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Solve the boundary value problem using finite element method. Discretize the domain
into 4 elements.
d2y
y x 0 y(0)=0, y(1)=1
dx 2
Let y N1 y1 N2 y2
x x2
x x1
Where N1
, N2
x1 x2
x2 x1
Local nodes
elem2
elem1
Global nodes
2
elem3
y N1 y1 N2 y2
N2
y2
N1
a typical element
d 2 y
y x
dx 2
N Rdx 0....................(1)
1
elem4
4
N Rdx 0....................(2)
2
x2
(1) N1 (
x1
d 2 y
y x)dx 0.............(3)
dx 2
x2
d 2 y
(2) N 2 ( 2 y x)dx 0.............(4)
dx
x1
x2
(3) N1
x1
2
2
d 2 y
dx
N
ydx
x 1
x N1xdx 0.............(5)
dx 2
1
1
x2
2
2
d 2 y
N 2 xdx 0.............(6)
(4) N 2 2 dx N 2 ydx
dx
x1
x1
x1
dx N1 ydx
dx x1 x1 dx dx 2
x1
x1
dy
(6) N 2
dx
x2
x1
x2
2
2
dN 2 d 2 y
dx
N
ydx
2
N2 xdx 0.............(8)
dx dx 2
x1
x1
x1
(7)
x1
x2
(8)
x1
2
dN1 d 2 y
dy
N1
dx
N1 ydx
2
dx dx
dx
x1
x2
dN 2 d y
dy
N2
dx N 2 ydx
2
dx dx
dx
x1
2
x2
x1
x2
x1
x2
N1 xdx.............(9)
x1
x2
N 2 xdx.............(10)
x1
x dx
LHS x 1
2
dN 2
dx
x1
ke
= e11
k 21
x2
dN1 dN 2
dx
N
N
dx
1
2
dx dx
x1
x1
y1
y
x2
x2
x2
2
dN1
dN 2 dN 2
dx N 2 N1dx
dx N 2 N 21dx
dx
dx dx
x1
x1
x1
k e12 y1
K d
k e 22 y2
x
2
dN1
dx N1 N1dx
dx
x1
x2
dy
RHS N 2
dx
x2
x1
x2
N 2 xdx
x1
= Q f
N1
x x2
x
1 where l x2 x1 0.25(length of the interval)
x1 x2
l
N2
x x1 x
x2 x1 l
dN1
1
1
dx
x1 x2
l
dN 2
1
1
dx
x2 x1 l
x2
x2
x2
x2
2
dN dN1
k11 1
dx N1 N1dx = 4-0.8333=3.91667
dx dx
x1
x1
k12
2
dN1 dN 2
dx
dx dx
N1N2dx = -4-0.0417=-4.0417
x1
x1
2
dN 2 dN1
k21
dx N 2 N1dx =-4-0.0417 =4.0417
dx dx
x1
x1
2
dN 2 dN 2
k22
dx N 2 N 2 dx = 4-0.8333=3.91667
dx dx
x1
x1
3.91667 4.0417
k e1
4.0417 3.91667
Since the interval is same for all the elements k e1 k e 2 k e3 k e 4
x2
N1 xdx
x
0.0104
f e1 x 1
0.0208
N 2 xdx
x1
f e2
x2
N1 xdx
x
0.0417
x1
N 2 xdx
x1
f e3
f e3
x2
N1 xdx
x
0.0729
x1
N
xdx
2
x1
x2
N1 xdx
x
0.1042
x1
......x1 0.75, x2 1
2
0.1146
N 2 xdx
x1
Assembly of elements 1 to 4
Local Nodes
Global Nodes
Local Nodes
Global Nodes
3.91667
1
-4.0417
Element 1
1
-4.0417
3.91667
3.91667
-4.0417
Element 2
3.91667
-4.0417
3.91667
-4.0417
Element 3
-4.0417
3.91667
3.91667
-4.0417
Element 4
-4.0417
5
3.91667
0
0
0
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0
K 0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667
Assembly of global force vector
Elements
Global nodes
1
0.0104
1
0.0208
2
0.0417
2
0.0521
3
0.0729
3
0.0833
4
4
0.1042
0.1146
0.0104
0.0625
0.125
0.1875
0.1146
dy
dx
1
Q 0
0
dy
dx 5
K d Q f
dy
0
0
0 y1 dx 1 0.0104
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0 y2 0 0.0625
0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0 y3 0 0.125
0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417 y4 0 0.1875
0
0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667 y5 dy 0.1146
dx 5
dy
0
0
0 0 dx 1 0.0104
3.91667 4.0417
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0
0 y2 0 0.0625
0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417
0 y3 0 0.125
0
4.0417 7.8334 4.0417 y4 0 0.1875
0
0
0
0
4.0417 3.91667 1 dy 0.1146
dx 5
3.91667
4.0417
0
0
4.0417
7.8334
4.0417
4.0417
7.8334
4.0417
dy
0
0
0 dx 1 0.0104
y 0 0.0625
0
0
2
y3 0 0.125
4.0417
0
-4.0417
dx 5
0 y2
0.0625
7.8334 4.0417
0.0625
3
0
4.0417 7.8334 y4 4.0417 0.1875 4.2292
y2
0.3375
* 1
*
y3 [ K ] f 0.6387
y
0.8694
4
dqconvection
qx
qx
dx
qx
qx
qx
qx
qx
dqconvection
dx
dqx
dx
dx
kA
dT
dx
dqconvection
kA
d 2T
dx 2
dqconvection
h
h
dA
p
(T
(T
T )
T )
0
dx
N Rdx 0....................(1)
1
N Rdx 0....................(2)
2
d 2T
dx N1h p (T T )dx 0
2
dx
x
x
2
d T
N 2 KA 2 dx N 2 h p (T T )dx 0
dx
x
x
N1 KA
dT
N1KA
dx
x2
dT
N 2 KA
dx
x2
KA
x1
KA
x1
dN1 dT
N (h p T )dx 0 (3)
dx N1h p Tdx
x 1
dx dx
x
dN 2 dT
N (h p T )dx 0 (4)
dx N 2 h p Tdx
x 2
dx dx
x
dN1 dT
N KA dT
KA
dx
N
h
Tdx
1
x dx dx x 1
dx
x2
N1 (h p T )dx (5)
dN 2 dT
N KA dT
KA
dx
N
h
Tdx
2
x dx dx x 2
dx
LHS of (5) & (6) can be written in matrix form
x1
x2
N 2 (h p T )dx (6)
x1
dN1
dx
x
LHS KA
dN 2
dx
x
dN1 dN 2
N1 N1dx
dx
dx
dx
x
hp x
dN1
dN dN 2
N 2 N1dx
dx 2
dx
x
dx
dx dx
x
dN1
dx
dx
x2
1
dx
(
x
x
)(
x
x
)
x1 1 2 1 2
LHS KA x
2
1
dx
( x2 x1 )( x1 x2 )
x
1
x2
x2 ( x x2 )( x x2 )
dx
(
x
x
)(
x
x
)
x 1 2 1 2
hp x1
2
( x x1 )( x x2 ) dx
( x2 x1 )( x1 x2 )
x1
x2
LHS
N N dx
1
N N dx
2
1
dx
( x1 x2 )( x2 x1 )
x1
x2
1
x ( x2 x1 )( x2 x1 ) dx
1
( x x2 )( x x1 )
dx
( x1 x2 )( x2 x2 )
x1
x2
( x x1 )( x x1 )
x ( x2 x1 )( x2 x1 ) dx
1
KA 1 1 hpl 2 1
l 1 1 6 1 2
2
1 1 0 0
1
1 2 1 0
KA
hpl
K 0 1 2 1 0
l
6
0
0 0 1 1
0
1
4
1
0
0
dT 1
KA
lhpT
dx
2
lhpT
RHS
0
lhpT
lhpT
0
dT lhpT
KA
dx 5 2
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
2
Exercise
T 20 C
T 100 C
1
20mm
20mm
20mm
20mm
0.042
l
0.02
hpl 30 0.012 0.02
0.0012
6
6
2
1 1 0 0
1
1 2 1 0
K 0.042 0 1 2 1 0.0012 0
0
0 0 1 1
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0.0444 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0
0
0.0408
0.0888
0.0408
0
0
0
0.0408 0.0888
10
dT
KA
0
dx 1
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
hAT
hA
20
dT
hA(T5 T )
KA
dx 5
0.072
0.072
0.072 0.072 0.144
0.072
0.072
0.144
0.072
0.072
LHS RHS
0
0
0 T1
0.0444 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0 T2
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4
0
0
0
0
0.0408 0.0444 T5
0
0.072
0.144
0
0.144
0.144
0
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3 0.144
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4 0.144
0
0
0
0
0.0408 0.04455 T5 0.075
11
0
0
0
0 T1 100
1
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0
0 T2 0.144
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3 0.144
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4 0.144
0
0
0
0
0.0408 0.04455 T5 0.075
Solving
T1 100
T 75.0387
2
T3 59.7901
T 51.5633
4
T5 48.9064
Alternatively
0
0 T2 4.224(0.0408 T1 0.144)
0.0888 0.0408
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408
0 T3
0.144
0
0.0408 0.0888 0.0408 T4
0.144
T
0
0.0408 0.04455 5
0.075
0
Solving
T2 75.0387
T 59.7901
3
T4 51.5633
T5 48.9064
12
5cm dia
10cm dia
Steel
Aluminium
P
4P
P
30cm
Elements
Nodes
20cm
(1)
1
P=5kN
Esteel=210GPa
EAl=70GPa
10cm
(2)
2
(3)
3
Element 1
dN1
dx
x
e
e
K1 A1 Es
dN 2
dx
x
dN1
dx
dx
dN1
dx
x
e
e
K 2 A2 Es
dN 2
dx
x
dN1
dx
dx
dN1
dx
x
e
e
K 2 A3 E Al
dN 2
dx
x
dN1 dN 2
dx
dx dx
Ae E
x
1 s
dN1
dN dN 2
l1e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x
1
1 1
9 1
1 1 5.495 10 1 1
dN1 dN 2
dx
e
dx dx
x
A2 Es
dN1
dN dN 2
l 2e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x
1
1 1
9 1
1 1 2.06 10 1 1
dN1 dN 2
dx
e
dx dx
x
A3 E Al
dN1
dN dN 2
l 3e
dx 2
dx
dx
dx dx
x
dN1
dx
dx
13
1
1 1
9 1
1 1 1.37375 10 1 1
5.495
0
0
5.495
2.06
0
K 109
0
2.06
2.06 1.37375 1.37375
0
1.37375
1.37375
0
5.495
0
0
Ra
5.495
u1
3
u
2.06
0
2 2 5 10
109
0
2.06
2.06 1.37375 1.37375 u3
0
3
u
0
0
1.37375
1.37375
4
10
u1 0
0
0
0
1
u1
0
0 7.555
2.06
0
u2
9
4 1
10
10
0 2.06 3.43375 1.37375 u3
0
0
1.37375 1.37375 u4
0
2
0
u1
u 1.819 106
2
5
u3 1.153 10
u4 2.609 105
14