Written according to the New Text book (2012-2013) published by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher

Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XII Sci.

Perfect Physics - I
Prof. Mrs. Jyoti D. Deshpande
(M.Sc., D.H.E.

Prof. Umakant N. Kondapure

(M.Sc., B.Ed., Solapur)

H.O.D., R. Jhunjhunwala College)

Salient Features:
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format. Covers answers to all Textual Questions and numericals. Covers relevant NCERT questions. Simple and Lucid language. Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams. Solved & Practice numericals. Includes Board Question Paper of February 2013.

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Std. XII Sci. Perfect Physics - I

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PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you. Physics in general is the study of properties of matter, the energies and dimensions that surround the earth. It is an intrinsic science that enables man to discover the varieties of natural phenomena. It reveals the magic behind the effective working of many technological gadgets and machinery which are part and parcel of ones life. In order to study such a vast science and to master it, one needs to understand and grasp each and every concept thoroughly. For this we bring to you Std XII : PERFECT PHYSICS - I a complete and thorough book which analyses and extensively boost confidence of the student. Topicwise classified question and answer format of this book helps the students to understand each and every concept systematically. Significant definitions, statements and laws are specified with italic representation. Solved problems are provided to understand the application of different concepts and formulae. Practice problems help the students, to test their range of preparation and the amount of knowledge of each topic. And lastly, I would like to thank all those people who have helped me in preparing exclusive guide to all students. There is always room for improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book. A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully Publisher

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

01
1.0 Introduction

Circular motion
A = initial position of particle at t = 0 B = final position of particle after time t = angular displacement in time t r = radius of the circle s = length of arc AB Angular displacement is given by
= =
Length of arc radius of circle

Q.1. Define circular motion. Give its examples. Ans: Definition: Motion of a particle along the circumference of a circle is called circular motion. Example: i. The motion of a cyclist along circular path. ii. Motion of the moon around the earth. iii. Motion of the earth around the sun. iv. Motion of the tips of hand of a clock. v. Motion of electrons in an atom round the nucleus, etc. 1.1 Angular displacement

iii.

AB r s = r

iv. v.

Unit: radian Direction of angular displacement is given by right hand thumb rule or right handed screw rule.

Q.2. What is radius vector? Ans: i. A vector drawn from the centre of circle to position of particle on circumference of circle is called as radius vector. ii. It is given by

Note: 1. If a particle performing circular motion in short interval t describes an arc s then

angular displacement is given by =

s = .r

r =

B s A r

s r

2.

iii. iv. v.

where s = small linear distance = small angular displacement It is directed radially outwards. Unit: metre in SI system and cm in CGS system. Dimension: [M0L1T0]

3.

In vector form, s = r If a particle performing circular motion completes one revolution then angular displacement is given by = 360 = 2c. where c represent angular displacement in radian. One radian is the angle subtended by an arc of length equal to radius of the circle.

*Q.3. What is angular displacement? Angle traced by a radius vector in a Ans: i. given time, at the centre of the circular path is called as angular displacement. Y B s O A r Y Consider a particle performing circular motion in anticlockwise sense as shown in figure.

*Q.4. State right hand thumb rule to find the direction of angular displacement. Ans: Right hand thumb rule: Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in right hand with the fingers curled around it and thumb out-stretched. If the curled fingers give the direction of motion of a particle performing circular motion then the direction of out-stretched thumb gives the direction of angular displacement vector.
d

ii.

B A

Direction of angular displacement

Circular Motion

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

*Q.5. Explain right handed screw rule to find the direction of angular displacement. Imagine the right handed screw to be Ans: i. held in the place in which particle is performing circular motion. If the right handed screw is rotated in the direction of particle performing circular motion then the direction in which screw tip of right handed screw advance, give the direction of angular velocity. ii. If sense of rotation of the object is anticlockwise then screw advances upward. If sense of rotation is clockwise then screw advances downward as shown in figure.
1.2

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Angular velocity and angular acceleration

Q.8. What is angular velocity? State its unit and dimension. Angular velocity of a particle Ans: i. performing circular motion is defined as the time rate of change of limiting angular displacement. OR The ratio of angular displacement to time is called angular velocity. ii. Instantaneous angular velocity is given by

d = = lim t 0 t dt

B A

Direction of advance of screw

iii.

iv. v.

Finite angular velocity is given by = t Direction: It is given by right hand thumb rule i.e. perpendicular to the plane. Unit: rad s1
Dimension: [M0L0T1]

Y Right handed screw rule

Q.6. Write down the four characteristics of angular displacement. Ans: Characteristics of angular displacement: i. Instantaneous angular displacement is a vector quantity (true vector), so it obeys commutative and associative law of vector addition. ii. Finite angular displacement is a scalar quantity. iii. Direction of infinitesimal angular displacement is given by right hand rule. iv. For anticlockwise sense angular displacement is taken positive while in clockwise sense, angular displacement is taken negative. #Q.7. Are the following motions same or different? i. Motion of tip of second hand of a clock. ii. Motion of entire second hand of a clock. Ans: Both the motions are different.

Note: Magnitude of angular velocity is called angular speed. Q.9. What is angular acceleration? State its unit and dimension. The rate of change of angular velocity Ans: i. with respect to time is called angular acceleration.

It is denoted by . ii. If 0 and be the angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion at instant t0 and t, then angular acceleration is given by

d 0 = = t t0 dt

iii.

iv. v.

Direction: The direction of is given by right hand rule or right handed screw rule. Unit: rad /s2 in SI system.

Dimension: [M0L0T2]
Circular Motion

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Q.13. What happens to the direction of angular acceleration i. if a particle is speeding up? ii. if a particle is slowing down? Ans: i. Direction of when the particle is speeding up: Let a particle is moving along a d circular path in anticlockwise direction O and is speeding up.

Q.10. Define: i. ii. Ans: i. Average angular acceleration Instantaneous angular acceleration Average angular acceleration: Average angular acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of angular velocity.

It is given by avg =
ii.

2 1 d = dt t 2 t1

Instantaneous angular acceleration: Instantaneous angular acceleration is defined as the limiting rate of change of angular velocity.

Magnitude of keeps on increasing which results in d to be directed up the plane.

increases Fig. (a)

It is given by = lim
Q.11. Give an example of: i. ii. Ans: i.

t 0

d = t dt

Hence direction of is upward. As

Positive angular acceleration Negative angular acceleration Positive angular acceleration: ii.

and are ar to the plane, they are parallel to each other. [See fig. (a)]
Direction of when the particle is slowing down: Let a particle is moving along a circular path in anticlockwise direction and is slowing down. d Magnitude of keeps on decreasing which decreases

When an electric fan is switched on, its blades goes on increasing their speed. In this case angular acceleration is said to be positive angular acceleration.
ii. Negative angular acceleration:

When an electric fan is switched off, its blades goes on decreasing their speed. In this case angular acceleration is said to be negative angular acceleration.
Q.12. Write down the main characteristics of angular acceleration. Ans: Characteristics of angular acceleration:

results in d to be directed down the plane.

Fig. (b)

Hence direction of is downward. [See fig. (b)]

Note: 1. When a body rotates with constant angular velocity its instantaneous angular velocity is equal to its average angular velocity, whatever may be the duration of the time interval. If the angular velocity is constant, we write

i. ii. iii. iv.

Angular acceleration is positive if angular velocity increases. Angular acceleration is negative if angular velocity decreases. Angular acceleration is an axial vector. In uniform circular motion angular velocity is constant, so angular acceleration is zero.

= = 2.

d dt
2 = 2n T

If a body complete one revolution in time interval T then angular speed, = where n = frequency of revolution.

Circular Motion

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

3. 4. 5.
d , and are called axial vectors, as they

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Also lim v = r

are always taken to be along axis of rotation. The sense of d and is always given by right hand thumb rule. The sense of is not given by right hand thumb rule. It depends on whether the body is speeding up or slowing down.
Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity

t 0

= t

In vector form, v = r

1.3

Q.15. Derive the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity of a particle performing uniform circular motion. [Mar, 96, Feb 02] Ans: Refer Q.14

*Q.14.Show that linear speed of particle performing circular motion is the product of radius of circle and angular speed of particle. OR Define linear velocity. Derive relation between linear velocity and angular velocity. [Mar 08, Oct 09] Ans: Linear velocity: Distance travelled by a body per unit time in a given direction is called linear velocity. It is a vector quantity and is given by
ds dt Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity: i. Consider a particle moving with uniform circular motion along the circumference of circle in anticlockwise direction with centre O and radius r as shown in the v figure. B

*Q.16.Prove the relation v = r , where symbols have their usual meaning. Ans: Analytical method: i. Consider a particle performing circular motion in anticlockwise sense with centre O and radius r as shown in figure.

ii.

Let, = angular velocity

v = linear velocity

r = radius vector

v =

iii.

Linear displacement in vector form is given by

s = r

Dividing both side by t, we have

s = r t t

.(i)

iv.

Taking limiting value in equation (i) we

s have lim = lim r t 0 t t 0 t

ds d = r dt dt

ii.

iii.

Let the particle covers small distance s from A to B in small interval t. In such case small angular displacement is AOB = . Magnitude of instantaneous linear velocity of particle is given by s v = lim t 0 t But s = r v = r lim [ r = constant] t 0 t

ds = v = linear velocity But dt

d = = angular velocity dt

v =

Calculus method: i. Let a particle is moving in XY plane with position vector,

r =r i cos t + r jsin t

.(i)

Circular Motion

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Q.19. Define periodic motion. Why U.C.M is called periodic motion? Definition: Ans: i. A type of motion which is repeated after equal interval of time is called periodic motion. ii. The particle performing U.C.M repeats its motion after equal interval of time on the same path. Hence U.C.M is called periodic motion. Q.20. Define period of revolution of U.C.M. State its unit and dimension. Derive an expression for the period of revolution of a particle performing uniform circular motion. Ans: Definition: The time taken by a particle performing uniform circular motion to complete one revolution is called as period of revolution.

ii.

Angular velocity is directed as perpendicular to plane i.e. along Z-axis. It is given by = k = unit vector along Z-axis. Where k

iii.

(r r = k i cos t + r j sin t) [From equation (i)] j) = r cos t.( k i ) + r sin t.( k = r j cos t + r ( i ) sin t

r = r i sin t + r j cos t
i sin t + r = r ( j cos t) (ii)

dr = r i sin t + jcos t Also v = dt

i sin t + jcos t = r From (ii) and (iii)

1.4

(iii)

It is denoted by T and is given by T = Unit: second in SI system. Dimension: [M0L0T1]

v = r

Uniform Circular Motion Expression for time period: During period T particle covers a distance equal to circumference 2r of circle with linear velocity v. Time period

*Q.17.What is uniform circular motion? The motion of a body along the Ans: i. circumference of the circle with constant speed is called uniform circular motion. ii. In U.C.M direction of velocity is along the tangent drawn to the position of particle on circumference of circle. iii. Hence direction of velocity goes on changing continuously, however the magnitude of velocity is constant. Therefore magnitude of angular velocity is constant. iv. Example of U.C.M: a. Motion of the earth around the sun. b. Motion of the moon around the earth. c. Revolution of electron around the nucleus of atom.
Q.18. State the characteristics of uniform circular motion. Ans: Characteristics of U.C.M: i. It is a periodic motion with definite period and frequency. ii. Speed of particle remains constant but velocity changes continuously. iii. It is an accelerated motion. iv. Work done during the period of U.C.M is zero. Circular Motion

= T=

dis tan ce covered in one revolution linear velocity

2r v But v = r 2r T= r 2 T=

Q.21. What is frequency of revolution? Express angular velocity in terms of frequency of revolution. Ans: i. The number of revolutions performed by a particle performing uniform circular motion in unit time is called as frequency of revolution. ii. Frequency of revolution (n) is the reciprocal of period of revolution. 1 v 1 n= = = = T 2r 2 2

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

iii. Unit: Hz or rev/s or rot/s iv. Dimension: [M0L0T1] Angular velocity in terms of frequency of revolution:
2 1 = 2 T T 1 But = n T

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and along the radius of circular path is called as centripetal acceleration. It is also called radial acceleration. Expression for acceleration in U.C.M by analytical method (Geometrical method): i. Consider a particle performing uniform circular motion in a circle of centre O and radius r with a uniform linear velocity of magnitude v. ii. Let a particle travel a very short distance from A to B in a very short time interval t.

= 2 n

*Q.22. Define period and frequency of particle performing uniform circular motion. State their SI units. Ans: Refer Q.20 and Q.21
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial acceleration)

iii.

Q.23. Define linear acceleration. Write down its unit and dimension. Ans: i. Definition: The rate of change of linear velocity with respect to time is called linear acceleration.

Let be the angle described by the radius vector OA in the time interval t as shown in the figure.
C v B O r D M v A

It is denoted by a and is given by dv dt Unit: m/s2 in SI system and cm/s2 in CGS system. Dimension: [M0L1T2]

a =

ii. iii.

iv. v.

Q.24. U.C.M is an accelerated motion. Justify this statement. In U.C.M the magnitude of linear Ans: i. velocity (speed) remains constant but the direction of linear velocity goes on changing i.e. linear velocity changes. ii. The change in linear velocity is possible only if the motion is accelerated. Hence, U.C.M is an accelerated motion.

The velocities at A and B are directed along the tangent. Velocity at B is represented by BC while the velocity at A is represented by

AM . [Assuming AM = BD]
vi. Angle between BC and BD is equal to as they are perpendicular to OB and

OA respectively. vii.

Since BDCOAB
CD AB = BD AO

*Q.25.Obtain an expression for acceleration of a particle performing uniform circular motion. OR Define centripetal acceleration. Obtain an expression for acceleration of a particle performing U.C.M by analytical method. Ans: Definition: The acceleration of a particle performing U.C.M which is directed towards the centre

i.e.

v AB = v r

viii. For very small t, arc length s of circular path between A and B can be taken as AB

v s = v r

or v =

v s r

Circular Motion

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

Y v N
y r

ix.

where, v = change in velocity v v s Now, a = lim = lim t 0 t t 0 r t v s v2 v a= lim = v= r r t 0 t r As t 0, B approaches A and v becomes perpendicular to the tangent i.e. along the radius towards the centre. Also v = r r 2 2 = 2r a= r In vector form,

P(x, y)

iii.

From figure, x = r cos and y = r sin

x.

r = [r j sin ] i cos + r

a = r

But = t. Therefore above formula becomes

Negative sign shows that direction of a is opposite to the direction of r . Also a =

r = [r j sin t] i cos t + r

....(i)

iv.

v2 r0 where r0 is the unit r

But, velocity of the particle is given as rate of change of position vector.

vector along the radius vector.

Q.26. Derive an expression for linear acceleration of a particle performing U.C.M. [Mar 98, 08] Ans: Refer Q.25 Q.27. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration of a particle performing uniform circular motion by using calculus method. Ans: Expression for centripetal acceleration by calculus method: i. Suppose a particle is performing U.C.M in anticlockwise direction. The co-ordinate axes are chosen as shown in figure. Let, A = initial position of the particle which lies on positive X-axis P = instantaneous position after time t = corresponding angular displacement = angular velocity which is constant
r = instantaneous position vector at time t From the diagram we see that r = jy ix + j are unit vectors along where i and X-axis and Y-axis respectively.

d dr = v = [r i cos t + r j sin t] dt dt
d d j = r cos t i + r sin t dt dt

j cos t v = r i sin t + r
i sin t + j cos t) v = r (

v.

....(ii)

Further, instantaneous linear acceleration of the particle is at instant t is given by

d dv [r ( j cos t)] = a= i sin t + dt dt

d = r ( i sin t + jcos t ) dt d + d (cos t ) = r ( sin t )i j dt dt j sin t) = r ( i cos t

j sin t) = r2 ( i cos t +

j sin t) ....(iii) a = 2 (r i cos t + r

ii.

vi.

From equation (i) and (iii)

a = 2 r Negative sign shows that direction of acceleration is opposite to direction of position vector.

Circular Motion

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

vii. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration is given by a = 2r v As = r v2 a= r

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Note:

To show a = v ,

Q.30. Define non-uniform circular motion. Derive an expression for resultant acceleration in non-uniform circular motion. Ans: Non-uniform circular motion: Circular motion with variable angular speed is called as non-uniform circular motion. Example: Motion of a body on vertical circle. Expression for resultant acceleration in non-U.C.M:

( r v = k i sin t + r j cos t) 2 2 j) = r sin t ( k i ) + r cos t ( k j + r2 cos t ( i) = r2 sin t i cos t r2 j sin t = r2

i.

Since, v = r ....(i) Differentiate equation (i) with respect to t

dv d = ( r ) dt dt
dv dr d = + r dt dt dt

....(ii)

= a Q.28. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration of a particle performing uniform circular motion. [Feb 02, Feb 06] Ans: Refer Q. 27 *Q.29.Derive the relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration if a particle performing U.C.M. Ans: Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration in U.C.M: i. Consider a particle performing U.C.M. with constant angular velocity with path radius r. ii. Magnitude of linear acceleration is given by v a = lim t 0 dt dv a= dt iii. But v = r d d dr a= (r) = r + dt dt dt iv. since, r = constant dr =0 dt

ii.

dr dv d = a, = v and = But dt dt dt Equation (ii) becomes

a = v + r

....(iii)

iii.

v is along the radius of the circle,

pointing towards the centre hence called radial acceleration a R

iv.

aR = v

.(iv)

is along the tangent of the circumference of the circular path, hence

r

called tangential acceleration a T v.

aT = r .(v) From equation (iii), (iv) and (v)

a = aR + aT

a = r But

d dt

d = dt a = r In vector form

aR

aT

a = r This is required relation.

From figure, Magnitude of resultant acceleration is given by |a|=

2 a2 R + aT

linear

Circular Motion

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal forces

Note: 1. Resultant linear acceleration in different cases Situation Resultant motion Resultant linear acceleration Uniform linear a = 0 motion Accelerated a = aT linear motion Uniform a = aR circular motion 2 Non-uniform a = a2 R + aT circular motion

aR = 0, aT = 0 aR = 0, aT 0 aR 0, aT = 0 aR 0, aT 0 2.

3.

4.

In non-uniform circular motion aR is due to change in direction of linear velocity, whereas aT is due to change in magnitude of linear velocity. In uniform circular motion particle has only radial component aR due to change in the direction of linear velocity. It is so because = constant d = = 0 so, aT = r = 0 dt Since the magnitude of tangential velocity does not change, there is no component of acceleration along the tangent. This means the acceleration must be perpendicular to the tangent, i.e. along the radius of the circle.

Q.32.What is centripetal force? Write down its unit and dimension. Ans: i. Force acting on a particle performing U.C.M which is along the radius of circle and directed towards the centre of circle is called centripetal force. mv 2 It is given by Fcp = r where r = radius of circular path. ii. Example: Electron revolve around the nucleus of an atom. The necessary centripetal force is provided by electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electron. iii. Unit: N in SI system and dyne in CGS system. iv. Dimension: [M1L1T2] Q.33. Derive formula for centripetal force experienced by a body in case of uniform circular motion. Express the formula in vector form. Ans: Expression for centripetal force: i. Suppose a particle performs uniform circular motion. It has an acceleration of magnitude v2/r or 2r directed towards the centre of circle. ii. According to Newtons second law of motion, acceleration must be produced by a force acting in the same direction. iii. If m is the mass of particle performing U.C.M then the magnitude of centripetal force is given by Fcp = Mass of particle centripetal acceleration i.e. Fcp = macp

*Q.31.What is the difference between non uniform circular motion and uniform circular motion? Give examples. Ans:

i.

U.C.M Circular motion with constant angular speed is known as uniform circular motion.

Non-U.C.M Circular motion with variable angular speed is called as nonuniform circular motion.

iv.

But, acp = Fcp =

mv 2 r

v2 r

= v = r2

= mv = mr2

v.

ii.

For U.C.M =0 iii. In U.C.M, work done by tangential force is zero. iv. Motion of the earth around the sun.
Circular Motion

For non-U.C.M 0 In non-U.C.M, work done by tangential force is not zero Motion of a body on vertical circle.

Also = 2n Fcp = mr(2n)2 = 42n2mr Centripetal force in vector form: mv 2 0 r Fcp = r

2 0 Fcp = mr . r

0 is unit vector in direction of where r

radius vector r .

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

7. Two cars having masses m1 and m2 move in circles of radii r1 and r2 respectively. If they complete the circles in equal time, the ratio of their angular speeds 1/ 2 is (B) r1/r2 (A) m1/ m2 (D) 1 (C) m1 r1/ m2 r2 For a particle moving along a circular path, the angular velocity vector () is directed (A) (B) (C) (D) 9 along the radius towards the centre along the radius but away from the centre along the tangent to the circular path along the axis of rotation

12.

An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of length 5 m is revolved in a horizontal circle. If it makes 60 r.p.m. Find its i. angular speed ii. linear speed iii. centripetal acceleration [Mar 09] iv. centripetal force
Section D: Multiple Choice Questions

8.

1.

When a particle moves in a circle with a uniform speed (A) its velocity and acceleration both are constant (B) its velocity is constant but the acceleration changes (C) its acceleration is constant but the velocity changes (D) its velocity and acceleration both change. A particle is performing a U.C.M along a circle of radius R. In half the period of revolution, its displacement and distance covered are (A) R, R (B) 2R, 2R (D) (C) 2R, R 2 R , 2R When a body performs a U.C.M it has (A) a constant velocity (B) a constant acceleration (C) an acceleration of constant magnitude but variable direction (D) an acceleration, which changes with time When a body performs a U.C.M (A) its velocity remains constant (B) work done on it is zero (C) work done on it is negative (D) no force acts on it Angular speed of the second hand of a watch is (B) /30 rad/ sec (A) /60 rad/sec (D) 2/3 rad/sec (C) rad/sec When a particle moves in a uniform circular motion. It has (A) radial velocity & radial acceleration (B) tangential velocity & radial acceleration (C) tangential velocity & tangential acceleration (D) radial velocity & tangential acceleration

2.

The ratio of the angular speeds of the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock is (A) 1 : 12 (B) 1 : 6 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 12 : 1 A wheel having radius one metre makes 30 revolutions per minute. The linear speed of a particle on the circumference will be (A)

10.

3.

/ 2m/s

(B)

m/s

11.

4.

(D) 62 m/s (C) 30 m/s A particle starts from rest and moves with an angular acceleration of 3 rad/s2 in a circle of radius 3 m. Its linear speed after 5 second will be (A) 15 m/s (B) 30 m/s (C) 45 m/s (D) 7.5 m/s To enable of particle to describe a circular path, what should be angle between its velocity and acceleration? (A) 0 (B) 45 (C) 90 (D) 180 A flywheel rotates at a constant speed of 2400 r.p.m The angle in radian described by the shaft in one second is (A) (C) 2400 20 (B) 80 (D) 4800

12.

5.

13.

6.

14.

A body is revolving with a uniform speed v in a circle of radius r. The tangential acceleration is (A) v/r (B) Zero (C) v2/r (D) v/r2

Circular Motion

35

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

15. For keeping a body in uniform circular motion, the force required is (A) centrifugal (B) radial (C) tangential (D) centripetal The magnitude of centripetal force cannot be expressed as (A) (C) 17. mr2 mv (B) (D)
42 mr T2

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22.

16.

mv/

Particle A of mass M is revolving along a circle of radius R. Particle B of mass m is revolving in another circle of radius. r. If they take the same time to complete one revolution, then the ratio of their angular velocities is (A) R/r (B) r/R (C) 1 (D)
R r
2

Which of the following statements about the centripetal and centrifugal forces is correct? (A) Centripetal force balances centrifugal force (B) Both centripetal force and centrifugal force act on the same body (C) Centripetal force is directed opposite to centrifugal force (D) Centripetal force is experienced by the observer at the centre of the circular path described by the body The linear acceleration of the particle of mass m describing a horizontal circle of radius r, with angular speed is (A) (C)

23.

/r r2

(B) (D)

r r2

24

18.

19.

A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 4 m and with uniform speed 5 m s1. The average acceleration of the particle when it completes half revolution is (A) zero (B) 10 m s2 (D) 10/ m s2 (C) 10 m s2 Which of the following force is a pseudo force? (A) Force acting on a falling body (B) Force acting on a charged particle placed in an electric field (C) Force experienced by a person standing on a merry-go- round (D) Force which keeps the electrons moving in circular orbits In uniform circular motion, the angle between the radius vector and centripetal acceleration is (A) 0 (B) 90 (D) 45 (C) 180 The centripetal force acting on a mass of m moving with a uniform velocity v on a circular orbit of radius r will be (A) (C)
mv 2 2r
1 mrv2 2

25.

An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The maximum speed at which a car can make a turn, if the coefficient of static friction is 0.75, is (A) 2.1 m/s (B) 14 m/s (C) 21 m/s (D) 7 m/s Centrifugal force is (A) a real force acting along the radius (B) a force whose magnitude is less than that of the centripetal force (C) a pseudo force acting along the radius and away from the centre (D) a force which keeps the body moving along a circular path with uniform speed A particle performs a uniform circular motion in a circle of radius 10 cm. What is its centripetal acceleration if it takes 10 seconds to complete 5 revolutions? (B) 52 cm/s2 (A) 2.5 2 cm/s2 (C) 102 cm/s2 (D) 202 cm/s2 When a car takes a turn on a horizontal road, the centripetal force is provided by the (A) weight of the car (B) normal reaction of the road (C) frictional force between the surface of the road and the tyres of the car (D) centrifugal force
Circular Motion

26.

20.

21.

27.

(B) (D)

1 mv2 2
mv 2 r

36

TARGET Publications

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

34. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are moving in concentric orbits of radius R and r. If their time periods are same, then the ratio of their centripetal acceleration is (A) R/r (B) r/R 2 2 (D) r2/R2 (C) R /r A body is moving in a horizontal circle with constant speed. Which one of the following statements is correct? (A) Its P.E is constant. (B) Its K.E is constant. (C) Either P.E or K.E of the body is constant. (D) Both P.E and K.E of the body are constant. A cyclist bends while taking a turn to (A) reduce friction (B) generate required centripetal force (C) reduce apparent weight (D) reduce speed A cyclist has to bend inward while taking a turn but a passenger sitting inside a car and taking the same turn is pushed outwards. This is because (A) the car is heavier than cycle (B) car has four wheels and the cycle has only two wheels (C) the cyclist has to balance the centrifugal force but the passenger cannot balance the centrifugal force hence he is pushed outward (D) the speed of the car is more than the speed of the cycle A cyclist with combined mass 80 kg going around a curved road with a uniform speed 20 m/s. He has to bend inward by an angle = tan1 (0.50) with the vertical, then the force of friction between road surface and tyres will be [g = 10 m/s2] (A) 300 N (B) 400 N (C) 800 N (D) 250 N Maximum safe speed does not depend on (A) mass of the vehicle (B) radius of curvature (C) angle of inclination (banking) (D) acceleration due to gravity

28.

On being churned the butter separates out of milk due to (A) centrifugal force (B) adhesive force (C) cohesive force (D) frictional force When a particle moves on a circular path then the force that keeps it moving with uniform velocity is (A) centripetal force (B) atomic force (C) internal force (D) gravitational force A particle of mass m is observed from an inertial frame of reference and is found to move in a circle of radius r with a uniform speed v. The centrifugal force on it is (A) (B) (C) (D)
mv 2 towards the centre r

29.

35.

30.

36.

mv 2 away from the centre r

mv 2 r

along the tangent through the

37.

particle zero

31.

If a cyclist goes round a circular path of circumference 34.3 in 22 s, then the angle made by him with the vertical will be (A) (C) 42 49 (B) (D) 43 45

32.

A motor cycle is travelling on a curved track of radius 500 m. if the coefficient of friction between the tyres and road is 0.5, then the maximum speed to avoid skidding will be [g = 10 m/s2] (A) (C) 500 m/s 50 m/s (B) (D) 250 m/s 10 m/s

38.

33.

A coin placed on a rotating turntable just slips if it is placed at a distance of 4 cm from the centre. If the angular velocity of the turntable is doubled, it will just slip at a distance of (A) (C) 1 cm 4 cm (B) (D) 2 cm 8 cm

39.

Circular Motion

37

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

40. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km per hour on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 metres. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. In order to avoid skidding, he must not bend with respect to the vertical plane by an angle greater than (A) = tan1(6) (B) = tan1(2) (C) = tan1(25.92) (D) = tan1 (4) A car of mass 1500 kg is moving with a speed of 12.5 m/s on a circular path of radius 20 m on a level road. What should be the coefficient of friction between the car and the road, so that the car does not slip? (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.8 49. 47.

TARGET Publications

Consider a simple pendulum of length 1 m. Its bob perform a circular motion in horizontal plane with its string making an angle 60 with the vertical. The period of rotation of the bob is (Take g = 10 m/s2) (A) 2 s (B) 1.4 s (C) 1.98 s (D) none of these The period of a conical pendulum is (A) equal to that of a simple pendulum of same length l. (B) more than that of a simple pendulum of same length l. (C) less than that of a simple pendulum of same length l. (D) independent of length of pendulum When a car crosses a convex bridge, the bridge exerts a force on it. It is given by mv 2 mv 2 (B) F = (A) F = mg + r r (C) F = mg
mv 2 r

48.

41.

42.

A particle is moving in a circle of radius r with constant speed v. Its angular acceleration will be (A) vr (B) v/r (C) zero (D) vr2 43. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Minimum velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom to complete the circle will be (A) 17.7 m/s (B) 12.4 m/s (C) 10.2 m/s (D) 16.0 m/s A curved road having a radius of curvature of 30 m is banked at the correct angle. If the speed of the car is to be doubled, then the radius of curvature of the road should be (A) 62 m (B) 120 m (C) 90 m (D) 15m A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L = (10/3) metre in whirling in a circular path of radius L in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension in the string to the minimum tension is 4 and if g is taken to be 10 m/s2. The speed of the stone at the highest point of the circle is (A) (C) 20 m/s 5 2 m/s (B) (D) 10 3 m/s 10 m/s

(D) F = mg +

mv 2 r

50.

44.

A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/s on a circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the rate of 2 m/s2. The acceleration of the car is (A) 2 m/s2 (B) 9.8 m/s2 2 (C) 2.7 m/s (D) 1.8 m/s2 A ball of mass 250 gram attached to the end of a string of length 1.96 m is moving in a horizontal circle. The string will break if the tension is more than 25 N. What is the maximum speed with which the ball can be moved? (A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s (C) 11 m/s (D) 14 m/s A car is moving on a circular track of diameter 72 m with a speed of 6 m/s. It is accelerated at the rate of 5gd m/s2. If the mass of the car is 1000 kg, the net force acting on the car is (A) 1000 N (B) 2000 N (C) 1000
3 N

51.

45.

52.

(D)

46.

A car is moving on a curved path at a speed of 20 km/ hour. If it tries to move on the same path at a speed of 40 km/hr then the chance of toppling will be (A) half (B) twice (C) thrice (D) four times

1000 N 3

53.

Angle of banking does not depend upon (A) Gravitational acceleration (B) Mass of the moving vehicle (C) Radius of curvature of the circular path (D) Velocity of the vehicle
Circular Motion

38

TARGET Publications

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

61. Water in a bucket is whirled in a vertical circle with a string attached to it. The water does not fall down even when the bucket is inverted at the top of its path. We conclude that in this position. (A) mg = mv2/r (B) mg is greater than mv2/r (C) mg is not greater than mv2/r (D) mg is not less than mv2/r Let denote the angular displacement of a simple pendulum oscillating in a vertical plane. If the mass of the bob is m, the tension in the string is at extreme position is (A) (C) 63. mg sin mg tan (B) (D) mg cos mg

54.

What would be the maximum speed of a car on a road turn of radius 30 m, if the coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.4? (A) 6.84 m/s (B) 8.84 m/s (C) 10.84 m/s (D) 4.84 m/s In a conical pendulum, when the bob moves in a horizontal circle of radius r, with uniform speed v, the string of length L describes a cone of semivertical angle . The tension in the string is given by (A) (C) T= T=
mgL (L2 r 2 )
mgL L2 r 2

55.

(B) (D)

(L r )
2 2

1/2

mgL

62.
2 2

T=

mgL

(L r )
2

56.

In a conical pendulum, the centripetal force

mv 2 acting on the bob is given by r mgr mgr

(A)

(C)
57.

(L r )
2 2

L2 r 2

(B)

L2 r 2

mgL

(D)

mgL

(L r )
2 2

1/2

A metal ball tied to a string is rotated in a vertical circle of radius d. For the thread to remain just tightened the minimum velocity at highest point will be (B) gd (A) 5gd (C)
3gd

Kinetic energy of a body moving in vertical circle is (A) constant at all points on a circle (B) different at different points on a circle (C) zero at all the point on a circle (D) negative at all the points. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical circular path of radius 1 m. The difference between the kinetic energies at its highest and lowest position is (A) 20 J (B) 10 J (C) 4 5 J (D) 10 ( 5 1) J

64.

(D)

gd

58.

Which quantity is fixed of an object which moves in a horizontal circle at constant speed? (A) Velocity (B) Acceleration (C) Kinetic energy (D) Force A particle of mass 0.1 kg is rotated at the end of a string in a vertical circle of radius 1.0 m at a constant speed of 5 m s1. The tension in the string at the highest point of its path is (A) 0.5 N (B) 1.0 N (C) 1.5 N (D) 15 N A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L = (10/3) metre in whirling in a circular path of radius L in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension in the string to the minimum tension is 4 and if g is taken to be 10 m/s2. The speed of the stone at the highest point of the circle is (A) 20 m/s (B) 10 3 m/s (C) 5 2 m/s (D) 10 m/s

65.

59.

60.

A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking angle 45. The maximum safe speed of a car having mass 2000 kg will be, if the coefficient of friction between tyre and road is 0.5 (A) 172 m/s (B) 124 m/s (C) 99 m/s (D) 86 m/s For a particle in circular motion the centripetal acceleration is (A) less than its tangential acceleration (B) equal to its tangential acceleration (C) more than its tangential acceleration (D) may be more or less than its tangential acceleration

66.

Circular Motion

39

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics - I

ANSWERS Section A Section D

TARGET Publications

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

1.74 103 rad/s

5.237 rad/s2 8.72 105 m/s 1.07 101 rad/s, 5.235 103 m/s 0.036 N 30 0.2418 2.8 rad/s 10.84 m/s 363.7 m 39 12 1.237 103 rad/s, 5080 s 12.57 m/s 47.13 m/s, 1480 m/s2, 2.960 103 N 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s 3.150 rev/s 1419, 0.3955 m 22.16 m/s
17.18 r.p.m, 1.43 rad 300 kgf, 450 kgf 42 m/s, 9.39 m/s, 2.94 N i. 3.13 m/s, zero ii. iii. 7 m/s, 58.8 Ns 5.42 m/s, 29.4 N

1. 5. 9. 13. 17. 21. 25. 29. 33 37. 41 45. 49. 53. 57. 61. 65.

(D) (B) (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) (A) (A) (C) (D) (D) (C) (B) (D) (C) (A)

2. 6. 10. 14. 18. 22. 26. 30. 34. 38. 42 46. 50. 54. 58. 62. 66.

(C) (B) (A) (B) (D) (C) (C) (D) (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) (C) (C) (C) (D)

3. 7. 11. 15. 19. 23. 27. 31. 35. 39. 43. 47. 51. 55. 59. 63.

(C) (D) (C) (D) (C) (C) (C) (D) (D) (A) (A) (B) (D) (C) (D) (B)

4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 40. 44. 48. 52. 56. 60. 64.

(B) (D) (C) (D) (C) (C) (A) (C) (B) (B) (B) (C) (B) (A) (D) (A)

Section C

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1513, 0.2625 m 31.59 N 2952 2 12, 0.061 m 6.429 m/s 6.28 rad/s2 1.237 103 rad/s 1.396 102 cm/s 10 rad/s2 232 30 m/s approx. i. 6.28 rad/s ii. 31.4 m/s iii. 197.192 m/s2 iv. 394.384 N
Circular Motion

40