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In this chapter we will study integration over curves and integration over surfaces. At the heart of this subject lie three great integration theorems: Greens theorem, Gausss theorem (commonly known as the divergence theorem), and Stokess theorem. All three theorems are ultimately based on The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, and all can be cast in the same general form: an integral over a set S = a related integral over the boundary of S. A word about terminology. Suppose that S is some subset of the plane or of threedimensional space. A function that assigns a scalar to each point of S (say, the temperature at that point or the mass density at that point) is known in science as a scalar field. A function that assigns a vector to each point of S (say, the wind velocity at that point or the gradient of a function f at that point) is called a vector field. We will be using this field language throughout.
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