r=
x 2 + y 2 = R sin
3. Formulate x 2 + y 2 as a function of the cylinder coordinates. / Formuliere x 2 + y 2 als Funktion der Zylinderkoordinaten.
x2 + y2 =
16
Scalar Vector Components in Different Coordinate Systems / Skalare Vektorkomponenten in verschiedenen Koordinatensystemen Transformation Table / Umrechnungstabelle
Cartesian Coordinates / Kartesische Koordinaten Cylindrical Coordinates / Zylinderkoordinaten Spherical Coordinates / Kugelkoordinaten
A = Ax e x + Ay e y + Az e z
A = Ar er + A e + Az e z
Ar cos A sin Ar sin + A cos Az
A = AR e R + A e + A e
AR sin cos + A cos cos A sin AR sin sin + A cos sin + A cos AR cos A sin
Ax Ay Az
Ax cos + Ay sin Ax sin + Ay cos Az
Ar A Az
Ar sin + Az cos Ar cos Az sin A
Ax sin cos + Ay sin sin + Az cos Ax cos cos + Ay cos sin Az sin Ax sin + Ay cos
AR A A
17
Example: Coordinate Transformation of the Position Vector / Beispiel: Koordinatentransformation des Ortsvektor
Position Vector in the Cartesian Coordinate System / Ortsvektor im Kartesischen Koordinatensystem
R=
x
Rx ( x, y, z )
ex +
y
Ry ( x, y, z )
ey +
z
Rz ( x, y, z )
ez
R = r er ( ) + z ez
Rr Rz
18
Example: Coordinate Transformation of the Position Vector / Beispiel: Koordinatentransformation des Ortsvektor
Position Vector in the Cartesian Coordinate System / Ortsvektor im Kartesischen Koordinatensystem Position Vector in the Cylinder Coordinate System / Ortsvektor im Zylinderkoordinatensystem
R=
x
Rx ( x, y, z )
ex +
y
Ry ( x, y, z )
ey +
z
Rz ( x, y, z )
ez
R = r cos ex + r sin e y + z ez Rz ( r , , z ) Rx ( r , , z ) Ry ( r , , z )
Rr = r cos cos + r sin sin = r (cos 2 + sin 2 ) = r R = r cos sin + r sin cos =0 Rz = Rz
Dr.-Ing. Ren Marklein - EFT I - SS 2008 - Lecture 3 / Vorlesung 3
=1
R = r er ( ) + z ez
Rr Rz
19