2550

.

(UNFPA)
.
. /

4-5
2550

(SWING)

(UNFPA)

iv

(sex service)

(sex work setting/establishment)

(sex workers)




1.

2.

(reference)

(quotation)
(stigma) (discrimination)

3.

(sensitivity)
UNFPA


........................................................................................................................
......................................................
...............................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
............................................................................................
................................................................................
1 ...............................................
1.1 ...............................................................................
1.2 .......................................................
1.3 ................................................................................
1.4 .......................................................................
2
.........................................................
2.1 / ....................
2.2
/ .........................................................
2.3
/ .................................
2.4 ...................................................
2.5
/
.................................................................................
2.6 ........................................

iii
iv
ix
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
7
11
16
26
26
32
36
37

39
42

vi

()

3 (Good Practice) ...................... 53

3.1 100% ..............................................................................

53

3.2
(Sentinel-Surveillance System).........................................................................

56

3.3
................

56

3.4
()
..............................................................

58

3.5
.....................................................

61

4

............................................

65

4.1 ......................

65

4.2
............................................................................

68

4.3 ...........

75

4.4
....................

78

vii

()

5 :

..............................................................................

83

..............................

83

........................................................................

92

............................................................................................

94

()
.................................. 100
: ....... 105

........................................... 108

..................................................... 109
6 ........................................... 112
................................................... 112

................................................................................................. 113

........................................................ 114

........................................................................ 117
........................................................................................................... 119


(Secondary sources)

(Primary source) (In-depth
interviews)
(Stakeholders)





(Good Practice)

1960





(adult) (child)

(Freelance)


(brothel)


()



.. 2537
25

.. 2509 ( .. 2525 .. 2546)

... 20,000
.. 2537

- -

5 (2545-2550)

.. 2525 .. 2532
(Quinolone)
100%

xi

5



/ .. 2527


(Surveillance)
(Prevalence)


(incidence)

.. 2494



.. 2545


5

xii

100%

( )

/
(Good Practice) (
) 100%
.. 2532 75 .. 2535
60

xiii

/

(
25 )

2545

/



5 .. 2535 (2535-2539,
2540-2544, 2545-2549 2550-2554)
(2550-2554)

10

xiv

.. 2494









5 (2545-2550)

/

(Focus group Discussion)
(In-depth interviews) (Forum)

xv

(Mapping)

(
/)


()

1. /



.. 2545

2. .. 2545


. .

3.

xvi

(peer group)


4.


( )
( )

5.

One-stop service, Comprehensive service centre
/


6.





7. 100% (Good
Practice)

2

xvii

8.

9.

10.

(Men having Sex with Men) (adult)
(child)




(Freelance)

(brothel)

()

(State of health) (Sexual health)

(STIs) /


/
(.)
(.)

.. 2549

/
(Secondary sources)

(Primary source)
(In-depth interview)

(Stakeholders)

1.

2.

3.

/ Good Practices

4.

5.

6.

/


(Reference) (Footnotes)

 1.

1.1

(.. 1893-2310)
(
)

( 2538)
1 (.. 2325-2352)






4






5 (.. 24112453)


3

 1:

5
.. 2448


.. 127 ( .. 2452)

...
20






6


.. 127
19


.. 2473 151
126 22 3 (Skinner 1957;
Mettarikanond 1983 cited in Watinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994)
2


.. 2491
.. 2501

.. 2503 .. 127

1:

.. 2509

( 2537)

2503



.. 2505

.. 2503 ( ..)


(rented wife)
.. 2509

.. 2519

(Checci Report)





( 2535, 135-136)

 1:

2
.. 2503
25091





(Modernization process)



( 2535 .)

1.2
2



(brothel)

1

... 3 .. 2525 ... 4 .. 2546

3 (1)
(2) (3)
(4)

1:

(Direct sex worker)

(Indirect sex workers)
( )
( 2534
2-3)

1.2.1
.. 2505-2532 6

( )
.. 2533 6,016

.. 2534 19
25 .. 2537
1.
14.
2.
15.
3.
16.
4.
17.
5.
18.
6.
19.
7.
20. /
8.
21.
9.
22.
23.
10.
11.
24.
12.
25.
13.
.. 2503

 1:

2509 .. 2509
()
( 3) .. 2525
( 4) .. 2546 3


.. 2520
.. 2536
2509 20,000
(
2550; 2536
2537)

.. 2535 .. 2536

(.) (.)
.. 2539 21
.. 2539
18
18





.. 2546 563
4,000
4,692 1,205
1

10

1:

1.2.2


(50,000-200,000 )
-

() .. 2549-2550


12,090 .. 2545
13,398 .. 2549
5 68,974 .. 2545 55,355
.. 2549
2,059 .. 2545 2,219 .. 2549 2,781
.. 2550 25,116 .. 2545 15,423
.. 2549 .. 2550
22,388
5

( / )

()


( 2549;
2550)

 1:

11

1.3
1.3.1
:



(
2537, 62; Asia Watch and The Womens Rights Project 1993
16-17)
:

400-500
(Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, 46;
8 2543)

1.3.2
: .. 2503



180-200
80-120 40-60
... 2509 (Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994,
p. 46; 8 2547)
:



2536
( 2537, 62;
Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 49)

12

1:

:

(
2537, 62)
:


( 2537, 63)
:
2-3


15
( 2534)
:




( 2537, 63)
:

(Wathinee
Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 49)
:



2 1,000

 1:

13

doorman bell boy

(Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 45;
2537, 64-66; 8 2543)
:

(
2537, 64)
:
2503


( 2537, 64-66; Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest
1994, p. 47)
:

()

3,000

( 8 2543; 2537, 66)
:



(
14 2550)

1.3.3


:

14

1:

(Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 45 and 47; 16-22
2535, 35)
:
25

120
( 29
2538; Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 49; 27 2547)

:


10 20-30
(Heamakarn Sricharatchanya October 13, 2004)

 1:

15

:






4



24.00-02.00 (Wathinee Boonchalaksi and Philip Guest 1994, p. 49;
27 2546)
:



2-3

(
2547; 1 2544)
-:
-


- - -
-
-


-
(
2548)

16

1:

1.4
1.4.1

Social Change and Homosexuality in Thailand Jackson, P. (1992,
p. 239-281) 3

: 1960 1970
60,000
.. 2518


2: 1970 .. 1982 (2525)

1980 (Boy and Cheong-Chaay)

3: .. 1983
1970 1980
1970
1980
200,000


10

 1:

17

(Anal Sex) (
Wiresit Sittitrai, Tim Brown and Sirapone Virulrak 1992)

73

9-27

( 2545, 3; Wiresit Sittitrai,
Tim Brown and Surapone Virulrak 1992, p. 107; Vichai Poshyachinda and Vipa
Danthamrongkul 1996; 22 2544; 11 2543)

40 20
(beach boy)

18

1:

(Male Sex Workers)

.. 2533 1,679 78
8 ( 2548)
.. 2536 1,500


(2549) ( )
3,788 .. 2545 4,460 .. 2549
1,621 .. 2545 1,522
.. 2549

:
1

( 20 2544)
:

( 20 2544; 21 2544;
11 2543)
:
2-3
30-100


16-28

.. 2533 31 67 .. 2537
( 2538; 8 2537)

 1:

19

:

(
2537, 59-60)

:
1960 (.. 2503) Harris (1968 Jackson, P. 1992)




15-28

(
11 2543; Vichai Poshyachinda and Vipa Danthamrongkul 1996)
: Oriental Connections

( 20 2538)
:



( 22 2544)
:


( 22 2544)
:
(
21 2544)

20

1:

-:

( 2545)
:
(
20 2544)

1.4.2
: 3
( 16 2546) -
8-9

-


(
)

(
3 .. 2547)

-
- .. 2537

 1:

21

:
()
.. 2531
.. 2536 3



- 3
- ()

-
( 2539; 2540)
:
Bangkok Post, September
13, 1992 ( Asia Watch and The Womens Rights Project 1993)
99 -

- .. 2536 1,385
544
.. 2527 2
-


12
12-22
17

1.
2.
3.
4.

22

1:

( 2537, 89-91; 2537, 26; Asia

Watch and The Womens Rights Project 1993, p. 14 and 46)



(smuggle)
(trafficking)






(Pimpawan et al., 2006, pp. 185-186)
: Thailands Foundation for women
(FFW) (Bangkok Post, August 5, 2007)
.. 2547
200

1
23 63 ( 2537)
:


( 23 2543)
//:

( 2534)

 1:

23

1.4.3

1.

2.
(Anjira Assavanonda May 16, 2001; Supang Chantavanich 2001, p. 20;
2534, 30-31)
:
( 2537, 83)
:

( 2534, 93-94)
:

3

( 2537,
93)
:

24

1:

(
2534, 30, 31; 2537, 83)
-

1.4.4 (Child Prostitution)

1.

2.

3.

4.

 1:

25

()

13,000-15,000
800,000
(Larson, H. and
Narain, P. 2001, p. 16-17; UNDP 2004, p. 51;
2537; 2537, 85; 2534)

1.4.5

(
)





() (Barbara
Borst June 15, 2003; Anchalee Singhanetra-Renard 1994)

 2.

2.1
/
(STIs)

(STIs)

2-9


.. 2527
80

1-12
(6 ) (Incidence)
594.77
.. 2525 785.55 .. 2529
.. 2532 657.20
Quinolone 100%
.. 2532 .. 2534
100%

26.68 .. 2547 21.90

.. 2548 15.6 .. 2549

 2:

27

NSU LGV


( 2548)

.. 2549
4.6 ( 36.2)
2.3 ( 9.3)
12.9 (UNFPA 2550)
1,677 3.5
Chlamydia 10.1 Gonorrhoea 1.6 Syphilis 1.1
(Freelance) Syphilis
13.3 17.9 506
Gonorrhea Syphilis .. 2547-2549
( 8.4-11.5) (
1.0-2.8)

( 2550)

.. 2550
39.4 7.5
56.8
(UNFPA 2550)

.. 2545




( 2550)
79.34 .. 2546 80.59
.. 2547 72.07 .. 2548 .. 2549
75.0

28

2:

506
(under reporting)
.. 2540-2549 6.16
.. 2540 8.42 .. 2549 0.35
0.47 3.38 .. 2540 2.44
.. 2549 ( 506 2550)
5

(:
2549 2550)

.. 2532


30.65 .. 2538 11.44 .. 2543
222 22 .. 2547
4.5 7.46 .. 2546
4.5 .. 2544
2.0 .. 2546 1.80 .. 2547
30 3.49
( 225 ) ( 22)
4 1.74 .. 2546
0.89 0.25 .. 2546
4.26 30

 2:

29

-
50

( 2547, 18-19)

.. 2527
(IDU) .. 2530
()
()
.. 2528
.. 2532-2540 .. 2533
.. 2547 ( 2543, 11)



(National Epidemiological
Surveillance) (Sentinel Surveillance)
.. 2532
(CDC)
2532 14
100-200


5 31 2532
.. 2533
73 2533 (
2542, 52-53; 2549, 176)
.. 2532

30

2:

1-5 12 2
13
43
3
9.3 2534
15
(
2547, 9)
(Sero Surveillance System) /
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Passive AIDS Reporting System: 506/1)

(HIV Sentinel Sero-surveillance, prevalence survey)
(Behavioural Surveillance Survey: BSS)
(PHIMS, PHOMS and CHILD)
(Passive Reporting System 506
.1-.2)
IgG BED Captured Elisa

(Prevalence)

13 (.. 2538) 22 (.. 2547)
27.78 .. 2539 18.46
.. 2543 10.87 .. 2546
17.79 .. 2538 4.07
.. 2545 3.67 .. 2546 ( 2547, 12)

21 BED Estimated
Incidence 0.1 .. 2546 0.28
0.41 .. 2547 2548 AEM
.. 2548 17,000
4.2 10.7 (UNFPA 2550)
2548 23 ( 3

 2:

31

)
6.8
32.65 50 20 2
( 25) ( 21.33)

3.37 .. 2548 18
50 10
( 11.32)

.. 2536-2543 4-5
(
2549, 178-179)
4
.. 2533 10-20
.. 2542
( 12) ( 9) .. 2546
17 28
.. 2548 ( 2548; UNDP 2004; UNAIDS and WHO 2006)
.. 2549 24
4.59 2.27
( 36.17)
( 22.58) ( 14.04)
( 9.3)
( 9.26 8.61 )
( 7.69 3.83)
12.9 .. 2549
14
20-24 20-24

( 2550, 128,133)

.. 2532 (prevalence)

32

2:

BED
Estimated Incidence (Incidence)

(Freelance) 17.9 ( 2550)

2.2

.. 2494 .. 2517

.. 2526
1-12
.. 2531 1-12
1-12 .. 2534-2538
507
.. 2545

1.
2.

3.

( 2541, 61-62; 2550)

 2:

33

1. 6 (Surveillance of
Six major Sexually Transmitted Infections):
.. 2517 .. 2525 .01-04

.. 2534-2538
6
(LGV) (GI)

2. (Assessment of STIs Syndrome

etiologies):

3. (Survey of sex workers and establishments):

4. (Antimicrobial resistance monitoring):

/
.. 2527

(AIDS-Epi-Centre)
(HIV sero-surveillance) 2532

14 31 2532
73 2533 ( 2542,
51-53)

34

2:

(repeated survey)
(same dynamic population)
.. 2550 25
8
(/)


( 2550, 126-127)

2
.. 2527
/

//



70-85

 2:

35

( 2543;
2550, 2550)

10 2 (39 )
3

80
1.

2.
3.


4.


()

(
2-3

( 2550;
2549; 2548)
2

36

2:

2.3

/
(Civil society
Non-government Organizations)
(1997)



7
( 2542) 1.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7.
.. 2527 .. 2536
59 (14
45 ) .. 2537 2538
79 189
43 .. 2535
119 .. 2536 305 .. 2537
106 .. 2539
.
53
.. 2536 75 .. 2539 115
.. 2540 3

(.) 18 .. 2539
51 .. 2540 100
(
2536; 2538 2542,
73-84)

 2:

37

( )
( 2543,
2549)

2.4

2



( 2542, 163)

.. 2530
WHO
UNAIDS

(WHO)
500,000 .. 2531

.. 2536-2538 4.76
72 16 12 .. 2537
90 (
2542, 91-96)

1.44 1.6 .. 2532 .. 2548
.. 2548

38

2:

75
15
70


23 11.9 .. 2535
90 .. 2540
36.8 53.4 .. 2538 .. 2539

49.2 15 40 .. 2540
.. 2543-2548

31 .. 2545 67 .. 2548

50
(Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria GFATM)

UNGASS 100
5 (2546-2550)

( 2542, 80-82; MOPH and WHO 2005, p. 14-15;

2550)

 2:

39

2.5

.. 2494

.. 2540 Chlamydia
trachomatis



( 2541, 66-67)




( 2542, 133)






( 2549)

40

2:

(
2549)

.. 2530

1.
2. 100%
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.




(peer group)
(participatory learning) (self-esteem)

 2:

41

( 2542;

2548)



100%

100% .. 2534

.. 2534

25



Quinolone
100% (Chancroid)

(Syndromic approach)


(
2542, 129-134;
2548)

42

2:

2.6

:
1.

(.)

2.

3.

4.

:
1.

2.

 2:

3.
4.

43

(
, 2550)

8








(MOPH and
WHO 2005, p. 43)

2

2
1-31





(Zoning)

44

2:

( 2542)

.. 2544

(.)






(
)

1.
( )


.. 2549 4
9 60 10
60 10 12
() 28.6


75

 2:

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

45

/
25

76 .. 2545 53
.. 2548 /
()

(Out-reach) /

/



()


SWING .. 2549 4
( ) 800
7
()

46

8.

2:

(
)

() (MOPH and WHO 2005;
2550; 2550)

SWING 2549 ( 2550)
/
(
)

(49-52)
( )

( )

 2:

47

8.8 5.4

5-6 1

( )
2





( 2548;
2550)

100%

/


11

- 14,000

50 (

48

2:

85-95 )


/
(World Bank 2000;
UNAIDS 2005 UNAIDS 2006; Ravenga, A. et al., 2006)




100%

(MOPH and WHO 2005;

2548)

100%
/

()

 2:

49

( 2536; 2550;
2550;
2550)

/


(Zoning)

()


100%



(freelance)
25

22

( 2534, The Thai Working Group on HIV/AIDS
Projection 2001, UNDP 2004;
2550;

2549)

50

2:

2



(
) ( 2543;
2549)

4-5 2550
( )

:
()




2509

 2:

51

(self-esteem)

:




100%


100%








Client-centered 100%


(
2550)

( 4-5 2550)

52

2:

1.

2.

3.

4.

(one-stop service)

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

 3.


(Good Practice)


(Good Practice)




(Stakeholder)

3.1 100%

/




100%

( 2533)





()

54

3: (Good Practice)

100% .. 2532

13
1 .. 2534

73 .. 2535

.. 2535
60 100


(UNDP 2547)



/
14 .. 2532 30 .. 2533 60 .. 2537
95 .. 2543 100%

(Larson, H. and Narain, P. 2001; Joint
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS in Thailand 2002; UNAIDS 2001;
2542)
100%

.. 2540

 3: (Good Practice)

55

.. 2541 .. 2544 ( UNDP 2547, 19)
70
( 40-45) 10

100%
.. 2548
(2548) 61.4
54.1

100%

100%

()


( 2544,
2546; 2550)
100%
.. 2532 (Good Practice)

100%

1.
2.

56

3.
4.
5.
6.

3: (Good Practice)

(
)



( 2543; UNAIDS 2001;
UNDP 2547; 2548)

3.2
(Sentinel Surveillance System)
(
) .. 2494
(
506 .1-.2)
( 2)

5
1. (Passive AIDS Reporting System: 506/1)
2. (HIV Sentinel Sero-surveillance)
3. (Behavioural Surveillance Survey: BSS)
4. (PHIMS, PHOMS and CHILD)
5. IgG BED Captured Elisa

3.3


()

 3: (Good Practice)

57

2514
.. 2526 2
1-12 1-12
() 1 1-31

(1-31 )

68

/

( 25 )

( 2549;
2550; 2549;
2547; . 2550)

58

3: (Good Practice)

3.4

()

4-5 2550 (Case Study)

Good Practice

.. 2545

10 :

FHI, PPAT


( )


(Well-being)


: .. 2545
1
()

2

1.
2.

Out-reached

 3: (Good Practice)

3.

59

1.
2.

: 7
( speculum)

(One-stop service)

: .. 2540-2550

.. 2546

.. 2550





NAPHA clinic
(8:00-16:00)

60

3: (Good Practice)

(17:00-20:00)



.. 2546

One-stop service
(
)
:
.. 2513

/

( , , ,
2550)

 3: (Good Practice)

61

3.5

4-5 2550

:

:
4
1.



2.
2

3.

4.

peer educator

62

3: (Good Practice)

:
(Transgender)
1. ()

2.

2.1 drop-in centre
(8 4 )

2.2

2.3 ( )

2.4 Out-reach

peer ()






-


:

 3: (Good Practice)

63

( )
()

:


:

:
:

64

3: (Good Practice)

/ - /

One-stop service, Comprehensive service centre STIs/HIV/
Reproductive Health/Sexual Health

( , , , ,
2550)

 4.

()

4.1

.. 2527



.. 2531
.. 2532
.. 2532


.. 2538 2.4
( 2542)

66

4:

.. 2534

.. 2535-2540
2
1.

2.

( 2538)

1.

2.

()

3.
4.
5.

 4:

6.

7.
8.

67

8 (2540-2544)

.. 2540
(
2542; 2543)

( 2542,
91-125; 2542, 4-9)

1.


WHO UNDP UNFPA
UNAIDS UNESCO UNICEF World Bank AIDSCAP E.C. JICA

45 2,000 .. 2539
1,500 .. 2540

2. 3
2.1 .. 2534 (
)
2.2


2.3
.. 2538-2539

2540-2544
3.

68

4.

5.

4:

4.1

4.2
4.3
4.4 ( )

4.2

.. 2533





(UNDP 2004, p. 3)
.. 2534:
Global Programme on AIDS (GPA)
(Short Term Plan) (Project Action Plan)

 4:

69

.. 2531-2533 (Medium Term Plan

1989-1991)
.. 2533

.. 2534
100%
( 2542, 63, 99)


(UNAIDS 2001, p. 11-13)
2535-2539: .. 2534



(2535-2539)

100%

1 (2534)

( 2542, 100-101, 133)
.. 2535

100%
30 .. 2533 60
.. 2537 95 .. 2543

70

4:

60
( 2547;
2549, 12-13; UNAIDS and UNFPA 2002, p. 28)
2540-2544: .. 2538-2539



8 (2540-2544)


( 2542, 102)

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2540-2544 8

.. 2540-2544

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1-35

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124

. HIV
2547 22. : . . 2547.
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(UNFPA). Fact Sheet. /
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10.
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. . :
. 2550

.
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. 2549

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STIs/HIV

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MDG . (). :
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.
100% .. 2548:
1-12.
. 2548. 80
.
2550. : .
2550

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, .
STIs/HIV
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133

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