Trigonometric Functions: SPM Chapter 16

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16
Trigonometric
Functions
16
1. (a)
2. (a)
370
x
30
Quadrant I
(b)
360 30 = 330
(b)
520
120
Quadrant III
(c)
360 120 = 240

4 =
4 180
(c)
3
3
= 240
y
x
420
x
4
180
7
7 =
3
3
= 420
Quadrant I
(d)
2
4 =
2
3
3
420
x
180
7
7=
3
3
= 420
Quadrant IV
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
5 =
5 180
(d)
3
3
= 300
5.
60
30

3
(a) sin 120 = sin 60

3
=
2
x
5
(b) cos 210 = cos 30

3
=
2
1
5=
2
3
3
3.
(c) cot (120) = cot 240

= cot 60
1
=
3
(d) tan (30) = tan 330
= tan 30
1
=
3
y
P(3, 4)
4
(a) sin =
5
(e)
45

2
3
(b) cos =
5
4
(c) tan =
3
5
(d) sec =
3
5
(e) cosec =
4
3
(f) cot =
4
1
45
1
sin 315 = sin 45

1
=
2
y
6.
y
4.
6
8
A
x
(a) cos A = cos

4
=
5
10
P(6, 8)
(b) cot A = cot

4
=
3
6
(a) cot A =
8
3
=
4
(c) sec A = sec

5
=
4
8
(b) sin A =
10
4
=
5
7.
10
(c) sec A =
6
5
=
3

24
0
5
(a) tan B = tan

=
24
1
(b) cos =
2
= 120, 240
(b) sin B = sin
(c) 2 tan = 5
5
tan =
2
5
= tan1
2
= 6812, 24812

24
=
5
(c) cosec B = cosec
5
=

24
sin A
8. (a) tan A =
cos A
3
5
=
4
5
5
3
=
4
5
3
=
4

1
4
= tan
tan
2
tan = 4
tan = 2
= 6326, 11634, 24326, 29634
(e) 3 sin cos (90 ) = 1

3 sin sin = 1
2 sin = 1
1
sin =
2
= 210, 330
1
(b) sec A =
cos A
1
=
4
5
5
=
4
(f) cot + tan (90 ) =

cot + cot =
2 cot =
cot =
tan =
4
4
4
2
1
2
= 2634, 20634
1
(c) cosec A =
sin A
1
=
3
5
5
=
3
9.
4 cot = tan
(d)
(g) 3 sec (90 ) cosec

3 cosec cosec
2 cosec
cosec
= 4
= 4
= 4
= 2
1
sin =
2
= 210, 330
0
1 t2
(h)
t
x
sin2 + 3 sin + 2 = 0
(sin + 1)(sin + 2) = 0
sin = 1 , sin = 2
= 270
undefined
Therefore, = 270

1 t2
(a) cot =
t
(i)
(b) sec (90 ) = cosec

1
=
t
(c) sin () = sin
= t
1
10. (a) sin =
2
= 30, 150
2 sec + cos = 1
2 + cos = 1

cos
2 + cos2 = cos
2
cos cos 2 = 0
(cos 2)(cos + 1) = 0
cos = 2
, cos = 1
undefined
= 180
Therefore, = 180
(j) sin 2 = 1
2 = 270, 630
= 135, 315
(k) 2 cos 2 + 1 = 0
1
cos 2 =
2
2 = 120, 240, 480, 600
= 60, 120, 240, 300
11. (a)
90 180
(b)
y = 2 sin x
90 180
270
(c)
y
3
y = 2 sin x + 1
1
0
1

= 12
(d)
x
90
180 270
360
= 60
90
180
270
360
x
45
= 50
135
225
315
= 100
=3
= 32
= 23
y = sin 2x 1
(e)
y
y = cos 2
= 4149
= 7149
= 21527
(f)
y
y = 2 cos
cos () + cos 2 = 0
cos + cos2 2 = 0
cos2 + cos 2 = 0
(cos + 2)(cos 1) = 0
, cos = 1
cos = 2
undefined
= 0, 360
0
2
Therefore, = 0, 360
360
=2

360
y
2

(o) 2 cosec 30
3
cosec 30
3
sin 30
3
30
270
2
2 30 = tan1
3
= 3341, 21341, 39341,
57341
2 = 6341, 24341, 42341,
60341
= 3151, 12151, 21151,
30151
(p)
(m) 2 cot (2 30) = 3

3
cot (2 30) =
2
2
tan (2 30) =
3

y = sin 2x
(l) tan ( + 45) = 1

+ 45 = 135, 315
= 90, 270
(n) sec + 10
2
cos + 10
2
+ 10
(g)
(m)
y
1
y = |sin 2x | + 1
(h)
y = 2 cos 1
90
(n)
270
360
y = cos 2 + 1
90
(i)
180
(o)
y = tan 2x
180
270
360
y
3
y = sin x
2
1
90
270
y = |sin 2x |
180
360
x
45
135
225
315
60 120 180 240300 360
(j)
(p)
y = 2 tan x
3
y = cos x
2
240
90
180
270
360
60
120 180 300
360
(k)
(q)
y
y = |sin x |
(l)
90
180 270
120
240
360
360
(r)
y
y = |cos 2x |
y = 2 sin 3x
y
3
1
y = 3 sin x
2
x
90
180
270
360
x
180
360
12. (a)
15. y = 1 + cos x
y
x
y=
0.5
1.88 1.54 1.07 0.58 0.20 0.01
1.5
y = sin x
(b) sin x = x
x
sin x =
The number of solutions is 2.
y
y = 1 + cos x
3
y = x
4
13. (a)
3x
y=
2
y = 2 |sin 2x |
3.0
3x
y=
4
2.5
1
x
1.5
16. (a)
2.6
2.6
1.5
1.5
y
3
y = 3 sin x
2
x =
sin x +
3
x
3 sin x +
=
b2
b2
b2
1
1
(b)
sin + cos = 1
cos2
1
sin2
+
=
2
cos
cos2
cos2
tan2 + 1 = sec2
(c)
sin2 + cos2 = 1
cos2
1
sin2
+
=
sin2
sin2
sin2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
(b) tan A(tan A cot A)

= tan2 A 1
= (sec2 A 1) 1
= sec2 A 2
3
2
x
3 sin x = 2
The solutions are 0.7 and 2.8.
a2 + c2 =
a2
c2
+
=
2
b
b2
2
2
a
c
+ =
b
b
sin2 + cos2 =
17. (a) 1 + sin2 A

= 1 + (1 cos2 A)
= 2 cos2 A
x
y=2

x
y=2
4 cos x + 4 = 3x
3x
cos x + 1 =
4
The solution is 1.5.
14. y = 3 sin x
3x 1
sin 2x =
2
3x 2
2 sin 2x =
There are 3 solutions.
(b)
cos2 A sin2 A
(c) cot2 A sin2 A =
sin2 A
= cos2 A
= 1 sin2 A
1
sin =
,
sin = 1
4
= 19429, 34531
= 90
Therefore, = 90, 19429, 34531
(d) cosec2 A + cot2 A = cosec2 A + (cosec2 A 1)

= 2 cosec2 A 1
cos2 A + sin2 A
1
1
(e)
+
=
sin2 A
cos2 A
sin2 A cos2 A
1
=
sin2 A cos2 A
1
1
=
sin2 A cos2 A
= cosec2 A sec2 A
(e)
sin 2 2 = 0
,
sin 2 = 2
undefined
sin2 + cos
1 cos2 + cos
cos2 cos
cos (cos 1)
cos = 0
,
= 90, 270

(f)
=1
=1
=0
=0
cos = 1
= 0, 360
(c)
tan + cot
1
tan +
tan
tan2 + 1
tan2 2 tan + 1
(tan 1)(tan 1)
tan
2
tan (2 30) =
cos (2 30)
2
sin (2 30)
=
cos (2 30) cos (2 30)
sin (2 30) cos (2 30) = 2 cos (2 30)
sin (2 30) cos (2 30) 2 cos (2 30) = 0
cos (2 30) [sin (2 30) 2] = 0
sin (2 30) 2 = 0
sin (2 30) = 2
undefined
Therefore, = 60, 150, 240, 330
=2
=2
19. (a) cos B(sin A cos A) + sin B(cos A + sin A)

= cos B sin A cos B cos A + sin B cos A
+ sin B sin A
= sin A cos B + sin B cos A cos B cos A
+ sin B sin A
= sin (A + B) (cos A cos B sin A sin B)
= sin (A + B) cos (A + B)
= 2 tan
=0
=0
=1
= 45, 225
sec2 + tan2 = 4
1 + tan2 + tan2 = 4
2 tan2 = 3
3
tan2 =
2
cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos (A + B)
(b) =
sin B cos A
sin B cos A
cos A cos B
sin A sin B
=
sin B cos A
sin B cos A
sin A
cos B
=
cos A
sin B
= cot B tan A
3
tan =
2
= 5046, 12914, 23046,
30914
(d)
=0
=1
= 90, 450
= 45, 225
cos (2 30) = 0
2 30 = 90, 270, 450, 630
2 = 120, 300, 480, 660
= 60, 150, 240, 330
Therefore, = 0, 90, 270, 360

(b)
=3
=3
=0
=0
sin 2 1
sin 2
2
Therefore, = 45, 225
sin2 2A + sec2 2A = 3 tan2 2A + sec2 2A

(f) 3
cos2 2A
= 3(sec2 2A 1) + sec2 2A
= 3 sec2 2A 3 + sec2 2A
= 4 sec2 2A 3
18. (a)
cos2 2 + 3 sin 2
1 sin2 2 + 3 sin 2
sin2 2 3 sin 2 + 2
(sin 2 2)(sin 2 1)
(c) sec A sin (A + B) sec B

1
1
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
cos A
cos B
1
(sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
=
cos A cos B
sin A cos B +
cos A sin B
=
cos A cos B cos A cos B
sin A
sin B
= +
cos A
cos B
= tan A + tan B
1
3 cosec 4 =
sin2
3
1
4 =
sin
sin2
3 sin 4 sin2 = 1
4 sin2 3 sin 1 = 0
(4 sin + 1)(sin 1) = 0
(d)
sin A sin B
1
cos A cos B
cos A cos B sin (A + B)
cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos A cos B
=
cos A cos B
sin (A + B)
cos
(A
+
B)
=
sin (A + B)
= cot (A + B)
(d) cosec 2A tan A

1
sin A
=
sin 2A
cos A
sin A
1
=
cos A
2 sin A cos A
1 2 sin2 A
=
2 sin A cos A
cos
2A
=
sin 2A
= cot 2A
20. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

Let B = A
sin 2A = sin A cos A + cos A sin A
= 2 sin A cos A
24. (a) 6 sin x cos x = 1

1
2 sin x cos x =
3
1
sin 2x =
3
2x = 1928, 16032, 37928, 52032
x = 944, 8016, 18944, 26016
21. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

Let B = A
cos 2A = cos A cos A sin A sin A
= cos2 A sin2 A
= cos2 A (1 cos2 A)
= cos2 A 1 + cos2 A
= 2 cos2 A 1
(b) 2 sin 2x + sin2 x

2 sin 2x
2 sin 2x
sin 2x
cos 2x
= cos2 x
= cos2 x sin2 x
= cos 2x
1
=
2
1
tan 2x =
2
2x = 2634, 20634, 38634,
56634
x = 1317, 10317, 19317,
28317
tan A + tan B
22. tan (A + B) =
1 tan A tan B
Let B = A
tan A + tan A
tan 2A =
1 tan A tan A
2 tan A
=
1 tan2 A
(c) sin (x + 30) = sin (x 30)

sin x cos 30 + cos x sin 30
= sin x cos 30 cos x sin 30
cos x sin 30 + cos x sin 30
= sin x cos 30 sin x cos 30
2 cos x sin 30 = 0
cos x = 0
x = 90, 270
cos2 A sin2 A
2 cos 2A
23. (a) =
2 sin A cos A
sin A cos A
2 cos 2A
=
sin 2A
= 2 cot 2A
(b) cos2 A 1 = cos2 A (sin2 A + cos2 A)
= cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
= sin2 A
= cos 2A cos2 A
25. (a) cos x cos 60 sin x sin 60 = sin 30

cos (x + 60) = sin 30
1
=
2
x + 60 = 60, 300, 420
x = 0, 240, 360
(b) 2 sin2 x + 3 sin 2x = 1
3 sin 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
= cos 2x
sin 2x
1
=
cos 2x
3
1
tan 2x =
3
2x = 1826, 19826, 37826,
55826
x = 913, 9913, 18913,
27913
(c) (tan A tan B)(sin A sin B)

sin B
sin A
= (sin A sin B)
cos B
cos A
sin A cos B sin B cos A (sin A sin B)
=
cos A cos B
sin A sin B
= sin (A B)
cos A cos B
= sin (A B) tan A tan B
(c)
3
3 + 4
4
=
3
4 3
4
3
3 + 4
=

43 3
2 sin x cos 45 = 2 cos x sin 45 1

2 sin x cos 45 2 cos x sin 45 = 1
1
sin x cos 45 cos x sin 45 =
2
1
sin (x 45) =
2
x 45 = 210
x = 255
(b) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

3
1 +
3
4
=
2
5
5 2
4
3
3 +
=
10
10

26. (a) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

2 +
1
=
5
5
3
=
5
3 3
4
=
10
(b) sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

1
2
=
5
5
1
=
5
(c) cos 2A = 1 2 sin2 A

3 2
=12
5
9
= 1 2
25
18
= 1
25
7
=
25
27. (a) cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

1
1
=
2
4
1
=
4
(d) sin 2B = 2 sin B cos B

3
1
= 2
2
2
3
=
2
(b) cos (x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

1
1 +
=
2
4
3
=
4
28. (a)

1
1 and sin B =
29. Given tan A =
3
2
5

3
2
B

5
2
A
1 0
3
1
A
x
B

8
x
0
A and B are in 2nd quadrant,

where 90 A 180 and 90 B 180.
2 tan A
(a) (i) tan 2A =
1 tan2 A
1
2
2
=
1 2
1
2
1
=
3
4
4
=
3
tan (A B)
tan A tan B
=
1 + tan A tan B
3 (
3)
4
=
3 (
1+
3)
4
3 +
3
4
=
3
3
1
4

(ii) tan 4A = tan 2(2A)

2 tan 2A
=
1 tan2 2A
4
2
3
=
4 2
1
3
8
3
=
16
1
9
8
9
=
3
7
24
=
7
(b) (i)

3 21
=2
5
18 1
=
25
7
=
25

1 +
4
2
3
=
1
4
1
2
3
1
4
2
3
=
2
1
3
3
11
=
1
6
11
=
2
(iv)
(iii) cos 3A = cos (A + 2A)

= cos A cos 2A sin A sin 2A
= cos A cos 2A sin A (2 sin A cos A)

2
1 2 1
3
=
5 5
5
5
2

5
6 + 4
=
5
5
5
5
2
=
5
5

A
tan A = tan 2
2
A
2 tan
2
1 =
2
A
1 tan2
2
A
2 A
4 tan = tan 1
2
2
A
A
2
4 tan
1=0
tan
2
2
( 4)
( 4)2 4(1)(1)
A
tan =
2
2(1)
20
4
=
2
5
4 2
=
2
5
= 2

5
= 2 5 , 2 +
(iv)
A
cos A = 2 cos2 1
2
A
2 = 2 cos2
1

2
5
A
2 cos2 = 0.1056
2
2 A
cos = 0.0528
2
A
Since 45 90,
2
A
then cos = 0.2298
2
(c) (i)
sin 2B = 2 sin B cos B

8
1
=2
3
3
2
2
1
=2
3
3
2
4
=
9

3
(ii) cos 2A =
5
cos 4A = cos 2(2A)
= 2 cos2 2A 1
(iii) tan 3A = tan (A + 2A)

tan A + tan 2A
=
1 tan A tan 2A
1
sec 2A =
cos 2A
1
=
2 cos2 A 1
1
=
2
2
2 1
5
1
=
3
5
5
=
3
10
2 cos x 1 = 0
, cos x + 1 = 0
1
cos x = 1
cos x =
2
x = 60, 300
x = 180
(ii) sin 4B = 2 sin 2B cos 2B

= 2 sin 2B(1 2 sin2 B)
4
2
1 2
= 2 1 2
3
9

8 2 7
=
9 9
2
56
=
81

Therefore, x = 60, 180, 300

3.
(iii) sin 3B = sin (B + 2B)

= sin B cos 2B + cos B sin 2B
8
2
4
1
7 +
=
3 9
3
9
7 +
16
=
27
27
23
=
27

(iv)
1.

1
15 cos2 x cos x = 4
2
15 cos2 x cos x 2 = 0
(3 cos x + 1)(5 cos x 2) = 0
1
2
cos x =
,
cos x =
3
5
x = 10928, 25032
x = 6625, 29335
Therefore, x = 6625, 10928, 25032, 29335
5.
Therefore, x = 4811, 31149

x
6. (a)
y
y = 2 sin x
0
2
(c) cos (90 ) = sin

=k
sin2 x cos2 x
(1 cos2 x) cos2 x
2 cos2 x + cos x 1
(2 cos x 1)(cos x + 1)
3 cos 2x + 8 cos x = 5
3(2 cos2 x 1) + 8 cos x 5 = 0
6 cos2 x + 8 cos x 8 = 0
3 cos2 x + 4 cos x 4 = 0
(cos x + 2)(3 cos x 2) = 0
cos x + 2 = 0
,
3 cos x 2 = 0
cos x = 2
3 cos x = 2
2
x undefined
cos x =
3
x = 4811, 31149

1 k2
k
(a) tan =

1 k2
1
(b) sec =
cos
1
=

1 k2
2.
15 cos2 x cos x = 4 cos 60
4.
= 13 cot x
= 13 cot x
= 13 cot x
=0
=0
2
cot x =
3
3
tan x =
2
x = 5619, 23619
Therefore, x = 3341, 5619, 21341, 23619
B
cos B = cos 2
2

B
8
= 1 2 sin2
2
3
2 B
2 sin = 1.9428
2
B
sin2 = 0.9714
2
B
Since 45 90,
2
B
then sin = 0.9856
2
6 cosec2 x
6(1 + cot2 x)
6 + 6 cot2 x
2
6 cot x 13 cot x + 6
(2 cot x 3)(3 cot x 2)
3
cot x =
,
2
2
tan x =
3
x = 3341, 21341
y=
2x
x
2
(b) 2 sin x + = 0
2x
2 sin x =
2x
= cos x
= cos x
=0
=0
A suitable graph to be added is y =

2x
11
7.
2 cos 2
=
2 sin cos
2 cos 2
=
sin 2
= 2 cot 2
tan x 2 sin x = 0
sin x 2 sin x = 0
cos x
sin x 2 sin x cos x = 0
sin x(1 2 cos x) = 0
sin x = 0
, 1 2 cos x = 0
1
x = 0, 180, 360
cos x =
2
x = 60, 300
(b) (i)
3
y = x
1
3
y = 2 sin x
2
Therefore, x = 0, 60, 180, 300, 360.

0
1
8. (a)
y
y = sin 2x
(ii)
90
x
x
y=1
180
180
(b)
x
1
sin x cos x =
2 360
x
2 sin x cos x = 1
180
x
sin 2x = 1
180
1. 2 cos (2 15) = 1
1
cos (2 15) =
2
2 15 = 60, 300, 420, 660
= 3730, 15730, 21730, 33730
x .
The line to be drawn is y = 1
180
9. (a) (sin x + cos x)2 = sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x
= sin2 x + cos2 x + sin 2x
= 1 + sin 2x
(b)
3x
3 x =
1
sin
2
2
2
3x
3
2 sin x = 1
2
3
The straight line is y =
x 1.
There is only one solution.
2.
y

1 + k2
y
1
0
1
2
2
2 sin x 3
2 sin2 x 1
1 2 sin2 x
cos 2x
y = cos 2x
x
2
k
(a) sin =

1 + k2
x
y=
2
1
(b) sec (90 ) =
cos (90 )
1
=
sin
x
=
x +2
=
x 2
=
x 2
=

1 + k2
=
k
x 2.
The straight line to be drawn is y =
3.
cos
sin
10. (a) cot tan =
sin
cos
cos2 sin2
=
sin cos
cos 2
=
sin cos
x
1
2 sin = tan
sin
=
cos
2 sin cos sin = 0
sin (2 cos 1) = 0
,
2 cos 1 = 0
sin = 0
1
= 0, 180, 360
cos =
2
= 60, 300
Therefore, = 0, 60, 180, 300, 360
12
4.
5.
cot = 4 tan
1 = 4 tan
tan
1
tan2 =
4
1
tan =
2
= 2634, 15326, 20634, 33326
1
,
sin =
2
= 30, 150
Therefore, = 30, 150, 270

10.
3 + sec2 x = tan x
3 + 1 + tan2 x = tan x
tan2 x tan x 2 = 0
(tan x 2)(tan x + 1) = 0
tan x = 2
,
tan x = 1
x = 6326, 24326
x = 135, 315
2 sin2 x + cos x = 1
2(1 cos2 x) + cos x = 1
2 2 cos2 x + cos x 1 = 0
2 cos2 x cos x 1 = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x 1) = 0
2 cos x + 1 = 0
,
cos x = 1
1
cos x =
x = 0, 360
2
x = 120, 240
Therefore, = 15, 45, 75, 135, 195, 225, 255, 315

11.
Therefore, x = 0, 120, 240, 360

7.
sin 4 = 1
cos 2
sin 4 = cos 2
2 sin 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 0
cos 2(2 sin 2 1) = 0
cos 2 = 0
2 = 90, 270, 450, 630
= 45, 135, 225, 315
2 sin 2 1 = 0
1
sin 2 =
2
2 = 30, 150, 390, 510
= 15, 75, 195, 255
Therefore, x = 6326, 135, 24326, 315

6.
sin2 (2x + 10) = 2 cos (2x + 10) 2

1 cos2 (2x + 10) = 2 cos (2x + 10) 2
cos2 (2x + 10) + 2 cos (2x + 10) 3 = 0
[cos (2x + 10) + 3][cos (2x + 10) 1] = 0
cos (2x + 10) + 3 = 0
cos (2x + 10) = 3
x undefined
cos (2x + 10)
2x + 10
2x
x
3 cot2 x + cosec x 1 = 0
3(cosec2 x 1) + cosec x 1 = 0
3 cosec2 x 3 + cosec x 1 = 0
3 cosec2 x + cosec x 4 = 0
(3 cosec x + 4)(cosec x 1) = 0
4
,
cosec x =
cosec x = 1
3
sin x = 1
3
sin x =
x = 90
4
x = 22835, 31125
12.

1 t2
B 1
A
0
4 sin =
2 sin cos =
sin 2 =
2 =
=
9.
2 cos
1
4
1
4
1429, 16531, 37429, 52531
715, 8246, 18715, 26246
cos 2
1 2 sin2
2 sin2 + sin 1
(2 sin 1)(sin + 1)
=1
= 0, 360, 720
= 10, 350, 710
= 5, 175, 355
Therefore, x = 175, 355
Therefore, x = 90, 22835, 31125

8.
sin = 1
= 270

1 k2
(a) tan (A B)
tan A tan B
=
1 + tan A tan B

k
1 t2
+
t

1 k2
=

k
1 t2
1 +
t

1 k2
= sin
= sin
=0
=0
13
kt +
(1 k2)(1 t2)
1 k2 )(t)
(
=
1 k2 k
1 t2
t
2
(
1 k )(t)
sec +
cosec
18. (a)
cos
sin
1
1
=
+
cos2
sin2
sin2 + cos2
=
cos2 sin2
1
=
(cos sin )(cos sin )
4
=
(2 cos sin )(2 cos sin )
4
=
sin2 2
= 4 cosec2 2
kt +
(1 k2)(1 t2)
=
1 k2 k
1 t2
t
1
(b) cosec 2B =
sin 2B
1
=
2 sin B cos B
1
=
2(
1 t2 )(t)
1
=
(b)
2t
1 t2
1
x
2
y = tan x
x cos x + sin x
sin x
x +
cos x
x + tan x
x +1
14. cos 2 + 2 sin2 = (1 2 sin2 ) + 2 sin2

=1
y
13. (sin + cos )(sin cos )

= sin2 cos2
= (1 cos2 ) cos2
= 1 2 cos2
15.
x
y=
+1
y = | tan x |
= cos x
= 1
= 1
= tan x
x +1
The suitable straight line is y =
There is only one solution.
16.
cos x
sin x
19. (a) cot x + tan x = +
sin x
cos x
cos2 x + sin2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
=
sin x cos x
2
=
2 sin x cos x
2
=
sin 2x
= 2 cosec 2x
y
y = |cos x | + 2
3
2
1
17.
180
360
(b)
y
1
y
2
y = (x )
y = sin 2x
x
180
y = |sin 2x |
360
14
x2 + 2 = sin 2x + 2x
sin 2x = x2 2x + 2
= (x )2
(i)
The suitable graph is y = (x )2

There are 3 solutions
20. (a) 2 cos2 x sin2 x = cos2 x + cos2 x sin2 x

= cos2 x + cos 2x
= (1 sin2 x) + cos 2x
= 1 + cos 2x sin2 x
(ii) cos 2A = 2 cos2 A 1

= 2k2 1
(b) y = cos 2x

x
45
90
135
180
(iii) cos 3A
= cos (A + 2A)
= cos A cos 2A sin A sin 2A
= k(2k2 1)
1 k2 (2 sin A cos A)
= k(2k2 1)
1 k2 (2
1 k2 k)
= k(2k2 1) 2k(1 k2)
= 2k3 k 2k + 2k3
= 4k3 3k
= k(4k2 3)
y
y = |cos 2x |
1.0
cos A = k
A
2 cos 1 = k
2
1+k
A =
cos2
2
2
A
Since 0 45,
2
1+k
A
then cos =
2
2
2
0.5
1
22. (a)
+
cos2 A
1
=
cos2 A
2 sin A
cos A
2 sin A cos A
+
cos2 A
2 sin A cos A
= sec2 A +
cos A cos A
= sec2 A + 2 tan A
= 1 + tan2 A + 2 tan A
= tan2 A + 2 tan A + 1
= (1+ tan A)2
60
120
180
x
1
y=
120 2
0.5
x
2 cos 2x = 1
60
x
2 cos 2x = 1
60
x
1
cos 2x =
120 2
(b)
y
2B
x
1
The suitable line is y =
120 2
The solution is x = 120
21. (a) sin 3A

= sin (A + 2A)
= sin A cos 2A + cos A sin 2A
= sin A(1 2 sin2 A) + cos A(2 sin A cos A)
= sin A 2 sin3 A + 2 sin A cos2 A
= sin A(1 2 sin2 A + 2 cos2 A)
= sin A[1 2(sin2 A cos2 A)]
= sin A(1 + 2 cos 2A)
(b)
(i)
A
0
x

1 t2
cos 2B = t
2 cos2 B 1 = t
1+t
cos2 B =
2
Since 270 2B 360
135 B 180,
1+t
then cos B =
2

1 k2
x
15
(ii)
B
cos B = 1 2 sin2
2
B
1
+
t
= 1 2 sin2
2
2
1
+
t
2 B
2 sin = 1 +
2
2
1
+t
1 +
2
2 B
sin =
2
2
1
1 B 90,
Since 67
2
2
B =
then sin
2
25. (a) sin (x + 30) + cos (x 60) = 0

sin x cos 30 + cos x sin 30 +
(cos x cos 60 + sin x sin 60) = 0
3
3
1
1
sin x + cos x + cos x + sin x = 0
2
2
2
2

3 sin x = 0
cos x +
3 sin x = cos x
sin x
1
cos x =
3
1
tan x =
3
x = 150, 330

1+t
1 +
2
(b)
23. (a) sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

=kp
1 B

1 t2
(b) sin 2y = 2 sin y cos y

2 sin y cos y
= 2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x
4(sin x cos y)(cos x sin y)
=
sin 2x
= 4kp cosec 2x

1 + k2
k
A
1
sin (A B)
= sin A cos B cos A sin B
k
1
= (t) (
1 t2 )

1 + k2
1 + k2

kt
1 t2
=
2

1+k
1 + k2
(c) sin x sin y

= sin x sin y + cos x cos y cos x cos y
= cos x cos y + sin x sin y cos x cos y
= t (cos x cos y sin x sin y)
= t cos (x + y)
3
1
=
26. (a) 1 +
tan x
sin2 x
3 cos x
sin2 x + 1 = sin2 x
sin x
sin2 x + 1 = 3 sin x cos x
sin2 x + sin2 x + cos2 x = 3 sin x cos x
2 sin2 x 3 sin x cos x + cos2 x = 0
(2 sin x cos x)(sin x cos x) = 0
2 sin x cos x = 0
1
tan x =
2
x = 2634, 20634
sin x
1
1 2 sin x
24. (a)
cos x =
2 sin x cos x
2 sin x cos x
cos 2x
=
sin 2x
= cot 2x
(b) tan (x + y) = sec2 x tan2 x
= 1 + tan2 x tan2 x
=1
x + y = 225 ........................
sin x cos x
tan x 1
tan x
x
tan (x y) = 1
x y = 135 ........................
+ , 2x = 360
x = 180
=0
=0
=1
= 45, 225
Therefore, x = 2634, 45, 20634, 225

(b) cos (A B) = sin (A C)
cos A cos B + sin A sin B = sin A cos C
cos A sin C
sin A sin B sin A cos C = cos A sin C
cos A cos B
Substitute x = 180 into ,

y = 225 180
= 45
16
sin A(sin B cos C) = cos A(sin C cos B)

sin A
sin C cos B
=
cos A
sin B cos C
(cos B + sin C)
tan A =
(cos C sin B)
cos
B + sin C
=
cos C sin B
27. (a)
(b)
sin 22.5 =
cos = sin
4
cos = sin cos cos sin

4
4
cos + cos sin = sin cos

4
4
1 + sin
4
sin
cos
cos
4
1 + sin
4
tan =
cos
4
= 6730, 24730
28. (a) (i)
(b)
1
1 1
2
2
tan (x + y) = 3
tan x + tan y
= 3
1 tan x tan y
tan x + tan y = 3 3 tan x tan y .........
2 tan y = 3 tan x 2
3 tan x 1 ..............................
tan y =
2
cos 70 = cos 2(35)

= 2 cos2 35 1
= 2g2 1
Substitute into ,
3 tan x 1 = 3 3 tan x
3 tan x 1
tan x +
2
2
9
2
= 3 tan x + 3 tan x
2
9
1
2
tan x tan x 4 = 0
2
2
9 tan2 x tan x 8 = 0
(9 tan x + 8)(tan x 1) = 0
8
tan x =
,
tan x = 1
9
x = 45, 225
x = 13822, 31822
cos 25 =
1 sin2 25

= 1 f 2
11
cos 25 = 2 cos2 12
2
11
2
2

1 f = 2 cos 12
2

1 + 1 f 2
1 =
cos2 12
2
2
1=
cos 12
2

(ii) sin 50 = sin 2(25)

= 2 sin 25 cos 25
1 sin2 25
= 2f

= 2f 1 f 2
(iii)
1
29. (a) 1 + sec 2A = 1 +
cos 2A
cos 2A + 1
=
cos 2A
cos
2A + 1
sin 2A
=
cos 2A
sin 2A
1
cos
2A + 1
=
cot 2A
sin 2A
2 cos2 A 1 + 1 (tan 2A)
=
2 sin A cos A
cos
A
= (tan 2A)
sin A
= cot A tan 2A
tan 2A
=
tan A
1 + (2 cos2 B 1)
1 + cos 2B
(b) =
1 cos 2B
1 (1 2 sin2 B)
2 cos2 B
=
2 sin2 B
cos B 2
=
sin B
= cot2 B
= cosec2 B 1
cos 45 = 1 2 sin2 (22.5)

1
= 1 2 sin2 (22.5)
2
1
1 1
sin2 (22.5) =
2
2
Therefore, x = 45, 13822, 225, 31822

1+ 1f2
17
tan A 1
tan A 1
(b) =
1
1 cot A
1
tan A
tan A 1
=
tan A 1
tan A
sin (x y)
3
30. (a) =
5
sin (x + y)
5 sin x cos y 5 cos x sin y
= 3 sin x cos y + 3 cos x sin y
2 sin x cos y = 8 cos x sin y
8 sin y
sin x
cos x =
2 cos y
tan x = 4 tan y .............................
tan y tan (x + y)
tan x + tan y
tan y
1 tan x tan y
tan y tan x + tan2 y
2 tan y tan x + tan2 y 1
tan A
= (tan A 1)
tan A 1
= tan A
=1
=1
32. (a)
= 1 tan x tan y
= 0 ...................
Substitute into ,
2 tan y (4 tan y) + tan2 y 1 = 0
9 tan2 y 1 = 0
(3 tan y 1)(3 tan y + 1) = 0
1
1 , tan y =
tan y =
3
3
1.
Since 90 y 180, then tan y =
3
(b)
sin 2x
2 sin x cos x
2
4 sin x cos x cos x

cos x(4 sin2 x 1)
cos x = 0
x = 90, 270
31. (a)
4 cos x cos 2x = sin x sin 2x

4 cos x cos 2x = sin x(2 sin x cos x)
4 cos x(1 2 sin2 x) = 2 sin2 x cos x
4 cos x 8 cos x sin2 x 2 sin2 x cos x = 0
4 cos x 10 cos x sin2 x = 0
cos x(4 10 sin2 x) = 0
cos x = 0
x = 90, 270
4 10 sin2 x = 0
4
sin2 x =
10
4
sin x =
10
x = 3914, 14046, 21914, 32046
1
=
2 tan x
cos x
=
2 sin x
=0
=0
Therefore, x = 3914, 90, 14046, 21914,

270, 32046
1,
1 and cos A sin B =
(b) Given sin A cos B =
3
2
0 A 90, 0 B 90
4 sin2 x 1 = 0
1
sin2 x =
4
1
sin x =
2
x = 30, 150, 210, 330
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

1 +
1
sin (A + B) =
2
3
5
sin (A + B) = , 0 A + B 180
6
A + B = 5627, 12333
Therefore, x = 30, 90, 150, 210, 270, 330
sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

1
1
sin (A B) =
3
2
1 , 0 A B 90
sin (A B) =
6
A B = 936
cos2 x
3 cos x =
sin x
2
3 cos x sin x = cos2 x
2
3 cos x sin x = 2 cos2 x
2
2 cos x 3 cos x sin x = 0
cos x(2 cos x 3 sin x) = 0
cos x = 0
x = 90, 270
A + B = 5627 ......................
A B = 936 ........................
+ , 2A = 663
A = 332
Substitute A = 332 into ,
B = 5627 332
= 2325
2 cos x 3 sin x = 0
2 cos x = 3 sin x
sin x
2
=
cos x
3
2
tan x =
3
x = 3341, 21341
OR
A + B = 12333 ....................
A B = 936 ........................
Therefore, x = 3341, 90, 21341, 270
18
+ , 2A = 1339
A = 6635
(b) sin (x + 45) cos (x + 45)

= (sin x cos 45 + cos x sin 45)(cos x cos 45
sin x sin 45)
Substitute A = 6635 into ,

B = 12333 6635
= 5658
Therefore, A = 332, B = 2325 or A = 6635,

B = 5658
33. (a)
1
sin x cos x =
2
1
(sin x cos x)2 =
4
1
sin2 x + cos2 x 2 sin x cos x =
4
1
1 sin 2x =
4
3
sin 2x =
4
2x = 4835, 13125
x = 2418, 6543
1.
(b) tan A + cot 2A

sin A
cos 2A
= +
cos A
sin 2A
sin
A
sin
2A + cos A cos 2A
=
cos A sin 2A
2 sin2 A cos A + cos A(1 2 sin2 A)
=
cos A sin 2A
2
A
cos
A + cos A 2 sin2 A cos A
2
sin
=
cos A sin 2A
cos
A
=
cos A sin 2A
1
=
sin 2A
= cosec 2A
3 sin 2x = 2 tan x
sin x
3(2 sin x cos x) = 2
cos x
3 sin x cos2 x = sin x
3 sin x cos2 x sin x = 0
sin x(3 cos2 x 1) = 0
sin x = 0
x = 0, 180, 360
1
cos x =
3
x = 5444, 12516, 23444, 30516
Therefore, x = 0, 5444, 12516, 180, 23444,
30516, 360
2.
tan 45 + cot 90 = cosec 90

1 + cot 90 = 1
cot 90 = 0
34. (a) 4 cos2 A 1 = sin 2A
4 cos2 A sin 2A 1
4 cos A 2 sin A cos A (sin2 A + cos2 A)
3 cos2 A 2 sin A cos A sin2 A
(3 cos A + sin A)(cos A sin A)
3 cos A + sin A = 0
tan A = 3
A = 10826, 28826
3 cos2 x 1 = 0
1
cos2 x =
3
tan A + cot 2A = cosec 2A

Let 2A = 90
A = 45
1 cos x
1 sin x
1 sin x +
1 cos x
=
2
2
2
2
1 sin2 x +
1 sin x cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos x sin x
=
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
= cos x sin x
2
2
1 (cos2 x sin2 x)
=
2
1 (1 sin2 x sin2 x)
=
2
1 (1 2 sin2 x)
=
2
1 sin2 x
=
2
=0
=0
=0
=0
2
= tan2 x 2
cos x
2 sec x = (sec2 x 1) 2
= sec2 x 3
2
sec x 2 sec x 3 = 0
(sec x + 1)(sec x 3) = 0
sec x + 1 = 0
sec x = 1
cos x = 1
x = 180
sec x 3 = 0
sec x = 3
1
cos x =
3
x = 7032, 28928
Therefore, x = 7032, 180, 28928
cos A sin A = 0
cos A = sin A
tan A = 1
A = 45, 225
3. q = sin 2
= 2 sin cos
= 2
1 cos2 cos

= 2p 1 p2
Therefore, A = 45, 10826, 225, 28826
19
3
4. Given sin 2 =
5
4
cos 2 =
5
5. (a) Since cos A is positive and sin B is negative,

therefore A and B is in 4th quadrant.
y
y
2
A
0

5
2
x
Alternative
cos2 2 = 1 sin2 2

3
=1
5
16
=
25
4
cos 2 =
5
(a)

5
B
0
x
2
Since 2 is an obtuse angle,

4 is ignored.
therefore,
5
tan A tan B
tan (A B) =
1 + tan A tan B
5
2

2
5
=
5
2
1 +
2
5
4
cos 2 =
5
4
1 2 sin2 =
5
4
2 sin2 = 1 +
5
9
=
5
9
sin2 =
10
3
sin =

10
Since is an acute
angle, therefore,
3 is ignored.

10

12
3
1
= +
10 5
5
10

(b) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

5
5
2
2
+
=
3
3 3
3
5
2
5
2
= +
9
9
5
4
=
9

3
12
= +
10
5
10
5
9
=
10
5
5
2
+
2
5
=
1+1
5 + 4
2
5
=
2
1
=
5
4
(b) sin 3 = sin ( + 2)

= sin cos 2 + cos sin 2
3
3
4 +
=
1 sin2
5
5

10
12
3
9
= + 1
10 5
10
5
20
6.
tan 2A = 1
2 tan A
=1
1 tan2 A
2 tan A = 1 tan2 A
2
tan A + 2 tan A 1 = 0
4 4(1)(1)
2
tan A =
2(1)
9. cos (A + 30) + sin (A 30)

= cos A cos 30 sin A sin 30 + sin A cos 30
cos A sin 30
3
3
1 sin A +
1 cos A
sin A
= cos A
2
2
2
2
3
3
1 cos A +
1 sin A
sin A
= cos A
2
2
2
2
8
2
=
2
2 2
2
=
2
2
= 1
2.
Since A is an acute angle, therefore tan A = 1 +
3 1
3 1
=
cos A +
sin A
2
2
2
2
3 1 (cos A + sin A)

=
2
10.
cos2 y + 2 sin y cos y = 3 sin2 y

cos y + 2 sin y cos y 3 sin2 y = 0
(cos y sin y)(cos y + 3 sin y) = 0
2
7.
x
cos y sin y
cos y
sin y

cos y
cos y
1 tan y
tan y
y
y
y = |sin x | + 2
cos y + 3 sin y
cos y
3 sin y
+
cos y
cos y
1 + 3 tan y
3 tan y
2
1
0
x
3
=0
=0
=0
=1
= 45, 225
=0
=0
=0
= 1
1
tan y =
3
y = 180 1826, 360 1826
= 16134, 34134
|sin x| = t 2
|sin x| + 2 = t
For y = |sin x| + 2 to have no solutions,
y = t cannot intersect with y = |sin x| + 2.
Therefore, y = 45, 16134, 225, 34134
Therefore, t 2, t 3
11.
8. 2 cosec 2A cot A
cos A
2
=
sin A
sin 2A
2
cos A
=
2 sin A cos A
sin A
1
cos A
=
sin A cos A
sin A
1 cos2 A
=
sin A cos A
sin2 A
=
sin A cos A
sin A
=
cos A
= tan A
21
tan (P + Q + R)
tan (P + Q) + tan R
1 tan (P + Q) tan R
tan (P + Q) + tan R
tan P + tan Q
+ tan R
1 tan P tan Q
1+2
+ tan R
1 (1)(2)
3 + tan R
tan R
= tan 180
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=3
12. 2 cos x sin x = R cos (x + )

= R cos x cos R sin x sin
13.
5
R cos = 2 ............................
R sin = 1 ............................

1
R sin
, =
2
R cos
1
tan =
2
= 2634
2 + 2, (R cos )2 + (R sin )2
R2 cos2 + R2 sin2
R2(cos2 + sin2 )
R2
R
f (x) = 2 sin x cos x

1
2
=
5 sin x cos x
5
5
=
5(cos sin x sin cos x)

= 5[sin (x )]
5 sin (x )
=
=
=
=
=
=
22 + 12
5
5
5
5
Since maximum value of sin (x ) is 1,

5
therefore the maximum value of f(x) =
Given R > 0
Therefore, 2 cos x sin x =

5 cos (x + 2634)
2 cos x sin x = 1
5 cos (x + 2634) = 1

1
cos (x + 2634) =
5
x + 2634 = 6326
x = 6326 2634
= 3652
22

Trigonometric Functions: SPM Chapter 16

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

360 120 = 240

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

(a) sin 120 = sin 60

(b) cos 210 = cos 30

(c) cot (120) = cot 240

sin 315 = sin 45

(a) cos A = cos

(b) cot A = cot

(c) sec A = sec

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

(a) tan B = tan

(b) sin B = sin

(e) 3 sin cos (90 ) = 1

(f) cot + tan (90 ) =

(g) 3 sec (90 ) cosec

(b) sec (90 ) = cosec

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

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(m) 2 cot (2 30) = 3

(l) tan ( + 45) = 1

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

60 120 180 240300 360

120 180 300

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

1.88 1.54 1.07 0.58 0.20 0.01

The number of solutions is 2.

(b) tan A(tan A cot A)

The solutions are 0.7 and 2.8.

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17. (a) 1 + sin2 A

There are 3 solutions.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

(d) cosec2 A + cot2 A = cosec2 A + (cosec2 A 1)

19. (a) cos B(sin A cos A) + sin B(cos A + sin A)

cos A cos B sin A sin B

Therefore, = 0, 90, 270, 360

Therefore, = 45, 225

sin2 2A + sec2 2A = 3 tan2 2A + sec2 2A

(c) sec A sin (A + B) sec B

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

cos A cos B sin A sin B

(d) cosec 2A tan A

20. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

24. (a) 6 sin x cos x = 1

21. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

(b) 2 sin 2x + sin2 x

(c) sin (x + 30) = sin (x 30)

25. (a) cos x cos 60 sin x sin 60 = sin 30

(c) (tan A tan B)(sin A sin B)

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 16

2 sin x cos 45 = 2 cos x sin 45 1

(b) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

26. (a) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

(b) sin (x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

(c) cos 2A = 1 2 sin2 A

27. (a) cos (x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y