J. M. W.

Turner

J. M. W. Turner
J. M. W. Turner

Self portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799 Birth name Joseph Mallord William Turner Born c. late April early May 1775; baptised 14 May Covent Garden, London, England 19 December 1851 (aged 76) Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, England

Died

Nationality English Field Training Movement Painting Royal Academy of Arts Romanticism

Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA (baptised 14 May 1775[a] 19 December 1851) was a British Romantic landscape painter, water-colourist, and printmaker. Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting.[1] Although renowned for his oil paintings, Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light"[2] and his work is regarded as a Romantic preface to Impressionism.

Biography
Early life
Joseph Mallord William Turner was baptised on 14 May 1775, but his date of birth is unknown. It is generally believed he was born between late April and early May. Turner himself claimed he was born on 23 April, but there is no proof of this.[a] He was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England.[] His father, William Turner (174521 September 1829), was a barber and wig maker,[3] His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers.[] A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 but died aged four in August 1783.[4]

J. M. W. Turner In 1785, as a result of a "fit of illness" in the family[b][] the young Turner was sent to stay with his maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, in Brentford, then a small town on the banks of the River Thames west of London. From this period, the earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is found, a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales.[] Around 1786, Turner was sent to Margate on the north-east Kent coast. Here he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area foreshadowing his later work. Turner returned to Margate many times in later life.[5] By this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold for a few shillings.[] His father boasted to the artist Thomas Stothard that: "My son, sir, is going to be a painter".[6] In 1789 Turner again stayed with his uncle, who had retired to Sunningwell in Oxford. A whole sketchbook of work from this time in Oxford survives, as well as a watercolour of Oxford. The use of pencil sketches on location as a basis for later finished paintings formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for his whole career.[] Many early sketches by Turner were architectural studies and/or exercises in perspective and it is known that as a young man he worked for several architects including Thomas Hardwick (junior), James Wyatt and Joseph Bonomi the Elder.[7] By the end of 1789 he had also begun to study under the topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton, whom Turner would later call "My real master".[8] He entered the Royal Academy of Art schools in 1789, when he was 14 years old,[9] and was accepted into the academy a year later. Sir Joshua Reynolds, president of the Royal Academy, chaired the panel that admitted him. At first Turner showed a keen interest in architecture but was advised to continue painting by the architect Thomas Hardwick. His first watercolour painting A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth was accepted for the Royal Academy summer exhibition of 1790 when Turner was 15.

Drawing of St John's Church, Margate by Turner from around 1786, when he would have been 11 or 12 years old. The ambitious but unsure drawing shows an early struggle with perspective, which can be contrasted with his later work

A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth this watercolour was Turner's first to be accepted for the Royal Academy's annual exhibition in April 1790, the month he turned fifteen. The image is a technical presentation of Turner's strong grasp of the elements of perspective with several buildings at sharp angles to each other, demonstrating Turner's thorough mastery of [] Thomas Malton's topographical style.

As a probationer in the academy, he was taught drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures and his name appears in the registry of the academy over a hundred times from July 1790 to October 1793.[] In June 1792 he was admitted to the life class to learn to draw the human body from nude models.[10] Turner exhibited watercolours each year at the academy travelling in the summer and painting in the winter. He travelled widely throughout Britain, particularly to Wales, and Fishermen at Sea exhibited in 1796 was the first produced a wide range of sketches for working up into studies and oil painting exhibited by Turner at the Royal watercolours. These particularly focused on architectural work, which Academy utilised his skills as a draughtsman.[] In 1793, he showed a watercolour titled The Rising Squall Hot Wells from St Vincent's Rock Bristol (now lost) that foreshadowed his later climatic effects.[] Cunningham

J. M. W. Turner

in his obituary of Turner wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser few as a nobel attempt at lift in landscape art out of the tame insipidities...[and] evinced for the fist time that mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated."[11] Turner exhibited his first oil painting at the academy in 1796, Fishermen at Sea: a nocturnal moonlit scene of The Needles, which lie off the Isle of Wight. The image of boats in peril contrasts the cold light of the moon with the firelight glow of the fishermen's lantern.[12] Modern Rome Campo Vaccino Wilton said that the image: "Is a summary of all that had been said about the sea by the artists of the eighteenth century."[13] and shows strong influence by artists such as Horace Vernet, Philip James de Loutherbourg, Peter Monamy and Francis Swaine, who was admired for his moonlight marine paintings. This particular painting cannot be said to show any influence of Willem van de Velde the Younger, as not a single nocturnal scene is known by that painter. Some later work, however, as shown below, was created to rival or complement the manner of the Dutch artist. The image was praised by contemporary critics and founded Turner's reputation, both as an oil painter and as a painter of maritime scenes.[14]

Early career
Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in the Louvre in Paris in the same year. He made many visits to Venice. On a visit to Lyme Regis, in Dorset he painted a stormy scene (now in the Cincinnati Art Museum). Important support for his work came from Walter Ramsden Fawkes, of Farnley Hall, near Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close friend of the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the surrounding area that he returned to it throughout his career. The stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over the Chevin in Otley while he was staying at Farnley Hall. Turner was a frequent guest of George O'Brien Wyndham, 3rdEarl of Egremont, at Petworth House in West Sussex and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken from the grounds of the house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view of the Chichester Canal. Petworth House still displays a number of paintings.

Personal life
As Turner grew older, he became more eccentric. He had few close friends except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as his studio assistant. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of depression. He never married but had a relationship with an older widow, Sarah Danby. He is believed to have been the father of her two daughters born in 1801 and 1811.[15]

Death
Turner died in the house of his mistress Sophia Caroline Booth in Cheyne Walk in Chelsea on 19December 1851. He is said to have uttered the last words "The sun is God" before expiring.[16] At his request he was buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies next to Sir Joshua Reynolds. His last exhibition at the Royal Academy was in 1850. Turner's friend, architect Philip Hardwick (17921870), son of his tutor, Thomas Hardwick, was in charge of making the funeral arrangements and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of his death that, "Imust inform you, we have lost him." Other executors were his cousin and chief mourner at the funeral, Henry HarpurIV (benefactor of Westminster now Chelsea & Westminster Hospital), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer, George JonesRA and Charles TurnerARA.

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Art

Joseph Mallord William Turner Dutch Boats in a Gale (1801)

Willem van de Velde the Younger, Ships on a Stormy Sea (c. 1672) Turner's painting Dutch Boats in a Gale (the Bridgewater Sea Piece) was painted as a pendant to this painting by Willem van de Velde for the Duke of Bridgewater.

Style
Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterised by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, his later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles." However, Turner was recognised as an artistic genius: the influential English art critic John Ruskin described him as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature." (Piper 321)

J. M. W. Turner

Suitable vehicles for Turner's imagination were found in shipwrecks, fires (such as the burning of Parliament in 1834, an event which Turner rushed to witness first-hand, and which he transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen in Dawn after the Wreck (1840) and "The Slave Ship" (1840). Turner's major venture into printmaking was the Liber Studiorum One of Turner's most successful "house [17] (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he worked on from 1806 to 1819. portraits." The Walters Art Museum. The Liber Studiorum was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. Loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth), the plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.[18] His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in Sarasota, Florida, founded in 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem to house his collection of Turner prints.[19] Turner placed human beings in many of his paintings to indicate his affection for humanity on one hand (note the frequent scenes of people drinking and merry-making or working in the foreground), but its vulnerability and vulgarity amid the 'sublime' nature of the world on the other. 'Sublime' here means awe-inspiring, savage grandeur, a natural world unmastered by man, evidence of the power of Goda theme that artists and poets were exploring in this period. The significance of light was to Turner the emanation of God's spirit and this was why he refined the subject matter of his later paintings by leaving out solid objects and detail, concentrating on the play of light on water, the radiance of skies and fires. Although these late paintings appear to be 'impressionistic' and therefore a forerunner of the French school, Turner was striving for expression of spirituality in the world, rather than responding primarily to optical phenomena. His early works, such as Tintern Abbey (1795), stayed true to the traditions of English landscape. However, in Hannibal Crossing the Alps (1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature had already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects.[20] One story about Turner, though it likely has little basis in reality, states he had himself "tied to the mast of a ship in order to experience the drama" of the elements during a storm at sea.[21]

In his later years he used oils ever more transparently, and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, where the objects are barely recognizable. The intensity of hue and interest in evanescent light not only placed Turner's work in the vanguard of English painting, but exerted an influence on art in France; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully studied his techniques. As many of the day, Turner was a habitual user of snuff; in 1838 the King of France, Louis-Philippe presented a gold snuffbox to him.[22] Two other snuffboxes, an agate and silver example bears Turners name[23]the other, made of wood was collected along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case by an associate house keeper.[24]

Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway painted (1844).

J. M. W. Turner

High levels of ash in the atmosphere during 1816, the "Year Without a Summer", led to unusually spectacular sunsets during this period, and were an inspiration for some of Turner's work. John Ruskin says in his "Notes" on Turner in March 1878, that an early patron, DrThomas Monro, the Principal Physician of Bedlam, was a significant influence on Turner's style:

Chichester Canal's vivid colours may have been influenced by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815.

His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by Giston, the healthy and constant development of the greater power is primarily to be attributed; the greatness of the power itself, it is impossible to over-estimate. On a trip to Europe, circa 1820, he met the Irish physician Robert James Graves. Graves was travelling in a diligence in the Alps when a man who looked like the mate of a ship got in, sat beside him, and soon took from his pocket a note-book across which his hand from time to time passed with the rapidity of lightning. Graves wondered if the man was insane, he looked, saw that the stranger had been noting the forms of clouds as they passed and that he was no common artist. The two travelled and sketched together for months. Graves tells that Turner would outline a scene, sit doing nothing for two or three days, then suddenly, "perhaps on the third day, he would exclaim 'there it is', and seizing his colours work rapidly till he had noted down the peculiar effect he wished to fix in his memory." The first American to buy a Turner painting was James Lenox of New York City, a private collector. Lenox wished to own a Turner and in 1845 bought one unseen through an intermediary, his friend C. R. Leslie. From among the paintings Turner had on hand and was willing to sell for 500, Leslie selected and shipped the 1832 atmospheric seascape Staffa, Fingal's Cave.[25] Worried about the painting's reception by Lenox, who knew Turner's work only through etchings, Leslie wrote to Lenox that the quality of Staffa, "a most poetic picture of a steam boat" would become apparent in time. On receiving the Wreckers Coast of Northumberland, painted ca. painting Lenox was baffled, and "greatly disappointed" by what he 1836. Yale Center for British Art called the painting's "indistinctness". When Leslie was forced to relay this opinion to Turner, Turner said "You should tell Mr Lenox that indistinctness is my forte." Staffa, Fingal's Cave is now owned by the Yale Center for British Art.

Legacy
Turner left a small fortune which he hoped would be used to support what he called "decayed artists". He planned and designed an almshouse for them at Twickenham with a gallery for some of his works. His will was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, part of his fortune was awarded to his first cousins including Thomas Price

J. M. W. Turner Turner.[26] Another portion went to the Royal Academy of Arts, which occasionally awards students the Turner Medal. His collection of finished paintings was bequeathed to the British nation, and he intended that a special gallery would be built to house them. This did not happen because of a failure to agree on a site, and to the parsimony of British governments. Twenty-two years after his death, the British Parliament passed an act allowing his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, and so began the process of scattering the pictures which Turner had wanted to be kept together. In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the Tate Britain. In 1987, a new wing at the Tate, the Clore Gallery, was opened to house the Turner bequest, though some of the most important paintings remain in the National Gallery in contravention of Turner's condition that they be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are lent abroad, ignoring Turner's provision that they be kept "constantly" in Turner's Gallery. After the Turner content was diminished and diluted in the Clore Gallery from c.2002, in 201012 only two of the nine rooms on the main floor were devoted to Turner. The claim that the Tate was fulfilling Turner's wishes was dropped in 1995, when the Charity Commission said that the Turner Bequest had been free of Turner's conditions. This was challenged by Leolin PriceQC. A commemorative stained glass window was added to St.Mary's Church, Battersea, between 1976 and 1982.[27] There are statues representing him at St Paul's Cathedral, Royal Academy of Arts and Victoria & Albert Museum. A portrait drawing by Cornelius Varley with his patent graphic telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared with his death mask (National Portrait Gallery, London) by Kelly Freeman at Dundee University 200910 to ascertain whether it really depicts Turner. A memorial plaque on the site of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden was unveiled on 2 June 1999.[28] The Turner Society was founded by Selby Whittingham at London and Manchester in 1975. After the society endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), as the solution to the controversy of what should be done with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and founded the Independent Turner Society. A prestigious annual art award, the Turner Prize, created in 1984, was named in Turner's honour, and twenty years later the Winsor & Newton Turner Watercolour Award was founded. A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including The Fighting Temeraire) on loan from around the globe, was held at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from 7November 2003 to 8February 2004. In 2005, Turner's The Fighting Temeraire was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll organised by the BBC.[29]
The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up, 1839

An engraving of a sketch by Turner depicting Brougham Castle. The sketch, made during a visit to the castle in 1809, provided the starting point for a later watercolour.

Turner's 1813 watercolour Ivy Bridge

The shipwreck of the Minotaur, oil on canvas

J. M. W. Turner

J.M.W. Turner, Calais Pier

In October 2005, Professor Harold V. Livermore (19142010), its owner for 60 years, gave Sandycombe Lodge, the villa at Twickenham which Turner designed and built for himself, to the Sandycombe Lodge Trust to be preserved as a monument to the artist. In 2006, he also gave some land to the Trust which had been part of Turner's domaine. The organisation The Friends of Turner's House was formed in 2004 to support it. In April 2006, Christie's New York auctioned Giudecca, La Donna Della Salute and San Giorgio, a view of Venice exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1841, for US$35.8 million, setting a new record for a Turner work. The New York Times stated that according to two sources who had requested anonymity the buyer was casino magnate Stephen Wynn.

Turner's Ovid Banished From Rome, 1838

In 2006, Turner's Glaucus and Scylla (1840) was returned by Kimbell Art Museum to the heirs of John and Anna Jaffe after a holocaust claim was made.[30] The painting was repurchased by the Kimbell for $5.7million at a sale by Christie's in April 2007.[31][32] Between 1 October 2007 and 21 September 2008, the first major exhibition of Turner's work in the United States in more than forty years came to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, and the Dallas Museum of Art. It included over 140 paintings, more than half of which were from the Tate. The Turner Contemporary gallery was built in Margate to celebrate the association of the artist with the town.[33] The "Turner and his painters" exhibition (Tate Britain, London, 23September 2009 to 31January 2010, Paris, Grand Palais, 22February to 24May 2010) retraces and illustrates the development of Turner's personal vision, through the many chance or deliberate, but always opportune and enriching interactions that influenced his remarkable career. Nearly 100 paintings and other graphic works (studies and engravings) from major British and American collections, as well as the Louvre and the Prado were on show.[34] On 7 July 2010, Turner's final painting of Rome, Modern Rome Campo Vaccino, from 1839, was bought by the J.Paul Getty Museum at a Sotheby's auction in London for $44.9million. In January 2011 The Painter, a biographical play on his life by Rebecca Lenkiewicz, premiered at the Arcola Theatre in London.

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Selected works
Turner was an extremely prolific artist who produced over 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, 30,000 paper works.[35] The Tate Gallery in London produces the most comprehensive and up to date catalogue of Turner works [36] in held by both public and private collections worldwide. 1796Fishermen at Sea, oil on canvas, 36 x 48 1/8 in., Tate Gallery, London 1806The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory, oil on canvasTate Gallery, London 1809The Trout Stream, oil on canvas, Taft Museum, Cincinnati 1812Snow Storm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps, oil on canvas, Tate Gallery, London 1815Dido Building Carthage, or, The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London 1815Crossing the Brook, oil on canvas, Tate Gallery, London 1817Eruption of Vesuvius, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, CT 1817Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington, oil on canvas, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore 1822The Battle of Trafalgar, oil on canvas, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London 1829Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus, oil on canvas [37], National Gallery, London 1834Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington 1835The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia 1835The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, oil on canvas, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland 1835The Grand Canal, Venice, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1835The Piazzetta, Venice, Watercolour and bodycolour with pen and ink and scraping on paper, Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh 1836Juliet and Her Nurse. Oil on canvas. Exh. Royal Academy. 36 1/2 x 48 1/2. (92 x 123) 1838The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken up, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London 1840Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1842The Blue Rigi, Sunrise, watercolour on paper, Tate Britain, London 1843The Evening of the Deluge, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington 1844Approach to Venice, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington 1844Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London c.1845Sunrise with Sea Monsters, oil on canvas, Tate Gallery, London c.1840-1850Europa and the Bull, oil on canvas, Taft Museum, Cincinnati

Notes
a. ^ Turner is believed to have been born some time between late April and early May 1775; his exact date of birth is unknown. The date of 23 April, which is both Saint George's Day and the supposed birthday of William Shakespeare, was the date Turner himself claimed to have been born, but this claim has never been verified.[] The first verifiable date is that Turner was baptised on 14 May. This casts some doubt on the 23April date, as high infant mortality rates meant parents would usually baptise their children shortly after birth.[38] b.^ Mary Marshall died in 1804, after having been committed in 1799 to St Luke's Hospital and then to the Bethlem Royal Hospital, a mental asylum. Her illness possibly due in part to the early death of Turner's younger sister. Hamilton suggests that this "fit of illness" may have been an early sign of her madness.

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References
[1] "At the turn of the 18th century, history painting was the highest purpose art could serve, and Turner would attempt those heights all his life. But his real achievement would be to make landscape the equal of history painting." Lacayo, Richard, The Sunshine Boy, TIME Magazine (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1670528,00. html), 11 October 2007. [2] Turner, Joseph Mallord William (http:/ / www. nationalgallery. org. uk/ server. php?show=ConConstituent. 539) National Gallery, London [3] Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [9] Finberg, A. J. The Life of J.M.A. Turner, R.A, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961, p. 17 [16] Norman Davies Europe: A History, London: Pimlico, 1997, p. 687 ISBN 978-0-7126-6633-6 [18] Tate Gallery (http:/ / www. tate. org. uk/ international/ reflections/ liber_studiorum. html) [20] Piper 321 [21] Tate Gallery (http:/ / www. tate. org. uk/ britain/ turner/ gallery3d. htm) [26] The Great Artists: JMW Turner R.A. William Cosmo Monkhouse 1879 [28] City of Westminster green plaques http:/ / www. westminster. gov. uk/ services/ leisureandculture/ greenplaques/ [29] BBC news story (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 4214824. stm) [34] "Turner Grand Palais" (http:/ / www. artistikrezo. com/ art/ Peintures/ turner-et-ses-peintres-au-grand-palais. html) (in French), Artistik Rezo. 2010-03-02 . [36] http:/ / www. tate. org. uk/ servlet/ BrowseGroup?cgroupid=999999998 [37] http:/ / www. nationalgallery. org. uk/ server. php?show=conObject. 1172

Bibliography
Bailey, Anthony (1998). Standing in the sun : a life of J.M.W. Turner. London: Pimlico. ISBN0-7126-6604-4. Bockemhl, Michael (2006). J.M.W. Turner, 17751851 : the world of light and colour ([2nd ed.] ed.). Kln: Taschen. ISBN3-8228-6325-4. Finberg, A.J. The Life of J.M.W.Turner, R.A. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939 and 1961) Hamilton, James (2007). Turner. New York: Random House. ISBN978-0-8129-6791-3. Harrison, Colin. Turner's Oxford (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 2000) Hill, David. Turner and Leeds: Image of Industry (Jeremy Mills Publishing, 2008) Warburton, Stanley. Discovering Turner's Lakeland (Lytham St Annes, 2008) Whittingham, Selby. An Historical Account of the Will of J.M.W.Turner, R.A. (J.M.W.Turner, R.A., Publications, London, 1993-6) Wilton, Andrew (2006). Turner in his time (Revised ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-23830-1.

Further reading
Joll, ed. by Evelyn; Butlin, Martin, Herrmann, Luke (2001). The Oxford companion to J. M. W. Turner. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN0-19-860025-9. Barker, Elizabeth E. "Joseph Mallord William Turner (17751851)" (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ trnr/hd_trnr.htm). Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ackroyd, Peter (2005). J.M.W. Turner (Ackroyd's Brief Lives) (1st ed. ed.). New York: Nan A. Talese. ISBN0-385-50798-4. Venning, Barry (2003). Turner (1st publ. ed.). Berlin: Phaidon Verlag GmbH. ISBN0-7148-3988-4.

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External links
"Turner, Joseph Mallord William". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

392 Paintings by J. M. W. Turner (http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/ joseph-mallord-william-turner) at the BBC Your Paintings site The Turner Society (http://www.turnersociety.org.uk/index.htm) Christie's Videos Giudecca, La Donna della Salute and San Giorgio Joseph Mallord William Turner,RA (http:// www.christies.com/features/videos/gallery-talks/giudecca-la-donna-della-salute-san-giorgio.aspx) Sotheby's Videos The Temple Of Jupiter Panellenius Joseph Mallord William Turner,RA (http://www. sothebys.com/video/privateview/N08516/index.html) Sotheby's Videos Modern Rome Campo Vaccino and The condition of Modern Rome, Campo Vaccino J. M. W. Turner, RA (http://www.sothebys.com/video/privateview/L10033/index-turner.html) Web site of the Tate Turner Collection, includes the "Turner Bequest" of over 300 Oil paintings and over 30,000 sketches. The catalogue holds records of over 40,000 works by turner (http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ BrowseGroup?cgroupid=999999998) J.M.W. Turner exhibition catalogs (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/field/contri/searchterm/ Turner, J.M.W.(Joseph Mallord William), 1775-1851/mode/exact)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

J. M. W. Turner Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=565994376 Contributors: 141.28.233.xxx, 2001:5B0:25FF:3EF0:0:0:0:3B, 2010angels, 2601:0:9080:1C:E860:7B8E:D17F:722F, 2D, A bit iffy, A.Ward, Aavindraa, AbdulazizalSaud, AdRock, Additionalupdates, Aesopos, Aitias, Alansohn, AlasdairEdits, Ale jrb, Alex Middleton, All Hallow's Wraith, Alsandro, Amadeus webern, Amikeco, Andareed, Andre Engels, Anglius, Antandrus, ArchonMagnus, Arpingstone, Artlover, Artymark8, AtheWeatherman, Aurola, Avoided, B.Zsolt, BD2412, Ballista, Banzy, Benea, Bevo, Bilbobee, Bob Burkhardt, Bosmon, Bridgetfox, Brutaldeluxe, Bsrboy, Burlsnuff, CWii, Cadiva, Camboxer, Capricorn42, Catsonmars, Ccgrimm, CharlesZ, Charlesdrakew, Cherkash, Choess, Chris j wood, Chuunen Baka, CiaranG, Ckatz, Clemwang, CliffC, Cloptonson, Closedmouth, Cmprince, Copthorne2000, Cornischong, Corvus cornix, Cosmopolitancats, Courcelles, Cowperbailey, Curial3, D6, DWPittelli, Dale Arnett, Dan8700, Dantheox, Dawn Bard, Dcodriscoll, Deb, Deconstructhis, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Diannaa, Dino, Dj2u, Docem, Doctormatt, Dolphin68, Donfbreed2, Download, Drudgestar, Dthomsen8, E104421, EllenHodges, Ellmist, Ellywa, Epbr123, Ericapease, Erwin, Factlord, Falcon8765, Fangjian, Favonian, Feour, Flitterby, Fpenteado, Freddy S., F, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, GarryMann, GatcombeBob, Gavasker, Gdr, Georges999, Gilliam, Glostereye, Gogo Dodo, Greatestrowerever, Hakanand, Ham, Hans Dunkelberg, Hawkestone, Headhitter, Hethurs, Hilksha2, Hu12, Hunting dog, Ichthys58, Icseaturtles, Ida Shaw, Inglok, Ivan Bilenjkij, J R Gainey, J.delanoy, JHMM13, JNW, JW1805, Jabo, JackofOz, JackyR, Jane023, Janie513cn2004, Jauhienij, Jay Litman, Jay-Sebastos, Jdforrester, Jeccabreen, Jeff G., Jeremymillspublishing, Jerry Zhang, Jkcarpenter, Jklamo, John, JohnCD, Johnbod, Johnrpenner, JonathanDP81, Jpbowen, JuneGloom07, JustAGal, JustinHall, Keilana, Kernel Saunters, Kpjas, Ksk2875, Kulturvulture, Kummi, Kurinton, Lebuin, Leuko, LilHelpa, Ling.Nut, Ling.Nut3, Lithoderm, Littleolive oil, Lyswim, MOMOGRUDEMO, Magister Mathematicae, Magnus Manske, Mais oui!, Malik Shabazz, Mandarax, Manytexts, MapsMan, Marcuslim, Mark Burgess, MarmadukePercy, Martarius, MarylandArtLover, Maxis ftw, Mayumashu, Melesse, Melonkelon, Merchbow, Merseysites, Merube 89, Metcalfe, Mifter, Modernist, MrH, Nathan250, Neddyseagoon, Nev1, Newsailormon, Nistra, NorwegianBlue, Olivier, Omegastar, Omnipaedista, Oriolhernan, PBS-AWB, Paintmgr, Parkjunwung, Patrickjoel, Patrizia, Paul W, Peter morrell, Pethan, Philafrenzy, Philip Cross, Philip Trueman, PiMaster3, Pigsonthewing, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Pinkmm1187, PoccilScript, Polyamorph, Porqin, Primaler, PrimeHunter, Purslane, Quinthemighty, RHaworth, Railcgun, Rajah, Rama, Rbrwr, Regan123, Renamed user 4, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Ripberger, Rjwilmsi, Rkipling, Robert s denton, RobertG, Rodw, Rosemania, RoundPrarie, Rsrikanth05, Rwickham, RyanGerbil10, Sadielola, Safety06, Saga City, Salimi, Sannse, Savatar, Scetoaux, Sean3000, Seaphoto, Sebastianne13, Sfahey, SidP, Sitethief, Sjorford, Skomorokh, Skyring, Snow Blizzard, Solipsist, Sonyack, SouthKen, Sparkit, SpongeSquarePants, SqueakBox, Stepshep, Studerby, Sunray, Syrthiss, Tagishsimon, Tassedethe, Tbhotch, Tenthsunknave, The Thing That Should Not Be, The wub, TheOldJacobite, TheSun, Theramin, Tinakuting, Tony1, Tpbradbury, Travelbird, Trugster, Turner1775, Tyrenius, Ugajin, Updatedinformation, V4lleygir7, Viewfinder, Vintagent, Waggers, Wareh, Webmuseums, WeiNix, Wereon, Whitepaw, Widr, Wiki alf, Wikipedian1234, WilliamDigiCol, Wizardman, Wolfrock, Xezbeth, Xn4, Xtraelv, ZICO, Zanimum, Zaslav, 564 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Turner selfportrait.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turner_selfportrait.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Amano1, Beria, Boo-Boo Baroo, De bezige bij, Docu, Ecummenic, Ham, Herzi Pinki, Jarekt, Primaler, Tony Wills, Trelio File:St John's Church, Margate.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_John's_Church,_Margate.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AlasdairEdits File:A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_View_of_the_Archbishop's_Palace,_Lambeth.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AlasdairEdits File:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Fishermen at Sea - Google Art Project.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AlasdairEdits, Bukk, Dcoetzee, Jenaesthetics, Shakko, Tateimages File:JMW Turner - Modern Rome - Campo Vacino.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JMW_Turner_-_Modern_Rome_-_Campo_Vacino.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Rosemania file:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Dutch Boats in a Gale - WGA23163.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Dutch_Boats_in_a_Gale_-_WGA23163.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Johnbod file:Willem van de Velde the Younger, Ships on a Stormy Sea (c. 1672).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger,_Ships_on_a_Stormy_Sea_(c._1672).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AlasdairEdits, Bukk, Cirt, Jacklee, Krscal, Mattes, Vincent Steenberg, Zolo, 1 anonymous edits Image:Joseph Mallord William Turner - Raby Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Darlington - Walters 3741.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Raby_Castle,_the_Seat_of_the_Earl_of_Darlington_-_Walters_3741.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Jarekt File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rain_Steam_and_Speed_the_Great_Western_Railway.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Ham, Jklamo, Liesel, Man vyi, OLPandW, Trockennasenaffe, Wst, 6 anonymous edits File:Chichester Canal (1828).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chichester_Canal_(1828).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amadeus webern, Poulpy, Primaler File:Wreckers Coast of Northumberland Joseph Mallord William Turner.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wreckers_Coast_of_Northumberland_Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: MarmadukePercy, Mattes, TheGrappler File:Brougham Castle mezzotint, J. M. W. Turner.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brougham_Castle_mezzotint,_J._M._W._Turner.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851), engraved by William Say (1768-1834) File:IvyBridge.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IvyBridge.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Hogweard, Magog the Ogre, Nilfanion File:Turner, J. M. W. - The Fighting Tmraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turner,_J._M._W._-_The_Fighting_Tmraire_tugged_to_her_last_Berth_to_be_broken.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, AlasdairEdits, AndreasPraefcke, AxelBoldt, Benea, Boo-Boo Baroo, Cqui, Denniss, Ham, Infrogmation, Jdforrester, Jonathanriley, Jynto, Korrigan, Makthorpe, Mattes, Mtsmallwood, Rcbutcher, Smalljim, Stunteltje, The art master, Thorjoetunheim, Tsui, Villy Fink Isaksen, Wouterhagens, 7 anonymous edits File:Shipwreck turner.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shipwreck_turner.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Deror avi, Gaeddal, Hsarrazin, Jynto, Jyothis, Rlbberlin, Str4nd, 7 anonymous edits File:Joseph Mallord William Turner 024.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_024.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, AlasdairEdits, Bukk, Emijrp, Erikwkolstad, Karldupart, Olivier2 File:Turner Ovid Banished from Rome.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: J. M. W. TurnerJoseph Mallord William Turner Image:wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Guillom, INeverCry, Jarekt, MichaelMaggs, NielsF, Rei-artur, Rocket000

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