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LINE INTEGRAL

In this chapter we will study integration over curves and integration over surfaces. At the heart of this subject lie three great integration theorems: Greens theorem, Gausss theorem (commonly known as the divergence theorem), and Stokess theorem. All three theorems are ultimately based on The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, and all can be cast in the same general form: an integral over a set S = a related integral over the boundary of S. A word about terminology. Suppose that S is some subset of the plane or of threedimensional space. A function that assigns a scalar to each point of S (say, the temperature at that point or the mass density at that point) is known in science as a scalar field. A function that assigns a vector to each point of S (say, the wind velocity at that point or the gradient of a function f at that point) is called a vector field. We will be using this field language throughout.

18.1 LINE INTEGRALS


We are led to the definition of line integral by the notion of work. The Work Done by a Varying Force over a Curved Path The work done by a constant force F on an object that moves along a straight line is, by definition, the component of F in the direction of the displacement multiplied by the length of the displacement vector r (Project 13.3): W = (compd F)_r_. We can write this more briefly as a dot product:
(18.1.1) W = F r

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