STUDY PROJECT IN DOORDARSHAN RELAY CENTRE, KAKINADA

DOORDARSHAN
INDIAS NATIONAL ROADCASTER

LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER

Report Submitted by the Students of

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN, YANAM ROAD, KORANGI

A Mini Project Report on

LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER PRESENTED BY

1

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

(Affiliated to JNTUK & Approved By AICTE)

INTRODUCTION

DoorDarshan is the public TeleVision broadcaster of India & It is one of the largest broadcasting organisations in the world . DoorDarshan was first started in Delhi on 15th september,1959 on a small transmitter and makeshift studio Till 1975,seven Indian states had television services & DoorDarshan remained only the TeleVision channel in India. TeleVision services were seperated from radio in 1976.

CHANNELS LIST

DD Direct Plus DD News DD Chennai DD Madurai DD Pudhucherry DD Bihar DD Jharkhand DD chattisgarh DD Madhya Pradesh DD Utaar Pradesh DD Haryana DD Uttarkhand DD Himachal Pradesh DD Rajastan DD Mijoram DD Tripura

DD National DD Bharathi DD Sports DD Urdu DD North-East DD Bangla DD Gujarati DD Chandana DD Kashir DD Malayalam DD sahyadri DD Oriya DD Punjabi DD Saptagiri DD India DD Podhigai TV

2.BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

TV transmission is basically divided into 3 types. 1.Through Cable TV 2.DTH Service 3.Local Area Transmission

CABLE TV TRANSMISSION

VIA COAXIAL CABLE

LOCAL ORGNIGATION (STUDIO)

Receiving antenna

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CABLE TV SATELLITE RECIEVER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

HEAD END
TRUNK AMPLIFIER Co-axial cable

TRUNK AMPLIFIER

TRUNK

Directional coupler Birding amplifier

BRIDGING AMPLIFIE R

Subscriber tap

Subscriber

LINEEXTENDER AMPLIFIER

Flexible cable Subscriber

DTH stands for DIRECT-TO-HOME television. DTH is defined as: The reception of satellite programmers with a personal dish in an individual home. DTH does away with the need for the local cable operator and puts the broadcaster directly in touch with consumer .
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HISTORY

DTH was first invented by sir ARTHURE CHARLES CLARKE,a british inventor in late 1946. DTH services were first proposed in INDIA in 1996. But was not approved due to the concerns over national security.

Finally, in 2000 DTH was allowed and it was Doordarshan which made it possible to provide its facilities to consumers from 1st April 2000.
Broadcasters like STAR and ZEE are pushing hard for DTH services in INDIA. The operators were required to setup earth stations in INDIA within 12 month for getting license of broadcasting whose cost was $2.14 million and will be valid for 10 years.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DTH

DISH

FEED

LNBC

VIDEO RECEVI ER

TV RECEVIE R

LOCAL AREA TRANSMISSION

It covers a distance of 21 kms. The transmitters that are present in INDIAN DD Network are HPT (Located in Rajahmundry) 1.Transmitted power is 10KW 2.Distance covered is 60Km-100Km

LPT (Located in Kakinada) 1 .Transmitter power is 100W-500W 2.Distance covered is around 21Kms
VLPT (Located in Yanam) 1.Transmitted power is 10W 2. Distance covered is around 5-10Kms

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LPT

MONITORING RACK RACK T.V T.V

INPUT RACK

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER -1 RECEIVER -2 RECEIVER-3 V.C.R

SWITCHER EXCITER DRIVER AMPLIFIER DIVIDER COMBINER

WAVEFROM FROM WAVE MONITORING MONITORING

DEMODULATION DEMODULATIO N

P.G

TRANSMITTER RACK

TYPES OF LOW POWER TRANSMITTERS

There are two types of low power transmitters. They are: 1.Very high frequency transmitter(VHF)

2. Ultra high frequency transmitter(UHF)

VHF Transmitter

In this transmitter the frequency ranges from 224MHz-231Mhz. It requires 100W power. DD is presented by this transmitter in channel no.11. DRIVER
VIDEO PROCESSO R
CONTROL OSSCILLAT OR

VIDEO SIGNAL

LPF

VISION MODULAT OR
IF OSCILLATO R AURAL MODULATO R

POWER CONTROL LER

VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND FILTER

AUDIO SIGNAL

SECTIONS IN AURAL MODULATOR

AUDIO AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE CONTROL OSCILLATOR(VCO) MIXER AUTOMATIC PHASE CONTROL(APC)

UHF

TRANSMITTER
Spiltter & PA

Video signal

Linearity corrector

Base band corrector

EXCITER

Upconvertor

In this transmitter frequency range from 564-574MHz. It requires 500W power. DD news is broadcasted in channel 33. This transmitter is manufactured by BHARAT ELECTRONICS(BEL).

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLIFIER

:
ANTEEN A
INPUT FROM EXCITER
P A
P A P A

SPLITTER

COMBINER
P A

500W UHF TV TRANSMITTER TYPE MUV 199

RECEIVING SECTION
It consists of mainly four types of sections, they are
Parabolic dish antenna

Low power amplifier

Low noise block convertor

Digital video broadcast receiver

The parabolic dish antenna is metal structure with a shape of half cycle, and a part that at distance a feed arm is held with support ,in air. To which a low noise amplifier in addition to the low noise block Convertor and internal relay station there is a digital broadcast receiver. Later on re-transmission of the signal is down in the transmitting section.

PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA

TRANSMITTER SECTION

ANTENNA SECTION
For the propagation the electrical energy is converted into

electro-magnetic wave. where the VHF and UHF transmissions are different.

VHF ANTENNA

UHF ANTENNA

YAGI-UDA ANTENNA

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROPAGATION

1.Sky wave propagation [2 to 30KHz]: This is used for long radio communication at medium and high frequencies This is used to long distance, point to point communication is possible. 2.Space wave propagation[>30MHz]: Height of the this is 16KMs from atmosphere is known as troposphere.

3.Ground wave propagation: As two antennas are with in the line of sight of each propagation of such space wave is called line of propagation.

Here there are 2 types of Antennas.,

They are :
1.Self Supporting Mast. 2.Guided Wire Mast.

SELF SUPPORTING MAST: It is general broadcasting purpose antenna here the antenna here the transmission of the signals would be without any obstacles it generally almost used in all media using sector.

GUIDED WIRE MAST:

THE MAST IS SUSPENDED FROM THE GROUND AND SUPPORTED BY SOME WIRES.