AMC straight-6 engine

AMC straight-6 engine

The American Motors Corporation (AMC) straight-6 family of engines was used in AMC passenger cars and Jeep vehicles from 1964 through 2006.

195.6
American Motors' first straight-six engine was the 195.6cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L). It was produced from 1958 through 1965 in both overhead valve (OHV) and flathead (L-head) side-valve versions. Sometimes referred to as the 196 engine, this engine was originally designed by Nash in the 1930s as a flathead, and redesigned as an OHV engine in 1956. The flathead version was discontinued for 19561957, but reemerged in 1958 as the economy engine for the "new" Rambler American. When the engine was changed to an OHV configuration the water pump was moved from the left side of the engine (driven by a shaft extending from the back of the generator) to the front above the timing chain. When the flathead model was reintroduced it also received the new water pump. Equipped with such high quality parts as forged crankshafts and connecting rods, these engines earned a reputation for remarkable durability. The flathead, however, was prone to the typical flathead problem of overheating under sustained heavy load. This was from the hot exhaust traveling through the cylinder block to the exhaust manifold. American Motors introduced a die-cast aluminum block version of the OHV 195.6cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) engine in 1961. It was produced through 1964. This engine used cast-iron cylinder liners and a cast-iron head. The cast iron and aluminum block heads are of similar design but will not interchange. The aluminum block is slightly wider than the iron block and the bolts on the left and right sides of the cylinders are further apart. The 196 OHV requires more periodic maintenance than newer-model engines. The head bolts must be re-torqued (retightening process) regularly. Factory service manuals recommend that head bolt torque be checked every 4000mi (unknown operator: u'strong'km) and to re-torque them every 8000mi (unknown operator: u'strong'km). With modern head gaskets this service interval can be extended to re-torque the bolts every 12000mi (unknown operator: u'strong'km), or every other year. The cause of the headbolts loosening over time is believed to be thermal expansion and contraction of the head due to the rather massive design. This loosens the bolts over time and eventually causes the seal between the head and block to fail. This maintenance is imperative to prevent the engine from running hot (the first sign of a blown head gasket) and thus warping or cracking the head. The cast-iron liners in the aluminum block version can also shift if the head bolts are not properly torqued and the engine is run hot. If this process is not followed, then repairs will be necessary and replacement heads and aluminum blocks for these engines are now more difficult to find.[1]

The modern era I-6

The company designed an entirely new six-cylinder with a short stroke and seven main bearing crankshaft for 1964. This design was produced in various forms through 2006. The 232cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) "Torque Command" inline six was AMC's first modern six-cylinder engine.[2] To commemorate the engine's May 1964 introduction, 2,520 "Typhoon" cars were made on the Rambler Classic hardtop body.[3] Each featured the 145hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) 8.5:1
Engine bay of a 1968 Rambler American

AMC straight-6 engine compression ratio engine, Solar Yellow body paint, a Classic Black roof, and a distinctive "Typhoon" script in place of the usual "Classic" name. All other AMC options (except engine options) were available.[4] The new engine replaced the Nash 195.6cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) OHV I6 in the Classic and Ambassador for the 1965 model year (this was also the first use of a six in the Ambassador since 1956). In 1966, a 199cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) version finally replaced the aging 195.6cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) OHV and L-head engines. Road tests by Consumer Reports described the new powerplant as "a very smooth and quiet engine, which should give good performance."[5] Both the 199 and 232 featured a 3.75in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) bore, and either a 3.0in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) or 3.5in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) stroke. The 199 was discontinued in 1970; the 232 was offered alongside the 258cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) (made by using a 3.895in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) stroke crankshaft and slightly taller block) during the 1970s, but was discontinued in 1979. Increasingly stringent emission control regulations continued to decrease the engine's power output, making the smaller version inadequate as increasingly stringent safety regulations also made vehicles heavier.

199
The 199cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) (198.8cuin / 3,258cc) 199 was produced from 1965 to 1970. Applications: Rambler Classic (196566, fleet cars only) Rambler American/AMC Rambler (196569) AMC Hornet (1970) AMC Gremlin (1970) VAM Rambler American (19661969) U.S. equivalent - AMC Rambler American and AMC Rambler.

232
The 232cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) (231.9cuin / 3,801cc) 232 was produced from 1964 to 1979. The 232 was the base six-cylinder engine on many models through 1979, and even towards the end of its usage was considered reasonably modern in design.[6] After its midyear 1964 introduction in the "Typhoon" two-door hardtop as part of the mid-sized Rambler Classic line, the 232 engine was adapted to fit into the smaller 1965 Rambler American by using a special short water pump, an adaptive piece also used in the 19711975 Jeep CJ-5.[7] Air conditioning was available only with the older 196 engine in the American, because there wasn't space for it with the longer 232.[7]

Standard 232 in a 1966 Rambler Classic

Through the 1970 model year, the 232 shared a deck height with the 199cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) engines. Starting in 1971, AMC raised the deck height to produce the 258, and the 232 adopted the 199's longer connecting rods and shared deck height with the 258. Bore and stroke remained the same. In 1972, the bell housing bolt pattern changed to match the larger version used on the V8 engines.[7]

AMC straight-6 engine

Changes for the 1976 model year included fuel economy improvements that also reduced emissions and reduced warmup time.[8] This was accomplished by reshaped carburetor air passages that pushed the fuel efficiency of a 232-equipped AMC Gremlin to 30mpg-US (unknown operator: u'strong'L/100km; unknown operator: u'strong'mpg-imp) as tested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, compared to 24mpg-US (unknown operator: u'strong'L/100km; unknown operator: [8] u'strong'mpg-imp) in 1975.

Engine bay of a 1975 AMC Hornet with a 232

Applications: Rambler Classic (19641966) Rambler American/AMC Rambler (19641969) Rambler/AMC Marlin (19651967) Rambler/AMC Ambassador (19651970) Rambler/AMC Rebel (196770) AMC Javelin (196874) AMC Hornet (197077) AMC Gremlin (197078) AMC Matador (197174) AMC Pacer (197579) AMC Concord (197879) AMC Spirit (1979) Jeep CJ (197279) Jeep Cherokee (197479) Jeep Wagoneer (19651971) Jeep J series trucks (19651970) Jeep Commando (19721973) (1976 in Spain)[9] International Harvester Scout (19691971) International Harvester Light Line pickups/Travelall

252
The 252cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) engine was produced by AMC's Mexican subsidiary Vehiculos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) beginning in 1969 and was dropped after 1972, replaced with AMC's 258 for the 1973 model year onward. This was similar to a 232 in stroke with a larger 3.91in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) bore, for an actual displacement of 252.15cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'cc). Output for 1972 Rambler American Rally model (gross): Horsepower 170hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 4600 rpm Torque 240lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 2300 rpm Engine dimensions: Compression ratio 9.5:1 Intake valve diameter 2.020in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Exhaust valve diameter 1.6755in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Pushrod length 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm)

AMC straight-6 engine Deck height 9.424in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Bore 3.910in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Stroke 3.50in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Applications: VAM 1969 and 1970 Javelin (U.S. equivalent - AMC Javelin) VAM 1969 through 1971 Rambler Classic SST (U.S. equivalent - AMC Rebel hardtop and AMC Matador hardtop) VAM 1970 Rambler Classic 770 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Rebel sedan) VAM 1971 Rambler Classic DPL (U.S. equivalent - AMC Matador sedan) VAM 1972 Rambler American Rally (U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet Rallye X)

258
The 258cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) was produced from 1971 to 1990. It featured an undersquare 3.75in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) bore and 3.895in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) stroke; it was otherwise similar to the 199 and 232. This engine is considered reliable, inexpensive, and torquey."[10] Later 258 models (starting with the 1980 model year for California AMC Concords and Spirits, 1981 for California Jeeps, California Eagles, and 49-state Concord and Spirits, as well as in 1982 for 49-state Eagles and all other applications) are equipped with AMC Computerized Engine Control (CEC) system. Applications: AMC Hornet/Concord/Eagle (19711988) AMC Pacer (19751980) AMC Matador (19711978) AMC Gremlin and Spirit (19711983) International Harvester Scout and Light Line trucks (19721974) Jeep CJ (19721986) Jeep Cherokee and Wagoneer (19721986) Jeep J series trucks (19711988) Jeep Wrangler (19871990) Jeep Commando (19721973) VAM Rambler American (19731974) U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet VAM Rambler American Rally (19731974) U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet X sedan instead of hatchback. VAM American (19751983) U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet base model and AMC Concord base model. VAM American Rally (1975) U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet X sedan instead of hatchback. VAM American ECD (19751979) U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet DL two- and four-door sedans and AMC Concord DL/Limited four-door sedan. VAM Gremlin X (19761982) U.S. equivalent - AMC Gremlin X and AMC Spirit sedan X model equivalent. VAM Gremlin (19771983) U.S. equivalent - AMC Gremlin and AMC Spirit sedan base model.

Engine bay of a 1980 AMC Spirit AMX with numerous emissions controls

AMC straight-6 engine

282
The 282cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) engine was produced by AMC's Mexican subsidiary Vehiculos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) beginning in 1971 through 1986. This was similar to a 258 in stroke, cast with a larger 3.917in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) bore, 0.16" larger than the 258, giving 281.7cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'cc).[11] Output for 1971-73 models (gross): Horsepower 200hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 4400 rpm Torque 280lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 2200 rpm Compression ratio 9.5:1 Output for 1977-78 models (gross): Horsepower 200hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 4400 rpm Torque 280lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 2200 rpm Compression ratio 8:1 Output for 1979-81 Standard models (net): Horsepower 132hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 3800 rpm Torque 216lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 2200 rpm Compression ratio 8:1 Output for 1979 American 06-S and 1980-81 Rally GT models (net): Horsepower 172hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 4200 rpm Torque 225lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 2600 rpm Compression ratio 8.5:1 Output for 1982-83 models (net): Horsepower 129hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) @ 4000 rpm Torque 218lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) @ 1800 rpm Compression ratio 8.5:1 Engine dimensions: Intake valve diameter 2.020in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Exhaust valve diameter 1.6755in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Pushrod length 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Deck height 9.424in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Bore 3.917in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) Stroke 3.895in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm)

Applications: VAM Javelin from 1971 through 1973 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Javelin) VAM Classic DPL from 1972 through 1976 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Matador Sedan) VAM Classic Brougham in 1972 and from 1974 through 1976 (U.S. equivalent - 1972 AMC Matador hardtop and AMC Matador Brougham coupe) VAM Classic AMX from 1974 through 1976 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Matador X coupe) VAM Pacer from 1976 through 1979 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Pacer coupe) VAM Pacer X in 1979 only (U.S. equivalent - AMC Pacer X coupe) VAM American Rally in 1976 and 1977 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet X) VAM American Rally AMX in 1978 and 1979 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Concord AMX hatchback) VAM American GFS from 1977 through 1982 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet DL two-door sedan plus AMC Concord DL and Limited two-door sedans)

AMC straight-6 engine VAM Camioneta American automtica in 1977 and 1978 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Hornet DL wagon and AMC Concord DL wagon, both with automatic transmission) VAM Camioneta American DL from 1979 through 1983 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Concord DL and Limited wagons) VAM American 06-S in 1979 only (AMC Concord two-door sedan, high-performance limited edition) VAM American ECD from 1980 through 1982 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Concord DL and Limited four-door sedans) VAM Rally AMX from 1980 through 1983 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Spirit GT coupe, standard version) VAM Rally GT in 1980 and 1981 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Spirit GT coupe, high-performance version) VAM Rally SST in 1981 only (U.S. equivalent - AMC Spirit Limited coupe) VAM Lerma in 1981 and 1982 VAM Jeep Wagoneer from 1972 through 1983 (U.S. equivalent - AMC Jeep Wagoneer) Renault/VAM Jeep Grand Wagoneer from 1984 through 1986 (U.S. equivalent - Jeep Grand Wagoneer)

4.0
The 242cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'L) engine introduced in 1987 was an evolution of the 258.[12] It had the same 3.895in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) bore as the 2.5 with a longer 3.414in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) stroke giving it a displacement of 241.6cuin (unknown operator: u'strong'cc).[13] The 4.0 is one of AMC's best-known engines.[14] It was one of four AMC engines kept in production when Chrysler bought AMC in 1987. Chrysler engineers continued to refine the engine to reduce noise, vibration, and harshness. The last in the line of the AMC inline sixes, the 4.0 is regarded as one of the best 4x4 off-road engines.[15] A Motor Trend long-term test of a 1997 Cherokee XJ noted "this long-lived OHV powerplant has a reputation for getting people where they need to go" as well as "much love expressed by owners for the torquey 4.0-liter/190-horsepower inline six."[16] The engine is known for longevity and to go more than 300000 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km) without rebuilding.[17][18] There are many aftermarket parts available.[19] When introduced, the block-mounted oil filter check valve was eliminated on the 4.0 (along with the 2.5) when Chrysler engineers standardized their oil filters. The pre-1987 engines had an oil filter adapter with 3/4 and 13/16 threads (which used a GM oil filter common to Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Cadillac V8 engines) while the 1987-06 engines were originally fitted with a 20mm metric thread filter (later revised in 1991 for the common 3/4 threaded Mopar and Ford V8 oil filter).

Engine bay of a 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee with 4.0L

The 5 millionth Jeep 4.0 engine produced on the

The first 4.0 engines in 1987 had a RENIX (Renault/Bendix) engine "Greenlee Block Line" dated June 15, 2001 [10] management system considered quite advanced for their time. A knock sensor allowed the ECU to control spark advance in response to fuel octane and engine load. Unfortunately, there are few scan tools capable of interfacing with the system to pull diagnostics codes. RENIX systems also have no permanent memory for diagnostics codes thus making the diagnosis of intermittent problems more difficult.[20]

AMC straight-6 engine The 1987 RENIX 4.0 made 173hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) and 220lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm). In 1988, the 4.0 received higher flowing fuel injectors, raising output to 177hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) and 224lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm)more power than some configurations of the Ford 302, Chevrolet 305, and Chrysler 318 8-cylinder engines, and more than any of the Japanese 6-cylinder truck engines, but with comparable or superior fuel economy.[21] In 1991, a Chrysler fuel injection system replaced the RENIX system, and the intake ports were raised approximately .125in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) for a better entry radius. Chrysler also enlarged the throttle body and redesigned the intake and exhaust manifolds for more efficiency, and the fuel injectors were once again replaced with higher flowing units. Camshaft timing was also changed. The net result was an engine that made 190hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) and 225lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm). Badging on most Jeeps equipped with this engine read "4.0 Litre HIGH OUTPUT." The new cam profile combined with altered computer programming eliminated the need for an EGR valve and knock sensor, but made the engine more sensitive to alterations, especially where emissions are concerned. Small changes were made to the cylinder head for the 1995 model year. In 1996, the engine block was redesigned for greater strength. The new block had more webbing and a stud girdle for added rigidity of the crankshaft main bearings. Engines installed in 1999 Grand Cherokees carried the PowerTech name, which had been used intermittently in prior years and on other Chrysler truck and SUV engines. The name was subsequently passed on to 4.0s in the other Jeep models that used the engine, the Cherokee and Wrangler. The cylinder head was again changed for the 2000 model year to a more emissions-friendly design. This head was designated as "0331" in the casting number. Early 0331 heads are prone to cracking and causing coolant to contaminate the oil, which can eventually lead to catastrophic engine failure. The head cracks right in the center between #3 and #4 cylinders. The crack is usually discernible with the valve cover removed as a "milky" tan line. This condition is usually discovered before catastrophic engine failure, but can lead to that if not corrected in a timely manner. The casting was fixed sometime in mid to late 2001, but the same casting number was retained. The "fixed" heads have "TUPY" cast in the center where the cracks used to occur. [22] Also new for the 2000 model year, was the distributorless, coil on plug ignition system.[23] Output: 1987-90: 177hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) at 4500rpm with 224lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) at 2500rpm. 1991-95: 190hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) at 4750rpm with 225lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) at 4000rpm. 1996-01: 190hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) at 4600rpm with 225lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) at 3000rpm. 2001-06: 190hp (unknown operator: u'strong'kW) at 4600rpm with 235lbft (unknown operator: u'strong'Nm) at 3200rpm. [24] The 4.0 was discontinued at the end of the 2006 model year, replaced in the redesigned 2007 JK Jeep Wrangler by Chrysler's 3.8 L OHV V6 which originated in the company's minivans. The 4.0 engine was also made in China, where a slightly modified version of the XJ Jeep Cherokee with 2.5 and 4.0 engines were produced alongside the Chinese-produced WJ Grand Cherokee since 2006. This engine was used in the following vehicles: 19872001 Jeep Cherokee 19932004 Jeep Grand Cherokee 19871990 Jeep Wagoneer 19871992 Jeep Comanche 19912006 Jeep Wrangler

AMC straight-6 engine

Connecting Rod lengths

1964-1970: 199CID (3.3L) - 6.125in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 232CID (3.8L) - 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 252CID (4.1L) - 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 19712006: 232CID (3.8L) - 6.125in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 242CID (4.0L) - 6.125in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 258CID (4.2L) - 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) 282CID (4.6L) - 5.875in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm)

The displacement differs between 1990 and 1995 and 19962006 4.0L engines by 2cubic inches. Both had a bore of 3.88in (unknown operator: u'strong'mm), while the stroke decreased slightly from 3.44 inches (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) on the earlier engine to 3.41 inches (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) on 1996 and later engines. The displacement of both engines still rounds to 4.0 litres (3999.83cc v. 3964.95cc). The small stroke change (0.03"/0.77mm) was accomplished by moving the piston pin and changing the crankshaft stroke, rods are the same. The deck height of the AMC six cylinder block was increased by 0.125 inches (unknown operator: u'strong'mm) (half the rod length difference) in 1971 to allow for the longer stroke required for the 258. Only two deck heights. Tall deck is 9.528-9.534". Short should be 9.278-9.284". Tall is from a 74-76 AMC factory service manuals, prior to 1974 deck height was not printed. Deck height changed slightly over the years 1977-1982 service manuals state 9.487-9.493", the 1993 Jeep factory manual states 9.429-9.435". Deck heights may have changed to accommodate slightly different compression ratios over the years.[25] The 1971 and older blocks use a "small" bell housing bolt pattern that is exclusive to AMC and small Nash sixes. In 1972 the bell housing bolt pattern was changed to match the AMC V8's. The 1971 258 uses the "small" pattern, the only year 258 to do so.

References
[1] 1950-1965 Nash/AMC Technical Service Manuals [2] Potter, David V. (June 1964). The new Rambler six engine: torque command 232 (SAE 884B). Society of Automative Engineers. [3] Corporation, Bonnier (June 1964). "Rambler blows in with Typhoon" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=rC0DAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA66& dq=Rambler+ Typhoon). Popular Science 184 (6): 66. . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [4] Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (15 June 2007). "How Rambler Cars Work: 1963, 1964 Rambler Cars" (http:/ / auto. howstuffworks. com/ rambler-cars3. htm). auto.howstuffworks.com. . Retrieved 22 June 2010. [5] "The 1965 Cars". Consumer Reports 30: 198. [6] Chilton's Automotives Editorial (1987). Chilton's Auto Repair Manual 1982. Chilton Book Company. ISBN978-0-8019-7052-8. [7] mhaas (17 January 2006). "1964-65 American" (http:/ / www. amcyclopedia. org/ node/ 16). amcyclopedia.org. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101204032102/ http:/ / www. amcyclopedia. org/ node/ 16) from the original on 4 December 2010. . Retrieved 11 December 2010. [8] Dunne, Jim (October 1975). "How American Motors does it" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LQEAAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA117& dq=AMC+ 232+ six). Popular Science 207 (4): 117. . Retrieved 12 December 2010. [9] Lamm, Michael (November 1976). "Old cars never die ... they show up in foreign" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ouIDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA160& dq=Jeep+ 232+ engine). Popular Mechanics 146 (5): 160. . Retrieved 12 December 2010. [10] "AMC 258 I6" (http:/ / www. offroaders. com/ tech/ jeep/ engine-factory-amc258i6. htm). offroaders. . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [11] Thomas. "Mexican AMC 6 Cyl. Engine Info" (http:/ / membres. multimania. fr/ pacer/ mexeng. htm). . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [12] Tellem, Tori (April 2006). "Jeeps Kick Ass Engine - The History Of The 4.0L" (http:/ / www. jpmagazine. com/ techarticles/ engine/ 154_0604_jeeps_kick_ass_engine_history_4_liter/ index. html). Jp Magazine. . Retrieved 24 April 2011. [13] "XJ 4.0 L". Service Manual 2000 Jeep Cherokee. DiamlerChrysler. 2000. p.115. "bore x stroke = 3.875 x 3.414 inches" [14] Allen, Jim (2003). Jeep: Collector's Library. MBI Publishing. p.178. ISBN978-0-7603-1486-9. [15] Worthy, Willie (January 2009). "Jeep Motors History - Willies Workbench: Jeep Engines De-Mystified" (http:/ / www. fourwheeler. com/ techarticles/ willies/ 129_0901_jeep_motors_history/ index. html). Four Wheeler, Magazine. . Retrieved 26 November 2010.

AMC straight-6 engine

[16] Bartlett, Jeff; Lorentzen, Randy (March 1999). "Road Test: '97 Jeep Cherokee - Long-Term Wrap-Up" (http:/ / www. motortrend. com/ roadtests/ suv/ 112_9903_1997_jeep_cherokee/ viewall. html). Motor Trend. . Retrieved 24 May 2012. [17] "cherokee longevity" (http:/ / www. cherokeeforum. com/ showthread. php?t=17463). JeepCherokeeForum.com. . Retrieved 24 May 2012. [18] "Longevity Questions. 4.0 WJ owners, how many miles?" (http:/ / www. jeepsunlimited. com/ forums/ showthread. php?t=545421). Jeeps Unlimited. . Retrieved 24 May 2012. [19] "Jeep Performance Parts and Products" (http:/ / www. rustysoffroad. com/ jeep-performance-parts-products/ ). http:/ / www. rustysoffroad. com. . [20] Stern, Peter. "The Jeep 4.0 liter PowerTech Straight-Six Engine" (http:/ / www. allpar. com/ mopar/ 40. html). allpar.com. . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [21] "The Jeep 4.0 liter PowerTech Straight-Six Engine" (http:/ / www. allpar. com/ mopar/ 40. html). Allpar.com. . Retrieved 26 November 2010. [22] "'00-'01 XJ Cracked Cylinder Head (OVERVIEW)" (http:/ / www. cherokeeforum. com/ f2/ 00-01-xj-cracked-cylinder-head-overview-118922/ ). http:/ / www. cherokeeforum. com. . [23] "Pre-EFI Jeep Inline Six-Cylinder Ignition Upgrades" (http:/ / 4wdmechanix. com/ pdf-downloads/ Jeep Ignition Upgrades for Pre-EFI. pdf). http:/ / 4wdmechanix. com. . [24] "Used Jeep Models" (http:/ / www. edmunds. com/ jeep/ ?ps=used). http:/ / www. edmunds. com. . [25] 1974 ANC Technical Service Manual. Group 1A, Six-Cylinder Engines: American Motors Corp.. 1974. pp.1A31.

External links
Allpar's 4.0 page (http://allpar.com/mopar/40.html) AMC Rambler Club (http://amcrc.com/) -- Club for 1958 - 1969 AMCs American Motors Owners (http://www.amonational.com/) -- Club for 1958 - 1987 AMCs

Article Sources and Contributors

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File:1968 Rambler American wagon-engine-MDshow.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1968_Rambler_American_wagon-engine-MDshow.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Christopher Ziemnowicz File:1966 Rambler Classic 770 conv six white FS-m.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1966_Rambler_Classic_770_conv_six_white_FS-m.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: CZmarlin File:1975 AMC Hornet 232 I6 engine.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1975_AMC_Hornet_232_I6_engine.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Nynexman4464 File:1980 AMC AMX engine bay 258 I6 CZ.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1980_AMC_AMX_engine_bay_258_I6_CZ.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Christopher Ziemnowicz File:1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee 4-liter engine.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1993_Jeep_Grand_Cherokee_4-liter_engine.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bull-Doser, CZmarlin, MB-one File:Jeep 5 millionth 4.0 engine r.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jeep_5_millionth_4.0_engine_r.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: CZmarlin Christopher Ziemnowicz, releases all rights but a photo credit would be appreciated if this image is used anywhere other than Wikipedia. Please leave a note at Wikipedia here. Thank you!

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