ALFA IAS 9842430133

Kf;fpaf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; - Fspay; Fsk;(ngUq;Fsk;)> ehl;ba kq;ifapd; rpiy> rka topghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs;. ngUq;Fsk; efuq;fspd; Nfhl;ilg;gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. `ug;ghTk;> nkhfQ;rjhuhTk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; ,ul;il jiyefH vdf; fUg;gl;ld. fhypgq;fd;: fz;Lgpbj;jtH gp.gp. yhy; (Mz;L 1953). uh[];jhd; khepyk; - fhf;fuh Mw;wq;fiu. Nyhj;jhy;: JiwKf efuk; vd;Wk; thzpg ikak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fz;Lgpbj;jtH v];.MH.uht; (Mz;L 1957). Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;G cile;j fg;gy; rpijT (JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;W) NjhytPuh: fz;Lgpbj;jtHfs; - MH.v];. gp];j; kw;Wk; n[.gp. N[h\p (Mz;L 1985). F[uhj; khepyk;. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fspd; vOj;Jk; nkhopAk; jkpNo vd;W nrhd;dtH - <uhR ghjphpahH. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fspd; rpw;g Ntiyj;jpwDf;F rpwe;j rhd;W: 1. ntz;fyj;jhy; Md ehl;ba kq;ifapd; cUt rpiy (nkhfQ;rjhNuh) 2. jhbAld; fhl;rp jUk; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; rpiy Kjypad. Kf;fpa njhopy; - Ntshz;ik Kf;fpa czT NfhJik> ghHyp. new;gapiu Kjd;Kjypy; tpistpj;jdH. Milfs; - gUj;jp> fk;gsp Milfs;. mzpfyd;fs;: fpspQ;ry;> jhkpuk;> jq;fk;> nts;sp> je;jk;. rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; nlHuhNfhl;lh (Terracota) vdg;gLk; RLkz; ghz;lk; nra;tjpy; jpwikkpf;ftHfshf ,Ue;jdH. mwpahj tpyq;F Fjpiu> mwpahj cNyhfk; - ,Uk;G. njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapd; je;ij fhdpq; gpuG (Lord Canning) rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa flTs; - gRgjp vd;w rptd;> ngz; flTs;: ypq;fk;> #yk;> kuk;. rka topghl;Lr; rpd;dk; - murkuk;. kWgpwtpapy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdH. fly;top thzpgk; nra;jdH. fspkz; Kj;jpiufspy; ,lk; ngw;w glq;fs; - fhisfs;> tz;b> Nahf Kj;jpiuapy; mkHe;Js;s xUthpd; tbtk;> RLkz; cUt nghk;ikfs;> Gwh> glFfs;. RLkz; Kj;jpiu nrt;tf tbtpy; cs;sJ. RLkz; Kj;jpiuapy; rpj;jpu tbtpyhd vOj;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf efuq;fs; moptpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kuj;jyhyhd nghUl;fs; fhzg;ngwhikahy; mit ngUe;jPapy; mope;jpUf;fyhk;> cs;ehl;Lg; NghH> ,aw;iff; fhuzq;fs;> rpe;J ejpapd; nts;sg;ngUf;F> MhpaHfspd; gilnaLg;G.

rpe;J rkntsp kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw efu mikg;G:

tPLfs; thpirahf ,Ue;jd. tPLfspy; rd;dy;fs; ,y;iy. tPLfs; Rl;l nrq;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd. ghjhsr; rhf;fil trjp nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jd. rpj;ju vOj;J Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpdH> VLfspy; thpfs; tyg;gf;fj;jpypUe;J ,lg;gf;fkhfTk;> ,lg;gf;fj;jpypUe;J tyg;gf;fkhfTk; vOjg;gl;ld. rf;fuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp rl;b> ghidfs; nra;ag; gl;ld. ,it gsgsg;ghfTk; tz;zq;fs; g+rg;gl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. `ug;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j fz;Lgpbg;G Kj;jpiufs;. RNkhpah kw;Wk; nkrgNlhkpah ehfhpfj;Jld; thzpgk; nra;jdH.

jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;:
njhpahj cNyhfk; - ,Uk;G> mwpe;j Kf;fpa tpyq;F Gyp> mwpahj Kf;fpa tpyq;F Fjpiu.

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gz;ilaj; jkpofk;
gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; jpUf;Fws;> Fws; ehybahH. rq;fk; kUtpa ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy. tzq;fg;gl;l flTs; KUfd; KJkf;fs; jhopfspd; Njhl;lk; vd miof;fg;gl;l ,lk; Mjpr;rey;Y}H fy;ntl;Lfs; jpUf;NfhtpY}H fy;ntl;L (FWepy kd;dHfisg; gw;wp $WfpwJ). jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;J kiy fy;ntl;L> MHehl;lhH kiy fy;ntl;L (Nru kd;dHfisg; gw;wp $WfpwJ)> Nru kd;dHfisg; gw;wp $Wk; E}y; - gjpw;Wg;gj;J. jkpo; gpwnkhopfspd; Jiz Njitapd;wpNa tsUk; jpwd; ngw;wpUg;gjhy;> jkpio caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;W miog;gH. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> neLey;thil> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> gl;bdg;ghiy> kiygLflhk;. 1. 2. jkpof muRfisg; gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;: fhuNtyhpd; `jpFk;gh mNrhfhpd; ghiwf; fy;ntl;L. jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; fy;ntl;L fOFkiyf; fy;ntl;L Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; g/WspahW XbaJ. ,f;fz;lj;jpy; tho;e;j iy%H vd;Dk; Fuq;fpdj;jpd; ngauhy; mf;fz;lk; ny%hpah vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ.

rq;ffhyk; (fp.K.300 Kjy; fp.gp.300)

rq;f fhyk; vd;gJ jp.K. 200 Kjy; jp.gp. 200 tiu 400 Mz;L fhykhFk;. ,f;fhyj;ij fp.K.300 Kjy; fp.gp.300 tiu vd;Wk; $WtH. rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fofk; vd;W nghUs;. may;ehl;ltH Fwpg;Gfs; nkf];jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh> ];l;uhNgh-gpspdp jhykp-Fwpg;Gfs;> ,yq;if E}y;fs;. rq;f E}y;fs; gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif. o jp.K. jpUts;StH gpwg;gjw;F Kd; o jp.gp. jpUts;StH gpwe;jjw;Fg; gpd; o jpUts;Sthpd; gpwg;ghz;lhd fp.K. 31-Mk; Mz;il ikakhff; nfhz;L fhyj;ijf; fzf;fpLjy;. o fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F 31 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH jpUts;StH gpwe;jhH.

%d;W rq;fq;fs;
jiyr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; njd;kJiu (fp.K.400 Kjy; fp.K.200 tiu). ,ilr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; fghlGuk; (fp.K. 200 Kjy; fp.gp. 100 tiu) filr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; ,d;iwa kJiu ( fp.gp. 100 Kjy; fp.gp.300 tiu) Kjy; rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak;. ,ilr;rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;. filr;rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - vl;Lj; njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;. kJiu KJ}hpy; jkpo; tsHj;j GytHfspd; filr;rq;fk; eilngw;wJ

ny%hpah fz;lk;:
Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; Kjy; kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ngrpa Kjy; nkhopNa jkpopd; %ynkhopahFk;. Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpw;F Kd;djhf mg;gFjpia cs;slf;fpa xU ngUk; fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fhitAk;> M];jpNuypahitAk; ,izf;FkhW epytpaJ.

vl;Lj;n jhif E}y;fs;

ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif> Iq;FWE}W> fypj;njhif> mfehD}W> GwehD}W. gjpw;Wg;gj;J> ghpghly;>

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1967 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khfhz Kjyikr;ruhf mkHe;j mwpQH mz;zh mtHfshy; jkpo;ehL vd;W ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. Gfo;ngw;w kd;dHfs; - ,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;> Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;: ,tiug;gw;wp $Wk; E}y;fs; - gjpw;Wg;gj;J> mfehD}W ,kaj;jpy; tpy; nfhbia ehl;bdhH. fz;zfpf;F tpoh vLj;jhH. gj;jpdp nja;t topghl;L Kiwia njhlq;fp itj;jhH. ,thpd; jk;gp ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ,aw;wpa E}y; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; - rpyk;G Gfo; Nru nrq;Fl;Ltd; vd;W rpw;gpf;fg;gLfpwhH. ,tuJ NghH ntw;wpfisg; gw;wp $WtJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;

NrhoH:
jiyefH ciwa+H JiwKfk; - fhNthpg+k;gl;bdk; nfhb Gyp khiy mj;jpg;g+ gl;lngaH fpy;yp> tstd;> nrd;dp Ml;rpg;gFjp jQ;ir> jpUr;rp khtl;lq;fs;. Gfo;ngw;w kd;dHfs; - fhpfhw;ngUtsj;jhd;> fps;sptstd;. fhpfhyd;: <oj;ij ntd;W me;ehl;Lf; ifjpfisf; nfhz;L fy;yiziaf; fl;bdhH. fhpfhw;ngUtsj;jhd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH. ntz;zpg;Nghhpy; Nru> ghz;ba kd;dHfisj; Njhw;fbj;jhH. ntd;dhW fhy;thia ntl;bdhH. nghUzuhw;Wg;gilia ,aw;wpa Klj;jhkf; fz;zpaH kw;Wk; gl;bdg;ghiyia ,aw;wpa cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH mitia myq;fhpj;jdH. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,UtUk; [htfk;> flhuk; Kjyhd fPo;j;jpir ehLfis ntd;wdH.

%Nte;jHfs;
NruH:
jiyefH tQ;rp> f&H JiwKfk; - njhz;b> Krpwp nfhb tpy; mk;G khiy gdk;g+ gl;lngaH thdtH> tpy;ytH> kiyaH. Ml;rpg;gFjp - ,d;iwa Nfush> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}H.

ghz;baHfs;:
jiyefH kJiu nfhb kPd; khiy Ntg;gk;g+

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JiwKfk; - nfhw;if gl;lngaH khwd;> tOjp> nropad; Ml;rpg;gFjp kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> GJf;Nfhl;il> ,uhkehjGuk;. Gfo;ngw;w kd;dHfs; - Klj;jpUkhwd;> Mhpagil fle;j neLQ;nropad;> jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad;> KJf;FLkpg; ngUtOjp Klj;jpUkhwd; - filr;rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhH. Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad;: tl,e;jpahtpd; gilnaLg;ig ntw;wp nfhz;ljhy;> Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;W ngaH ngw;whH. ahNd murd;> ahNd fs;td; NfhtyDf;F jtwhd ePjp toq;fpa ghz;ba kd;dd;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ghz;ba kd;dd; ,tNu. jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;n ropad;: ,uz;lhk; neLQ;nropad; vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wtH. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. mjpakhd; - xsitf;F ney;ypf;fdp nfhLj;jhH. Ma; mz;bud; - mhpjhff; fpilj;j Milia> jhd; mzpahky; rptDf;F toq;fpdhH. ty;tpy; Xhp nfhy;ypkiy $j;jHfSf;F jd; ehl;ilNa ghprhf toq;fpdhH. kiyakhd; jpUKbf;fhhp - ,utyHf;F jdJ FjpiuiaAk;> ehl;ilAk; toq;fpdhH. ey;ypaf;Nfhld; - fhl;bYk; jd;id ehb te;jtHfSf;F Ntz;batw;iw toq;fpdhH.

rq;ffhyg; GytHfs;:
fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhH> fgpyH> guzH> ef;fPuH> gprpuhe;ijahH> NkhrpfPudhH> ngUQ;rpj;jpudhH. rq;ffhyg; ngz;ghw;GytHfs;: xsitahH> fhf;ifg;ghbdpahH> er;nrs;isahH> Klj;jhk fz;zpahH> nts;sptPjpahH> ghhp kfs;fshd mq;fit> rq;fit.

rq;ffhy kf;fs; tho;f;if:

fhjy; mbg;gilapy; kz tho;f;if mike;jJ. mWtil tpoh> nghq;fy; tpoh> ,sNtdpw; gUt tpoh Nghd;w tpohf;fis kf;fs; nfhz;lhbdH. jiyefhpy; ,e;jpu tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. ehtha;> fyk;> fg;gy;> Njhdp> Xlk;> glF> njg;gk;> fl;Lkuk; Kjyhd nrhw;fs; flypy; nry;Yk; fyq;fiyr; #l;Lk; NtW ngaHfshf cs;sJ. fly; thzpgj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhHfs;. epyj;jU jpUtpw;ghz;bad; ghyj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpaH njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij muq;Nfw;wpdhH. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; rq;ffhyj;ijg; nghw;fhyk; vd;W miog;gH. tzpfk; - vfpg;J> atdk;> Nuhk;> rPdk;> nerTj;njhopy; kjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J> thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL vd;W Koq;fpatH ghujpahH. ed;D}iy ,aw;wpatH gtze;jp KdptH.

FWepy kd;dHfs;
uh[d; tpRtgjp fpuhkzp fpufgjp FWepy kd;dHfs; NtspH vdg;gl;ldH. FWepy kd;dHfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH mjpakhd; o Ml;rpg;gFjp Fjpiukiy o jiyefH jf^H o jf^H vd;gJ

jw;Nghija jHkGhp. ,tuJ mitapy; ngz;ghw;GytH xsitahH ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhH. FWepy kd;dHfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L jpUf;NfhtpY}H fy;ntl;L. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil filNaO ts;sy;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.

filNaO ts;sy;fs;:
1. 2. ghhp Ky;iyf;Fj; NjH nfhLj;jhH. Ngfd; - kapYf;Fg; NghHit toq;fpdhH.

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Itif epyq;fs;
o FwpQ;rp kiy> kiy rhHe;j gFjp Ky;iy fhL> fhL rhHe;j gFjp nea;jy; - fly;> fly; rhHe;j gFjp kUjk; - tay;> tay; rhHe;j gFjp ghiy kzy;> kzy; rhHe;j gFjp ,aw;ifahd epyg;gFjpfs; jpizfs; vdg;gl;ld. MhpaHfs; Kjd;Kjypy; FbNawpa gFjp gQ;rhg; rg;jrpe;J gFjp. rg;jrpe;J vd;gJ 7 ejpfs; ghAk; epyk;.

murpay;:
rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil myF FLk;gk; - FLk;gj;jpd; jiytH fpufgjp. gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;jJ fpuhkk; - fpuhkj;jpd; jiytH fpuhkzp. gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;jJ tp]; (tpR) tpRtpd; jiytH tpRtgjp. gy tp];fs; ,ize;jJ my;yJ nghpa Ml;rp mikg;G [dh. [dhtpd; jiytd; - uh[d; vd;w murd; my;yJ gpu[hgjp. uh[;aj;jpy; tho;;e;j kf;fs; gpu[;i[fs; vdg;gl;ldH. kfh [dgjk; vd;gJ gy rpw; wuRfs; ,ize;j nghpa muR MFk;. murUf;F epHthfj;jpy; cjtpa mjpfhhpfs;: GNuhfpjH vd;w uh[FU gzp GNuhfpjk; nra;jy;> Ntjk; XJjy; Nrdhdp gilj;jsgjp. gilj;jiytH. murUf;F eph;thfj;jpy; cjtpa mikg;Gfs;: rgh KjpNahH mit rkpjp CH kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mit.

Ntjfhyk;
Ntjk; tpj; mwpjy; (rk];fpUjk;) Ntjq;fisj; [dh njhFj;jtHfs; MhpaHfs; . tp]; Ntjfhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; fpuhkk; Mjhuq;fs; - ehd;F Ntjq;fs;> FLk;gk; cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;> Muzaq;fs;. MhpaHfs; kj;jpa Mhpag; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ifgH> Nghyd; fztha; topahf ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpdH. MhpaHfspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil Nka;j;jy;. ,Uk;Gf;fhyj;ijr; NrHe;jJ fpuhk ehfhpfk;. kfh[dgjk;

r%f tho;f;if:
FLk;gj;jpd; jiytd; - je;ij Kd; Ntjfhy ngz; ftpQHfs; - Jgyh> Nfhrh> tp];ruh> NyhgKj;uh. rhjpg; gphpTfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy. xUjhu kzk;> gyjhu kzk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jd. tpjitfs; kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. hpf; Ntjfhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil tsHj;jy;. mwpahj cNyhfk; - nrk;G mwpahj tpyq;F Gyp Milfs; - gUj;jp> fk;gsp

Ntjfhyk;
Kd; Ntjfhyk; my;yJ upf; Ntj fhyk; - fp.K. 1500 fp.K. 1000. gpd; Ntjfhyk; my;yJ ,jpfhr fhyk; - fp.K.1000 fp.K. 600

Kd; Ntjfhyk;
Kd; Ntjfhyk; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jUtJ hpf; Ntjk; ehd;F Ntjq;fspy; kpfg; gioikahdJ hpf;Ntjk;

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gz;lkhw;W Kiw tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ep\;fh vd;w jq;f myFfs; thzpgj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Kf;fpa czTfs; - NfhJik> ghHyp> ghy;> japH> ,iwr;rp. kf;fs; Nrhk> Ruh ghdq;fisg; gUfpdH. Nfhkj; - mjpfkhd gRf;fspd; chpikahsH. nghUshjhu epiy: ,Uk;G mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fhy;eilfspd; vz;zpf;ifia nghWj;J> xUtUila nry;t epiy kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ep\;fh> RtHzh> rjkhzh> fpU\;z tyk; Nghd;w jq;f nts;sp ehzaq;fs; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. r%f epiy: Nfhj;jpuk; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rhjp mikg;G Kiw Njhd;wp tsHe;jJ. ,J tUtd jHkk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzHfs; - ahfk; kw;Wk; GNuhfpjk; nra;gtHfs;. rj;jphpaH NghH GhpgtHfs; itrphpaH gapHj;njhopy; kw;Wk; thzpgk; nra;gtHfs;. #j;jpuH - %d;W gphptpdUf;Fk; Fw;Nwty; nra;NthH.

hpf;Ntj fhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa flTs;

o o o o o ,e;jpud; tUzd; mf;dp akd; Nrhkd;

rkak;: ,aw;ifiaAk;> mjd; rf;jpfisAk; tzq;fpdH. Nfhapy; topghNlh> rpiy topghNlh Kd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. murH nra;j ahfq;fs;: m];tNkjk; - Fjpiu Nts;tp ,uh[#ak; - %b#l;L tpoh th[Ngak; - NjH ge;jak;

gpd; Ntjfhy Kf;fpa flTs;

o o o Uj;ud; (rptd;) tp\;Z gpuk;kd;

gpd; Ntjfhyk;
,jpfhr fhyk; vd;Wk; fhg;gpa fhyk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rhk> a[_H> mjHtz Ntjq;fspd; fhyj;ijg; gpd; Ntjfhyk; vdyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; tphpthd muRfs; vOr;rp ngw;wd. murpay; epiy: ,g;gFjpapy; Nfhryk;> tpNjfk;> FU> kfjk;> fhrp> mte;jp> ghQ;rhyk; Nghd;w muRfs; Njhd;wpd. muRg; gjtp guk;giu gjtpahdJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Nts;tpfs; mjpfhpj;jd. ,uh[#ak;> m];tNkjk;> th[Nak; Nghd;w ahfq;fs; kd;dhpd; Nguhjpf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nray;gl;ld. rgh> rkpjp Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; tYtpoe;jd.

ngz;fs; epiy: gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; chpikfs; midj;Jk; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik> fy;tp chpik kWf;fg;gl;lJ. cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. MSk; rigfspy; gq;F vLj;J nfhs;Sk; chpik ,y;iy. Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ. Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhHfp> ikj;Nuap. fy;tp: FUFy fy;tp Kiw eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. mur FkhuHfSf;Fj; jDHNtjk; vdg;gLk; NghHf;fiy fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

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ALFA IAS 9842430133

Ntjq;fs;
o o o o hpf;Ntjk; - goikahdJ. a[{H Ntjk; - ahfq;fs; gw;wp $WfpwJ. rhk Ntjk; - ,ir. mjHt Ntjk; - g+kp> Mtpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ghly;fs;.

tHj;jkhd kfhtPuH 534 fp.K. 462

gpwe;j ,lk; itrhyp efUf;F mUfpy; cs;s Fe;jf; fpuhkk; ,aw;ngaH tHj;jkhdH. je;ij ngaH rpj;jhHj;jH. jha; ngaH jphpriy je;ij Fyk; rj;jphpaf;Fyk;. kidtp ngaH aNrhjh 12 Mz;Lfs; fLikahd jpahdj;jpy; Mo;e;jhH. cz;ikiaj; Njb ntw;wp fz;lhH. 42tJ tajpy; NguwpT (rhy; kuj;jbapy;) ngw;whH. md;WKjy; [PdH vd;w nrhy;yhy; miof;fg;gl;lhH. kf;fs; mtiu kfhtPuH vd;W mioj;jdH. kfhtPuH jdJ Nghjidia gug;gpa nkhop gpuhfpUjk;. kfhtPuH ,we;j ,lk; - uh[fphpf;F mUfpy; cs;s gtGhp. kfhtPuH nfhy;yhikf; nfhs;ifia Nghjpj;jhH. mit Kk;kzpfs; my;yJ jphpuj;jpdq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. Kk;kzpfs; (Three Ratnas): 1.ey;ywpT 2.ed;dk;gpf;if 3.ed;dlj;ij xOf;f newpfs;: 5 xOf;f newpfisg; Nghjpj;jhH: 1.CW nra;ahik 2.ngha;ahik 3.fsthik 4.cilik kWj;jy; 5.Gydlf;fk;. capHfis vjd;nghUl;Lk; nfhy;yf; $lhJ vd;gNj ,r;rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. kdpjHfspd; Jauj;jpw;F kdpjHfs;jhd; fhuzk;. kdpjHfshy; gpw capHfSf;F Mgj;J Vw;glf;$lhJ vd;whH. rkzHfspd; Kf;fpaj;njhopy; - thzpgk;.

rkak;: gpd; Ntjfhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa flTs; - gpuk;kd;> tp\;Z> Uj;ud; (rptd;). kf;fs; Md;kh> tpidg;gad;> Nkhl;rk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,Ue;jdH. capHg; gypapLjYk; flTis tzq;Fk; topghl;L KiwfSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. Gdpj tpyq;F gR. MhpaHfspd; g+HtPfk; gw;wp gy;NtW mwpQHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; o khf;]; Ky;yH (Max Muller) kj;jpa Mrpah o jahde;j ru];tjp (Dayanand Saraswathi) jpngj; o ghy; fq;fhjH jpyf; (Bal Gangadhar Tilak) - MHbf;

rkzKk; ngsj;jKk;
fp.K. 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L cyfpd; rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf; fhykhFk;.

rkz rkak;
rkz kjj;jpduhy; 24 jPHj;jq;fuHfs; topglg;gLfpd;wdH. Kjy; jPHj;jq;fuh; - MjpehjH vd;w hprgNjtH. 23-MtJ jPh;j;jq;fuH ghHrt ehjH. 24-MtJ jPHj;jq;fuH my;yJ ,Wjp jPHj;jq;fuH tHj;jkhd kfhtPuH.

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