Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

5
14

1. (a)

Indices and Logarithms

1
=
43
1
=
64

(d)

5
=
6

(b) (5 + 1)2 = 62
= 36

(e)

(c) (3 7)2 = (10)2

= 100

(f)

23

(d)

34

21
=
31
3
=
2

(g)

(32) 2

42
31

2
1

23
1

3 42
3
1
3. (a) =
5
5
42
3
=
80
34 23
(b) = 34 1 23
3
= 33 23
= 216

(b) 16 2 = (42) 2
=4
(c)

32

2. (a) 8 3 = (23) 3
=2
1


17 20 =

17 1
16
=

=4

32
=
42
9
=
16


27
32 + 18 = 3


=3

23 =
52
(e)
52
23
25
=
8
31 =
1
(f)
72 3
72
1
=
147
(g)


25
25 =


36


36

(c)
1

4 2
=
1

9 2 1

(22) 2
=
1

(32) 2
21
=
31
3
=
2

23 89 = 32 89
1

4
=
3
(d)

35
35 = 35
1

(e) (4 2 23) (32 9)

= (2 23) 81
= 16 81
= 65


25 +

27
5+3
(f)
=
23
8
=1
3

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(g)

16

2 2

x(x2 1)
x3 x
(k) =
(x + 1)(x 1)
(x + 1)(x 1)
x(x + 1)(x 1)
=
(x + 1)(x 1)
=x

3 3
=
4
27
=
64

(l)

x
x x
4. (a) =
x

x2
=1

= 3x
x2y3
(m)
1

4p 2

xy
x
y

(b) =

y

y
x
=

x 2 y4
=
(c)
2x 5 y2
=
(d)

x 2 + 5 y4 2

2
1 x3y2

2
1

5. (a)
(b)

x (2
x x 2 ) =
x (x 2 )

=x

x5y3
x5 2 y3

= 3

x2
3
=

x3y3
1

(e)

= (x3 y3) 3
1

3 3

1 = 32

9
1 = 2
log3
9
5 =

25

(g)

x = ay + 2
loga x = y + 2

(h)

p = q2x
logq p = 2x

(x 4) 2
=
1

(y2) 2
x2
=
y1
= x2y

6. (a) log10 1000 = 3

1000 = 103

(b) log2 8 = 3
8 = 23
(c) log
2 4 = 4
2 )4
4 = (


(i) (x 2 y4)2 = (x 2 )2 (y4)2

= xy8




x2 y2
x2 y2
(j) =
xy
xy


(x + y)(x y)
=
(x y)
x+y
=


4 =
(d) log 2

9
3
4 =

9
(e) loga c = b
c = ab



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= 25 2
1
log25 5 =
2
(f)
c = ba
logb c = a


x + y

x+y
x+y
=
(g)
x2 + yx
x(x + y)
1
=
x
x 4

y2

4 =
2

9
3
4
=2
9

3 3

= (x ) (y )
= xy

(h)

x4y6
=
16p



x4y6
=
42 p

100 = 102
log10 100 = 2

log2
(d)

16 = 24
log2 16 = 4

(c)

(x y)(x + y)
x2 y2
(e) =
2(x + y)
2x + 2y
xy
=
2
(f)


9x2 + x0 y0 =

9x2 + 1 1
=

9x2

23

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(f) logb (p + 1) = q
p + 1 = bq

(h) log
2 8 = x
2 )x
8 = (

1

23 = 2 2
1x
3=
2
x= 6
log
2 8 = 6

p
(g) logt = d
2
p
= td
2
(h) logp (xy) = t
xy = pt

5 =x
(i) log25


5 = 25x

(i) log4 1 = 0
1 = 40

5 2 = 52x
1
2x =
2
1
x=
4
1
log25

5 =
4

(j) log10 0.1 = 1

0.1 = 101
7. (a)

log10 1000 = x
1000 = 10x
103 = 10x
x= 3
log10 1000 = 3

OR

3
= 2 log3
2
2
=21
=2

log10 1000 = log10 103

= 3 log10 10
=31
=3

(k) log2 (5 3) = log2 2

=1
(l) log1 25 = x

1
(b) log10 0.1 = log10
10
= log10 1 log10 10
=01
= 1

1
25 =
5
52 = 5x
x = 2
log1 25 = 2

1 = log 1 log 5
(c) log5
5
5
5
=01
= 1

8. (a) log2 15 = log2 (3 5)

= log2 3 + log2 5
= 1.59 + 2.32
= 3.91

(d) log2 8 = log2 23

= 3 log2 2
=31
=3

(b) log2 25 = log2 52

= 2 log2 5
= 2(2.32)
= 4.64

(e) log9 9 = x
9 = 9x
x= 1
log9 9 = 1
(f) log2 1
1
20
x
log2 1

9 = log
3
(j) log3
3

4
2
2
2

3 = log 3 log 5
(c) log2
2
2
5
= 1.59 2.32
= 0.73

=x
= 2x
= 2x
=0
=0

(d) log2 10 = log2 (2 5)

= log2 2 + log2 5
= 1 + 2.32
= 3.32

(g) log2 16 = log2 24

= 4 log2 2
=41
=4

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(c) 2 log10 a log10 t

= log10 a2 log10 t

3
(e) log2 0.6 = log2
5
= log2 3 log2 5
= 1.59 2.32
= 0.73
(f) log2

a2
= log10
t

(d) log10 p + 2 log10 q

= log10 p + log10 q2
= log10 (pq2)

25 = log 25 log 9

2
2
9
= log2 52 log2 32
= 2 log2 5 2 log2 3
= 2(2.32) 2(1.59)
= 2(2.32 1.59)
= 1.46

(e) 2 log10 p + 3 log10 q + log10 m

= log10 p2 + log10 q3 + log10 m
= log10 (p2q3m)
(f) 4 log2 p log2 8 + log2 q
= log2 p4 log2 8 + log2 q
p4q
= log2
8

1 = log 1 log 4
(g) log2
2
2
4
= 0 2 log2 2
=021
= 2

1 log b
(g) 2 log2 3 log2 a +
2
2
2
b
= log2 3 log2 a + log2

9

b
= log2
a

(h) log2 452 = 2 log2 (45)

= 2 log2 (5 9)
= 2(log2 5 + log2 9)
= 2(2.32 + 2 log2 3)
= 2[2.32 + 2(1.59)]
= 11

(h) 5 log2 a log2 b log2 2c

= log2 a5 log2 b log2 2c
a5
= log2
2bc

15
(i) log2 0.15 = log2
100
3
= log2
20
= log2 3 log2 20
= log2 3 log2 (4 5)
= log2 3 (log2 22 + log2 5)
= log2 3 2 log2 2 log2 5
= 1.59 2(1) 2.32
= 2.73

a
= log2
(4b)(2d)

a
= log2
8bd

(j) 2 log3

a + log3 p2 3 log3 q
= log3 a + log3 p2 log3 q3
ap2
= log3
q3

log10 10
10. (a) log8 10 =
log10 8
1
=
log10 8
= 1.107

(k) log2 3


25 = log2 25 3
1 log 25
=
2
3
1
= 2 log2 5
3
2
= (2.32)
3
= 1.547

log10 0.1
(b) log3 0.1 =
log10 3
= 2.096
log10 12
(c) log4 12 =
log10 4

9. (a) log10 a + log10 b = log10 (ab)

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1 log a log 4b log 2d

(i)
2
2
2
2
a log2 4b log2 2d
= log2


5 = log2 5 2
(j) log2

1 log 5
=
2
2
1
= (2.32)
2
= 1.16

(b) log10 p log10 q = log10

= 1.792

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(d) log2 (2 + 7) = log2 9

log10 9
=
log10 2

13.

= 3.170

25
11. (a) log9
8

log2 x = 36 logx 2
1
= 36
log2 x
(log2 x)2 = 36
log2 x =

36
= 6
x = 26 or 26

= log9 25 log9 8
log3 25
log3 8
=

log3 9
log3 9

14.

3 2 logx 4 = log4 x

log3 52
log3 23
=

2
log3 3
log3 32

1
3 2
= log4 x
log4 x

2 log3 5
3 log3 2
=

2 log3 3
2 log3 3

2
log4 x 3
= log4 x (log4 x)
log4 x
3 log4 x 2 = (log4 x)2
2
(log4 x) 3 log4 x + 2 = 0
(log4 x 1)(log4 x 2) = 0
log4 x 1 = 0 , log4 x 2 = 0
log4 x = 1
log4 x = 2
x=4
x = 42
= 16

3 0.631
2 1.465
=
21
21
= 0.5185
log3 50
(b) log0.3 50 =
log3 0.3
log3 (2 52)
=
3
log3
10
log3 2 + log3 52
=
log3 3 log3 10
0.631 + 2 log3 5
=
1 (log3 2 + log3 5)
0.631 + 2(1.465)
=
1 (0.631 + 1.465)

log3 x2 + 2 logx 3 = 5

15.

1
2 log3 x + 2
=5
log3 x

2
= (log3 x)(5)
log3 x 2 log3 x +
log3 x
2
2(log3 x) + 2 = 5 log3 x
2(log3 x)2 5 log3 x + 2 = 0
(2 log3 x 1)(log3 x 2) = 0
2 log3 x 1 = 0 , log3 x 2 = 0
1
log3 x =
log3 x = 2
2
x = 32
1

x = 32
=9
3
=


= 3.249
12. (a) log2 (2b) = log2 2 + log2 b
1
= 1 +
logb 2
1
=1+
c

2 logx 5 + log5 x = 3

16.

1
2
+ log5 x = 3
log5 x
2 + (log5 x)2 = 3 log5 x
2
(log5 x) 3 log5 x + 2 = 0
(log5 x 1)(log5 x 2) = 0
log5 x 1 = 0 , log5 x 2 = 0
log5 x = 1
log5 x = 2
x=5
x = 52
= 25

b = log b log 9
(b) log3
3
3
9
1
= log3 32
logb 3
1
=
a 2 log3 3
1
=
a 2
logb b2
(c) log6 b2 =
logb 6

17. (a)

2 logb b
=
logb (2 3)
21
=
logb 2 + logb 3
2
=
c+a
5

1
52x + 1 =
125
1
=
53
= 53
2x + 1 = 3
2x = 4
x = 2

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(b)

21 3x = 2 8
= 16
= 24
1 3x = 4
3x = 3
x = 1

(c)

1
2 4x 3 =
81 x
1
2 22x 6 =
23 3x
22x 5 = 23x 3
2x 5 = 3x 3
x = 2

(d)

(e)

(h)

18. (a)

2 3x + 4 3x + 1 = 126
2 3x + 4 3x 3 = 126
3x(2 + 12) = 126
126
3x =
14
=9
= 32
x= 2

(c)

5 2 x 4 2x 1 = 8
5 2x 4 2x 21 = 8
5 2x 2 2x = 8
2x(5 2) = 8
8
2x =
3

4
(24x) 2 =
4x + 2
22x = 4x 1
= 22(x 1)
2x = 2(x 1)
= 2x 2
4x = 2
1
x=
2
1x

125 3
=
5x

(5 )
52(1 2x) =
5x
x
5
52 4x =
5x
=1
= 50
2 4x = 0
4x = 2
1
x=
2

= 1.415
19. (a)

3x
25

=
5x
9
x
3
5 2
=
5
3
3 2
=
5
x = 2

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8
x log10 2 = log10
3
8
log10
3
x =
log10 2

1x

3 3

(g)

= 140

(b)

4


24x =
(

16 )x + 2

(f) (25)

1x+1

3 5x + 25 2
1x+1
2

3 5x + 5 2
x
x+2
35 +5
3 5x + 5x 52
5x(3 + 25)

= 140
= 140
= 140
= 140
140
x
5 =
28
=5
x=1

33x 5 91 x = 1
33x 5 32 2x = 1
3x 3 = 30
x 3= 0
x= 3

1 2x

1
2x 3x =


36
1
(2 3)x =
6
6x = 61
x = 1

(b)

5x = 2x + 1
log10 5x = log10 2x + 1
x log10 5 = (x + 1) log10 2
= x log10 2 + log10 2
x log10 5 x log10 2 = log10 2
x(log10 5 log10 2) = log10 2
log10 2
x =
log10 5 log10 2
= 0.7565
= 10
= 15
= log10 15
= log10 15
log10 15
2x 1 =
log10 3

32x 1 5
32x 1
log10 32x 1
(2x 1) log10 3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

log10 15
2x = 1 +
log10 3
log10 15
1 1 +
x=
log10 3
2

3x 4 = 0 , x + 1 = 0
x = 1
4
x=
3
Since x = 1 does not satisfy the original equation,
4.
then x =
3

= 1.732
(c)

(d)

3x
2x + 1 =
27
3x
=
33
= 3x 3
log10 2x + 1 = log10 3x 3
(x + 1) log10 2 = (x 3) log10 3
x log10 2 + log10 2 = x log10 3 3 log10 3
x log10 3 x log10 2 = log10 2 + 3 log10 3
x(log10 3 log10 2) = log10 2 + 3 log10 3
log10 2 + 3 log10 3
x =
log10 3 log10 2
= 9.838

(d) log
x 125 + log
x 5 = 8

log
x (125 5) = 8
x )8
125 5 = (

54 = x4
x=5
(e) 3 logx 3 + logx 125 log5 25 = 1
logx 33 + logx 125 2 = 1
logx (27 125) = 3
27 125 = x3
27 125
x = 3

x = 15

2x 1 5x = 4

4
5x =
2x 1
22
=
2x 1
x
5 = 23 x
log10 5x = log10 23 x
x log10 5 = (3 x) log10 2
= 3 log10 2 x log10 2
x log10 5 + x log10 2 = 3 log10 2
3 log10 2
x =
log10 5 + log10 2
= 0.9031

1.

2.

= 94x
= 32(4x)
= 2(4x)
= 8x
= 3
3
=
2

64x 10
43x + 2 =


1 (x 10)

43x + 2 = 64 2

3 (x 10)

= 42
3 (x 10)
3x + 2 =
2
3 x 15
=
2
3 x = 15 2
3x
2
3 x = 17

2
2
x = 17
3
34
=
3

20. (a) 2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4

log2 x2 + log2 4 = 4
log2 (4x2) = 4
4x2 = 24
x2 = 4
x =

4
= 2 or 2

Since log2 (2) does not satisfy the equation

2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4, then x = 2.
(b) 3 log2 x 2 log2 x = log3 9
log2 x = log3 32
=2
x = 22
=4
(c)

272x 1
33(2x 1)
3(2x 1)
6x 3
2x
x

3.

log2 2x + 3 = log2 (3x 1)

log2 (3x 1) + log2 2x = 3
log2 2x(3x 1) = 3
6x2 2x = 23
6x2 2x 8 = 0
3x2 x 4 = 0
(3x 4)(x + 1) = 0
7

61 + 3x = 7x
log10 61 + 3x = log10 7x
(1 + 3x) log10 6 = x log10 7
log10 6 + 3x log10 6 = x log10 7
x log10 7 3x log10 6 = log10 6
x(log10 7 3 log10 6) = log10 6
log10 6
x =
log10 7 3 log10 6
= 0.5225

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

4. log2 30 = log2 (2 3 5)
= log2 2 + log2 3 + log2 5
=1+k+p

10.

49 = log 49 log (4p)

5. logp
p
p
4p
= logp 72 logp 4 logp p
= 2 logp 7 2 logp 2 1
= 2q 2m 1
6.

3x + 2
3x 2 +
81
x+2
3
x2
3 +
34
3x 2 + 3x 2
2(3x 2)
3x 2

x = 3 + 2 log x log y2
log3
3
3
y
x
2
log3 2 log3 x + log3 y = 3
y

xy (y )
2

log3
x2
y
log3
x
y

x
y

=3

=3
= 33
= 27x

=2
=2

=2
=2
=1
= 30
x2=0
x=2

1.

4x 1 =


2x
8
1x

22(x 1)
2

23 = 2
1x

22x 2 3 = 2 2

1x

7.

22x 5 = 2 2
1x
2x 5 =
2
1
2x x = 5
2
3x =5

2
10
x =
3

2 log5 (x 1) = log2 3
log10 (x 1)
log10 3
2 =
log10 5
log10 2
log10 3
2 log10 (x 1) = log10 5
log10 2
log10 3 log10 5
1
log10 (x 1) =
log10 2
2
log10 (x 1) = 0.5539
x 1 = 100.5539
x 1 = 3.580
x = 4.580

8.

3 = log2 (1 + 4x) log2 x

1 + 4x
= log2
x
1 + 4x
3
= 2
x
=8
1 + 4x = 8x
4x = 1
1
x=
4

9.

log3 p + log9 m
log3 m
log3 p +
log3 9
log3 m
log3 p +
2
2 log3 p + log3 m
log3 (mp2)
mp2

2.

32x + 1 = 5x
log10 32x + 1 = log10 5x
(2x + 1) log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 + log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 x log10 5 = log10 3
x(2 log10 3 log10 5) = log10 3
log10 3
x =
2 log10 3 log10 5
= 1.869

3.

1
1253x =
5x 1
(53)3x = 51 x
59x = 51 x
9x = 1 x
10x = 1
1
x =
10

4.

log5 P + log25 Q
log5 Q
log5 P +
log5 25
log5 Q
log5 P +
2
2 log5 P + log5 Q

=2
=2
=2

=4
=4
= 34
81
m =
p2

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=2
=2
=2
=4

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

log5 (P2Q) = 4
P2Q = 625
625
P2 =
Q
25
P =


Q

log10 7
10. log5 7 =
log10 5
= 1.209
11. log2 [log3 (2x 5)] = log4 16
=2
log3 (2x 5) = 22
2x 5 = 34
2x = 81 + 5
= 86
x = 43

3
5. log2 0.3 = log2
10
= log2 3 log2 10
= m log2 2 log2 5
=m1n

12. 5log5 (x 1) = 10
x 1 = 10
x = 11
OR
log5 5log5(x 1)
log5 (x 1) log5 5
log5 (x 1)
x1
x

6. log3 2x log3 (1 3x) = 2

2x
log3 = 2
1 3x
2x
= 32
1 3x
=9
2x = 9(1 3x)
= 9 27x
29x = 9
9
x =
29

7.

13. 8logx + 1 5 = 5
x+1=8
x=7

1
24 x 23 x =
4
1
4
x
3
x
2 2 2 2 =
4
2x(24 23) =22
2x(8) = 22
2x 23 = 22
23 x = 22
3 x = 2
x=5

14. log3 81 log
t t

logt t
= log3 34
t
logt

1
= 4 log3 3
1 log t

t
2
1
= 4
1

2
=42
=2

16p2
8. logp = logp 16 + logp p2 logp 9
9
= logp 24 + 2 logp p logp 32

= 4 logp 2 + 2 2 logp 3
= 4m + 2 2t
9.

= log5 10
= log5 10
= log5 10
= 10
= 11

15. log3 (2x 1) + log3 (x 2)

log3 [(2x 1)(x 2)]
(2x 1)(x 2)
2x2 5x + 2
2x2 5x 7
(2x 7)(x + 1)
2x 7 = 0
,
x+1
7
x
x=
2

x
log3 x 2 log3 y = 3 log3
y
x
log3 x 2 log3 y + log3 = 3
y
x
x
y
=3
log3
y2

x2 = 3
log3
y3
x2 = 33

y3
x2
y3 =
27
3

x2
y =
3

=2
=2
=9
=9
=0
=0
=0
= 1

Since log for negative number is non-existent, then

7.
x=
2

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

16.

p
= logb

p logb b2
(c) logb
b2
1
= logb p 2 logb b
2
1
1
21
=
2 1.209
= 1.586

4
log4 x = 1 log2
x
log2 x
= 1 log2 4 + log2 x
log2 4
log2 x
= 1 2 + log2 x

2
= 1 + log2 x

1 log x log x = 1

2
2
2
1
log2 x = 1
2
log2 x = 2
x = 22
=4

19. (a) (i)

= log2 (4p) log2


q
1 log q
= log2 4 + log2 p
2
2
1
= 2 + a b
2

3
(b) log2 1.5 = log2
2
= log2 3 log2 2
= 1.59 1
= 0.59

(b)

32

log2 (25 3)
=
log2 5

= 32

log10 2x 1 = log10 3 2

log2 52 + log2 3
=
log2 5

3 log 3
(x 1) log10 2 =
10
2
3 log 3

10
2
x 1 =
log10 2

2 log2 5 + log2 3
=
log2 5
2(2.32) + 1.59
=
2.32
= 2.685

3 log10 3
x =
+1
2 log10 2
= 3.377

a
a logp b
18. (a) logp = logp

b
1
= logp a logp b
2
1
= (0.613) 1.209
2
= 0.9025

20. (a)

(b) loga (ap2) = loga a + loga p2

= 1 + 2 loga p
1
= 1 + 2
logp a

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3 (2x 1) = 9

9
2x 1 =

3
32
=

log2 75
(c) log5 75 =
log2 5

log2 (p3

q)
q
= log2 p3 + log2

1
= 3 log2 p + log2 q
2
1b
= 3a +
2

4p
(ii) log2

q

17. (a) log2 45 = log2 (5 9)

= log2 5 + log2 9
= 2.32 + 2 log2 3
= 2.32 + 2(1.59)
= 5.5

1
= 1 + 2
0.613
= 4.263

10

4x 3(2x) + 2 = 0
22x 3(2x) + 2 = 0
(2x)2 3(2x) + 2 = 0
Let 2x = y
y2 3y + 2 = 0
(y 1)(y 2) = 0
y = 1, 2
Therefore, 2x = 1, 2x = 2
= 20 x = 1
x= 0

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(b)

log2 x = 3
x = 23
=8

2 log2 (x y) log2 x = 3 + log2 y

log2 (x y)2 log2 x log2 y = 3
(x y)2
log2 = 3
xy
(x y)2
= 23
xy
(x y)2 = 8xy
x2 2xy + y2 = 8xy
x2 + y2 = 8xy + 2xy
x2 + y2 = 10xy

21.

16
2x

=
2
4y 1
24
2x 1 =
2y 2
2
= 26 + 2y
x 1 = 6 + 2y
x = 7 + 2y ..................................... 

32x 243 = 0

9y
32x = 243

32y
32x 2y = 35
2x 2y = 5...................................... 

2 log2 x 3 log2 y = 0......................... 

 2, 2 log2 x 2 log2 y = 1........... 
 , log2 y = 1
y= 2

Substitute  into ,
2(7 + 2y) 2y = 5
14 + 4y 2y = 5
2y = 9
9
y=
2

Substitute log2 y = 1 into ,

1
log2 x 1 =
2
3
log2 x =
2
3

9 into ,
Substitute y =
2
9
x=7+2
2
=79
= 2

x = 22
=

8

24. (a)

2 log10 (xy3) + log10 x

log10 x2y6 + log10 x log10 y3
x2y6 x
log10
y3
log10 x3y3
log10 (xy)3
(xy)3
xy

9.
Hence, the solution is x = 2, y =
2
22.

x
log2
y
x
23. log4 =
y
log2 4
log2 x log2 y
=
log2 22
log2 x log2 y
=
2 log2 2
1
= (log2 x log2 y)
2
1
x =
log4
y
4
1
1
(log2 x log2 y) =
2
4
1 ...................... 
log2 x log2 y =
2

= 3 log10 y + 6
=6

=6

=6
=6
= 106
= 102
100
y =
x

logb (xy) = 2
logb x + logb y = 2 .............................. 
logb (x2y3) = 3
2 logb x + 3 logb y = 3 ........................ 
 2, 2 logb x + 2 logb y = 4.......... 

(b)

 , logb y = 1
Substitute logb y = 1 into ,
logb x 1 = 2
logb x = 3
When b = 2,
log2 y = 1
y = 21
1
y=
2

11

3x + 1
5x =
2x
x
x
x+1
5 2 =3
(5 2)x = 3x + 1
10x = 3x + 1
log10 10x = log10 3x + 1
x log10 10 = (x + 1) log10 3
= x log10 3 + log10 3
x log10 10 x log10 3 = log10 3
x(log10 10 log10 3) = log10 3

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

log10 3
x =
log10 10 log10 3

27.

= 0.9125

6 log 200
n log10
10
5
log10 200
n
6
log10
5
n 29.06
Therefore, n = 30

25. log3 x log3 (1 y) = 1

x
log3 = 1
1y
x
= 3
1y
x = 3 3y .............. 
42y
8x =
2
23x = 24y 1
3x = 4y 1 .............. 

28.

2 n 1500
5000
3
1500
2 n

5000
3

Substitute  into ,
3(3 3y) = 4y 1
9 9y = 4y 1
13y = 10
10
y =
13
10 into ,
Substitute y =
13
10
x = 3 3
13
30
= 3
13
9
=
13

23

0.3

2 log 0.3
n log10
10
3
log10 0.3
n
2
log10
3
n 2.969
Therefore, n = 3

29.

26. y = mxn 5 .......................................... 

Substitute x = 4, y = 3 into ,
3 = m 4n 5
m 4n = 2
2
m =
4n
2
=
22n
m = 21 2n ...................................... 

x =b
loga
y2
loga x 2 loga y = b ........................... 
loga (x2y) = c
2 loga x + loga y = c ........................... 
 2,
2 loga x 4 loga y = 2b....................... 
 , 5 loga y = c 2b
c 2b
loga y = ............... 
5
Substitute  into ,
2 (c 2b) = b
loga x
5
2 (c 2b)
loga x = b +
5
2c
4b
=b+
5
5
1
2
= b + c ......... 
5
5

Substitute x = 2, y = 11 into ,
11 = m(2)n 5
m(2)n = 16........................................... 
Substitute  into ,
21 2n 2n = 16
21 n = 16
= 24
1n=4
n = 3

Substitute n = 3 into ,
m = 21 2(3)
= 27

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6 n 106
5000
5
6 n 200

x2 = 2 log x log y
loga
a
a
y
2
1
c 2b
= 2 b + c
5
5
5
2
4
1
2
= b + c c + b
5
5
5
5
3
4
= b + c
5
5
12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

30. (a)

log3 (9x) + log9 x = 1

log3 x
log3 9 + log3 x + = 1
log3 9
log3 x
2 + log3 x + = 1
2
3
2 + log3 x = 1
2
3 log x = 1 2

3
2
= 1
2
log3 x =
3
x=3

32. (a)

(b)

1
=
3

9
(b) 2 log4 x 2 log4 y
log2 x
log2 y
= 2
2
log2 4
log2 4
log2 x
log2 y
= 2 2
2
2
= log2 x log2 y

1.

x4 = 7x2 + 18
(x2)2 = 7x2 + 18
y2 = 7y + 18
y2 7y 18 = 0
(y 9)(y + 2) = 0
y = 9 , y = 2
x2 = 9
x2 = 2 (x is not defined)
x = 3

x2 + y2 = 6xy
x + 2xy + y2 = 6xy + 2xy
(x + y)2 = 8xy
log2 (x + y)2 = log2 (8xy)
2 log2 (x + y) = log2 8 + log2 x + log2 y
= log2 23 + log2 x + log2 y
= 3 + log2 x + log2 y
2

x
= log2
y

31. Given 2p = 5q = 10r.

2p = 10r
p log10 2 = r log10 10
=r
r
log10 2 =
p

2.

5q = 10r
q log10 5 = r log10 10
=r
r
log10 5 =
q

2(8x) = 42y
2(23x) = 24y
23x + 1 = 24y
3x + 1 = 4y
3x 4y = 1 ........................................ 
log3 x
log3 x log3 (y + 1)
x
log3
y+1
x

y+1
x

log10 10 = log10 (2 5)
= log10 2 + log10 5
r + r
1=
p
q
r +
r
pq(1) = pq
p
q

x 4

x 5=0
x )2 4

x 5=0
(

y2 4y 5 = 0
(y 5)(y + 1) = 0
y=5 ,
y = 1

x = 5

x = 1
x )2 = 52 (

x )2 = (1)2
(

x = 25
x=1

= 1 + log3 (y + 1)
=1

=1
= 31
= 3(y + 1) .......... 

Substitute  into ,
3 3(y + 1) 4y = 1
9y + 9 4y = 1
5y = 10
y = 2

pq = qr + pr
pq pr = qr
p(q r) = qr
qr
p =
qr

Substitute y = 2 into ,
x = 3(2 + 1)
= 3

13

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

3.

32n + 1 = 4(2n 1)
= 22(2n 1)
= 2n + 1
2n + 1
loga 3
= loga 2n + 1
(2n + 1) loga 3 = (n + 1) loga 2
2n loga 3 + loga 3 = n loga 2 + loga 2

log5 1 log5 5 + p
=
1
(1)
2
01+p
=
1

2
= 2(p 1)

n loga 32 n loga 2 = loga 2 loga 3

2
n(loga 9 loga 2) = loga
3
9
2
n loga = loga
2
3

4.

6. (a) logc 18 = logc (32 2)

= logc 32 + logc 2
= 2 logc 3 + logc 2
= 2a + b

3t 2 = 4 0.16
= 0.64
log10 3t 2 = log10 0.64
(t 2) log10 3 = log10 0.64

logc 36
(b) log3 36 =
logc 3
logc (22 32)
=
a
logc 22 + logc 32
=
a
2 logc 2 + 2 logc 3
=
a
2b + 2a
=
a

log10 0.64
t 2 =
log10 3
log10 0.64
+2
t =
log10 3
= 1.594
x = log5 25 + log5

x
5. (a) log5 25

1

= log5 52 + log5 x 2
1
= 2 log5 5 + log5 x
2
1

= 2(1) + p
2
1
= 2 + p
2

7.

52
2x 3 =
5
=5

2
1

log2 (2x 3) = log2 (5 2 )

1
(x 3) log2 2 = log2 5
2
1
(x 3)(1) = (2.32)
2
= 1.16
x = 1.16 + 3
= 1.84

log5 5
(b) log5x 5 =
log5 5x
1
=
log5 5 + log5 x
1
=
1+p
log5 0.2x
(c) log
5 0.2x =
5
log5


8.

log5 0.2 + log5 x

=
1

log5 5 2

1
log5 + p
5
=
1
log5 5
2

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5(2x 3) =

5

14

2x
2(5x + 1) =
2
2x
x+1
5 =
22
= 2x 2
log10 5x + 1 = log10 2x 2
(x + 1) log10 5 = (x 2) log10 2
x log10 5 + log10 5 = x log10 2 2 log10 2
x log10 5 x log10 2 = log10 5 2 log10 2
x(log10 5 log10 2) = log10 5 2 log10 2
log10 5 2 log10 2
x =
log10 5 log10 2
= 3.269

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

9. (a) 2 logp 2p2 = 2(logp 2 + logp p2)

= 2(logp 2 + 2 logp p)
= 2[logp 2 + 2(1)]
= 2 logp 2 + 4
= logp 4 + 4
= 0.674 + 4
= 4.674

11. log9 (xy2) = log9 x + log9 y2

1
= + 2 log9 y
logx 9

1
1
=
+ 2
a2
logy 9

2
px 2 =
2
1

2
1

106

106

50 000

20

log10 20

log

logp px 2 = logp 2

1
(x 2) logp p = logp 2
2
1
(x 2)(1) = logp 2
2
1
4(x 2)(1) = 4 logp 2
2
4x 8 = 2 logp 2
= logp 22
= logp 4
= 0.674
4x = 0.674 + 8
= 7.326
x = 1.832

6 n
12. 50 000
5
6 n

5
6 n

5
6 n
log10
5
6
n log10
5

2 px 2 =

2

=2

1
2
2 logy 3
1

logy 3
1

1
=
+
a2
1
=
+
a2
1
=
+
a2

Alternative
2 logp 2p2 = logp (2p2)2
= logp (4p4)
= logp 4 + logp p4
= 0.674 + 4 logp p
= 0.674 + 4(1)
= 4.674
(b)

10

20

log10 20
n
6
log10
5
n 16.431
Therefore, n = 17

13.

logm (x2y) = n
logm x2 + logm y = n
2 logm x + logm y = n .......................... 

x
logm
=p
y2
logm x logm y2 = p
logm x 2 logm y = p .......................... 

10. (a) 9y = 9log3 2

= 32 log3 2
= 3log3 4
=4

 2, 2 logm x 4 logm y = 2p ....... 

 , 5 logm y = n 2p
n 2p
logm y = .............. 
5

(b) 9x = 9y 1
= 9y 91
1
=4
9
4

=
9

Substitute  into ,
n 2p
logm x 2 = p
5
n 2p
logm x = p + 2
5
2
4
= p + n p
5
5
1
2
= p + n
5
5

15

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

Substitute  into ,
2 log4 x 2(5 log4 x) = 8
2 log4 x 10 log4 x = 8
8 log4 x = 8
log4 x = 1
x = 41
1
=
4
Substitute log4 x = 1 into ,
log4 y = 5(1)
y = 45
1
=
45

x = log x log y
logm
m
m
y
n 2p
2
1
= (p + n)
5
5
5
1
2
1
2
= p + n n + p
5
5
5
5
1
3
= p + n
5
5

14.

log2 4x + log4 x = 1
log2 x
log2 4 + log2 x + = 1
log2 4
log2 x
2 + log2 x + = 1
2

16. (a) h = 80(0.2)t

Substitute t = 0 into the equation,
h = 80(0.2)0
= 80(1)
= 80 cm

Multiply both sides by 2,

4 + 2 log2 x + log2 x = 2
3 log2 x = 2
2
log2 x =
3
x= 2

Therefore, the original height is 80 cm.

(b) Substitute t = 2.1 into the equation,

h = 80(0.2)2.1
= 2.724 cm

1
=
2

23
1
=
3

4
= 0.630

15.

(c) Substitute h = 40 into the equation,

40 = 80(0.2)t
40
0.2t =
80
= 0.5
log10 0.2t = log10 0.5
t log10 0.2 = log10 0.5
log10 0.5
t =
log10 0.2

x
log2
y = log2 x log2 y
log4 y
log4 x

=
2
log
log4 2
4
log4 y
log4 x

=
1
1

2
2
= 2 log4 x 2 log4 y
x
log2
y =8
2 log4 x 2 log4 y = 8......................... 

= 0.43 s

log4 y

=5
log4 x
log4 y = 5 log4 x............................... 

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16