Functional language

CONTRAST
 Conjunctions and links
BUT and YET
A strike of all transport workers was
called today, but the bus drivers
didn’t join it.
There weren’t any trains this morning,
yet most people managed to get to
work somehow.
LINKS: CONTRAST
Although a strike of all transport
workers was called today, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.
Even though a strike of all transport
workers was called today, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.
Though a strike of all transport
workers was called today, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.
Despite/ In spite of the lack of
trains this morning, most people
managed to get to work somehow.
In spite of / despite not being any
trains this morning, most people
managed to get to work somehow.
 Adverbs and links
Other adverbs: ALL THE SAME,
EVEN SO, HOWEVER, THOUGH.
A strike of all transport workers was
called today. All the same, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.
A strike of all transport workers was
called today. Even so, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.
A strike of all transport workers was
called today. However, the bus
drivers didn’t join it.

A strike of all transport workers was

called today. The bus drivers, though,
didn’t join it.
What is the difference between conjunctions or
adverbs and links?

The important difference between both of them is

that, whereas the adverbs or conjunctions (but
and yet) introduce the contradiction itself, the
links introduce the background information
against which the contradiction is made.
A strike of all transport workers was called today.
However, the bus drivers didn’t join it.
Vs
Although a strike of all transport workers was
called today, the bus drivers didn’t join it.
 How do contrast clauses work?

Noun Noun ing

-
Clause
phrase
Although

Even though

Though

Despite



In Spite of



Despite the

fact that
In spite of the

fact that