38 Torsion

o
L
T
T
Figure 3.4
For the tubular section shown in Figure 3.3(b):
I =
=
32
(|
4
out
|
4
in
) (3.4a)
where |
out
and |
in
are, respectively, the outside and inside diameters of the section. For the
solid section shown in Figure 3.3(a), the inner diameter (|
in
) equals zero, that is:
I =
=
32
|
4
out
(3.4b)
3.3 Angle of twist
Angle of twist is the angle difference between two parallel sections of a bar subjected to torsion.
It is proportional to the applied torsion, 1, and the distance between the two sections, |, while
inversely proportional to the geometric quantity of cross-section, I, and the shear modulus, C,
where CI is called torsional rigidity. Thus for the bar shown in Figure 3.4:
0 =
1|
CI
(3.5)
If the changes in twist moment, cross-sectional geometry and shear modulus along the central
axis between sections are discrete, the total angle of twist is:
0 =
N

|=1
1
|
|
|
C
|
I
|
(3.6)
where N is the total number of the discrete segments (| =1, 2, . . . , N), within each of which 1
|
,
C
|
and I
|
are all constant.
If the changes are continuous for 1, I and C within length |:
0 =

|
0
1(x)
C(x)I(x)
dx (3.7)
3.4 Torsion of rotating shafts
Members as rotation shafts for transmitting power are usually subjected to torque. The following
formula is used for the conversion of kilowatts (kW), a common unit used in the industry, into
torque applied on a shaft:
1 =159
p
|