Matlab

September 23, 2010
NIT DGP Student Branch

Aniruddha Chandra

ECE Department, NIT Durgapur, WB, India.
aniruddha.chandra@ieee.org
Simulating Communication Systems
with MATLAB : An Introduction
A. Chandra, ECE Deptt., NITD Simulating Communication Systems with MATLAB 2
Sep. 23, 2010
Presentation Outline
Objective of the Lecture

Expected Background

Simulating Analog Communication Systems
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Simulating Digital Communication Systems
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background


Sep. 23, 2010
After the Lecture Youll be able to

Write your own Matlab Script

Make a Analog/ Digital Communication Link

Compare your Results with Theoretical Values
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background


Sep. 23, 2010
Expected Background
I assume that You understand

Basic MATLAB Operations (function, matrix)

Basics of Communication (modulation)

Performance Metrics (BER)
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background


Sep. 23, 2010
Analog Communication Systems
Source
Channel
Destination Demodulator
Modulator
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate a Source
Source
Channel
Modulator
Produces message signal e.g. a simple Sine wave
Sep. 23, 2010
Generate message signal (simple sine wave)
Define time instants (1000 sample points)
tmin = 0; tmax = 10^(-3); step = (tmax-tmin)/1000;
t = tmin:step:tmax;

Define amplitude and frequency (initial phase is zero)
Vm = 1; % Amplitude
fm = 2*10^3; % Frequency

Construct the Signal
m = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);

View the Signal
plot(t,m,'r');

Simulate a Source
( ) ( ) t f V t m
m m
t = 2 sin
Sep. 23, 2010
Complete MATLAB Script [Prog1.m]
t = tmin:step:tmax;
fm = 2*10^3;
Vm = 1;
plot(t,m,'r');
Simulate a Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate a Source
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate a Source
Assignment #1 [Prog2.m], [Prog3.m]
What happens if there is an initial phase?
phi_deg = 45;
phi_rad = phi_deg*pi/180;
m = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t+phi_rad);

What happens if the message is not sinusoidal?
tmin = 0; tmax = 1; step = (tmax-tmin)/1000;
t = tmin:step:tmax;
f = 2;
m = sawtooth(2*pi*f*t);
plot(t,m,'r');
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate Modulation
Source
Channel
Modulator
Built-in functions are available (ammod, amdemod etc.)
WYSIWYG?? No
Sep. 23, 2010
Amplitude Modulation
Simulate with built-in functions [Prog4.m]
fs = 8000; % Sampling rate is 8000 samples per second
fc = 300; % Carrier frequency in Hz
t = [0:0.1*fs]'/fs; % Sampling times for 0.1 second
m = sin(20*pi*t); % Representation of the signal
v = ammod(m,fc,fs); % Modulate m to produce v

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,m); % Plot m on top
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,v); % Plot v below

mr = amdemod(v,fc,fs); % Demodulate v to produce m

figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,m); % Plot m on top
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr); % Plot mr below
Source: Introduction to Communications Toolbox in MATLAB 7.6.0 (R2008) by Amit Degada
Available: http://amitdegada.weebly.com/download.html

Sep. 23, 2010
Sep. 23, 2010
Sep. 23, 2010
Dont have the feel??? . Try this
Define message signal, (as done earlier)

t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 1;
fm = 2*10^3;

Define carrier,

Vc = 2; % Amplitude
fc = 10^4; % Frequency
c = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
( ) ( ) t f V t m
m m
t = 2 sin
( ) ( ) t f V t c
c c
t = 2 sin
Sep. 23, 2010
Continued .
Modulate the Signal,

v = (1+m/Vc).*c; % DSB-FC modulation

View Modulated Wave

plot(t,v); % Modulated Wave
hold on;
plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); % Upper Envelope
hold on;
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); % Lower Envelope
hold off ;

( ) ( ) ( ) t f t f
V
V
V t v
c m
c
m
c
t
(
t + = 2 sin 2 sin 1
Sep. 23, 2010
Complete MATLAB Script [Prog5.m]
clear all; close all; clc;
t = tmin:step:tmax; % Time
Vm = 1; Vc = 2; % Amplitude
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4; % Frequency

m = Vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t); % Message
c = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier
v = (1+m/Vc).*c; % Modulated Wave

plot(t,v); hold on;
plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold on; % Upper Envelope
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold off % Lower Envelope
Sep. 23, 2010
Sep. 23, 2010
Assignment #2 [Prog6.m]
How to view effect of changing modulation index?
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 1; mu = 1.5; Vc = Vm/mu;
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4;

c = Vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = (1+m/Vc).*c;

plot(t,v); hold on;
plot(t,Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold on;
plot(t,-Vc*(1+m/Vc),'r:'); hold off
Sep. 23, 2010
Assignment #2 (Contd) [Prog7.m]
How to simulate DSB-SC modulation?
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 2; Vc = 1;
fm = 2*10^3; fc = 10^4;

v = m.*c;

plot(t,v); hold on;
plot(t,m,'r:'); hold on;
plot(t,-m,'r:'); hold off
Sep. 23, 2010
Demodulation
Demodulate DSB-SC with filter [Prog8.m]
tmin = 0; tmax = 1; step = (tmax-tmin)/(10^3);
t = tmin:step:tmax;
Vm = 2; Vc = 1;
fm = 2; fc = 10^2;

v = m.*c;

r = v.*c;

[b a] = butter(1,0.01);
mr = filter(b,a,r);

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,m);
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr);
Sep. 23, 2010
Demodulation
Sep. 23, 2010
Ideal Demodulation of DSB-SC [Prog9.m]
fs = 10^5; N = 10^5;
t = 1/fs:1/fs:N/fs;
fm = 2; fc = 10^3;
m = sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c = sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = m.*c;

r = zeros(1,N); n =f s/fc;
for k = 1:fc
mr((k-1)*n+1:k*n) = 2*v((k-1)*n+1:k*n)*c((k-1)*n+1:k*n)'/n;
end

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr);
Demodulation
Sep. 23, 2010
Demodulation
Sep. 23, 2010
Analog Communication Systems
Source
Channel
Modulator
Introduces noise Additive White Gaussian Noise
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate Channel
Introducing AWGN [Prog10.m]
fs = 10^5; N = 10^5;
t = 1/fs:1/fs:N/fs;
fm = 2; fc = 10^3;
m = sin(2*pi*fm*t);
c = sin(2*pi*fc*t);
v = m.*c;

SNRdB = 10; SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10);
vn = var(v)/SNR;
n = sqrt(vn)*randn(1,N);
v = v + n;

r=zeros(1,N); n=fs/fc;
for k=1:fc
mr((k-1)*n+1:k*n)=2*v((k-1)*n+1:k*n)*c((k-1)*n+1:k*n)'/n;
end

figure(1)
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,mr); axis([0 1 -1 1])
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate Channel
Sep. 23, 2010

Expected Background


Sep. 23, 2010
Digital Communication Systems
Source
Channel
Modulator
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate BPSK
Simulation [Prog11.m]
%This program simulates BER of BPSK in AWGN channel%
num_bit=100000; %Signal length
max_run=20; %Maximum number of iterations for a single SNR
Eb=1; %Bit energy
SNRdB=0:1:9; %Signal to Noise Ratio (in dB)
SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);

hand=waitbar(0,'Please Wait....');
for count=1:length(SNR) %Beginning of loop for different SNR
avgError=0;
No=Eb/SNR(count); %Calculate noise power from SNR

Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate BPSK
Simulation (Contd.) [Prog11.m]
for run_time=1:max_run %Beginning of loop for different runs
waitbar((((count-1)*max_run)+run_time-1)/(length(SNRdB)*max_run));
Error=0;

data=randint(1,num_bit); %Generate binary data source
s=2*data-1; %Baseband BPSK modulation

N=sqrt(No/2)*randn(1,num_bit); %Generate AWGN

Y=s+N; %Received Signal

for k=1:num_bit %Decision device taking hard decision and deciding error
if ((Y(k)>0 && data(k)==0)||(Y(k)<0 && data(k)==1))
Error=Error+1;
end
end

Error=Error/num_bit; %Calculate error/bit
avgError=avgError+Error; %Calculate error/bit for different runs
end %Termination of loop for different runs
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate BPSK
Simulation (Contd.) [Prog11.m]
BER_sim(count)=avgError/max_run; %Calculate BER for a particular SNR
end %Termination of loop for different SNR
BER_th=(1/2)*erfc(sqrt(SNR)); %Calculate analytical BER
close(hand);

semilogy(SNRdB,BER_th,'k'); %Plot BER
hold on
semilogy(SNRdB,BER_sim,'k*');
legend('Theoretical','Simulation',3);
axis([min(SNRdB) max(SNRdB) 10^(-5) 1]);
hold off
Sep. 23, 2010
Simulate BPSK
Sep. 23, 2010
References
[1] http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/

[2] http://www.freewebs.com/acwebpage/teaching.htm

[3] B.P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Oxford University Press,
International 4th edition, 2010.

[4] J.G. Proakis, M. Salehi, and G. Bauch, Contemporary
Communication Systems using MATLAB, Thomson/ CL-
Engineering, 2nd edition, 2003.
Sep. 23, 2010
Thank You!
Questions???
aniruddha.chandra@ieee.org

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September 23, 2010

NIT DGP Student Branch

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