Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Submitted to:
HR department
Submitted by: Katakam venkataramesh Electrical Engineering 2nd year, 4th sem National Institute of Technology, Raipur
CONTENTS
Part A - Power Plant Familiarization
About NTPC Limited About NTPC SIPAT Introduction of Thermal Power Plant Evolution of Thermal Power Plant Typical Diagram of a Coal-Fired Thermal Power Station Main component of Thermal power plant
Part B Switchyard
Salient features of NTPC switchyard Switchyard levels Transformers and ratings Equipment ratings Line parameters Circuit breaker ratings Protection concept
NTPC, a public sector company, was in cooperated in 1975 to accelerate power development in the country as a wholly owned company of the government of India. In the last 33 years, it has grown into the largest power utility of India. NTPC is the sixth largest thermal power generator in the World. It is the second largest in utilizing the capacity. It delivers power at minimal environment cost and minimizes environmental impact. Its core business is engineering, construction and operation of power generating plants. As on date the installed capacity of NTPC is 34,000 MW through its 15 coal based (23,395 MW), 7 gas based (3,955 MW) and 4 Joint Venture Projects (1,794 MW). Recognizing its excellent performance and vast potential, Government of the India has identified NTPC as one of the jewels of Public Sector 'Maharatnas'- a potential global giant. Source CoalGasOilTotal Thermal Installed Capacity (MW) 85,193.38 17,055.85 1,199.75 103448.98 Percentage 53.3 10.5 0.9 64.7
NTPC Sipat accomplishes its water resource requirements from Hasdeo Right Bank Canal, which is 22 kilometres away from the thermal project and coal from Dipika mines of SECL.
NTPC Sipat has a 765 kV transmission system, which is also the first time in India. This is the largest Transmission-system of its kind. This thermal project has a submerged ash dyke, situated around 12 kilometres from the main plant accompanied by an Ash Water Recirculating Plant. High efficiency electrostatic precipitators(ESP)s It is the first implementation of super critical technology in India. An ash water recirculation system, effulent treatment plant and central mointering basin. A circulating water system with induced draft cooling towers 2*275 m high twin flue emission stacks, 1*275m high single flue stack.
The thermal power plant uses a dual (vapor + liquid) phase cycle in a closed way to enable the working fluid (waterfluid (water) to be used again and again. The cycle used is RANKINE CYCLE modified to include super heating of sheating of steam, regenerative feed water heating and reheating of steam. On large turbines, it becomes economical to increase the cycle efficiency by using reheat, which is a way of partially overcoming temperature limitations. By returning partially expanded steam to reheater, the average temperature at which the heat is added is increased.
The fuel used is quite cheap. Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants. It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can be transported to the site of the site of the plant by rail or road. It requires less space as compared to Hydro power plants. Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.
Disadvantages
1. It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes. 2. 3. It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants. Vital usage of natural resources (coal).
state to a vapor-like state. There is no distinct temperature such as a boiling point in the supercritical state. Super critical designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range,
1. Cooling tower 2. Cooling water pump 3. transmission line (3-phase) 4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 6. Low pressure steam turbine 7. Condensate pump 8. Surface condenser
10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater 11. High pressure steam 20. Forced draught (draft) turbine fan 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater 16. Coal pulveriser 25. Precipitator 26. Induced draught (draft) 17. Boiler steam drum fan 27. Flue gas stack
Types of boilers:
Fire-Tube Boilers-
channelled through tubes that are surrounded by the fluid to be heated. The body of the boiler is the pressure vessel and contains the fluid. In most cases this fluid is water that will be circulated for heating purposes or converted to steam for process use.
Water Tube Boiler - Here the heat source is outside the tubes and
the water to be heated is inside. Most high-pressure and large boilers are of this type. In the water-tube boiler, gases flow over water-filled tubes. These water-filled tubes are in turn connected to large containers called drums. This type of boiler is being used at SIPAT in both the stages.
Components of Boiler
Steam drum:
Burners:
fashioned manner in different elevations either in all corners of furnace or in front & rear wall of the furnace. In Sipat we have corner located Coal burners in 10 different elevations and Oil guns in 5 different elevations. Arrangement of Boiler Auxiliaries
Coal Bunker ( 10 nos) These are used for storing crushed coal from coal handling plant. These are 10 in nos for 500 MW / 660 MW units. Coal Feeders (10 nos) These are conveyor belt driven devices which fed coal in controlled way to Pulveriser Pulveriser (10 nos) These are located at zero meter adjacent to boiler and pulverise coal in to fine powder form for proper combustion
Primary air (PA)fans: These are used to transfer the pulverized coal to the boiler Secondary air(SA)fans: These are used to supply the air required for the combustion of coal. The velocity of primary and secondary air creates the necessary turbulence and combustion takes place with fuel in the suspension
Primary / secondary Air Pre Heaters ( 2 nos each) This equipment transfers heat from flue gases (from boiler ) to cold primary / secondary air by means of rotating heating surface elements. Electro Static Precipitator These are are generally two plate type located between boiler and the chimney. These are arranged for horizontal gas flow where Fly ash get precipitated.
TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical work. Steam is made to pass through three stages in the turbine. These are High pressure, Intermediate Pressure, Low Pressure i.e. HP, IP and LP turbines respectively. Steam through the boiler first enters the Hp turbine. The parameters of the steam are 540C and 172 kg/cm2. After coming through the final row, the steam temperature and pressure decreases due to throttling. Hence the steam that comes out from the HP turbine is at 120C and 40 Kg/cm2. It is sent to re-heater in order to increase its temperature and pressure. It is then fed to IP and LP turbines respectively. The steam that enters the IP turbine is at 365.9C and 44.9 Kg/cm2. After undergoing its operation in the IP and LP turbines the mixture of steam and water is at a temperature of 40C and at less pressure. But the heat content in it is very high. This heat cannot be utilized and hence has to be dissipated. The mixture of steam and vapor comes into the condenser and into the hot well. From the hot well the mixture is cooled into water using the cooling tubes which supply a continuous flow of water at normal temperature and it absorbs the heat from the steam water mixture. The water in the cooling tubes which have absorbed maximum heat is then sent to the cooling towers to remove its heat content.
Generator:
In 1831,Michael faraday discovered that if a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, an electrical voltage is induced in the conductor. The magnitude of the generated voltage is directly proportional to the strength of magnetic field and rate at which the conductor crosses the magnetic field. The induced voltage has a polarity that will oppose the change causing the induction-LENZS LAW. Synchronous generators are used because they offer precise control of voltage, frequency, VARs and watts. This control is achieved through the use of voltage regulators and governors. Exciter is the back bone of generator control system. It is the power source that supplies the dc magnetising current to the field windings of a synchronous generator there by ultimately inducing voltage or current in the generator armature. The amount of excition required to maintain the output voltage constant is a function of generator load. As the generator load increases the amount of excitation increases. Reactive lagging pf loads require more excition than unity pf loads Reactive leading pf loads require less excition than unity pf loads
SWITCHYARD
Switchyard
It is a switching station which has the following credits :
Main link between generating plant and Transmission system, which has a large influence on the security of the supply. Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon the Network Node. Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which has effect on Quality of power.
voltage level 400kv 5represents the bay no. 52represents standard code of breaker and 89 represents isolator. Levels ( all in meters ) Equipment Level Bus level Stringer level Earth wire level (shield wire) P- P Clearance (min) P- E Clearance (min) Bay width 132KV 4.6 8.5 12.2 17.4 1.587 14.8 12 400KV 8 8 16 24.5 4 3.5 27 765KV 14 26 38 46 7.6 4.9 51.5
Switchyard equipments
Switchyard consists of the following main equipments Power transformers Circuit breakers Isolators Earth switches Bus bars Lightning arrestors Current transformers(C.Ts) Capacitance voltage transformers(CVTs) PLCC equipments ( Wave traps) Protective Relays, metering equipments, control units.
Circuit breakers :
electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short-circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and by interrupting continuity to immediately discontinue an electrical flow unlike a fuse which operates ones and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes from small devices that protect household appliances upto large switchgear design to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
3. Support 4. Op rod 5. Linkage 6. Terminals 7. Filters 8. Puffer cylinder 9. Nozzle 10. Fixed position. 11. Fixed contact 12.. Moving contact. 13. Gas inlet
Isolators :
Opens or closes the electrical circuits under No-load conditions Interlocked with breakers and earthswitces. Isolates sections for maintenance. Used to select bus bars and CT switching for bus bar protection Should withstand extreme wind pressures Motor driven and handdriven systems.
Instrument transformers
Current transformers(CT): To
to a safe value to incorporate Measuring and Protection Logics. It is also used for instrumentation, protection or measuring of power systems.
Voltage transformers(PT):
to a safe value to incorporate Measuring and Protection Logics. They serve a number of functions in a power system. They are required for the operation of many type of instrumentation and relay protective systems. They measure voltage and in conjunction with CT they measure power.
Earth switch :
It is a safety device used to ground sections required for maintenance by grounding the induction voltages Interlocked with isolators and breakers Motor driven or hand driven
Overhead earth wire: Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning
strokes.
Bus bar: Conductors to which a number of circuits are connected. WaveTraps/Line traps:
Used in PLCC circuits for protection of transmission line and communication between substations. VHF signal is transmitted from one end to other through the same power line. Sends inter-trip signal to the other end circuit breaker(CB)s so that the faults can be isolated at the earliest time.
imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc.,
Reactors at sipat
Bus reactor Line reactor Line reactor 765Kv 80 MVAR 765Kv line Seoni 1 and 2 80 MVAR 400Kv line ranchi 1 and 2 63 MVAR
Parameter Make Rated Voltage Rated Current Type of interrupter Number of breaks Closing Time Opening Time
400 KV
765 KV Areva, Alstom,India T&D,France 420Kv 800Kv 2000 A 3150 A SF6 SF6 2 4 120mSec 120mSec Max 18 to 24mSec 20 to 24mSec
Protection concept
Protective relays and relaying systems constantly measure and monitor the electrical parameters under all conditions. Abnormal conditions are detected by the changes in theelectrical parameters such as Current, Voltage, Impedance frequency and phase angle. After fault detection the relay operates & opens the circuit breaker thereby isolating the faulty part of the equipment Any protective relaying requires the basic characteristics Sensitivity, Selectivity, Reliability, Operating speed, Economy and Simplicity
Types of relays
Electromechanical type: operates on electro mechanical principles and
has moving parts
Static relays:
contain no moving parts, uses static components such as diodes, transistors and level detectors.
Digital relays:
measured quantities are manipulated in analog form and subsequently converted into binary Voltages (square wave). logic circuits & microprocessors compare the Phase relationships of the square waves to make a trip decision.
Numerical relays: Numerical relays are those in which the measured a.c
quantities are sequentially sampled and converted into numeric data form. A microprocessor performs mathematical and /or logical operations on the data to make trip decisions.
Analogue circuits are replaced with microprocessors to implement relay functions. Microprocessor uses protection algorithms & other computational functions for characteristic generation. Programmable function setting Multiple functions by the same relay. Internal fault diagnosis. (self checking) High operating speed. Flexibility in wide parameter adjustment Built in event logger and disturbance recording options (Post trip analysis) Digital communication facility Control through personal computers and remote control is possible. Low failure rate & less no. of spare cards
765KVline protections
All protections same as 400 kv line and in addition 765 kv seoni lines have acompensated over voltage protection
IBT/ICT protections
Transformer protection comprises of main and backup protections
Main protection
Pressure relief valve trip Buchholz relay alarm and trip Differential Tee-1 Over flux protection Winding temperature alarm and trip Diffrential
Back-up protection
Pressure relief valve trip OLTC trip Oil temperature alarm and trip Directional Over current & Earth fault on HV & LV sides REF protection on both HV & LV sides. Differential Tee-2 protection.
Bus-bar protection
Bus-bar protection system primarily protects bus-bars and associated equipments of transmission or distribution network substations/switchyards from phase to phase or phase to earth faults Bus-bar protection operating speed should be very high for internal faults and it should not operate for external fault. MUST be very stable during normal operating conditions Bus-bar protection is based on KCL Sum of incoming currents and out-going currents =0 during healthy condition Implemented by using biased differential protection Decentralized protection has Peripheral units attached to each bay and a central unit for scheme logic, and has many zones