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Class PHYSICS110SPRING2007
Chapter 14
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Good Vibes: Introduction to Oscillations
Learning Goal: To learn the basic terminology and relationships among the main characteristics of
simple harmonic motion.
Motion that repeats itself over and over is called periodic motion. There are many examples of periodic
motion: the earth revolving around the sun, an elastic ball bouncing up and down, or a block attached to a
spring oscillating back and forth.
The last example differs from the first two, in that it represents a special kind of periodic motion called
simple harmonic motion. The conditions that lead to simple harmonic motion are as follows:
• There must be a position of stable equilibrium.
• There must be a restoring force acting on the oscillating object. The direction of this force must
always point toward the equilibrium, and its magnitude must be directly proportional to the
magnitude of the object's displacement from its equilibrium position. Mathematically, the
In this problem, we will introduce some of the basic quantities that describe oscillations and the
relationships among them.
Assume that the mechanical energy of the blockspring system remains unchanged in the subsequent
motion of the block.
Part A
After the block is released from , it will
remain at rest.
ANSWER:
move to the left until it reaches equilibrium and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches and stop there.
move to the left until it reaches and then begin to move to the right.
As the block begins its motion to the left, it accelerates. Although the restoring force decreases as the
block approaches equilibrium, it still pulls the block to the left, so by the time the equilibrium position
is reached, the block has gained some speed. It will, therefore, pass the equilibrium position and keep
moving, compressing the spring. The spring will now be pushing the block to the right, and the block
will slow down, temporarily coming to rest at .
After is reached, the block will begin its motion to the right, pushed by the spring. The block
will pass the equilibrium position and continue until it reaches , completing one cycle of
motion. The motion will then repeat; if, as we've assumed, there is no friction, the motion will repeat
indefinitely.
The time it takes the block to complete one cycle is called the period. Usually, the period is denoted
and is measured in seconds.
Part B
If the period is doubled, the frequency is
unchanged.
ANSWER:
doubled.
halved.
Part C
ANSWER: 10
=
Part D
If the frequency is 40 , what is the period ?
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER: 0.025
=
The following questions refer to the figure
that graphically depicts the oscillations of the block on the spring.
Note that the vertical axis represents the x coordinate of the oscillating object, and the horizontal axis
represents time.
Part E
Which points on the x axis are located a distance from the equilibrium position?
R only
ANSWER:
Q only
both R and Q
Part F
Suppose that the period is . Which of the following points on the t axis are separated by the time
interval ?
K and L
ANSWER:
K and M
K and P
L and N
M and P
Now assume that the x coordinate of point R is 0.12 and the t coordinate of point K is 0.0050 .
Part G
What is the period ?
Hint G.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER: 0.02
=
Part H
How much time does the block take to travel from the point of maximum displacement to the
opposite point of maximum displacement?
Express your answer in seconds.
ANSWER:
0.01
=
Part I
What distance does the object cover during one period of oscillation?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER: 0.48
=
Part J
What distance does the object cover between the moments labeled K and N on the graph?
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER: 0.36
=
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration of an Oscillator
Learning Goal: To learn to find kinematic variables from a graph of position vs. time.
The graph of the position of an oscillating object as a function of time is shown.
Some of the questions ask you to determine ranges on the graph over which a statement is true. When
answering these questions, choose the most complete answer. For example, if the answer "B to D" were
correct, then "B to C" would technically also be correctbut you will only recieve credit for choosing the
most complete answer.
Part A
Where on the graph is ?
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part B
Where on the graph is ?
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part C
Where on the graph is ?
A only
ANSWER:
C only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Part D
Where on the graph is the velocity ?
Hint D.1 Finding instantaneous velocity
Hint not displayed
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part E
Where on the graph is the velocity ?
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part F
Where on the graph is the velocity ?
Hint F.1 How to tell if
Hint not displayed
A only
ANSWER:
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Part G
Where on the graph is the acceleration ?
Hint G.1 Finding acceleration
Hint not displayed
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part H
Where on the graph is the acceleration ?
A to B
ANSWER:
A to C
C to D
C to E
B to D
A to B and D to E
Part I
Where on the graph is the acceleration ?
Hint I.1 How to tell if
Hint not displayed
A only
ANSWER:
B only
C only
D only
E only
A and C
A and C and E
B and D
Mass Hitting a Spring
A block sliding with velocity along a frictionless floor hits a spring at time (configuration 1).
The spring compresses until the block comes to a momentary stop (configuration 2).
Finally, the spring expands, pushing the block back in the direction from which it came.
In this problem you will be shown a series of plots related to the motion of the block and spring, and you
will be asked to identify what the plots represent. In each plot, the point labeled "1" refers to
configuration 1 (when the block first comes in contact with the spring). The point labeled "2" refers to
configuration 2 (when the block comes to rest with the spring compressed).
In the questions that follow, "force" refers to the x component of the force that the spring exerts on the
block and "position" and "velocity" refer to the x components of the position and velocity of the block.
Consider graph A.
What might this graph represent?
Part A.1 Specify the initial condition
Part not displayed
Hint A.2 Determine what the slope means
Hint not displayed
position vs. time
ANSWER:
velocity vs. time
force vs. time
force vs. position
Part B
Consider graph B.
Cosine Wave
The graph shows the position of an oscillating object as a function of time .
The equation of the graph is
What is in the equation?
Hint A.1
Maximum of
Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Part B
What is in the equation?
Hint B.1 Period
Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Part C
What is in the equation?
Hint C.1 Using the graph and trigonometry
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Using the graph and Part B
Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
Vertical MassandSpring Oscillator
A block of mass is attached to the end of an ideal spring. Due to the weight of the block, the block
remains at rest when the spring is stretched a distance from its equilibrium length.
The spring has an unknown spring constant
.
Part A
What is the spring constant ?
Part A.1 Sum of forces acting on the block
Part not displayed
Express the spring constant in terms of given quantities and , the magnitude of the acceleration
due to gravity.
ANSWER:
=
Part B
Suppose that the block gets bumped and undergoes a small vertical displacement. Find the resulting
angular frequency of the block's oscillation about its equilibrium position.
Hint B.1 Formula for angular frequency
Hint not displayed
Express the frequency in terms of given quantities and , the magnitude of the acceleration due
to gravity.
ANSWER:
=
It may seem that this result for the frequency does not depend on either the mass of the block or the
spring constant, which might make little sense. However, these parameters are what would determine
the extension of the spring when the block is hanging: .
Analyzing Simple Harmonic Motion
This applet shows two masses on springs, each accompanied by a graph of its position versus time.
Part A
What is an expression for , the position of mass I as a function of time? Assume that position is
measured in meters and time is measured in seconds.
Part A.1 How to approach the problem
Part not displayed
Part A.2 Find the amplitude
Part not displayed
Part A.3 Find the angular frequency
Part not displayed
Express your answer as a function of . Express numerical constants to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
Part B
What is , the position of mass II as a function of time? Assume that position is measured in
meters and time is measured in seconds.
Part B.1 How to approach the problem
Part not displayed
Part B.2 Find the amplitude
Part not displayed
Part B.3 Find the angular frequency
Part not displayed
Express your answer as a function of . Express numerical constants to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
=
Problem 14.14
The amplitude.
2.00
ANSWER: cm
Part B
The period.
0.628
ANSWER: s
Part C
The spring constant.
5.00
ANSWER: N/m
Part D
The phase constant.
0.785
ANSWER: rad
Part E
The initial coordinate of the mass.
ANSWER: 1.41 cm
Part F
The initial velocity.
cm/
ANSWER: 14.1
s
Part G
The maximum speed.
20.0 cm/
ANSWER:
s
Part H
The total energy.
1.0
ANSWER: mJ
Part I
The velocity at .
1.46 cm/
ANSWER:
s
Problem 14.22
A mass on a string of unknown length oscillates as a pendulum with a period of 4.0 s. Parts a to d are
independent questions, each referring to the initial situation. What is the period if
Part A
The mass is doubled?
4.00
ANSWER: s
Part B
The string length is doubled?
5.66
ANSWER: s
Part C
The string length is halved?
2.83
ANSWER: s
Part D
The amplitude is doubled?
4.00
ANSWER: s
Problem 14.58
Astronauts on the first trip to Mars take along a pendulum that has a period on earth of 1.50 s. The period
on Mars turns out to be 2.45 s.
Part A
What is the Martian acceleration due to gravity?
3.67
ANSWER:
Problem 14.19
A spring with spring constant 13.1 hangs from the ceiling. A ball is attached to the spring and
allowed to come to rest. It is then pulled down 7.50 and released. The ball makes 20.0 oscillations in
19.0 seconds.
Part A
What is its the mass of the ball?
299
ANSWER:
g
Part B
What is its maximum speed?
49.6 cm/
ANSWER:
s
Problem 14.40
Part A
When the displacement of a mass on a spring is the half of the amplitude, what fraction of the
energy is kinetic energy?
ANSWER: 75.0 %
Part B
At what displacement, as a fraction of , is the energy half kinetic and half potential?
0.707
ANSWER:
Problem 14.63
What was the bullet's speed if the subsequent oscillations have an amplitude of 7.90 ?
271
ANSWER:
m/s
Problem 14.34
The figure is the velocityversustime graph
of a particle in simple harmonic motion.
Part A
What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
ANSWER: 115 cm
Part B
What is the phase constant?
2.62
ANSWER: rad
Part C
What is the position at
99.3
ANSWER: cm
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