Electrolyzed Water: Its History and Relevance to Modern

Health Management

Authors: N. L. Darnell, M. D. Trow

Document Info: Date: 6/5/2013, Version: 1.6, Number of Pages: 10, Security: Public, Contact: n.l.darnell@live.com

Copyright: This document is copyright protected. It may be referenced and linked. It may not be duplicated or
redistributed without permission from the author.

Abstract: Electrolytic water technology is an important, versatile, and evolving technology. It has been in commercial
development for more than one hundred years. The countries of France, Great Britain, Japan, Russia, and the United
States have all contributed to its evolution. In recent years it has gained substantial media attention. As a result, a great
deal of information about it has been promulgated on the internet. Advancements in communication technologies have
allowed this information to propagate at unprecedented speeds with little attention paid to veracity or technical accuracy. As
such, it is challenging for health care professionals to separate research driven statements from marketing driven claims.
The purpose of this document is to add clarity to the authentic history of electrolytic water technology and its applications in
modern health management. These applications include pathogen suppression, emergency preparedness, and disease
management. The information contained in this document was derived from the National Institutes of Health, The American
Library of Medicine, the British Medical Journal, NASA, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and various scientific journals. It contains over one hundred
scientific references. This document represents the most succinct history of electrolytic water technology that has been
authored to date.

Key Words: electrolytic sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, electrolyzed reduced water, electrolyzed oxidizing water

Disclaimer: Statements contained in this document have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. They
are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Introduction led to further alarm as well. Pharmaceutical residues

Significant achievements in medicine were made during
the 19th and 20th centuries [1]. The 21st century will
usher in an even greater degree of medical progress.
Future advancements in gene-based therapies might
even seem magical by comparison [2]. Even so, we
should guard against becoming so enamored with this
potential that we abandon practicality and good
judgment.
History has taught us well that progress is a double-
edged sword. Western medical innovations and
prescription medications have done wonders for
emergency care, but they have also created many new
dilemmas. They have increased complexities and
medical costs while doing little to curb the growing
epidemics of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
Alzheimer’s disease, autism, and cancer [73-75]. They
have also given rise to growing occurrences of antibiotic
resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Carbapenem-
resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) [3-5]. Excessive
utilization of prescription medications has
and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now being detected
in our watersheds and municipal water supplies [6-10].
Quite disturbingly, there is currently no way to
understand how these various chemical residues and
pathogens will affect long-term human health, wildlife,
and the environment. It is clear that action needs to be
taken. However, the same kind of short-term thinking
that created these problems will not be effective in
resolving them. We must begin thinking in different
terms.
If we are genuinely interested in improving public health,
then we must begin thinking proactively rather than
reactively. We must identify simple solutions that
reduce risks associated with the development of lifestyle
based epidemics while also suppressing risks of
infectious disease transmission, which are increasing
through globalization. These solutions must improve
nutritional-wellbeing and hygienic practices while also
reducing operational costs and environmental burdens.
Electrolytic water technology is a time tested and
clinically proven technology that deserves serious
consideration in pursuit of these endeavors.

1
A Brief History of Electrolytic Water
Technology
Electrolytic water technology has been in commercial
development for more than a century. In 1851, Charles
Watt discovered that electrolytic sodium hypochlorite
could be produced through the electrolysis of salt water
[11]. In 1889, William Webster patented the process for
producing electrolytic sodium hypochlorite as a method
of sewage disinfection [12]. This process, which later
became known as the Hermite Process, was evaluated
by the British Institute of Preventive Medicine and
deemed an effective form of sanitation in 1893 [13].
Subsequently, treatment with electrolytic sodium
hypochlorite was determined to be an equally effective
means of municipal water purification. Although the
technology demonstrated efficacy, the lack of a mature
electrical infrastructure made its implementation costly
and cumbersome relative to more established methods
of sanitation at the time [11]. Thus, it was not widely
adopted by municipalities during the late 1800s and
early 1900s.
Scotland, France, and Great Britain
At the turn of the 20th century, physicians began
investigating electrolytic sodium hypochlorite as a
germicide and topical disinfectant. It was used
experimentally in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1901 to assist in
suppressing an outbreak of the Bubonic plague. A short
time later, World War I provided another opportunity for
advancement. An electrolytic water generator was
installed experimentally on the French hospital ship
Charles Roux around 1915. This generator relied on
seawater as a saline solution. Surgeons utilized
electrolytic sodium hypochlorite from this generator as a
topical disinfectant on hundreds of surgical cases with
remarkable success [14].
Following success aboard the Charles Roux, the
technology was further refined by Drs. H. D. Dakin and
H. G. Carlisle in association with Dr. Edward Hopkinson.
Hopkinson was the personal scientific assistant to Sir
William Siemens, a co-founder of the multinational
technology firm Siemens AG, and later became head of
electrical engineering at Mather and Platt of
Manchester, one of England’s largest engineering firms.
The electrolytic water generator designed by the three
was installed on the British hospital ship H.M.H.S.
Aquitania. Aboard the Aquitania electrolytic sodium
hypochlorite was used for laundry and general cleaning,
water purification, and surgical disinfection [14]. British
physicians noted that electrolytic sodium hypochlorite
healed wounds faster than boric acid and iodine.
Further research revealed that it was effective at
2
suppressing B. Coli, Staphylococcus, and anthrax. In
1915, electrolytic sodium hypochlorite, also referred to
as electrochemically generated hypochlorous acid, was
defined in the British Medical Journal as “the most
powerful antiseptic known.” [15]
In 1918, The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
located in the United States, investigated the work of
Drs. Dakin, Carlisle, and Hopkinson [16]. Despite
positive scientific data and successful field testing of
electrolytic water technology by military surgeons in
France and Great Britain, the burgeoning field of
synthetic pharmaceutical medications was favored by
the Western medical establishment. Further
development of the technology in the United States was
relegated to the automotive and aerospace industries.
Other countries forged ahead with medical applications.
Japan
Japanese soda and bleaching powder manufacturers
were utilizing electrolysis for industrial chemical
production as far back as 1918 [17]. A byproduct of this
process was electrolyzed reduced water. For many
years it was simply discarded. During the 1930s,
Machisue Suwa, a Japanese medical researcher, began
investigating the effects of this water on plants and
animals. In 1952, he invented the first device for the
production of potable electrolyzed reduced water [18].
His invention was timely.
During the early 1950s, the country of Japan was still
recovering from the devastating consequences of World
War II. Japanese physicians found themselves
wrestling with a broken medical infrastructure and
routine shortages of pharmaceutical supplies. In an
effort to combat these challenges they implemented the
world’s most progressive disease prevention based
health care system. At the time, it was known as
Ninngen-dokku [19]. Today, it is more commonly
referred to as Ningen Dock [20-21]. Through this health
care model Japanese physicians began investigating
alternative methods of disease prevention and
management. During these investigations they
discovered that the consumption of electrolyzed
reduced water was effective in the treatment of intestinal
abnormal fermentation, acid indigestion, chronic
diarrhea, chronic constipation, and dyspepsia. In 1965,
the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
recognized the consumption of electrolyzed reduced
water as a viable medical treatment method [22].
Russia
During the 1960s and 1970s, Russian research
scientists began investigating the medical applications
of electrolyzed water as well. The All-Russian Institute
for Medical Engineering focused predominantly on the
development of electrochemically activated solutions as
a means of pathogen suppression [23]. Russian
scientists revisited the concept of producing
antimicrobial solutions through the electrolysis of
seawater [24]. Additional research revealed that
powerful yet environmentally friendly disinfectants could
be produced through the simple process of electrolyzing
tap water and table salt [25]. This research eventually
led to the long awaited development of electrolyzed
oxidizing water as a modern clinical disinfectant [26-29].
To date, electrolyzed oxidizing water has demonstrated
germicidal efficacy against more than fifty common
pathogens, including MRSA and Klebsiella pneumonia,
with no risk of antibiotic resistance [23].
United States
In the United States, the evolution of electrolytic water
technology took a different path. During the 1960s,
NASA developed the technology as a means of
producing heat, electricity, and potable water for
manned spacecraft [30-34]. Since then, domestic
research has revolved around space-based life support
systems, energy production, and vehicle propulsion
systems [35-40]. As such, its development in America
has been confined to the aerospace and transportation
industries [41-51]. Meanwhile, its health care virtues
have been largely overlooked by Western medicine.
Somewhat ironically, NASA recently began investigating
the physiological benefits of electrolyzed reduced water
and its potential to protect astronauts from the
damaging effects of cosmic radiation [52].
It seems that in countries and communities where
allopathic medicine and prescription medications are
dominant methods of health care, the functional benefits
of electrolyzed water are largely ignored. On the other
hand, in countries and communities where disease
prevention is favored over disease treatment
electrolyzed water is frequently used as a nutritional aid,
clinical sanitizer, and surgical disinfectant. In Japan,
electrolytic water generators, which meet JIS T-2004
specifications established by the Japanese Standards
Association, are eligible for licensing under Paragraph
1, Article 13 of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law of Japan
as clinical and home use medical devices by the
Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [53-
56].
Continuing Research on Electrolyzed
Water
3
The medically documented Nordenau Phenomenon,
which occurred in the early 1990s, triggered resurgence
in research to better understand the mechanisms of
action and physiological benefits of electrolyzed water
[57-58]. This research revealed that electrolyzed
reduced water is rich in dissolved hydrogen gas, which
imparts a significant free radical scavenging effect on
living tissues [59-60]. To date, the therapeutic effects of
hydrogen gas have been documented against more
than thirty different diseases in both animal and human
models [61]. Hydrogen has demonstrated antioxidative,
anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Additional
research has demonstrated that hydrogen can increase
insulin sensitivity, stabilize serum glucose levels,
suppress LDL cholesterol, and suppress risk factors
associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome [62-
63]. More current research suggests that hydrogen
suppresses the development of mitochondrial
myopathies, neurological disorders, and arthritis [64-66].
In terms of research and development, the country of
Japan remains at the forefront of electrolytic water
technology. There are two organizations in Japan, which
steward its development and marketing: The
Association of Alkaline Ionized Water Apparatus, and
the Functional Water Foundation [18,67]. Medically
certified electrolytic water generators remain the safest
and most effective means of producing and consuming
water that is enriched with hydrogen gas.
Research in the United States is continuing to gain
momentum. Drs. Peter Agre and Roderick Mackinnon,
Nobel Prize winning laureates, recently illustrated the
mechanism by which electrolyzed reduced water may
influence cellular hydration [68]. Additional research
performed by Dr. Gerald Pollack, a professor of
bioengineering at the University of Washington, has
demonstrated the unique molecular behavior of
electrolyzed water [69-70]. The recent work of Dr.
Atsunori Nakao, a Japanese surgeon and transplant
researcher at the University of Pittsburgh, has revealed
that hydrogen rich water may be a potential new tool in
the management of cardiovascular health [71-77].
Agricultural researchers at the University of Connecticut
[78-79], Pennsylvania State University [80-82], Oregon
State University [83-85], Virginia State University [86-
87], and the University of Georgia have been
investigating both electrolyzed reduced and oxidizing
waters for more than a decade [88-104]. They have
demonstrated that these electrochemically activated
solutions can be used to reduce pesticides and
pathogens in the processing of fruits, vegetables, eggs,
and meats. The USDA now recognizes the use of
electrolyzed oxidizing water as a viable method for
suppressing foodborne pathogens [105-112]. As a
result of these domestic research endeavors, Western
health care practitioners are slowly becoming aware of
electrolytic water technology and its relevance to human
health and environmental sustainability.
A Need to Improve Community Health and
Environmental Sustainability
Japan Rises Above Them All
Prior to the 1950s, little was notable about the health
and longevity of Japan’s citizens. They now entertain
the longest life expectancies of any nation in the world
[113]. It is not uncommon for Japanese men and
women to maintain their independence, mobility, and
quality of life well into their nineties. It is not
coincidental that the country of Japan also maintains
one of the lowest infant mortality rates among all
industrialized nations [114]. The remarkable health of
Japan’s citizens is due in part to high standards of
culturally imposed nutrition, personal hygiene, and self-
discipline. Other contributing factors include national
commitments to disease prevention and universal care.
The Life Expectancy of Americans
In contrast, the health care system in the United States
is geared predominantly towards disease treatment. On
a yearly basis, Americans consume more prescription
medications than the citizens of twelve other
industrialized nations combined [115]. It is not
coincidental that America has the most expensive health
care system on the planet [116]. Despite this high cost
of care, it is disturbing to note that Americans rank 49th
in life expectancy when compared to the citizens of
other countries [117]. The United States also maintains
the highest first-day infant mortality rate among all
wealthy nations [118]. According to the New England
Journal of Medicine, the most recent generation of
American youth may be the first generation in American
history not to live longer than the generation that
preceded it [119]. It is clear that Western medicine’s
disease treatment approach to health management has
not yielded significant improvements in human health
and longevity. In contrast, the overzealous application
of synthetically produced prescription medications has
created unnecessary complexities, dependencies, and
morbidities. The most pronounced example of this
phenomenon is the development of antibiotic resistance.
The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
The current crisis of antibiotic resistance was predicted
more than twenty years ago [120]. Even then, concern
was raised over how little attention was being paid to it
4
[121]. In 2012, the World Health Organization declared
that the growing threat of antibiotic resistance could
make common infections and routine surgeries deadly
[122]. Following this declaration, the chief medical
officer of Great Britain announced that antibiotic
resistance has become a ‘catastrophic threat’ to modern
medicine [123]. In March of 2013, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention declared that
immediate action is necessary to halt the spread of
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE),
which has become increasingly resistant to last-resort
antibiotics. Currently, it kills half the patients who
contract it. Most of these infections are occurring in
hospitals, long-term care facilities, and nursing homes
[124]. It is urgent that we begin taking appropriate
measures to improve health care and workplace
hygiene in ways that minimize the continued
development of antibiotic resistance.
The Increasing Speed of Infectious Disease
Transmission
Antibiotic resistance is not the only pathogenic threat we
face today. Over the past thirty years globalization and
supply chain integration have increased the reach of
infectious diseases and the speed at which they are
transmitted. One of the most pronounced pathways of
disease transmission has been international travel. It is
one of the world’s fastest growing industries. About
sixty million people travel to the United States every
year. Approximately, the same number of Americans
visit foreign countries as well. Air travel has allowed
infectious diseases to proliferate at speeds that were
previously unheard of. In recent years, quickly moving
outbreaks have included multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
(MDR TB), SARS, West Nile Virus, Avian Flu (H5N1),
and Swine Flu (H1N1) [125]. In addition to these
diseases travelers are also subjected to numerous
foodborne pathogens. Depending on the destination,
they can run up to a 50% likelihood of contracting a
foodborne illness. These travelers increase the risk of
spreading it to others when returning to their homes of
origin [126].
Globalization and the Increasing Prevalence of
Foodborne Pathogens
It is estimated that 46 million foodborne infections occur
in the United States every year. As a result of these
infections approximately 250,000 people are
hospitalized and 3000 die. In recent years these
illnesses have been transmitted through fruits,
vegetables, and meats contaminated with Salmonella,
E. Coli, Listeria, Hepatitis, and the Norovirus [127].
These pathogen laden products originate from both
domestic and international sources.
The opening of world markets in recent decades has
been a boon to the international food trade. Global
customers now have access to a greater variety of
meats and produce than in any other time in history.
However, this increase in international trade has also
elevated the risk for cross-border transmission of
foodborne pathogens [126].
As globalization proceeds, health risks associated with
antibiotic resistance, infectious diseases, and foodborne
illnesses will continue to grow. Attempting to reduce
these risks through the continued application of
synthetically produced prescription medications,
herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides will likely not
produce better long-term outcomes. It hasn’t yet. To
the contrary, a continuation of this strategy will likely
increase biological and environmental damage.
Pesticides, Herbicides, and Cancer Risk
In 2013, scientific research was published validating
correlations between the increased use of pesticides
and herbicides in recent decades and increases in
cancer burdens in the United States and around the
world. According to this research, the United States
alone accounts for 22% of global pesticide usage and
25% of global herbicide usage [128]. Most notably,
unlike its European counterparts the United States has
not implemented pesticide and herbicide reduction
policies. To the contrary, corporate lobbyists have
successfully rallied for usage increases. This presents a
significant public health dilemma.
Political and Public Health Dilemmas
In 2012, corporations in the United States were legally
granted personhood. As a collective, they now possess
nearly unlimited financial power. The problem with this
reality is that corporations in and of themselves have no
allegiance to the human race and no fundamental
commitment to human health and longevity. They exist
merely to produce a profit. If needed, they will do so at
the expense of society. Risks to human health have not
stopped them in the past and they will not stop them in
the future. Unfortunately, for all intents and purposes,
this new legal precedent makes it virtually impossible for
real citizens to reverse or revise policies made on
Capitol Hill. As real citizens, the responsibility falls upon
us to protect our health and the health of our loved
ones. If we are truly interested in doing so then we
must begin thinking in different terms. At the most basic
level, we must begin utilizing household tools that
5
measurably reduce our exposure to pesticides,
herbicides, foodborne pathogens, and toxic chemicals.
Electrolytic water technology is scientifically proven to
assist in this endeavor [129-130].
Conclusion
Time for a New Paradigm
It is clear that we need to begin thinking differently about
community health risks and how we address them in the
21st century. In pursuit of this, we must identify simple
solutions that reduce risks associated with the
development of lifestyle based epidemics while also
reducing financial costs and environmental burdens.
The time has come for all of us to become more
proactive about our health and welfare. As working
adults, it is vital that we recognize proper household and
work place hygiene as the primary countermeasure
against disease development and transmission.
Further, it is equally important for Western health care
practitioners to become more informed about alternative
health management tools that have the potential to
improve quality of life and longevity without risking
antibiotic resistance or biological toxicity. We must all
become more mindful of the potentially negative
implications of synthetically produced prescription
medications. Lastly, we must stop pandering to the
shortsighted and reactionary business of disease
treatment alone. Instead, we must focus whole
heartedly on the more cerebral and results oriented
business of disease prevention. Electrolytic water
technology is a time tested and clinically proven
technology that deserves serious consideration in the
pursuit of these endeavors.
Acknowledgements
M. D. Trow is a lifelong educator and New Century
Fulbright Scholar. This document would not have been
feasible without her guidance and dedication.
About the Author: N. L. Darnell is an executive
member of Diabetes Support Services Inc., a non-profit
community education and outreach organization
committed to improving the quality of life and longevity
of diabetics in the United States and around the world.
http://www.nldarnell.com
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