4

(
, )
:





()



(acceptance sampling)
,
,
,

.



( )
.

,
.
,

( )

(
)
.

 .
H0 H1

(H0):


(H1):

,

 .
H0 H1

(H0):
( )

(H1):
(
)

H0

H0

H0

H0

1-

2-

4s 2

=0.05

4s

s - ,
-

4[( p(1 p)]

p - ,
-

4[( p(1 p)]2

=
= 1 - 2- (
H0)
= 1-




.

,

(
).

.
21
.

.
37
.

.
21
.

.
37
.



""


.



.
, ,

,
.



,
.


,
:

, ?
" ( )
, ?"

-
.
,


.


3
.

, 99%

.


, ,
.

74.0 .02 .
= 74.0 - 0.02 = 73.98 ,
= 74.0 + 0.02 = 74.02.

= -



(Cp) =
/
Cp = (-)/(6*)
1980 .
Cp =4 / 6 = 0.67
80- .
Cp = 1.33
Minolta

Cp = 2.0

>=5



(Cp) =
/
Cp = (-)/(6*)

Cp = 1


(Cp) =
/
Cp = (-)/(6*)

Cp =6 / 6
0,007%

Cp =8 / 6

Cp =12 / 6


(Cr) Cr = 1 / Cp

Cr = 100 / Cp %

(Cpl) Cpl = ( - ) / 3*

(Cpu) Cpu = ( - ) / 3*

Cpl Cpu -

(Cpu) Cpu = ( - ) / 3*


(K) k = abs( - )/(1/2(-))

(Cpk) Cpk = (1-k)*Cp

Cpk = Cp
Cpk < Cp

-
-

4
1. , ,

- .

2.

3.

.
.

4.

- .


1960 .
,



:
,

,
.


,

:
,
,
,
.

L(x)=c(x-x0)2

x0

()
,


- ,
.
,
.

.
:

,

/ (/)


.
-
,
.
,
, ,
,
.

 TQC
.
.

.

.
.
.
.
.

, (),
, ()

?
General Electric
:

 " "?
" " - ,


, .

""? -
, ,
.

-
,
.

- ,

Cp >= 2,0


Motorola
1988 480 . . ,

.Malcolm Baldrige.

General Electric - 1997

. 13,8 14,5%,
600 . ., "
" " .

Allied Signal
800 . ., 1995 1997 .

" ".


" " - ,

3,4 ( )
1,5 .

" "


6

.


" "

, %

3,4
10

233

13

4
3
2
1

6210
86807
308537
690000

15-20
20-30
30-40
40


" "

 " "

:

DMAIC :

Define :
.

Measure :
, .

Analyze :
.

Improve :
, .

Control :
.

 " "
STATISTICA
STATISTICA 6
,

.

DMAIC
.

DMAIC
Define

,
,
.
:

:
.
:
.

DMAIC
Measure
-
,

.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

DMAIC
Analyze


.
:

DMAIC
Improve
-
( ),
().
:

DMAIC
Control
-
() .


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

H0 H1,



()

6