GSM Based SMS Driven Automatic Display Tool Kit

GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION AND BLOCK DIAGRAM
DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG.
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Presently, the United States is the most technologically advanced country in the area of telecommunications with about; 126 million phone lines, 7.5 million cellular phone users,5 thousand AM radio broadcast stations, 5 thousand FM radio stations, 1 thousand television broadcast stations, 9 thousand cable television systems, 530 million radios, 193 million television sets, 24 ocean cables, and scores of satellite facilities! This is truly an "Information Age" and sometimes, you need to look at where we've been in order to see the future more clearly! 1.1.1 Information ---A message received and understood --- Princeton ---Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus --- Wikipedia --- any communication or representation of knowledge such as facts, data, or opinions in any medium or form, including textual, numerical, graphic, cartographic, narrative, or audiovisual forms (OMB Circular A-130). --- Gils.net --- Facts, concepts, or instructions; any sort of knowledge or supposition which can be communicated. --- Cedar.Web.Cern --- Is organized data that has been arranged for better comprehension or understanding. What is one person's information can become another person's data. --- earthlink.net 1.1.2 Information Transfer A coordinated sequence of user and telecommunications system actions that cause information present at a source user to become present at a destination user.
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Note: An information-transfer transaction usually consists of three consecutive phases called the access phase, the information-transfer phase, and the disengagement phase.
1.2 Broadcast
A term to describe communication where a piece of information is sent or transmitted from one point to all other points. There is just one sender, but the information is simultaneously sent to all connected receivers. In networking, a distinction is made between Broadcasting and Multicasting.
Broadcasting sends a message to everyone on the network whereas multicasting sends a message to a select list of recipients .One of the most common examples is broadcast through a cellular network service. This serves multiple end users at different locations in a simulcast fashion. Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism.
This can be used directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles, commonly, for example in a mobile telephony system, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for one to one communication between the mobile Trans-receiver and the base station. This is called Paging. The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a location area in the GSM system or Routing Area in UMTS).
Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message on all of those cells. Today, interaction with digital displays is a deskbound or device-dependent experience. However, developments in display and information sharing technologies may enable a new form of interaction with digital media: ubiquitous computing. In ubiquitous computing, the physical location of data and processing power is not apparent to the user. Rather, information is made available to the user in a transparent and contextually relevant manner.
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A single display device restricts the repertoire of interactions between the user and digital media, so ubiquitous computing requires displays wherever the user might need one in appliances, tabletops public transport, walls, etc. This project aims at integrating the expansiveness of a wireless cellular network and the ease of information transfer through the SMS with the coverage of public display boards. It is thereby a modest effort to realize the complete potential of public display boards in instantaneous information broadcast in swift response to events of interests.
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

As explained in the introduction chapter, the realization of complete potential of the display boards and the wireless medium in information transfer is the major issue that the following thesis of the following project deals with.
Fig 1.1 Block diagram of GSM based SMS driven Automatic Display Toolkit As we see in the above figure, there are at least two interfacing circuits: GSM Module with Microcontroller Microcontroller with LCD Display Page 4
1.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS

1.4.1 GSM HANDSET GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Group Special Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks.
GSM handset is used to send the message to the GSM MODULE. The message which is send through the GSM Mobile will be display on the LCD.
Fig 1.2 GSM Handset 1.4.2 GSM MODULE GSM modules are similar to modems but there is one difference A GSM Modem is an external equipment where as a GSM Module is a module that can be integrated within an equipment. GSM Module is an embedded piece of hardware. GSM Module receives the message from the mobile station.
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Fig 1.3 GSM Module
1.4.3 MICROCONTROLLER The microcontroller which is used in this project is AT89S52. Microcontroller is a microprocessor designed specifically for control applications, and is equipped with ROM, RAM and facilities I / O on a single chip. AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-51/52 equipped with an internal 8 Kbyte Flash EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), which allows memory to be reprogrammed.
Fig 1.4 Microcontroller AT89S52
1.4.4 LCD Display 16*2 Alphanumeric LCDs are used. The message which is sent from the mobile phone is displayed on the LCD.
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Fig 1.5 16*2 LCD Display
1.5 FEATURES OF PROJECT

The main aim of the project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display toolkit which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display.
This project deals with the integration of the expansiveness of a wireless cellular network and the ease of information transfer through the SMS with the coverage of public display boards.
The message to be displayed is sent through a SMS from a transmitter. The toolkit receives the SMS and displays the desired information after necessary code conversion.
It is useful to display the messages in a large geographical area like- college campus, offices, railway stations, airports etc.
It will display same message on every LCDs at a time.
1.6 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The component description of this system can be divided into the following stages Definition of all features of our project. Designing block diagram. Page 7
Designing of all circuits. Implementing circuits and components. Giving software overview. Writing the codes of all the functions. Writing actual codes for microcontroller. Compiling the code. Burning the hex file into microcontroller with programmer. Testing. Running. Documentation.
1.7 ADVANTAGES
Information can be transferred at different places at a time. The electronics displays which are currently used are programmable displays which need to be reprogrammed each time. This makes it inefficient for immediate information transfer, and thus the display board loses its importance where as GSM BASED TOOLKIT replace this problem. This display board programs itself with the help of the incoming SMS with proper validation. Such a system proves to be helpful for immediate information transfer. The GSM based display toolkit can be used as an add-on to these display boards and make it truly wireless. Information can be transferred at different places at a time.
1.8 APPLICATION
The system is made efficient by using clone SIMs of same MIN in a geographical area so that the same SMS can be received by number of display boards in a locality using techniques of time division multiple access. This project is already an application of GSM.
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1.9 FUTURE ASPECT

The use of microcontroller in place of a general purpose computer allows us to theorize on many further improvements on this project prototype. Temperature display during periods wherein no message buffers are empty is one such theoretical improvement that is very possible. Another very interesting and significant improvement would be to accommodate multiple receiver MODEMS at the different positions in a geographical area carrying duplicate SIM cards. Multilingual display can be another added variation of the project. MMS technology along with relatively high end microcontrollers to carry on the tasks of graphics encoding and decoding along with a more expansive bank of usable memory can make this task a walk in the park.
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HARDWARE SECTION
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2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SETUP BOX
Fig 2.1 The Basic Hardware of the Project A Microcontroller B LCD display C GSM Module D SIM E 9 Pin Female Plug F Transformer G Magnet Mount Antenna H Power Reset Button I LED J Diode K Capacitor L Crystal M PCB N Resistor O Coaxial Cable
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2.2 DESCRIPTION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
2.2.1 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 is the name of a big family of microcontrollers. The device which we used in our project was the 'AT89S52' which is a typical 8051 microcontroller manufactured by Atmel.
2.2.2 FEATURES
1) 8051 have 128 bytes of RAM 2) 8051 have 128 user defined flags 3) It consist of 16 bit address bus 4) It also consist of 3 internal and two external interrupts 5) Less power usage in 8051 with respect to other micro-controller 6) It consist of 16-bit program counter and data pointer 7) 8051 can process 1 million one-cycle instructions per second 8) It also consist of 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits 9) ROM on 8051 is 4 Kbytes in size 10) It also consist of Two 16 bit Timer/ Counter
2.2.3 TYPES OF MEMORY
The 8051 has three very general types of memory. To effectively program the 8051 it is necessary to have a basic understanding of these memory types.
Fig 2.2 Memory Configuration of 8051 DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 12
On-Chip Memory refers to any memory (Code, RAM, or other) that physically exists on the microcontroller itself. On-chip memory can be of several types, but we'll get into that shortly.
External Code Memory is code (or program) memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM. External RAM is RAM memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM.
CODE MEMORY
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8051 program that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many shapes and sizes. Code memory may be found on-chip, either burned into the microcontroller as ROM or EPROM. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is also another popular method of storing a program. Various combinations of these memory types may also be used--that is to say, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM.
When the program is stored on-chip the 64K maximum is often reduced to 4k, 8k, or 16k. This varies depending on the version of the chip that is being used.
EXTERNAL RAM
As an obvious opposite of Internal RAM, the 8051 also supports what is called External RAM. As the name suggests, External RAM is any random access memory which is found off-chip. Since the memory is off-chip it is not as flexible in terms of accessing, and is also slower. For example, to increment an Internal RAM location by 1 requires only 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycle. To increment a 1-byte value stored in External RAM requires 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles. In this case, external memory is 7 times slower!
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External RAM loses in speed and flexibility it gains in quantity. While Internal RAM is limited to 128 bytes the 8051 supports External RAM up to 64K.
2.2.4 BASIC REGISTERS
THE ACCUMULATOR The Accumulator, as its name suggests,is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register the 8051 has due to the sheer number of instructions that make use of the accumulator. More than half of the 8051s 255 instructions manipulate or use the accumulator in some way.
THE "R" REGISTERS
The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc. up to and including R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. The "R" registers are also used to temporarily store values.
THE "B" REGISTER
The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8051 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB.
THE DATA POINTER (DPTR) The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051s only user-accessable 16-bit (2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values. Page 14
THE PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)
The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8051 is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is executed. It is important to note that PC isnt always incremented by one. Since some instructions require 2 or 3 bytes the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases.
The Program Counter is special in that there is no way to directly modify its value.
THE STACK POINTER (SP)
The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When you push a value onto the stack, the 8051 first increments the value of SP and then stores the value at the resulting memory location. When you pop a value off the stack, the 8051 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP.
2.3 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS (SETUP BOX)
2.3.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a sensor, or a switch.
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Most of the ports of the AT89S52 have 'dual function' meaning that they can be used for two different functions. The first one is to perform input/output operations and the second one is used to implement special features of the microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the execution of the program according to external events, performing serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update the software.
Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the software point of view as an 8bit variable called 'register', each bit being connected to a different Input/ Output pin.
Fig 2.3 AT89S52 microcontroller
2.3.1.1 FEATURES
Four-port I / O, which each consist of eight bits. 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz. Two-level Program Memory Lock. 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM internally. 32 Programmable I/O Lines. Three 16-bit Timer/Counters. A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 8 Bit. The internal oscillator and timing circuits. Page 16
Five interrupt lines. The size of 8 KByte EPROM for program memory. Maximum speed execution of instructions per cycle is 0.5 s at 24 MHz clock frequency.
2.3.1.2 CONNECTIONS IN MICROCONTROLLER
Fig 2.4 Connection in microcontroller CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) This section serves to control the entire operation on the microcontroller. This unit is divided into two parts, the control unit, or CU (Control Unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The main function control unit is to take instructions from memory (fetch) and then translate the composition of these instructions into a simple collection of work processes (decode), and implement instruction sequence in accordance with the steps that have been determined the program (execute). Arithmetic and logic unit is the part that deals with arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and logical data manipulation operations such as AND, OR, and comparison.
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MEMORY There are two different memory types:- RAM and EEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used to store the program itself, that's why it is often referred to as the 'program memory'. It is clear that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that will Read the program from the FLASH memory and Execute it by interacting with the different peripherals. PART INPUT / OUTPUT (I / O) This section serves as a communication tool with a single chip device outside the system. Consistent with the name, I / O devices can receive and provide data to / from a single chip. There are two kinds of devices I / O is used, ie devices for serial connection UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and device for so-called parallel relationship with the PIO (Parallel Input Output).Both types of I / O has been available in a single chip AT89S52. SOFTWARE Single flakes MCS-51 family has a special programming language that is not understood by other types of single flakes. This programming language known by the name of the assembler language instruction has 256 devices. However, when this can be done with microcontroller programming using C language .With the C language, microcontroller programming easier, because the C language format will be automatically converted into assembler language with a hex file format. Software on a microcontroller can be divided into five groups as follows: DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS This instruction serves to move the data, between registers, from memory to memory, from registers to memory, and others.
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ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTION These instructions perform arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, addition of one (increments), a reduction of one (decrement), multiplication and division.
LOGIC AND BIT MANIPULATION INSTRUCTIONS Functions perform logic operations AND, OR, XOR, comparison, shift and complement data. BRANCHING INSTRUCTIONS Serves to alter the normal sequence of execution of a program . With this instruction, the programs that are implemented will jump to a particular address. INSTRUCTION STACK, I / O AND CONTROL These instructions set the stack usage, read / write I / O ports, and controlling. 2.3.1.3 DESCRIPTION The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a sixDEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 19
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
2.3.1.4 PIN CONFIGURATION
AT89S52 microcontroller has 40 pins with a single 5 Volt power supply. The pin 40 is illustrated as follows:
Fig 2.5 Pin Diagram
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2.3.1.5 PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC- Supply voltage.
GND- Ground.
Port 0-
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1-
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 21
Table 2.1 Port 1 Port 2-
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3-
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the
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pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table:-
Table 2.2 Port 3 RST-
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG-
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 23
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN-
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP-
External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1-
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
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XTAL2-
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Special Function Registers-
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip.
Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.
User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.
Timer 2Registers:
Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON ) and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.
Interrupt Registers:
The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.
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2.3.1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 2.6 Block Diagram of AT89S52
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2.3.1.7 Memory Organization All single chip in the family division of MCS-51 has the address space to programs and data. The separation of program memory and data memory allows data to be accessed by a memory address 8 bits. Even so, the address memory 16 bits of data can be generated through the DPTR register (Point Data Register). Program memory can only be read cannot be written because it is stored in the EPROM. In this case the EPROM is available in a single chip AT89S52 for 8 Kbyte.
Fig 2.7 AT89S52 Microcontroller memory
Memory Program If EAs low value, the program will occupy the address 1000 H to FFFF H to external programs. If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory.
On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.
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Data memory Internal data memory are mapped as shown below memory space is divided into three blocks of the 128 down, 128 up, and space SFR (Special Function Register) Under Section 128 bytes of RAM mapped into the 32 bytes are grouped into four banks and eight registers (R0 to R7). In the next 16 bytes, on the banks of register, form a block of memory space that can bit addressable. All bytes that are within 128 below can be accessed either directly or indirectly. The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. 2.3.1.8 UART-
The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.
2.3.1.9 TIMER 0 AND 1-
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.
2.3.1.10 TIMER 2
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 5-2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 28
The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 10-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.
Table 2.3 Timer 2 Operating Mode
2.3.1.11 INTERRUPTS-
The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 2.8.
Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE.
IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON.
Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.
The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 29
However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.
Fig 2.8 Interrupt Sources
2.3.1.12 TIMERS AND COUNTERS IN AT89S52
Diagram below shows a simplified diagram of the main peripherals present in the AT89S52 or 8052 / 8051. There are 3 Timers/Counters in the 89S52.
The expression "Timer/Counter" is used because this unit can act as a Counter or as a Timer as per requirement. Timer/Counter 2 is a special counter that does not behave like the two others, because of some extra functionality.
The serial port, using a UART (Universal Asynchronous Receive Transmit) protocol can be used in a wide range of communication applications. With the UART provided in the DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 30
AT89S52 it is easy to communicate with a serial port equipped computer, as well as communicate with another microcontroller.
If all the peripherals described above can generate interrupt signals in the CPU according to some specific events, it can be useful to generate an interrupt signal from an external device that may be a sensor or a Digital to Analog converter. For that purpose there are 2 External Interrupt sources (INT0 and INT1).
Fig 2.9 Timers and Counters in AT89S52
2.3.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Fig 2.10 16*2 LCD
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A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is prized by engineers because it uses very small amounts of electric power, and is therefore suitable for use in battery-powered electronic devices. LCDs are passive display having low power consumption and contrast ratio. The characteristic of LCDs are given below: LCDs operate on the principle of light scattering. They can be operated either in a reflective or transmissive configuration. There operation dependent on ambient or back lightering as they do not generate there own light.
It operates on low voltage around 1v-5v and the power required by LCD to the scatter or absorbs light is very low in the order of the few microwatts/cm.
A transmissive LCD has better visual characteristic than a reflective LCD.
The operation of LCD is base on the use of certain organic material, which retains a regular crystal like structure even when they have been melted.
Nematic and cholestric are to important liquid crystal material used in display out of these two NLC has a particular crystal structure. The liquid is normally transparent, but if subjected to a strong electric field, an ion moves through it and disturbs the well-ordered crystal structure.
The liquid is normally transparent, but if subjected to a strong electric field, an ion move through it and disturbs the well ordered crystal structure causing the liquid to polarized and hence turns opaque.
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Basically, LCD consist of thin layer of NLC liquid about 10 micron thick placed between two glass plates having an electrode at list one electrode is transparent.
The transmissive type LCD has two transparent glass plates, where as a reflective type LCD has only one electrode transparent.
2.3.2.1 FEATURES
5 x 8 dots with cursor. Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent). + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V). 1/16 duty cycle. N.V. optional for + 3V power supply.
2.3.2.2 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION
VSS, VDD and VEE Pin 1 (VSS) is a ground pin and it is certainly needed that this pin should be grounded for LCD to work properly. VEE and VDD are given +5 vlots normally. However VEE may have a potentiometer voltage divider network to get the contrast adjusted. But VDD is always at +5V.
RS, R/W and EN
These three pins are numbered 4, 5 and 6 as shown above. RS is used to make the selection between data and command register. For RS=0, command register is selected and for RS=1 data register is selected. R/W gives you the choice between writing and reading. If set (R/W=1) reading is enabled. R/W=0 when writing.
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Enable pins is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in-order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. It may be noted here that the pulse must be of minimum 450ns wide.
D0-D7
The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of LCD's internal register.
Table 2.4 Pin Description
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2.3.2.3 LCD CODES
Table 2.5 LCD Codes
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2.3.2.4 16*2 CHARACTER LCD
Table 2.6 Character LCD 2.3.3 GSM MODULE
Fig 2.11 GSM Module
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The GSM module is a GSM terminal for transmitting data, faxes and SMS (short message service) text messages in GSM networks (GSM = global system for mobile communication).
GSM modules are similar to modems but there is one difference A GSM Modem is an external equipment where as a GSM Module is a module that can be integrated within an equipment.
When the GSM Module M1 is registered in the network, it serves as a standard modem for fax and data transmission for a computer connected to the V.24 interface. Special AT+C commands as per GSM 07.07 or GSM 07.05 for controlling GSM-related functions (PIN entry, network selection, etc.) and for the short message service are available via the V.24 interface.
2.3.3.1 The GSM Module comprises the following components GSM transceiver. Data and power supply unit. Serial interface (V.24) for data transmission and control. Manufacturer-specific interface for DC power supply, external antenna and audio signals. 2.3.3.2 The GSM module offers the advantages

Ultra small size (22x22x3 mm), lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrate. Low power consumption. R&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF, FCC, PTCRB, IC. Full RS232 on CMOS level with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI).
Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack , Embedded FTP and SMTP Client. High performance on low price.
2.3.3.3 INTERFACES

Power supply nominal 3,8 V. 10 general purposes I/O ports and serial bi-directional bus on CMOS 2,8 V. External SIM. Page 37
Analogue audio for microphone, speaker and hands free set plus digital voice interface.
RS232 on CMOS 2,8 V (One RS232 (2,8V) with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI), baud rate 300 - 115.200 bps, auto bauding 1200 57.600 bps.
50 Ohm antenna connector.
2.3.3.4 The GSM Module offers the following features
Short message service mobile originated (SMS MO, TS22). Short message service mobile terminated (SMS MT, TS21). SIM Phonebook management. Fixed Dialling Number (FDN). SIM Toolkit class 2 Real time clock Alarm management.
2.4 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)
Fig 2.12 BSNL SIM
Simcom offers this information as a service to its customers, to support application and engineering efforts that use Simcom products. The information provided is based upon requirements specifically provided to Simcom by the customers. Simcom has not undertaken any independent search for additional relevant information, including any information that may be in the customers possession.
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The GSM Module M1 must have a SIM card to operate in the GSM network. To install this card, press the yellow button to eject the carrier and insert the SIM in the carrier. Then push the carrier into the housing, making sure that it locks into place.
A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers).
There are three operating voltages for SIM cards: 5 V, 3 V and 1.8 V. The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V. SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V. Modern cards support 5 V, 3 V and 1.8 V.
The microcontrollers used for SIM cards come in different configurations. The typical ROM size is between 64 KB and 512 KB, typical RAM size is between 1 KB and 8 KB, and typical EEPROM size is between 16 KB and 512 KB.
The ROM contains the operating system of the card and might contain applets where the EEPROM contains the so called Personalisation, which consists of security keys, phone book, SMS settings, etc., and operating system patches.
SIM cards store network-specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network. The most important of these are the ICCID, IMSI, Authentication Key (Ki), Local Area Identity (LAI) and Operator-Specific Emergency Number.
The SIM also stores other carrier-specific data such as the SMSC (Short Message Service Center) number, Service Provider Name (SPN), Service Dialing Numbers (SDN), Advice-Of-Charge parameters and Value Added Service (VAS) applications.SIM cards can come in at least two capacity types: 32 KB and 64 KB. Both allow a maximum of 250 contacts to be stored on the SIM, but while the 32
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KB has room for 33 mobile network codes (MNCs) or "network identifiers", the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs.
2.4.1 SIM300 KEY FEATURES
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Table 2.7 SIM300 Key Features
2.5 FEMALE 9 PIN PLUG
There are different types of connectors required for serial communication like 9 or 25 pin female and male plug etc.Serial communication is a way enables different equipments to communicate with their outside world. It is called serial because the data bits will be sent in a serial way over a single line.
A personal computer has a serial port known as communication port or COM Port used to connect a modem for example or any other device, there could be more then one COM Port in a PC.
Serial ports are controlled by a special chip called UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). Different applications use different pins on the serial port and this basically depend of the functions required. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 41
Serial communication has some advantages over the parallel communication. One of the advantages is transmission distance, serial link can send data to a remote device more far then parallel link. Also the cable connection of serial link is simpler then parallel link and uses less number of wires.
Serial link is used also for Infrared communication, now many devices such as laptops & printers can communicate via inferred link.
Types of connectors
There are two sizes of connectors 9 pin and 25 pin, both they called D-Type plug. D-Type plug could be either Male or Female. Here we will discuss only about the female 9 pin plug.
2.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF FEMALE 9 PIN PLUG
Fig 2.13 Female 9 Pin Plug
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Table 2.8 Pin description of Female 9 Pin plug
2.5.2 FEATURES OF FEMALE 9 PIN PLUG Supports PCI bus, Plug and Play. Provides 1 isolated RS-422/485 port and 1 RS-232 port. Provides surge protection. LED diagnostic indicators. DOS, Windows NT/2K/XP/2003 and Linux driver supported.
2.5.3 ADVANTAGES Built-in COM-Selector. Self-Tuner inside. 3KV isolated RS-422/485 port. Up to 128KB software FIFO for each COM port under Windows. Short Card Design.
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2.6 TRANSFORMER
Fig 2.14 Transformer A transformer is a device (that was invented by NIKOLA TESLA) that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
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By apprpriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. 2.6.1 COUPLING BY MUTUAL INDUCTION A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the secondary winding. Energy is coupled between the windings by the time-varying magnetic flux that passes through (links) both primary and secondary windings. When the current in a coil is switched on or off or changed, a voltage is induced in a neighboring coil. The effect, called mutual inductance, is an example of electromagnetic induction 2.6.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
Fig 2.15 An ideal transformer
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The secondary current arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the load impedance
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils. If a load is connected to the secondary winding, the load current and voltage will be in the directions indicated, given the primary current and voltage in the directions indicated (each will be alternating current in practice).
2.6.3 IDEAL POWER EQUATION
Fig 2.16 The ideal transformer as a circuit element If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient. All the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the input electric power must equal the output power:
giving the ideal transformer equation
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This formula is a reasonable approximation for most commercial built transformers today. If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance Zs is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of (Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance Zp of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp. 2.6.4 THE UNIVERSAL EMF EQUATION If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its number ofturns, voltage, magnetic flux density and core cross-sectional area is given by the universal emf equation (from Faraday's law):
Where, E= is the sinusoidal rms or root mean square voltage of the winding. f= is the frequency in hertz N= is the number of turns of wire on the winding a= is the cross-sectional area of the core in square metres B =is the peak magnetic flux density in teslas
2.6.5 CLASSIFICATION
Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications and may be classified in many ways: By power level (from fraction of a volt-ampere(VA) to over a thousand MVA). By application (power supply, impedance matching, circuit isolation). Page 47
By frequency range (power, audio, radio frequency(RF)). By voltage class (a few volts to about 750 kilovolts). By cooling type (air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, water cooled, etc.). By purpose (distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.). By ratio of the number of turns in the coils. STEP-UP The secondary has more turns than the primary.
STEP-DOWN The secondary has fewer turns than the primary.
ISOLATING Intended to transform from one voltage to the same voltage. The two coils have
approximately equal numbers of turns, although often there is a slight difference in the number of turns, in order to compensate for losses (otherwise the output voltage would be a little less than, rather than the same as, the input voltage).
VARIABLE The primary and secondary have an adjustable number of turns which can be
selected without reconnecting the transformer.
2.7 MAGNET MOUNT ANTENNA Magnet Mount or Mag Mount Antennas stick to the sheet metal of your vehicle's roof or trunk via a strong circular magnet and utilizes the body metal as an integral part of the antenna (ground plane). The antenna pictured to the right is a Dual Band Mag Mount antenna. These antennas work particularly well for people who have several vehicles or do not want to install an antenna either permanently or semi-permanently on their vehicle. Installation of these antennas is as simple as setting the antenna on the trunk lid or roof and running the included cable in through the trunk lid, door or window.
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Care must be taken to run the cable in such a way so that water cannot get through where the cable enters the vehicle interior. Also care must be taken not to crush or severely bend the cable. These antennas can also be used in a home or office but must be applied to a metal surface (file cabinet, desk or refrigerator are some examples) in order to work effectively. A ground plane can also be made out of sheet metal (12" Square for 1900 MHz and 28" Square for 800MHz and Dual Band). Your local Hardware store carries pieces of sheet metal also known as flashing (for roofs) that are very inexpensive. This antenna would be a good choice at home where signal is sometimes good and sometimes marginal. If reception is not sufficient to make ANY calls, a panel antenna might be a better solution. The primary purpose of the magnet antenna mount is to allow the CBer the means to gain temporary or emergency communications capability. The fact that the user doesnt need to drill holes in the vehicle should be of secondary importance.Magnetic mounts should always be treated as a temporary solution to an immediate or short-term communications need. If you dont plan to use your CB on a regular basis, dont want to drill holes in your vehicle for permanent mounts, or dont expect the maximum performance from your equipment, than a magnetic mount may be all you need. But remember, in spite of their convenience, a magnetic mount antenna will rarely meet the performance that is realized from a properly installed permanent antenna. However, for short-range caravan type communications or emergency use, magnetic mount antennas are sufficient.
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Fig 2.17 Magnet Mount Anteena BMAX824/1850
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2.7.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Like all other transmit antennas, those mounted on magnet mounts must be tuned on the vehicle in the location that it will always be used. If you tune the antenna in the middle of the roof then decide to use it on the hood or truck, or a different vehicle, it will require re-tuning at its new location. 2. Always place your magnet on the flattest surface available. 3. Do not abuse the coax cable. It is extremely important. Sharp bends, tight pinches and holes rubbed through outer jacket will affect performance. 4. Always place your magnet on a clean, dry surface. 5. If avoidable, do not use on a vinyl roof. (Adds capacitance and diminishes holding strength). 6. Never leave the mount in one location for extended periods of time. (The vehicle paint will fade at various rates and moisture under mount can cause rust to form under the painted surface.) 7. If you drop a ferrite magnet on a hard surface the magnetic strength may be reduced, or the material could shatter into many pieces. 8. Magnet mounts rely on high resistance, capacitance grounding. If you use power amplification, there is a good chance that heat will discolor the vehicles paint. We do not recommend the use of amplifiers with any magnet-mounted antenna. 9. At highway speeds there are considerable forces acting upon the mount. Even if the antenna is holding fast, a side burst of air from a passing 18-wheeler can hit the antenna with a force from another direction causing it to loose its grip. For that reason, it is always a good idea to have a spring between the antenna and the magnet mount. 10. When removing the magnetic mount from the vehicle, do not slide it to the edge to make it more convenient. Dirt between the magnet and the vehicle paint will surely leave scratches. 11. Never place your magnet mount near your audio and/or video tapes, or computer disks of any type. The strong magnetic field will destroy them. And, if you want to wreck the magnetic strip on your credit card, set them on the magnet for 1 second or more.
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2.7.2 FEATURES Molded polymer base provides ruggedness and durability in harsh mobile environments. Wideband performance (Wi-Fi and WiMAX models) provide coverage of 2.2 GHz to 2.9GHz frequencies without tuning. WiMAX model covers 2.3-3.8 GHz frequencies. 3 dB or 5 dB models available for most frequency ranges. Most models available in bright chrome or black finish. Antenna is ready to install; no rod cutting is required (unless otherwise noted). Designed to mate with all 1-1/8-18 thread mounts, including 3/4 mounts. Spring-loaded gold plated contact pin.
2.7.3 TECHNICAL DATA
Table 2.9 Technical data of magnet mount antenna
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2.8 POWER RESET BUTTON
A Power-ON Reset allows togenerate a reset signal after a power supply level detection.
Fig 2.18 Power ON RESET
The output reset signal is low-active and must be efficient during a precise time (Trst) after the input signal level detection. The Power-ON Reset must detect a voltage level smaller than a constant value and generate the reset signal at every moment. This circuit is only supplied by the general power supply, so by the same voltage on which we have to perform the detection.
In our case, the power supply voltage is 5V and the reference voltage (Vref.) is 3,75V. As soon as the power supply voltage (Vsupply) is superior to Vref, the reset output voltage stays at a 0V level during the time Trst needed by the user; then, it gets to the high digital voltage value (here 5V). The same reset will occur for a glitch. The reset time Trst is chosen using external components.
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2.8.1 DISCHARGE
To have a constant reset time, especially for re-reset conditions, we have to discharge very quickly the RC bridge capacitor. So, we use a huge PMOS transistor as a switch, 1rter and a small NMOS switch which allows to empty the capacitor at the beginning of the cycle (when the power supply voltage is getting high)because when Vcc is inferior to the PMOS threshold voltage, the PMOS doesnt empty the full charge.
2.9 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.[3] LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[4] early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.
Fig 2.19 Symbol of LED DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 54
Fig 2.20 LED
2.9.1 THE INNER WORKINGS OF AN LED The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a pn junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition, which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible, or near-ultraviolet light. LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colors. LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate. Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air surface interface. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 55
Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development.
Fig 2.21 The inner workings of an LED 2.9.2 ADVANTAGES
Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent light bulbs.[93] Their efficiency is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs. Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2]) and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in under a microsecond.[95] LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times.
Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.
Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or lowering the forward current.
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Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.
Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.
Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,0002,000 hours.
Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.
Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner
2.9.3 APPLICATIONS In general, all the LED products can be divided into two major parts, the public lighting and indoor lighting. LED uses fall into four major categories:
Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these objects. Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.[109] Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to incident light, instead of emitting light.
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2.10 DIODE
Fig 2.22 Diode 1N4007 In electronics, a diode is a type of two-terminal electronic component with nonlinear resistance and conductance (i.e., a nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic), distinguishing it from components such as two-terminal linear resistors which obey Ohms law. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode (now rarely used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diodes forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference. FEATURES Low forward voltage drop. High surge current capability. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 58
2.11 CAPACITOR
It is an electronic component whose function is to accumulate charges and then release it.
Fig 2.23 Capacitor Capacitors are of two types: - (1) fixed type like ceramic, polyester, electrolytic capacitors-these names refer to the material they are made of aluminium foil. (2) Variable type like gang condenser in radio or trimmer. In fixed type capacitors, it has two leads and its value is written over its body and variable type has three leads. Unit of measurement of a capacitor is farad denoted by the symbol F. It is a very big unit of capacitance. Small unit capacitor are pico-farad denoted by pf (Ipf=1/1000,000,000,000 f) Above all, in case of electrolytic capacitors, its two terminal are marked as (-) and (+) so check it while using capacitors in the circuit in right direction. Mistake can destroy the capacitor or entire circuit in operational. In this project two types of capacitors are used: Ceramic Capacitor (22 pF, 15pF, 47pF) Electrolytic Capacitor (10 microF)
2.11.1 CERAMIC CAPACITOR
Fig 2.24 Ceramic Capacitor
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In electronics, a ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating layers of metal and ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. The temperature coefficient depends on whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. A ceramic capacitor (especially the class 2) often has high dissipation factor, high frequency coefficient of dissipation.
2.11.2 CLASSES OF CERAMIC CAPACITORS
Class I capacitors: accurate, temperature-compensating capacitors. They are the most stable over voltage, temperature, and to some extent, frequency. They also have the lowest losses. On the other hand, they have the lowest volumetric efficiency. A typical class I capacitor will have a temperature coefficient of 30 ppm/C. This will typically be fairly linear with temperature. These also allow for high Q filtersa typical class I capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 0.15%. Very high accuracy (~1%) class I capacitors are available (typical ones will be 5% or 10%). The highest accuracy class 1 capacitors are designated C0G or NP0.
Class II capacitors: better volumetric efficiency, but lower accuracy and stability. A typical class II capacitor may change capacitance by 15% over a 55 C to 85 C temperature range. A typical class II capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 2.5%. It will have average to poor accuracy (from 10% down to +20/-80%).
Class III capacitors: high volumetric efficiency, but poor accuracy and stability. A typical class III capacitor will change capacitance by -22% to +56% over a temperature range of 10 C to 55 C. It will have a dissipation factor of 4%. It will have fairly poor accuracy (commonly, 20%, or +80/-20%). These are typically used for decoupling or in other power supply applications.
2.11.3 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte (an ionic conducting liquid) as one of its plates to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, but with performance disadvantages.
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All capacitors conduct alternating current (AC) and block direct current (DC) and can be used, amongst other applications, to couple circuit blocks allowing AC signals to be transferred while blocking DC power, to store energy, and to filter signals according to their frequency.
The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals and storing large amounts of energy. They are widely used in power supplies and for decoupling unwanted AC components from DC power connections.
Fig 2.25 Electrolytic Capacitor
2.12 CRYSTAL
Crystal has the property of durability, reliability, easy installation, low maintenance, precision of frequency and high end output frequencies.
Fig 2.26 Quartz Crystal DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 61
2.12.1 FEATURES
Nominal frequency 1.000~125.000MHz Mode of vibration Fundament 1.0~30.0MHz 3rd Overtone 24.0~60.0MHz 60.0~125.0MHz CRT type AT Frequency tolerance + -20ppm, + -30ppm, + -50ppm Frequency stability + -20ppm, + -30ppm, + -50ppm Load capacitance 8pf~33pf, series Shunt capacitance 7.0pf max Drive level 0.01~2.0mw max Insulation resistance 500MMin/100+ -15VDC
2.13 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs are often less expensive and more reliable than these alternatives, though they require more layout effort and higher initial cost. PCBs are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production since production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil.
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Insulating layers dielectric are typically laminated together with epoxy resin prepreg.The board is typically coated with a solder mask that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, black, white and red. There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit.
Fig 2.27 PCB
The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a blank PCB) then removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask (e.g., by etching), leaving only the desired copper traces.
A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a substrate with a very thin layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating steps. The PCB DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 63
manufacturing method primarily depends on whether it is for production volume or sample/prototype quantities. Double-sided boards or multi-layer boards use plated-through holes, called vias, to connect traces on either side of the substrate. 2.13.1 LARGE VOLUME

Silk screen printingthe main commercial method. Photographic methodsused when fine line widths are required.
2.13.2 SMALL VOLUME
Print onto transparent film and use as photomask along with photo-sensitized boards. (i.e., pre-sensitized boards), then etch. (Alternatively, use a film photo plotter).
Laser resist ablation: Spray black paint onto copper clad laminate, place into CNC laser plotter. The laser raster-scans the PCB and ablates (vaporizes) the paint where no resist is wanted. Etch. (Note: laser copper ablation is rarely used and is considered experimental.)
2.14 RESISTOR (10K ,11k) Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms (). All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors.
Fig 2.28 Symbol of Resistor Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type. DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 64
The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance.
For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is 5%. Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below.
2.14.1 COLOURS CODE

Black ----------------------------------------------------- 0 Brown ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Red ------------------------------------------------------- 2 Orange --------------------------------------------------- 3 Yellow --------------------------------------------------- 4 Green ----------------------------------------------------- 5 Blue------------------------------------------------------- 6 Violet ----------------------------------------------------- 7 Grey ------------------------------------------------------ 8 White ----------------------------------------------------- 9
The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives tolerance (gold 5%, silver 10%, No colour 20%).
Fig 2.29 Resistor
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2.15 OTHER HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS
2.15.1 SERIAL PORT CABLE
The serial port cable is used to connect computer from 9 pin plug.
A null modem cable will enable you to connect two computers together for serial communications It is a particularly designed cable that permits anyone to connect two computers directly to each other via their communications ports called RS-232 ports.
Serial communications with RS232 is one of the oldest and most widely spread communication methods in computer realm.
Null modems are specially helpful with portable computers because they enable the portable computer to exchange data with a bigger machine.
Null modem cables have the TD (Transmit Data) and RD ( Receive Data) lines crossed over, permitting information to be sent from one computer to the other.
They are similar to a crossover cable where it is the CTS (clear to send) and RTS (ready to send) lines are crossed over. Null-modem cables are particularly used for serial port connections.
Fig 2.30 Serial Port Cable
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2.15.2 COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cable is used to provide connection to antenna. Coaxial cables are a type of cable that is used by cable TV and that is common for data communications. Taking a round cross-section of the cable, one would find a single center solid wire symmetrically surrounded by a braided or foil conductor. Between the center wire and foil is a insulating dielectric. This dielectric has a large affect on the fundamental characteristics of the cable. In this lab, we show the how the permittivity and permeability of the dielectric contributes to the cables inductance and capacitance. Also, these values affect how quickly electrical data is travels through the wire. Data is transmitted through the center wire, while the outer braided layer serves as a line to ground. Both of these conductors are parallel and share the same axis. This is why the wire is called coaxial! Just like all electrical components, coaxial cables have a characteristic impedance. This impedance depends on the dielectric material and the radii of each conducting material. As shown in this lab, the impedance affects how the cable interacts with other electrical components.
Fig 2.31 Coaxial Cable
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2.15.3 POWER SUPPLY Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Fig 2.32 Circuit of Power Supply 2.15.3.1 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLIES This term covers the power distribution system together with any other primary or secondary sources of energy such as:
Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage. This typically involves converting 120 or 240 volt AC supplied by a utility company (see electricity generation) to a well-regulated lower voltage DC for electronic devices. For examples, see switched-mode power supply, linear regulator, rectifier and inverter (electrical).
Batteries Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems Solar power Generators or alternators (particularly useful in vehicles of all shapes and sizes, where the engine has torque to spare, or in semi-portable units containing an internal combustion engine and a generator) (For large-scale power supplies, see electricity generation.) Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
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Constraints that commonly affect power supplies are the amount of power they can supply, how long they can supply it without needing some kind of refueling or recharging, how stable their output voltage or current is under varying load conditions, and whether they provide continuous power or pulses. The regulation of power supplies is done by incorporating circuitry to tightly control the output voltage and/or current of the power supply to a specific value. The specific value is closely maintained despite variations in the load presented to the power supplys output, or any reasonable voltage variation at the power supplys input. This kind of regulation is commonly categorized as a Stabilized power supply. TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks. For example a 5V regulated supply:
Fig 2.33 Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply
Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

Transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. Smoothing smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple. Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
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CONNECTIONS AND INTERFACING
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3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 Circuit Diagram of GSM Based SMS Driven Automatic Display Toolkit
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3.2 CONNECTING MICROCONTROLLER AND COMPUTER WITH USB COMMUNICATION

There are many advantages to connecting hardware via the Universal Serial Bus (USB), but there are also many obstacles to be overcome. In this series of articles, we provide you with a map to help you find your way along the stony path of developing USB applications. DIY hardware for the PC is usually connected to the serial RS232 interface. After several decades of use, this interface is very well documented and easy to use. Of course, it also has certain disadvantages One of these is that you can only connect a device to it before booting the PC, and another is that powering an attached circuit from the serial interface is awkward (and only a small amount of power can be drawn this way). The USB interface is free of these disadvantages. However, most users including experienced PC hobbyists know little or nothing about the USB interface. The objective of this series of article is to enable you to connect homemade USB devices to a PC. The key factor here is that almost everything you need can be downloaded from the Internet for free.
3.2.1 THERE ARE THREE ELEMENTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERIPHERAL USB CIRCUIT: 1. The hardware and a program that runs in the USB IC. 2. A program that communicates with the USB IC and displays responses on the screen. 3. A device driver (SYS file) that provides communication between the USB port and the program.
3.3 CONNECTING MICROCONTROLLER AND MOBILE PHONES

In communicating the cell phone / cell phone with the microcontroller to be used as a remote-controlled device required an interface that can synchronize the two devices so they can exchange data. Interface system in this study using phone data port communication lines embedded on the bottom of the phone to be able to communicate with a microcontroller series, the serial communication there are two main points that must DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 72
be adjusted i.e: stress levels and speed data rate (baud rate), after the second this is then adjusted so that both devices can communicate with these devices can be used as a remotecontrolled device. It was made by using micro controller as the main module, which will read incoming SMS to your mobile phone as an order issued by the control of the realization of micro-, and ordered the phone to send SMS reply to the mobile senders output status. In this script you can use almost any type of mobile phone data cable original specifications which are connected in series with the instrument, while the controller can be used for any phone with SMS facility. Remote control technology has been developed by using various transmission media. Some of them are remote control using infrared media, radio, internet and phone lines. Remote control system via the telephone line has an advantage in terms of range and practicality compared with other media. The presence of mobile phone (cellular) or mobile phones that have been known and used a lot of people that are able to communicate wherever they are without being limited by space and the span length of the cord could be a solution for the needs of remote control (remote control) as was described above. One of the most popular cell phone function is to send and receive SMS. SMS is very suitable for real time control system for wireless data transfer speed, efficiency and breadth of coverage, but the excess mobile phone with its SMS facility is still to be connected to a control device to be able to control the on / off electrical devices remotely. We have one of the control device which is practical and widely used microcontroller is a chip that serves as an electronic circuit and the controller can store the program inside. The major advantage is tersediannya RAM and microcontroller I / O support, so have a very compact size and more flexibility to be connected and controlling
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Fig 3.2 Block Diagram Mobile Phone and Microcontroller Communication
3.4 DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is the main module in this case the micro controller strand consists of microcontroller IC AT89S51, AT89S51 micro controller oscillator strand, strand AT89S51 micro controller reset. Strand consists of a crystal oscillator and two capacitors. This strand with XTAL1 and XTAL2, used capacitor values of 33 pF and crystal that is used has a value of 11.0592 MHz. strand has the ability to reset the realization of the power-on reset, which is also accompanied with the reset button, this strand consists of a capacitor, a resistor and a push Botton. Value of used 10 UF capacitor resistor values used 8.2 Kohm. PORT 2 of the microstructure is used as the output of the tool, this output will be connected to the relay. PORT 3 of the micro used for a variety of needs in accordance with the usefulness of the port 3. Use of port 3 are as follows: -P3.0 (RXD) is used as input from serial communication between devices with microcontroller. - P3.1 (TXD) is used as output to serial communication between a mobile and microcontroller.
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Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram Mobile Phone and Microcontroller Communication
3.5 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS UNIT

Communication between the mobile phone by means done serially, with the voltage levels to RS232. Voltage level because of differences between the micro with a serial port data cable cell phones that have been compatible with the RS232 standard, we need a voltage converter.
Max232 IC is used as a modifier on the micro-TTL voltage levels to RS232 voltage levels. Asynchronous communication is done with the amount of data to 8 bits, noparity, and use a baud rate of 57 600 bps, used for data transmission facilities that exist on micro controller which is a facility at 3.0 ports (RXD), port 3.1 (TXD) and GND.
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Fig 3.4 Mobile Phone and Microcontroller Communication (RS232 Serial Communication Schematic Diagram)
3.6 POWER-DOWN MODE

In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Powerdown is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated.
Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
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Fig 3.5 Crystal Connections
3.7 INTERFACING
3.7.1 GSM MODULE WITH MICROCONTROLLER
3.7.1.1 DTE and DCE
The terms DTE and DCE are very common in the data communications market. DTE is short for Data Terminal Equipment and DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. But what do they really mean? As the full DTE name indicates this is a piece of device that ends a communication line, whereas the DCE provides a path for communication. Lets say we have a computer on which wants to communicate with the Internet through a modem and a dial-up connection. To get to the Internet you tell your modem to dial the number of your provider. After your modems has dialed the number, the modem of the provider will answer your call and your will hear a lot of noise.
Then it becomes quiet and you see your login prompt or your dialing program tells you the connection is established. Now you have a connection with the server from your provider and you can wander the Internet.
In this example you PC is a Data Terminal (DTE). The two modems (yours and that one of your provider) are DCEs, they make the communication between you and your provider DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 77
possible. But now we have to look at the server of your provider. Is that a DTE or DCE? The answer is a DTE.
It ends the communication line between you and the server. When you want to go from your provided server to another place it uses another interface. So DTE and DCE are interfacing dependent.
It is e.g. possible that for your connection to the server, the server is a DTE, but that that same server is a DCE for the equipment that it is attached to on the rest of the Net.
3.7.1.2 RS-232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports.
In RS-232, data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE.
Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding.
3.7.1.3 RS-232 SIGNALS
Transmitted Data (TxD) Data sent from DTE to DCE.
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Received Data (RxD) Data sent from DCE to DTE.
Request To Send (RTS) Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action on the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction of a half-duplex line.
Clear To Send (CTS) Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit.
Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected.If the DCE is a modem, it should go off hook when it receives this signal. If this signal is deasserted ,the modem should respond by immediately hanging up.
Data Set Ready (DSR) Asserted by DCE to indicate an active connection.If DCE is not a modem (e.g. a nullmodem cable or other equipment), this signal should be permanently asserted (set to 0), possibly by a jumper to another signal.
Carrier Detect (CD) Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment.
Ring Indicator (RI) Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line.
3.7.2 MICROCONTROLLER WITH LCD DISPLAY As weve mentioned, the LCD requires either 8 or 11 I/O lines to communicate with. For the sake of this tutorial, we are going to use an 8-bit data busso well be using 11 of the 8051s I/O pins to interface with the LCD. Lets draw a sample 79 pseudo-schematic of how the LCD will be connected to the 8051.
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Fig 3.6 Interfacing of Microcontroller with LCD
8051 microcontroller have 4 ports. For the interfacing of microcontroller to LCD port 1 and port 3 are used. The 8 pins of port 1 is connected to the 8 pin of LCD i.e. from DB0 to DB7 where DB stands for DATA BUS. DB0 to DB7 are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents of the LCDs internal registers. The 3 pins of port 3 are connected with 3 different CONTROL PINS of the LCD. Pin 7 of port 3 is connected with EN pin of the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending data. Pin 6 of port 3 is connected with RS i.e. REGISTER SELECT pin of the LCD. RS pin is used for the selection of the two important registers inside the LCD-If RS=0 the Instruction command register is selected which allows the user to send a command such as clear display etc. -If RS=1 the Data register is selected which allows the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.
Pin 5 of port 3 is connected with the RW i.e. READ WRITE pin of the LCD. -When RW =1 it allow the user to write information to the LCD. -When RW= 0 it allows the user to read information from the LCD.
There are 16 pins connection on the LCD display module.

Pin NO. 1 2 3 4 5 Symbol VSS VDD VO RS R/W Level 0V 5.0V --H/L H/L Description Ground Supply voltage for logic Input voltage for LCD H : Data, L : Instruction code H : Read mode, L : Write mode
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 BLA BLK
H, H L H/L H/L H/L H/L H/L H/L H/L H/L 4.2V 0V
Chip enable signal Data bit 0 Data bit 1 Data bit 2 Data bit 3 Data bit 4 Data bit 5 Data bit 6 Data bit 7 Back light anode Back light cathode
Table 3.1 Pins connection on the LCD display module
3.7.3 ANTENNA INTERFACE The RF interface has an impedance of 50. To suit the physical design of individual applications SIM300 offers two alternatives: Recommended approach: antenna connector on the component side of the PCB Antenna pad and grounding plane placed on the bottom side. To minimize the loss on the RF cable, it need be very careful to choose RF cable. We recommend the insertion loss should be meet following requirement: - GSM900<1dB -DCS1800/PCS1900<1.5dB
3.7.4 SIM CARD INTERFACE
You can use AT Command to get information in SIM card. The SIM interface supports the functionality of the GSM Phase 1 specification and also supports the functionality of the new GSM Phase 2+ specification for FAST 64 kbps SIM (intended for use with a SIM application Tool-kit). Both 1.8V and 3.0V SIM Cards are supported.
The SIM interface is powered from an internal regulator in the module having nominal voltage 2.8V. All pins reset as outputs driving low. Logic levels are as described in table
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Table 3.2 Signal of SIM interface (board-to-board connector)
3.7.5 SERIAL INTERFACES
SIM300 provides two unbalanced asynchronous serial ports. The GSM module is designed as a DCE (Data Communication Equipment), following the traditional DCE-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) connection, the module and the client (DTE) are connected through the following signal (as following figure shows). Autobauding supports baud rate from 1200 bps to 115200bps.
Serial port 1 Port/TXD @ Client sends data to the RXD signal line of module. Port/RXD @ Client receives data from the TXD signal line of module.
Serial port 2 Port/TXD @ Client sends data to the DBGRX signal line of module. Port/RXD @ Client receives data from the DBGTX signal line of module.
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All pins of two serial ports have 8mA driver, the logic levels are described in following table
Table 3.3 Logic levels of serial ports pins
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SOFTWARE
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4.1 PROGRAMMING FOR ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

#include<regx51.h> #define rd P2_7 #define wr P3_6 #define intr P3_7 #define cs P2_6 char adcdata; unsigned char readadc(void); unsigned char readadc() { cs=0; wr=0; wr=1; cs=1; while(intr); cs=0; rd=0; adcdata=P1; rd=1; cs=1; return adcdata; }
4.2 PROGRAMMING FOR BTS
#include<lcd.h> ////////////////////////////////////////////////
void sendmat1(); void read_msg(); void sendc(unsigned char ch); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 85
void sends(unsigned char *str); void enter(); void serial_init(); void modem_init(); unsigned char recvb(); void read_sms() ; //////////////////////////////////////////////// unsigned char data i=0,j=0,k=0; unsigned char data com[15],com1[63]; unsigned char data cmd[6]; int flag,f ; //////////////////////////////////////////////// void main() { flag=0; serial_init(); LCD_init(); LCD_row1(); LCD_puts(" Automatic LCD_row2(); LCD_puts(" GSM Toolkit ") ; delay(1000); LCD_row1(); LCD_puts("Project Done By:") ; LCD_row2(); LCD_puts("Monika Tulasyan ") ; delay(1000); modem_init(); sends("AT+CMGL="); sendc('"'); sends("ALL"); sendc('"'); enter(); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 86 ") ; // initialize modem
read_sms(); if(cmd[3]=='+') { sends("AT+CMGL="); sendc('"'); sends("ALL"); sendc('"'); enter(); read_msg(); LCD_row1(); for(i=1;i<17;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } LCD_row2(); for(i=17;i<33;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } } else { sends("no matchat"); } //IE=0x90; // ENABLE SERIAL INTERRUPT ES i=0;j=0; while(1) { serial_init(); read_sms(); if(cmd[2]=='+') { if(cmd[14]=='1') DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 87 // do nothing // display // read sms
{ sends("message one"); enter(); sends("AT+CMGD=2"); enter(); sends("AT+CMGR="); sendc(cmd[14]); enter(); // autoamtically reads sms. read new message //display read_msg(); LCD_row1(); for(i=1;i<17;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } LCD_row2(); for(i=17;i<33;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } } else if(cmd[14]=='2') { sends("message two"); enter(); sends("AT+CMGD=1"); enter(); sends("AT+CMGR="); sendc(cmd[14]); enter(); // autoamtically reads sms. read new message //display read_msg(); LCD_row1(); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 88
for(i=1;i<17;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } LCD_row2(); for(i=17;i<33;i++) { LCD_putc(com1[i]); } } else { sends("AT+CMGD="); sendc(cmd[14]); enter(); } } else { sends("invalid"); } i=0;j=0; modem_init(); serial_init(); delay(2000); } } void sendc(unsigned char ch) { TI = 0; SBUF = ch; while(!TI); delay(1); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 89
} void sends(unsigned char *str) { while(*str != '\0') sendc(*str++); } void enter() { sendc(0x0d); } void modem_init() { sendc('A'); sendc('T'); enter(); delay(20); sends("AT+CMGF=1"); enter(); } unsigned char recvb() { unsigned char c; RI=0; while(!RI); RI = 0; c = SBUF; return(c); } void sendmat() { for(j=0;j<15;j++) { SBUF=cmd[j]; DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 90
while(TI==0); //wait for transmit TI=0; } j=0; } void read_sms() { com[0]=recvb(); com[1]=recvb(); com[2]=recvb(); com[3]=recvb(); com[4]=recvb(); com[5]=recvb(); com[6]=recvb(); com[7]=recvb(); com[8]=recvb(); com[9]=recvb(); com[10]=recvb(); com[11]=recvb(); com[12]=recvb(); com[13]=recvb(); com[14]=recvb();
for(i=0;i<15;i++,j++) { cmd[j]=com[i];
} delay(500); sendc('$'); sendmat(); delay(100);
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void read_msg() { com1[0]=recvb(); com1[1]=recvb(); com1[2]=recvb(); com1[3]=recvb(); com1[4]=recvb(); com1[5]=recvb(); com1[6]=recvb(); com1[7]=recvb(); com1[8]=recvb(); com1[9]=recvb(); com1[10]=recvb(); com1[11]=recvb(); com1[12]=recvb(); com1[13]=recvb(); com1[14]=recvb(); com1[15]=recvb(); com1[16]=recvb(); com1[17]=recvb(); com1[18]=recvb(); com1[19]=recvb(); com1[20]=recvb(); com1[21]=recvb(); com1[22]=recvb(); com1[23]=recvb(); com1[24]=recvb(); com1[25]=recvb(); com1[26]=recvb(); com1[27]=recvb(); com1[28]=recvb();
//
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com1[29]=recvb(); com1[30]=recvb(); com1[31]=recvb(); com1[32]=recvb(); com1[33]=recvb(); com1[34]=recvb(); com1[35]=recvb(); com1[36]=recvb(); com1[37]=recvb(); com1[38]=recvb(); com1[39]=recvb(); com1[40]=recvb(); com1[41]=recvb(); com1[42]=recvb(); com1[43]=recvb(); com1[44]=recvb(); com1[45]=recvb(); com1[46]=recvb(); com1[47]=recvb(); com1[48]=recvb(); com1[49]=recvb(); com1[50]=recvb(); com1[51]=recvb(); com1[52]=recvb(); com1[53]=recvb(); com1[54]=recvb(); com1[55]=recvb(); com1[56]=recvb(); com1[57]=recvb(); com1[58]=recvb(); com1[59]=recvb(); com1[60]=recvb(); com1[61]=recvb(); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 93
com1[0]=recvb(); com1[1]=recvb(); com1[2]=recvb(); com1[3]=recvb(); com1[4]=recvb(); com1[5]=recvb(); com1[6]=recvb(); com1[7]=recvb(); com1[8]=recvb(); com1[9]=recvb(); com1[10]=recvb(); com1[11]=recvb(); com1[12]=recvb(); com1[13]=recvb(); com1[14]=recvb(); com1[15]=recvb(); com1[16]=recvb(); com1[17]=recvb(); com1[18]=recvb(); com1[19]=recvb(); com1[20]=recvb(); com1[21]=recvb(); com1[22]=recvb(); com1[23]=recvb(); com1[24]=recvb(); com1[25]=recvb(); com1[26]=recvb(); com1[27]=recvb(); com1[28]=recvb(); com1[29]=recvb(); com1[30]=recvb(); com1[31]=recvb(); com1[32]=recvb(); DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 94
delay(400); sendmat1(); delay(100); }
void sendmat1() { for(j=0;j<33;j++) {
SBUF=com1[j];
while(TI==0); //wait for transmit TI=0; } }
void serial_init() { SCON = 0x50; communication TMOD = 0x20; mode TH1 = 0xfd; MHz TR1 = 1; } //9600 baudrate at 11.0592 //timer 1 auto reload //mode 1 serial
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4.3 PROGRAMMING FOR DELAY

extern void delay(unsigned int y);
4.4 PROGRAMMING FOR LCD

#include<regxx51.h> #include<delay.h> #define LCD_en P2_4 #define LCD_rs P2_5 #define LCD_row1() LCD_command(0x80) /* Begin at Line 1 */
#define LCD_row2() LCD_command(0xC0) /* Begin at Line 2 */
/*************************************************** * Prototype(s) *
***************************************************/ void LCD_enable(); void LCD_command(unsigned char command); void LCD_putc(unsigned char ascii); void LCD_puts(unsigned char *lcd_string); void LCD_init(); void convrt(unsigned char var); int a,b,c; /*************************************************** * Sources *
***************************************************/
void LCD_enable() { LCD_en = 0; /* Clear bit P2.4 */ delay(1); LCD_en = 1; /* Set bit P2.4 */ DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 96
} void LCD_command(unsigned char command) { LCD_rs = 0; /* Clear bit P2.5 */
P2 = (P2 & 0xF0)|((command>>4) & 0x0F); LCD_enable(); P2 = (P2 & 0xF0)|(command & 0x0F); LCD_enable(); delay(1); }
void LCD_putc(unsigned char ascii) { LCD_rs = 1; /* Set bit P2.5 */ P2 = (P2 & 0xF0)|((ascii>>4) & 0x0F); LCD_enable(); P2 = (P2 & 0xF0)|(ascii & 0x0F); LCD_enable(); delay(1); }
void LCD_puts(unsigned char *lcd_string) { while (*lcd_string) { LCD_putc(*lcd_string++); } }
void LCD_init() { LCD_en = 1; /* Set bit P2.4 */ DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 97
LCD_rs = 0; /* Clear bit P2.5 */ LCD_command(0x33); LCD_command(0x32); LCD_command(0x28); LCD_command(0x0C);
LCD_command(0x06); LCD_command(0x01); /* Clear */ delay(2); }
4.5 PROGRAMMING OF REGISTER XX51

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------AT89XX51.H -------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ //// #ifndef __AT89XX51_H__ #define __AT89XX51_H__ /*-----------------------------------------------Byte Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ sfr P0 sfr SP sfr DPL sfr DPH = 0x80; = 0x81; = 0x82; = 0x83;
sfr PCON = 0x87; sfr TCON = 0x88;
sfr TMOD = 0x89; sfr TL0 sfr TL1 sfr TH0 sfr TH1 = 0x8A; = 0x8B; = 0x8C; = 0x8D; Page 98
sfr P1
= 0x90;
sfr SCON = 0x98; sfr SBUF = 0x99; sfr P2 sfr IE sfr P3 = 0xA0; = 0xA8; = 0xB0;
sfr IP sfr PSW sfr ACC sfr B
= 0xB8; = 0xD0; = 0xE0; = 0xF0;
/*-----------------------------------------------P0 Bit Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ sbit P0_0 = 0x80; sbit P0_1 = 0x81; sbit P0_2 = 0x82; sbit P0_3 = 0x83; sbit P0_4 = 0x84; sbit P0_5 = 0x85; sbit P0_6 = 0x86; sbit P0_7 = 0x87; /*-----------------------------------------------PCON Bit Values ------------------------------------------------*/ #define STOP_ 0x02 #define PD_ #define GF0_ #define GF1_ 0x02 0x04 0x08 /* Alternate definition */
#define SMOD_ 0x80 /*-----------------------------------------------TCON Bit Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 99
sbit IT0 = 0x88; sbit IE0 = 0x89; sbit IT1 = 0x8A; sbit IE1 = 0x8B; sbit TR0 = 0x8C; sbit TF0 = 0x8D; sbit TR1 = 0x8E;
sbit TF1 = 0x8F; /*-----------------------------------------------P1 Bit Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ sbit P1_0 = 0x90; sbit P1_1 = 0x91; sbit P1_2 = 0x92; sbit P1_3 = 0x93; sbit P1_4 = 0x94; sbit P1_5 = 0x95; sbit P1_6 = 0x96; sbit P1_7 = 0x97; /*-----------------------------------------------SCON Bit Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ sbit RI = 0x98; sbit TI = 0x99; sbit RB8 = 0x9A; sbit TB8 = 0x9B; sbit REN = 0x9C; sbit SM2 = 0x9D; sbit SM1 = 0x9E; sbit SM0 = 0x9F; /*-----------------------------------------------P2 Bit Registers DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 100
------------------------------------------------*/ sbit P2_0 = 0xA0; sbit P2_1 = 0xA1; sbit P2_2 = 0xA2; sbit P2_3 = 0xA3; sbit P2_4 = 0xA4; sbit P2_5 = 0xA5; sbit P2_6 = 0xA6;
sbit P2_7 = 0xA7; /*-----------------------------------------------IE Bit Registers ------------------------------------------------*/ sbit EX0 = 0xA8; sbit ET0 = 0xA9; sbit EX1 = 0xAA; sbit ET1 = 0xAB; sbit ES = 0xAC; sbit ET2 = 0xAD; sbit EA = 0xAF; /* 1=Enable External interrupt 0 */ /* 1=Enable Timer 0 interrupt */ /* 1=Enable External interrupt 1 */ /* 1=Enable Timer 1 interrupt */ /* 1=Enable Serial port interrupt */ /* 1=Enable Timer 2 interrupt */ /* 0=Disable all interrupts */
/*-----------------------------------------------P3 Bit Registers (Mnemonics & Ports) ------------------------------------------------*/ sbit P3_0 = 0xB0; sbit P3_1 = 0xB1; sbit P3_2 = 0xB2; sbit P3_3 = 0xB3; sbit P3_4 = 0xB4; sbit P3_5 = 0xB5; sbit P3_6 = 0xB6; sbit P3_7 = 0xB7; /*-----------------------------------------------Interrupt Vectors: DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG. Page 101
Interrupt Address = (Number * 8) + 3 ------------------------------------------------*/ #define IE0_VECTOR #define TF0_VECTOR #define IE1_VECTOR #define TF1_VECTOR #define SIO_VECTOR #endif 0 /* 0x03 External Interrupt 0 */ 1 /* 0x0B Timer 0 */ 2 /* 0x13 External Interrupt 1 */ 3 /* 0x1B Timer 1 */ 4 /* 0x23 Serial port */
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APPENDICES
Page 103
APPENDIX 1 DATA SHEET OF LCD

The Extended Concise LCD Data Sheet for HD44780 Version: 25.6.1999
ClockCycles
0 165 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3
Instruction
NOP Clear Display Cursor Home Entry Mode Set Display Control Cursor / Display shift Function Set Set CGRAM Address Set DDRAM Address Busy Flag & Address Write Data Read Data
x : Don't care
RS
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
I/D S D C B S/C
RW
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
D7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BF
D6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
D5
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
D4
0 0 0 0 0 1 DL
D3
0 0 0 0 1 S/C N
D2
0 0 0 1 D R/L F
D1
0 0 1 I/D C x x
D0
0 1 x S B x x
No Operation
Description
Clear display & set address counter to zero Set adress counter to zero, return shifted display to original position. DD RAM contents remains unchanged. Set cursor move direction (I/D) and specify automatic display shift (S). Turn display (D), cursor on/off (C), and cursor blinking (B). Shift display or move cursor (S/C) and specify direction (R/L). Set interface data width (DL), number of display lines (N) and character font (F). Set CGRAM address. CGRAM data is sent afterwards. Set DDRAM address. DDRAM data is sent afterwards. Read busy flag (BF) and address counter Write data into DDRAM or CGRAM Read data from DDRAM or CGRAM
CGRAM Address DDRAM Address Address Counter Data Data
Increment Decrement Automatic display shift Display ON Display OFF Cursor ON Cursor OFF Cursor blinking Display shift Cursor move
R/L DL N F
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Shift to the right Shift to the left 8 bit interface 4 bit interface 2 lines 1 line 5x10 dots 5x7 dots
DDRAM : Display Data RAM CGRAM : Character Generator RAM
LCD Display with 2 lines x 16 characters :
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Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Name Vss Vdd Vee RS R/W E D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Function Power Power Contrast Adj. Command Command Command I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O
Description GND +5V (-2) 0 - 5 V Register Select Read / Write Enable (Strobe) Data LSB Data Data Data Data Data Data Data MSB
Bus Timing Characteristics

( Ta = - 20 to + 75C )
Write-Cycle Parameter Enable Cycle Time Enable Pulse Width (High) Enable Rise/Fall Time Address Setup Time Address Hold Time Data Setup Time
VDD Symbol tc tw tr, tf tas tah tds
2.7 - 4.5 V (2)
4.5 - 5.5 V (2)
2.7 - 4.5 V (2)
4.5 - 5.5 V (2)
Min(1) 1000 450 60 20 195 500 230 40 10 80
Typ(1) 25 -
Max(1) 20 -
Unit ns ns ns ns ns ns
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Data Hold Time
th
10
10
ns
(1) The above specifications are indications only (based on Hitachi HD44780). Timing will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
(2) Power Supply :
HD44780 S : VDD = 4.5 - 5.5 V
HD44780 U : VDD = 2.7 - 5.5 V
This data sheet refers to specifications for the Hitachi HD44780 LCD Driver chip, which is used for most LCD modules. Common types are : 1 line x 20 characters 2 lines x 16 characters 2 lines x 20 characters 2 lines x 40 characters 4 lines x 20 characters 4 lines x 40 characters
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APPENDIX 2
DATASHEET OF MICROCONTROLLER
Page 107
Page 108
Page 109
Page 110
Page 111
APPENDIX 3
DATASHEET OF LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Page 112
APPENDIX 4
NPN GENERAL PURPOSE AMPLIFIER
Page 113
Page 114
APPENDIX 5
AT COMMANDS THE AT STANDARD
With the development of intelligent modems, an command language was introduced in the U.S. called the AT standard. Over the past few years, this language has been consistently enhanced and has gained international acceptance. Most modems and communication programs work with this command language or can be set to use it.
AT COMMAND LINE PREFIX
The AT standard is a line-oriented command language. Each command line must begin with the letters AT, with the sole exception of the A/ command. The commands are introduced at the end of this section.
The letters AT are also known as the attention code. The attention code signals your GSM module that one or more commands will follow. The GSM module examines this command line prefix.
CONNECTING TO YOUR GSM MODULE
You have connected your GSM module to your PC. You can now connect to your GSM module. To do so, start up a communication program on your PC. Set the following transmission parameters (characteristics):
COM interface: 1 - 4, depending on which one the M1 is connected to Rate: 2400 - 19200 baud Data bits: 8 Parity: None Stop bits: 1 Duplex: Full
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The GSM module supports auto bauding on the V.24 interface with transfer rates from 2400 to 19200 baud and the data format 8N1.
COMMAND SYNTAX OF THE AT STANDARD Command lines must always begin with AT. Multiple commands can be combined on one command line. To improve legibility ,you can enter spaces between the individual commands. The GSM module ignores these spaces. Commands that are specified in this manual with "0" in the last position can also be entered without this "0". Example: ATQ has the same effect as ATQ0. A command line must end with a <CR> character, which is entered by pressing "Enter" on the keyboard. This fact will not be mentioned again in this manual.
Page 116
GENERAL AT COMMANDS
Page 117
REFERENCE
WEBSITES
http://www.datasheetcatalog.com http://matrixtelesol.com http://www.8051.com www.wikipedia.org www.keil.com/forum/docs http://www.alldatasheet.co.kr/datasheetpdf/ www.embeddedrelated.com www.howstuffworks.com
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GSM Based SMS Driven Automatic Display Tool Kit

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

INTRODUCTION AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

1.4 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

Fig 1.3 GSM Module

Fig 1.4 Microcontroller AT89S52

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

Fig 1.5 16*2 LCD Display

1.5 FEATURES OF PROJECT

It will display same message on every LCDs at a time.

1.6 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

1.9 FUTURE ASPECT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SETUP BOX

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

2.2.1 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

2.2.3 TYPES OF MEMORY

GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

2.2.4 BASIC REGISTERS

THE "R" REGISTERS

THE "B" REGISTER

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

THE PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)

THE STACK POINTER (SP)

2.3 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS (SETUP BOX)

2.3.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

Fig 2.3 AT89S52 microcontroller

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

2.3.1.2 CONNECTIONS IN MICROCONTROLLER

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

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GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

GSM BASED AUTOMATIC DISPLAY TOOLKIT

2.3.1.4 PIN CONFIGURATION

Fig 2.5 Pin Diagram

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