nea 1

HTHT a\ _,vLm _
nx :
,L.a, ,\ \,.n _Lm.e\ , n.,,z _L.m\ ,., L. , Lz o,Lm ,La, n, ,, , L cm: ,\ _, Lz o,Lm e\,n ,Le
x:,5 LL:\ o,Lm ,a .
x1 cmx, nm _\,, ni, _e C _1 ,\ n5 cm\ _xi1,a e\,n . _L.z,Le x.L, ni, e\,n C _\,, n5
_, ,\ : _\xe _,, _\xe . ,LL c\: ,n: ,: \, .
:, yLz:\ oxc _L, ,: ,: _:v,a L,Lm C e\,n . 1 ~ _,Le e\,n 2 ~ _\ o,Lm e\,n
,\ xi,L,c _\ o,Lm LL _Lmm \,:\ : o:L.m cvL.\ L., ,L. _Lz o,Lm . cvL\ L, ,L _Lz o,Lm
x _xi,,L , , _Lz o,Lm . L,e _Lz o,Lm . o m , ,L5 _Lz o,Lm . ,L5 La _\ n, _Lz o,Lm . _\ n ......
:Lz: n, _Lm:\ ,: m, _ C ceLm n, _\ o,Lm L _\,ic n, ,a ,\ o:Lam\ 30 _L.c\ ,\ o:La.m\ L, ,
q _,L _,,5 5 iz1 ,x n, _1 ,\ _ , ::,5 ,, :xq x:,5 ,e _x . ,Lq _ _L _,x
,, ,: L:L,, :Lz: L, _Lz n:Lz: 70,140,140,70 _, ,\ L.z .,: , L.,, ,\ _1 ceL.m _\,., n.5 xL,
x:,5 o:Lam\ _,,5 5 _z1 _i .
_Lz,L, , . \, \L _Lz,L, m: ,: n, oxc ,,n n, _LeLm ,, , :,\, _Lz,L, x::,5 m . a\, ,:L .
L\ L\ L\ L\ \L _Lz,L, \L _Lz,L, \L _Lz,L, \L _Lz,L, :
1 ~ o:, _Lz,L, : nL: _\1 y,: _a 519 : o,Lm _Lc\ L:, _,,
2 ~ ox:, _Lz,L, : nL: _\1 y,: _a 519 : _LeLm _\ nan, _Lz,L,
3 ~ d,, _Lz,L, : a nL: _\1 _ 519
4 ~ n,, _Lz,L,
~ ~~ ~ ,:L _Lz,L, ,:L _Lz,L, ,:L _Lz,L, ,:L _Lz,L, : :: :
1 ~ :L, ,L, : _a 7 nL: _\1 519
nea 2
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
2 ~ n,, ,L, : _a 8 nL: _\1 519 : nL: _\1 ,: _L5 ,,n, u,\, 2 800
3 ~ _,Lza:\ _Lz,L,
n,, _Lz,,: n,mLe :,, _L,, n,, _Lz,,: n,mLe :,, _L,, n,, _Lz,,: n,mLe :,, _L,, n,, _Lz,,: n,mLe :,, _L,,
L\ : Lm\ _:Le _,,: _,,
: Li: , Li: n, _,,
:v,a x, _,, :

_,x _ . vL, c,L ,: _Lz]L1 + ++ + na :,, :, ,\, _z1 yLe
c,L , _,x _, y,5 . _: . _ + :,5 ,\, ,ii c,\,e ,,5 ,: o xi, _Lz + Cz1 Cim + C5 + _]m5\
5x:,,e _,L ,: ) _,,5 x,: 3 L 6 ( ,,5 ,: o xi, _Lz

:v,a _Lz,\x:Lm\ :v,a _Lz,\x:Lm\ :v,a _Lz,\x:Lm\ :v,a _Lz,\x:Lm\

1 ~ ~~ ~ L,1 L,1 L,1 L,1 American Standard Testing material (ASTM)
2500kg/cm
2
y= F

n,: ,\: _,,5 :v,a A
36


]L1 5 , c,L , :v,a A440,A441,A572
ox cL ,L, , ox: 1 , :v,a A514
2 ~ ~~ ~ L,,\ L,,\ L,,\ L,,\
3700 = Lm5 _i Fu :LeLm ,: :v,a Fe 37-A
Fe 37 B

3 ~ ~~ ~ ,,c _L1 . :,\x:Lm\ ,,c _L1 . :,\x:Lm\ ,,c _L1 . :,\x:Lm\ ,,c _L1 . :,\x:Lm\ ) )) ) _\,\ _\,\ _\,\ _\,\ ( (( (
nea 3
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

PsBaC
Fu
Fy
PsM aC
2 6
/ 10 1 . 2 cm kg E =
= E
Fy=2400kg/cm
2
_.. _|, _..


Fu=3700 kg/cm
2
_.. _,|. _:.>,.:
0 .
2 .
CT
k BCT
, :v,a : _La\ _z1 ,: _x, _LeLm n,

3 37
2 37
1 37
st
st
st

c,L , :v,a

2 60
1 65
4 52
st
st
st


4 ~ ~~ ~ m,, :,\x:Lm\ m,, :,\x:Lm\ m,, :,\x:Lm\ m,, :,\x:Lm\

2
/ 3200 cm kg F
y
= , ,\: _,,5 :v,a


:v,a _,, ,, cLc \,:\ :v,a _,, ,, cLc \,:\ :v,a _,, ,, cLc \,:\ :v,a _,, ,, cLc \,:\

1 ~ ~~ ~ :,m cLc :,m cLc :,m cLc :,m cLc 2 ~ ~~ ~ y,5 cLc y,5 cLc y,5 cLc y,5 cLc

i cLL i cLL i cLL i cLL :v,a mx :v,a mx :v,a mx :v,a mx

1 ~ ~~ ~ ne neL: ne neL: ne neL: ne neL: nmmv\ , nmmv\ , nmmv\ , nmmv\ , E : : : :
_i uL,,\ _1 ,: n5 ,\:,: \x,\ eL: cm\ ne c,,, _:,5 .
C,z _,:L C,z _,:L C,z _,:L C,z _,:L

mLi , E :v,a _\,, _1 ,\x , :,\: yL: nmmv\ ,
xL, .




nea 4
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

y
A36 E=6 2000kg/cm
2 ~ ~~ ~ x _,L _i x _,L _i x _,L _i x _,L _i _ __ _ ) )) ) F
y
L L L L
y
( (( (
cm\ d,,e m L _x _,L _i n, x1 ,: a\ cLe n, ,\:,: _1 ,: n5 _\ nn: ,n: _i .






3 ~ ~~ ~ Cmv eL: Cmv eL: Cmv eL: Cmv eL:
nm _\ neL: :,xe ,: _1 _,n n5 15 L 20 ,\,. _x. _,L. _i. ,\ xe, , xL, ne xe ,n: _:,5 ,,\,,
:,\: .
4 ~ ~~ ~ :xz 5x cLm :xz 5x cLm :xz 5x cLm :xz 5x cLm
_ xi5 \x :L:,\ _:,5 _\,a\ L, \:xz _i n5 cm\ _\ neL: , :,\x: :,, ne , :v,a ,: cm _\
mv\ neL: ,\ ,5 \, n, L, C .

5 ~ ~~ ~ cLn , c,ia , cLn , c,ia , cLn , c,ia , cLn , c,ia ,
_i ,\:,: ,, nm ne xe L _:,5 )
2
1
(
y y
n.eL: ,: _],.:\ x. n:L.: n.5 x.iL: c,ia , \,
_\: ,nLe n, ne :v,a _\,, _1 ,\x Lm , cm\ ne ., . ,5,,, n.,: :v,.a ,\ , x.L, . .
cm\ c5,, _,L _],:\ _\ yL .
6 ~ ~~ ~ L cLn L cLn L cLn L cLn
_i iei ,, nm ie Lm5 yLiz ,: ox x _],:\ xi,5 L cLn \, Lm5 nn: L _:,5
, L, :v,a ,\ xL, :,, Cmv\ neL: ,: _],:\ x ,Ln:\ :v,a ,\ n5 _:,\, ,: ,: , ,, c,ia n.5 _:,\,
:,: o:Lam\ ,, cLn L, , :v,a ,\ xL, :,, Cmv neL: ,: _],:\ x ,Ln:\ .

nea 5
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
mm d IPB
mm d IPE
140 140
120 120
=
=
d
Web
x
_,, _,, _,, _,, , ,, , ,mL _\ ,mL _\ ,mL _\ ,mL _\
_,, , c.m\,, c,,. n., :,. . _L., :,., .\ _L.i m.e ,, _x _,L _i _1 ,: n5 ,mL _\ :
[ ]
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
+ + = y
n5
, , ,
1 2 3

_,L.aL 5 _Li o:,., n.5
nm ,: \ xii5 ,\\ \ :\x . :,\x.: :,., .,, _i. n.:,5 .z . \ _Lz _i o\,z n5 cm\ ,5: n, y,v
. :,,..,: ..n,\,. _\ nea.. _\Lm.. , _\ ,m..L ..,: _..,L c,,.. n, x..1 :
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
+ = y n..5
,5\
2 1
= ,\: , xL, _Le ,, _i cLe n, _x, _,L xL, .
3
1

= .ie _\x., n.n,\, _\

n, xi5 ,\\ nn: C ,: n5 ,, _i ,5\ n5 cm\
3
y

x xz\,e _,L nn: _1 xm,, .

a,, , :LeLm _Le,: a,, , :LeLm _Le,: a,, , :LeLm _Le,: a,, , :LeLm _Le,: L L L L

1 ~ ~~ ~ gnL gnL gnL gnL I _ __ _


2
d
b
f

)
`

_ n: L C,L, gnL IPE

_L,: gnL INP





, , , , :,,,L5 :,\ :,,,L5 :,\ :,,,L5 :,\ :,,,L5 :,\ : :: :
1 ~ x:, o:Lam\ Lz, _\,, C c,,, z .
2 ~ c,,, z x:, o:Lam\ L:,m _\,, _,,: .
3 ~ :,x, mxiz ,5, ,\ \ _Lz,,e ,5\ Ix>Iy
IPB :, o:Lam\ _,m L , _\,, _,,: L , C c,, n, nq .
nea 6
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

1
0
0
100
1
0
1
0 1
2
0
100
UNP 120
b
x
H=120MM U120

UNP
2 ~ ~~ ~ ,: _a,, ,: _a,, ,: _a,, ,: _a,,







\, \, \, \, :,,,L5 :, :,,,L5 :, :,,,L5 :, :,,,L5 :, : :: : x:, o:Lam\ Lz L,e,: , Lzxi,,L _\,, .

3 ~ ~~ ~ L: _a,, L: _a,, L: _a,, L: _a,, :\:, :\:, :\:, :\:,




,,L5 :,\, ,,L5 :,\, ,,L5 :,\, ,,L5 :,\, :, :, :, :, : :: :
1 ~ :,,,L, , _\,, _\, C c,, n, .
2 ~ :,\: :,,,L5 Lzxi,,L, _\,, C L _,,: c,, n, _iqz .


4 ~ ~~ ~ _,m _a,, _,m _a,, _,m _a,, _,m _a,,



5 ~ ~~ ~ _a,, _a,, _a,, _a,, Z
:,\: :,,,L5 Lz nv _\,, .




nea 7
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
e\,n _Lz nL: _1 e\,n _Lz nL: _1 e\,n _Lz nL: _1 e\,n _Lz nL: _1

1 - -.|. _,, AISC |:,. ..: -.|. _,, ) _|...|. ( **
2 - -.|. _,, AASHTO |:,. _|.-i -.|. _,,
3 - -.|. _,, AREA |:,. _- .i -.|. _,,
4 - -.|. _,, DIN413 .,...i _i.,| _|.| -.|. _,, ..:
5 - -.|. _,, BS449 _..: _|.|...|. _,.:.i -.|. _,,
6 - -.|. _,, BS153 _,.:.i _|.. -.|. _,,
7 - -.|. _,, Cm66 _|...|. -..i: -.|. _,, _..:
8 - -.|. _,, DIN 1050 _|.| ..: _|.|...|. -.|. _,,
... ,. ,. : <: _I, - ... ,. I, ... .:Is I, _I I, - I .: c.I:. _>I: 1 l S
l S L S
load Strenght

l S

1 p FS Safety OF Factor =













_:v,a _Lz o,Lm e\,n LL _L,, _:v,a _Lz o,Lm e\,n LL _L,, _:v,a _Lz o,Lm e\,n LL _L,, _:v,a _Lz o,Lm e\,n LL _L,,

1 ~ ~~ ~ ,Lz _i _,, ,Lz _i _,, ,Lz _i _,, ,Lz _i _,, ASD ) ) ) ) Allowable Stress Design ( (( (
2 ~ ~~ ~ Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,, PSD ) Plastic Design (
3 ~ ~~ ~ c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,, LRFD ) Load and Resistances Factor Design (
cm\ _Lin\ , _Lc\ ,: L,, _\ c,La
= ,L, _\,a\ ,




1 ~ ~~ ~ ,Lz _i _,, ,: ,Lz _i _,, ,: ,Lz _i _,, ,: ,Lz _i _,, ,:

_Lin\ , _Lin\ , _Lin\ , _Lin\ ,

cxe ,L, cxe ,L, cxe ,L, cxe ,L, = == = _,,m ,L, _,,m ,L, _,,m ,L, _,,m ,L,
nea 8
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

2 ~ ~~ ~ ,: ,: ,: ,: Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,, Cmv ,n _,,





3 ~ ~~ ~ ,: ,: ,: ,: c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,, c,L , ,L, , _,,






















L S

L D
l S
i i
7 . 1 , 4 . 1 9 . 0

nea 9
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
x
bf
A1
A2
A3
x
bf
A1
A2
A3
y

Imax

=
i
i i
A
y A
y
A
I
r
A
I
r
b t I
t d t
t
d
t b I
t d t t b A
y
y
X
x
f f y
f w
f
f f x
f w f f
= =
=
+ =
+ =
,
12
1
2
) 2 (
12
1
)
2 2
)( ( 2
) 2 ( . 2
3
2 2
0
2
Iy Ix
O
Ixy
Iy
Y
Ixy
Ix
X
+

gnL mxiz cLL gnL mxiz cLL gnL mxiz cLL gnL mxiz cLL : :: :








1 - _L.. _L.
2 - _...- :.
3 - _..,i _|..
4 - _,.i, _|..
5 - .i _|->. _.

..i.. _...- _|.. -: _.i|.. _i. . ..,. _..i _|->. _|.. >. .




















nea 10
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
L
WL
WL

2
WL

2
-
WL

2
WL

2
-
-
-
WL
2
8
WL
2
8
V-D
M-D
(kg/m)
L
WL
WL
2
WL

2
-
WL

2
8
V-D
M-D
(kg/m)
WL WL


.., _. .... ,||. _ i ,.: i., i |..i _..i. _,. .,|. _.ii i _,: . ) |.- .,. ,||.. (
.. _... :.| _.>.. . _ ) _,.. _|-,. , _,.. _|.|: ,||. _,.. _|-|. .(
























nea 11
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
.: _. . I>. _
t t
F
A
T
f =
- _..::>. _.
b b
F
S
M
f =
nx nx nx nx : :: :
L,1 _:v,a o,Lm e\,n nL: _1 L,1 _:v,a o,Lm e\,n nL: _1 L,1 _:v,a o,Lm e\,n nL: _1 L,1 _:v,a o,Lm e\,n nL: _1 AISC
,Lz _Li _,, n, e\,n ,Lz _Li _,, n, e\,n ,Lz _Li _,, n, e\,n ,Lz _Li _,, n, e\,n ASD




5 ,c 5 ,c 5 ,c 5 ,c : e _,,: ,\\ ce n5 cm\ _,c _i. L. c,L n, n, L, , xL, na,5 ,\, 5 _,,
:, \x nn,,, ,c gn nm ,, 5 _,,: m ,\ cLen _\ ,: ox :Lz\ .
T : 5 _,,:
A : gn nm


_,La ,c _,La ,c _,La ,c _,La ,c : :: : cm\ _,c _,La _,,e _,,: ,\\ ce n5 P ,\: ,\, : .
,Lz _,La _i ,Lz _,La _i ,Lz _,La _i ,Lz _,La _i f
a
=P/A<F
a
:,, _,La _i :,, _,La _i :,, _,La _i :,, _,La _i


e ,c e ,c e ,c e ,c : :: : xL, :,\, _Lz,L, ,\ L: ,i ,\L ce n5 cm\ _,c .

,Lz e _i ,Lz e _i ,Lz e _i ,Lz e _i
,Lz _i ,Lz _i ,Lz _i ,Lz _i < :,, _i :,, _i :,, _i :,, _i

_>Ib <.I _, lI.. c.I:. l,I

nea 12
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
T T W
av
f f 3
max
=
n
t
A
T
f =
t D W A
n
) ( =
g
t
A
T
f =
T T
W
5 ,c e\,n 5 ,c e\,n 5 ,c e\,n 5 ,c e\,n
\,,m C L, 5 ,c C ,: . _1 ,\ _. xm, _x _,L xe n, m ni\ ,\ _ 5 _,,: _\,a\ L, Fy
,: _i. g.,, L.: c.Le ,: L. x:,. . _,L ,,Lz _Lz,L 5 _,,: ,, _\,a\ L, , x:L c,L\
x1 ,: ce\,i c,, n, gn .

1 ~ ~~ ~ La .Lc\ La .Lc\ La .Lc\ La .Lc\ \,,m x \,,m x \,,m x \,,m x : xi5 ,\\ ce\,i ,,n n, _i .


2 ~ ~~ ~ \,,m _\,\: .Lc\ \,,m _\,\: .Lc\ \,,m _\,\: .Lc\ \,,m _\,\: .Lc\ :
cm: ce\,i \,,m d\,n\ ,: _i g,, ) _i ,5, ( ,\x. _.\ u.m, ,\x. \,,.m d\,.n\ ,: n,
,5L cm\ . ,\: \, _i _,, d\,n\ ,: \,,m ,\ n5 nq ,z , :, ,5 _i , ,,,: .


A=W.t ,, ceLm
5 _i





nea 13
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

=
=
e u
g y
A F T
A F T
5 . 0
6 . 0
2
1
1
5 . 0
6 . 0

=
=
=
t
n t e
u
e
t
y
g
t
C
A C A
F
A
T
f B SecB
F
A
T
f A SecA

=
=

2
2
/ 3700
/ 2400
cm kg F
cm kg F
u
y
u t
F F 5 . 0 =
y t
F F 6 . 0 =
A
B
A
B
p p
Ag=b*t
t D b A
n
) ( =
t b A
g
=

,: ,\x 5 nen C n, _\, n5 \, _,Lz 5 _, ,Ln :,: :,\, cmx, ,:L _\xe nL: _1
cm\ ,, nn,\, ,: ,\ ox1 :
\,,m _,x, cm T=min ,Lz 5 _,,:
,\xe\,,m cm


\,,m _,x,
n,: :v,a m ,\xe\,,







5 gn nm \, gn nm xL, :,c ,,: :\x\ ,, n5 ,5 .

_Le ,c gn nm _Le ,c gn nm _Le ,c gn nm _Le ,c gn nm
_Le gn nm _Le gn nm _Le gn nm _Le gn nm


nea 14
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

= t D b A
n
) (
t b A
D D D
g
.
2 1 3
=
+ >
t D b A
n
) (
3
=
p
D1
D2
D3
T T
s s
L
g
g
1
2
1 2
1

n, n, n, n, : :: : L. _,.:\,e, ,: _L.e g.n n.m ., :,\x: n,, \,,m L ox\\, n, _Le ,c gn nm _,ae.
:,5 ,\, m,,, :,, gn .
, , , , : :,c :,, _Le\,,m :\xe oL5,z ,,: :\x\ ,, n c,,i\ ,: xL, _,LmL: _Lz,n L, L
:, n,mLe ,, c,,, _1 _Le gn nm .
,, _,c t =

_L
xi5 \x ox o:\: _ _\,, ,, _,a L, \, _Le ,c , _Le gn nm .


:\,e, ce, , , _:, D
3

:
n, n, n, n, : ,\x: a\ cLe, _L L cm\ \L L Le _,, ue .

niL: _Le\,,m L, 5 nen C _Le gn nm niL: _Le\,,m L, 5 nen C _Le gn nm niL: _Le\,,m L, 5 nen C _Le gn nm niL: _Le\,,m L, 5 nen C _Le gn nm
xL, Le\,,m nz zim : , L, , :,\: yL: _L \,,m xL,: , \,,m ,5, ,: \,,m ,z ,5\
c,,i\ ,: \x xL, :\x\ C ,: :



nea 15
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
t
g
S
nD W A
n
i
i
i
n (

+ =

=1
2
4
4
@
7
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
1 2 3
1 2 3
60 50
4
0
0
m
m
2
1 ~ x1 Lme n, \,,m C _:Le \L \,,m ,z .
2 ~ _L \,,m ,z ) _1 ,\ _, nLav, \,,m n, c,m: ( C _:Le
g
S
4
2
:, naL\ .






_L
Le\,,m yL ,, _ 5 _L\ ,: 26 L , , 5 ,c cL 20 c.m\ ,. . z\,.e .
i5 _e \, :\,e, gn nm .







1 ~ _\ o,z:, ue _\,, 1 1 ABC :
mm b
n
322 0 26 3 400 = + =
_\ o,z:, _Lz,m _,i5 n, Le\ 2 1 ADE L , ) 1 2 DEC ( 3 1 ADF L, ) 1 3 FEC (
nea 16
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
mm b
n
320
75 4
60
2 26 4 400
2
=
(

+ =
mm b
n
318
75 4
60
4 26 5 400
2
=
(

+ =
mm b
n
67 . 310
75 4
50
2
75 4
60
2 26 5 400
2 2
=
(

+
(

+ =
t
gi
Si
nDt A A
n
i
g n
=
+ =
1
2
4
g
A
T T
g
g
1
2

: xL, . cLe ,,\,, ox:, ,m5 \,,m ,n :\xe .\,\ n, \,, ) 1 ( ox:, naL\ cv _\,\:
g
S
4
2
g.n n.n,\,,:
xL, _Le .
2 ~ e _\,, o,z:, u 1 1 ABEC

3 ~ o,z:, ue _\,, 1 1 ADBEC

4 ~ ,z:, ,m _\,, o 1 1 ADFEC

5 _La,, _\,, _Le gn nm 5 _La,, _\,, _Le gn nm 5 _La,, _\,, _Le gn nm 5 _La,, _\,, _Le gn nm

L\ L\ L\ L\ ,\xe\,,m ,: ,\xe\,,m ,: ,\xe\,,m ,: ,\xe\,,m ,:

1 ~ ~~ ~ xL, Lm C _,, Le\,,m xL, Lm C _,, Le\,,m xL, Lm C _,, Le\,,m xL, Lm C _,, Le\,,m : :: :
z ,\,,, Lz nm nn,\, _L _,\x. ,: n.5 .,: g.n n.m ,\ \, _Le ,c gn nm n5 c,La _\ L, cm\
, , y, ,mLe , i5 ,Le\ cm\ La 2 , 3 c.m\ ,: ,\ Lm _\,, ua . _, _,,a \,,.m _1 _,, n.5
cm\ :,, .



,\xe\,,m Lm cLL t =
n nm _,x ,\ _Le ,c g =

nea 17
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
T
L
N
N
L+N-t
L+N-t
d+b-t
d+2-(t +t )
w f
d
b
b
d
t
w

2 ~ ~~ ~ xL, Lm ,: _,, Le\,,m n:L, xL, Lm ,: _,, Le\,,m n:L, xL, Lm ,: _,, Le\,,m n:L, xL, Lm ,: _,, Le\,,m n:L, : :: :
o:\: _\,,: \, _,: LLm ,\ _,a ,,n, _.c nm. ,L.n _.m , i5 _x, nea C n, \, ,: ,
:, .










( (( ( :\:,L: _a,, :\:,L: _a,, :\:,L: _a,, :\:,L: _a,,
:, _c ,: cLe xi:L .






( (( ( _a,, _a,, _a,, _a,, :I ,,n, , L: _xi, n,n \,\ n, \, _a,, gn nm n5 cm\ _1 _a,, _\ _\,, _,, _,,
\, _Le gn nm n:L5\x 5 _Le gn nm nz: ,: i5 \x :,, ,z _\,, . _L.e gn nm ,z
:,, xz\,e \, .
nea 18
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
e
A
n t e
A C A . =
)
`

=
g
n
e
A
A
A
85 . 0
min
) 9 . 0 ( =
t
c
3
2

d
b
f
T T
f
b
n
A 85 . 0

,\, _Le nm _e ,,n ,\, _Le nm _e ,,n ,\, _Le nm _e ,,n ,\, _Le nm _e ,,n ) )) ) ( (( ( 5 ,c C _\,, 5 ,c C _\,, 5 ,c C _\,, 5 ,c C _\,,
L\ ~ n.m L., ,\,. _L.e n.m c,,i\ ,: :,x yLz:\ _, C5 n, , nq,L c,,, 5 _L\ oL5 ,z
,, _LeL: nm , _Le , , cm\ ,,\
t
C nm n, \, ,\, _Le nm ,, nn,\, ,n n5 x.z: . u.,, _L.e
cm\ xe\, ,,\,, :
_Le nm _Le nm _Le nm _Le nm ,\, _Le nm ,\, _Le nm ,\, _Le nm ,\, _Le nm
~ L\ _Lz n, ,n: oL,5 5 cLen ,\ ,\, _Le gn nm . _,m n, , _L\ _L, , n,\,
:, _Le ,, .

~ _La,, _\,, I _,c c,m: ua n5 _ , :x.c ,\ _L. .c n., _L
3
2
,., ) 67 . 0 ( h b
f
,\ _L.\ ,
_L\ ue ,z ,: _\xe , :,5 c,, LL, ,n 3 L ,\,. _Le gn nm c,,i\ ,: xL, :,, ,
0.9 :, na,5 ,n: ,: nen e,n _Le nm :



: ( _L, C ,n ,\ n5 _,,: L C cLe ,: _, Lm L: L _,Lm _LL, L, ,: cm\ ox _ .
o ( _La,, _\,, I u, xLa n5 _
3
2

d
b
f
xL, . ,\, _Le nm c,,i\ ,: %85 cm\ _Le nm

nea 19
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
4
. 33 . 0 33 . 0
2
D
A
A F T F F
g
g u u t

=
= =
300 max ) (
r
L
240 max ) (
r
L
-..|. _i.
0.8
mm
- ,. .L:
0 - _i. L:

|. _i. .|
5
mm
- , L:
0 - _i. L:
.i..|..i _i.
1.6
mm
- _i. L:
3.2
mm
- , L:
4.5
mm
- _..i L: _i. L: .:i.. < 22mm , L:
6.5
mm
- _..i L: _i. L: .:i.. <28 , L: 22< .i..|..i ,. _i.
8
mm
- _..i L: .:i.. _i. L: mm >28 , L:

, ( a,, n5 _\,, L _L\ ue ,z ,: _\xe n5 5 _ 2 ,\,. _L.e nm xL, :,, , L 0.75 n.m
cm\ e,n _Le .
LLe LLe LLe LLe ,Lz 5 _,,: _e :,, ,: _Le _ ,Lz 5 _,,: _e :,, ,: _Le _ ,Lz 5 _,,: _e :,, ,: _Le _ ,Lz 5 _,,: _e :,, ,: _Le _ : :: :
1 ~ ~~ ~ 5:,5 gnL ,: 5 ,Lz _i 5:,5 gnL ,: 5 ,Lz _i 5:,5 gnL ,: 5 ,Lz _i 5:,5 gnL ,: 5 ,Lz _i ) ) Lz:, ( Lz n,m _xi,:L,,: :,,,L5 (



2 ~ ~~ ~ xL, a _Le\,,m _\,\: n5 5 cLen _\,, 5 ,Lz _i xL, a _Le\,,m _\,\: n5 5 cLen _\,, 5 ,Lz _i xL, a _Le\,,m _\,\: n5 5 cLen _\,, 5 ,Lz _i xL, a _Le\,,m _\,\: n5 5 cLen _\,, 5 ,Lz _i ) v, cvL\ , _,e ,Le (
,5x ,5x ,5x ,5x : i5 c nL: _1 e , _Le,\, o,, nm _, n, \, 5 cLen _,n o,\x:\ ,\ _, y,a,
:,Lm :,xe ,, u,\,, C5 :
\ ,c \ ,c \ ,c \ ,c _,cv ,
c,a ,c c,a ,c c,a ,c c,a ,c
n: n: n: n: : :: : n,\ _5 :Lz\ c,, ,: ) n ,L _5 _xL: :,,, _x, ( ,i5 n, ,L: _ cm: _,cv .
,5x ,5x ,5x ,5x : :: : ,n n: :, :,\, \,,m ,n cL,mLe ,: .





.



nea 20
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

=
+ =
n
i
t
gi
Si
ndt Ag An
1
2
4
cm 3 . 2 3 20 = +
10
T T
2 1
4
.
5
{ }
2
2
2
2
55 . 36
43 . 41 5 . 1
5 . 4 4
10
5 . 1 3 . 2 2 40
55 . 36 5 . 1 3 . 2 1 40
, min
2 2
1 1
2 2 1 1
cm A
cm A
cm A
A A A
n
n
n
n n n
=
=

+ =
= =
=

= =
= =
=
kg A F
control kg A F
T
e u
g y
50 . 57479 07 . 31 3700 5 . 0 5 . 0
55920 40 2330 6 . 0 6 . 0
min
2
07 . 31 55 . 36 85 . 0 cm
A c A
n t e
= =
=
3



. _|.
, _,,,L, ca,n ) 5 _,,: ( ,: C 15 140 L ,n n, Lq um, n5 20 , ) _L. _.\,a L,
_ ,: ox ( n.a, ,L., :v,.a m _i oL5,z ,,
2
/ 2330 cm kg ox. n.a,5 ,L.5 n., :v,.a L.: _i. ,
2
/ 3700 cm kg xi5 Lme \, xL, .



_e _e _e _e : :: :
1 ~ _\ _Le ,c gn nm yx _,\ _\,ie,




i5 \,Lm\ _,x ,\ \, _a,, . Ag =40cm
2

2 ~ e nm _ 5 ,c _Le gn



,\, _Le gn nm _e



nea 21
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
4 6 2
3
2
3
10 432 90 60 300
12
60 300
90 60 300
12
300 60
Im mm Ix ax = +

+ +

= =
6 2
3
10 4 . 140 90 60 300
12
300
60 = + = Iy

=
=
=
mm r
control mm r
r
xx
yy
5 . 109
* 5 . 62
min
min
mm r
xx
5 . 109
2 60 300
10 432
6
=

=
y

60
mm
A
yA
y 240
60 300 60 300
330 60 300 150 60 300
=
+
+
= =

mm r
yy
5 . 62
2 60 300
10 4 . 140
6
=

=
A
I
r r L
r L
r
L
=
=
, 300
300 300 ) (
min

_L
xL, c,a n5 5 nen C ,Lz _,n ,5\xe cm\ ,xq cm\ ox o:\: _L: _ ,: _1 gn ,










_e _e _e _e : :: : , _\L \, ,, c:,xe cm\ c,a nen _,q :
5 nen _,n ,5\xe






4
nea 22
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
5
3@3=9m
8T
5T
3T
5m
8T
5T
3T
ton v 8 , 86 . 0 cos , 31 )
5
3
( tan
0 1
= = = =


Ton T
Ton
ton T
ton
ton T
6 . 18
88 . 0
16
3
16 3 5 8
10 . 15
86 . 0
13
13 5 8
3 . 9
86 . 0
8
2
2 1
1
= =
= + + =
= =
= + = + =
= =

cos
cos
v
T v T = =

T



_L
_LeLm C _Lzxi,:L, e\,n cm,,n .







1 ~ .L, . .a c,, n, L:,m , Lz, n, Lzxi, :L, _L\ x . ) ._,,.e _,,.: u.a Lzx.i,:L, .e\: _,,.:
cm\ _,La L 5 . (
2 ~ _Lz,,: yL x:,\x: :,, _,La _Lc\ , xiL: _e 5 _Lc\ \, ,:L
3 ~ xL: _e \, ,n: :,, n,n _,, _5 x:\,, xL, xi,:L, ,z .

xi,:L, 1


xi,:L, 2


nea 23
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
cm L
cm
cm
r
r
L
583
94 . 1
300
583
300
min
min
=
= = =
T=18.6ton T=18.6ton
cm r cm A UNP Try
cm
F
T
A
m L ton T
y
y
g
47 . 1 , 5 . 13 100
92 . 12
2400 6 . 0
10 6 . 18
6 . 0
83 . 5 9 25 , 6 . 18
2
2
3
= =
=

= =
= + = =
G N
cm
r
L
y
. 300 396
47 . 1
583
> = =


n: n: n: n: : :: : _\, n, \, ,Lz _Lz _i _\, o:Le\ g,a _,\x5,L, _\,, nL: _1 u,\, ,n 33 x :\: _\,a\ .

,c e\,n ,c e\,n ,c e\,n ,c e\,n : } 1 ~ , xi,:L, _L\ C _a,, ,\ _, ,\ c n
} 2 ~ L, c n, xi,:L, _L\ _,,: ,: ,\








L\ L\ L\ L\ ~ ~~ ~ cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n 1 ( ( ( (



_:L5 _,i5 _:L5 _,i5 _:L5 _,i5 _:L5 _,i5

xz: : \, _,cv , xz: \, gn nm . \x a,, xL, n5 i5 94 . 1 =
y
r \, _,cv L xL,
xz: .
g
A
nea 24
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
t A A
g n
9 . 1 5 . 2 =
* 71 . 6
75 . 0
3 . 5
75 . 0
75 . 0
3 . 5
3700 9 . 0
9300
5 . 0
* 46 . 6
2400 6 . 0
9300
6 . 0
3 . 9
2
6 . 18
2
2
2
2
cm
o A
A A A
cm o
F
T
A
cm
F
T
A
Ton
T
e
n n e
u
e
y
g
= = = =
=

= =
=

= =
= =
* 7 . 6
46 . 6
2
2
cm A
cm A
n
g

nDt A A
g n
=
t A A A
g n g
+ = + = 75 . 4 71 . 6 754 . 4
5 . 2 3 2 9 . 1 3 . 0 6 . 1 < < = + n n

_L\ _,x n, n, L, _L\ _,x n, n, L, _L\ _,x n, n, L, _L\ _,x n, n, L,

~ ~~ ~ cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n cLe _\,, e\,n 2 ( (( (
_a,, C _,,:





,L: :,, _LeLm ,L: :,, _LeLm ,L: :,, _LeLm ,L: :,, _LeLm oxii5 _,i5

= n , L, _:,5 \,,m ,nLe n, \,,m , < , ,n
,: cLL :,,.....
,L:


1 0.9 0 .8 t
10.51 11.99 11.46 Ag


K O cm r UNP Use
y
. ) 02 . 2 ( 180 =
K cm cm A . 0 ) 46 . 6 9 . 11 ( 9 70 70
2 2
> =
nea 25
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
Lb
y
yy
yy
x
xx
xx
F
s
M
f
F
S
M
f
b
c
I
s
c
I
s
s
M
I
Mc
f
bx
xx
x
bx
by
yy
y
by
= =
= = =
=
=
,

A
Cy
x
nx nx nx nx : :: :
Lc\ ,Le _Lz,,: n5 xi,5 e \, , xL, , ,n ,,e ,, :,c _1 n, :,\ . c\ e _L ) Lz, (
x:, m nm: ,: n, .
1 ~ ~~ ~ _,La _L, ,:L ,L _\,\: _,La _L, ,:L ,L _\,\: _,La _L, ,:L ,L _\,\: _,La _L, ,:L ,L _\,\: : :: : ,:L .L\ L, ,:L .L\ L, ,:L .L\ L, ,:L .L\ L,
2 ~ ~~ ~ ,:L .L\ _,x, ,:L .L\ _,x, ,:L .L\ _,x, ,:L .L\ _,x,

e _Lc\ e\,n _Lz,Le e _Lc\ e\,n _Lz,Le e _Lc\ e\,n _Lz,Le e _Lc\ e\,n _Lz,Le

1 ~ e _i 2 ~ ,, _i 3 ~ e , L 4 ~ _L , _L, _, 5x
5 ~ L: ,, _i _q ,\ 6 ~ ,:L _:L5 _L, ,La ce

1 ~ ~~ ~ ,Le ,Le ,Le ,Le _i _i _i _i e e e e

L\ ~ :,, e _i





~ ,Lz e _i
um, :, o:\: nL: _1 xi5 m,,, n:L5\x Le ,,e L, \, _, ,,e _,e _e nL: _1 n5 .
nea 26
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
Fy t
b
f
f
1593
<
Fy t
b
f
f
545
2
<
t
b
f
f
f
b
b
f
t
d
t
w
b b
F f 1 ~ ~~ ~ _, ,,e _,e _, ,,e _,e _, ,,e _,e _, ,,e _,e
_,\ nm: _,\ nm: _,\ nm: _,\ nm: : :: : o:,a gnL o:,a gnL o:,a gnL o:,a gnL
xi5 :Li nL: _1 n5 ,Lz _e _i . 66 x,: F
y
cm\ 0.66F
y

o:,a gn u\, o:,a gn u\, o:,a gn u\, o:,a gn u\, : :: :
1 ~ xL, nm, _L n, e ,c _LL, .
2 ~ a gn _5 _i cm\ Le ,,e c ,: _,\x5,L, , _Lm _,L .
3 ~ ::,5 _,i5 ,, u,\,, ,,ni _x, , xL, C,L: ,c _e ,c _LL, .

L\ ~ ox: c, ., :

~ ox c, ., :

xi,5 ox cLm ,, x:,\: oL5 n d,n ,: ,\ n5 L,, n, .
,n ,: ,\ n5 L,, n, xi,5 ox: cLm ,, x:,\x: oL5 n d .
1 ~ cm\ y,v ,, nn,\, _,i5 \x xL, C,L: ,c mL, ,: e _Lc\ _L .





y w y
a
y w
y
a
y w y
a
F t
d
F
f
F t
d
F
f
F t
d
F
f
2155
16 . 0
5366
) 74 . 3 1 (
5366
16 . 0
>

nea 27
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
(
(

+ =
y y
b
F
b
F
b
M
M
L 84 & ) 84 137 ( 10 min
2
1 3

y
y
y
f
F
A
d
F
b
Lb
) (
1406000
637
min
) 6 ( 2 (
b
d
t t
f w
[ ]
y b y y
f
f
y b
y f
f
y
F F F F
t
b
F F
F t
b
F
66 . 0 6 . 0
2
000239 . 0 79 . 0
797
2
545
< =
)
`

<

y
F Fb 6 . 0 =

y
f
y
f
F
A
d
F
b
Lb
) (
1406000
637
min

* xL: x ,, u,\,, ,: n5 mL, e _Lc\ _,L ,c _,n L , e _Lc\ ,:L .L\ _\,a .
) gnL gnL gnL gnL I C :\:,L: , C :\:,L: , C :\:,L: , C :\:,L: , ( (( ( : :: :

_Li, ,:L .L\ _,x,, ,:L .L\ L, , _L :

_ n, gnL _\,, _ n, gnL _\,, _ n, gnL _\,, _ n, gnL _\,,
1
M , Cq,5 ,i
2
M C,,, ,i
xL,: :L L:1 _\,, LL, 5,L: ,c u, Li n5 ximz gnL .

_Le,: _\,, _Le,: _\,, _Le,: _\,, _Le,: _\,, I :\:,L: , :\:,L: , :\:,L: , :\:,L: ,


o,, o,, o,, o,, : n5 gnL n5 _\,, x:,\: ,:L _xi,,L , x:,5 : ,\, _, nea _xi, o:, ,:
y b
F F 6 . 0 =
y,m nm: y,m nm: y,m nm: y,m nm: : :: : gnL gnL gnL gnL o:,a ,c o:,a ,c o:,a ,c o:,a ,c
xL,: :L L:1 _\,, o:,a gn u\, ,\ _\xe Li n5 ximz enL . n: gnL u\, n,\
xL, ,\, ,, _1 _\,, mL, o:,a . )
797
2
(
y
f
f
F
t
b
< _, ,,e _,e _e aL5 ,:L ,L .


nea 28
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
y y
f
f
b
y f
f
y
F F
t
b
F
F t
b
F
(
(

= < < )
2
( 000596 . 0 075 . 1
797
2
545
y b
y f
f
y
F F
F t
b
F
6 . 0
1995 1593
= < <
y b
y f
f
F F
F t
b
75 . 0
545
2
= <
y
y f
f
F Fb
F t
b
66 . 0
1593
2
=
It
VQ
=
2 2 1 1
. y A y A Q A N + =
A1
A2
A3
y
1
2
3
y
y
V
w w
V
F
dt
V
A
V
f = =
:>. _., _.
2 ~ ~~ ~ Le ,,e _,e _e Le ,,e _,e _e Le ,,e _,e _e Le ,,e _,e _e
L\ L\ L\ L\ ~ ~~ ~ ,, gnL _\,, ,, gnL _\,, ,, gnL _\,, ,, gnL _\,, : :: : _,m ,, cLea _ ) _nm g,, ,:,5 gnL (
y b
F F 75 . 0 =
~ ~~ ~ ,L, gnL _\,, ,L, gnL _\,, ,L, gnL _\,, ,L, gnL _\,, ) )) ) gnL gnL gnL gnL I ( (( (

1 ~ C,L: ,c _LL, L, _L n, nm, _LL, L, gnL :
2 ~ o:,a n: gnL C,L: n: _LL, L, gnL :


( x:,\: C,L: ,c _LL, n5 nm, gnL :


: ( C,L: ,c _LL, L, nm, gnL :
2 ~ ,Le _,,




: yL . _L n5 cm\ _\ ,, _,a xi5 _e \, _,, _,, .
:, n\x5 ,Li5 LL, ie ::,5 _e _L um, ua ,, _a,, ,z ,: .

nea 29
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
t
w
y V
y w
y V
y w
F cv
Fy
F
F t
h
F F
F t
h
4 . 0 ) (
89 . 2
3180
4 . 0
3180
=
=
f
d
t
f
t
w
h=d-2t
f
:jkQ
d
c
c
h=d-2c
h=d-2c


















3 ~ ~~ ~ e ,Le e ,Le e ,Le e ,Le _L , _L , _L , _L ,
e n,mLe L.z, .e Lm , zL5 n u\, _,\x5,L, n, n, L, Lz, _ , ) EI ( u.,\,, n., n., L., ,
xL, ,x _L\ L c,L .

nea 30
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
EI
pL PL
M
48
,
4
) 2
3
max max
= =
L/2 L/2
EI
b a p
L
Pab
M
3
, ) 3
2 2 2
max max
= =
b a
W
L EI
wL wL
M
384
5
8
) 1
4
max
2
max
= =
all

max
A B C
EI
wL
wL
M
wL
M M
C
c
B A
L
384
24
12
4
max
2
2
2
= =
=
= =
) 4
[ ]

+ =
max
2
) ( 1 .
48
5
b a s
M M o M
EI
L
s
ma mb
s

L\ L\ L\ L\ ~ ~~ ~ Lz, :,, _ ,e Lz, :,, _ ,e Lz, :,, _ ,e Lz, :,, _ ,e : :: :














_\, x:,\: ,\, ce\,i o:,m5 _,\x5,L, ,\\ ce n5 o,m _Lz, _\,,
max
.,, nn,\, ,\ \, ,., c.mx,
:,,1 .
\, , xL, \x,\ o:,5 ,L:1 L, n\: \, _e ,i iei , .

nea 31
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
360 /
max
L
240
max
L

200
d
L

~ ~~ ~ Lz, ,Lz _ ,e Lz, ,Lz _ ,e Lz, ,Lz _ ,e Lz, ,Lz _ ,e : :: :

1 ~ nL: _1 AISC e x:\ Lm n5 Lz, _\,, ox:, ,L, n, u,,, ,5\xe _ , , xii5 _e \, _\ ox : .
L ) , :\,1 :Lz: _,n (
2 ~ _LeLm c,\, e ,: xL, ,q,5 ,, ,:L ,\ xL, ox:, , o:, _Lz,L, _5 ,\\ ce ,5\xe _ ,
e _:\x: \, c,, i5 _,c\, _a,, mL, _ , .

o,, o,, o,, o,, : :: :

1 ~ e \, cv1 _L _,, _e nen ,5\ e xi5 _ n, ,Lz _L ,
100
1
n:Lz: xL, :,xe .
2 ~ , o,, ce n5 Lz, _\,, _Le,\ :x.c ,\ g.n c n, n:Lz: n, _,n c,m: mL, x:,\: ,\, 200 ,.5
xL, .
_ ,e _:\x: \, c,, ,: . cm\ _e o\, _,, , m,i\ _L _\,a\ . ,. .m,i\ _L _\,a\ _\,,
:,\: :,, o\, xiq :
1 ~ ,\ _\,a\ , La
2 ~ _,,,:, _z1 , ,\ o:Lam\ ) 1.5 ,e ,, \,, ( (( ( . i, \, _,,,:, n:v _z1 , ceLm o,e: ,, _ ,: .




nea 32
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
.lI cI c _,
_>
, cI-Ls _I>,I>

_,,,:, n:viz1, ceLm, _,, o,e: _,,,:, n:viz1, ceLm, _,, o,e: _,,,:, n:viz1, ceLm, _,, o,e: _,,,:, n:viz1, ceLm, _,, o,e:




















nea 33
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
f
L
d
E
fL
d
L
Ed
fL
L
Ed
fL
EIdL
I fL
dL
fI
W
d
c
c
I
f M
I
Mc
f
L
M
W
WL
M
EI
WL
28000
48
3600
360 48
10
) 6 ( & ) 5 (
) 6 (
360
&
48
10
384
16 5
) 4 ( & ) 1 (
) 4 (
16
2
) 3 (
) 2 (
8
8
) 1 (
384
5
2
max
2
2
4
max
2
2
2
max
4
max

= =

=
=
=
= =
= =
=
Pl
8mm
10mm
W
L





3 ~ _L, , ,, ,\ o:Lam\


_a,, La,\ ,: ,5\xe ,e _, nn,\, _:,5 \x _a,, La,\ ,: ,5\xe ,e _, nn,\, _:,5 \x _a,, La,\ ,: ,5\xe ,e _, nn,\, _:,5 \x _a,, La,\ ,: ,5\xe ,e _, nn,\, _:,5 \x
,: , n:,: _\,ic n, ,5 ,n: ,: ,, ce\,i o:,m5 ,L, L, o:Lm ,m :











nea 34
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
2400
24
=
y
F
L
d
_I, <:
y
F
L
5600
d
20
L
d
30
2400
L
d F
y
f =
y
F
L
d
7000
f If
M
200
L



u,\, ,Ln Le,: _\xe La,\ u,\, ,Ln Le,: _\xe La,\ u,\, ,Ln Le,: _\xe La,\ u,\, ,Ln Le,: _\xe La,\ AISC
La,\,5\ d _,i5 n, _,L: ,: :, LL:\ ,, ,,,: ox _L,,:L ,\ _a,,
max

_\ ,c ,: xL, :
xL, c,,
max

,i5 :, _ .
1 ~ x:,\: ,\, _i ce _L5 ,,n n,, xL, : _Le,\, n,, ,\\ ce n5 Lz,zL, Lz, _\,, :


2 ~ :,\:,\, _Le,\, n,, ce n5 Lz,zL, Lz, _\,, :

3 ~ ce _L5,,n, n5 yL, _Lz nv _\,, x:,\:,\, _i ,\\ :







_Lq: , C,1 Lz nv ,5\xe _,e

nea 35
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
( ) [ ]
T B A
y y
55 . 16
2
4 . 1 4 5 . 2 5 2 . 2
=
+
= =
10.375
9.65
W=2.2T/M
1.4
4.15
6.9
8.594
2.75
1.4t 1.4t 1.4t 1.4t
2.5 2.5 5m 2.5 2.5
2.75
4.15
9.65
1.4
4.15
6.875
10.375
6.875
-
+
+
+
-
- -
1




_L
_Lz,L, ,\L _e ,: , _\ cm\ ox _,\x5,L, ,, _ ,Ln n5 _, e\,n cm,,n n. ,:, ,5,
m. _i. _\,\: n.a, ,L, :v,a oL5,z cm\ ,:L oL5 n _\,\: LzL5 2400 g,,,:L.m ,., y,5,.5
:,,xz\,e nq ,LL:\ _a,,xL,











L\ L\ L\ L\ : :: : _e ,Le _e ,Le _e ,Le _e ,Le : :: :
_,\ _,a : o:,a ,c gn :
nea 36
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
3
5
max max
5 . 720
1440
10 375 . 10
1440
1440 cm
M
s
s
M
x
x
=

= = =
x x
Fb fb
|>. _... _.. .,. _... _..
cm t
cm t cm b cm A cm d cm I cm s INP
f
w f f X x
73 . 1
15 . 1 , 1 . 13 , 66 . 2 , 32 , 12510 , 782 320
2 4 3
=
= = = = = =
OK
AW
V
f
AW
V
f
cm
kg
F F
V
V
y V
960 23 . 262
15 . 1 32
10 65 . 9
960 4 . 0
3
max
max
2
p =

= =

=
= =
y,: _,a : ,LL:\ ,Lz _i
y x b
F F 6 . 0 =
,Lz e _i
2
1440 2400 6 . 0
cm
kg
F
x b
= =





vLexL, y,v gn _,x ,\ _, _1 gn _,x n5 i5 LL:\ a,,, o:\: yLz:\ _,i5\ \, _,\ LL:\
i5 _,i5 \, _, nea _,a .


L\ : 5:,a ,c _,a _,i5
i5 5:,a _\,, ,L ,c _,n xi, _,
cm\ o:,a ,c gn _ xz: : \, .
: :: : _,, ,Le _,, ,Le _,, ,Le _,, ,Le
: :: : _L ,e ,Le _L ,e ,Le _L ,e ,Le _L ,e ,Le : :: :
uL: ,: _L ,e ,5\xe 3 , 4 ,:L, 1 ,:L, 6 i5 Lme ,:, , nm,, \x xa\ La\ :




|>. = = 7 . 0 68 . 0
max
p .,.
250 L
|>.
cm 68 . 0
max
=
.i _,|..i ...: -. ...
g N
L
b
. 3 . 170
2400
1 . 13 637
250 , 250 =

=
p
nea 37
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
2
15.78
9.76
WD=2T/M
0.76
1.24
3m 1m
3
1.5
10.24
+
+
+
-
-
WL=1T/M
T M T V
OK M
control
R R R Fy
T R R Mc
m
T
W W W
A
cy cy Ay
Ay Ay
L D u
78 . 15 , 24 . 10
, 0 5 . 3 21 3 2 6 24 . 13 0
:
24 . 13 23 21 2 0
76 . 9 5 . 2 7 3 3 2 6 0
3 1 2
max max
= =
= + + =
= = + = + =
= = =
= + = + =

+ +
+




_L _L _L _L
_,,: _a,, ,\ o:Lam\L, ,, _ ,: ox o:\: _L: , IPE x.i5 e\,n \, ) _.\,a ,: x.i5 _,.a 1.5m _\,\:
cm\ ,:L ,L . ,L _\,\: _,La _L, ie cm\ aL5 ,:L (.

*** xL, : ,\: , o:,, ox:, _Lz,L, :v,a ,: xL, : ,\: , o:,, ox:, _Lz,L, :v,a ,: xL, : ,\: , o:,, ox:, _Lz,L, :v,a ,: xL, : ,\: , o:,, ox:, _Lz,L, :v,a ,: . .. .









,\:,: ,\ ,\x ,5\xe ,i, _,, LL:\ _\,, , e _Lz ,5 ,n: ,: n ,x 6Le,\ ,, .
cm\ nm,, o:,, gni c,, n, _, n5 i5 _,a :
1 ~ _e ,Le ) _e _,i5 (
nea 38
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
300 useIPE
1114 ) 557 2 ( 300 2 = = S IPE try
07 . 1 , 71 . 0 , 15 , 30 = = = =
f w f
t t b d
3 3
5
498
2
996
996
1584
10 78 . 15
cm cm
Fb
m
S
req
= =

= =
y f
f
F t
b
545
2
p
OK cm
cm
F
A
d
cm
F
b
Lb
y
f
y
f
195 150
313
) (
140600
195
637
min p

=
=

OK 12 . 11 7
2400
545
07 . 1 2
15
p p

OK
F t
d
y w
53 . 109 25 . 42
2400
5366
71 . 0
30 5366
p p p
_,\ _,a : o:,a gn
y,: _,a : ,Lz e _i
2
1584 2400 66 . 0
cm
kg
F
x b
= =

:,,.. g..n _,x..
,L:
_,x,\ _L\

i5 _,i5\, gn 5:,a u\, _m :


L\ ~ _L n, _L, m, ~ nm, c,, n, _,
~ nn,\, xL, xL, ,\,,, .

~



ox: ,L _,n :


nea 39
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
86 . 24 57 . 2 2 30 2
65 35
2400
3180
71 . 0
86 . 24 3180
= = =

c d h
OK
F t
h
y w
p p p
OK d
L
d 25 30
24
600
24
f
2 max
480
71 . 0 30
10240
, 24 . 10
cm
kg
dt
V
f T V
w
V
=

= = =
.,. _.. _..
K=C
t
w
N+2K
N
N+K
A B
2 ~ _,, ,Le ) _,, _,i5 (




::,5 _,i5 ,, nn,\, xL, ,, _: L5 ,\ _,5, _\,, :



3 ~ ,e ,Le ) ,e _,i5 (


_L, _L, _, 5x _,i5 _L, _L, _, 5x _,i5 _L, _L, _, 5x _,i5 _L, _L, _, 5x _,i5
5 x1 :,,, , _L,: 5,,, _,La _Li :, :,\, , _,,,, ,5, _,,: n5 Le,: _,L. ccL, n
:, na5 _L e, _x _,L oxx _\ n, ::,5 _L e, _x . g.,, _,,n xL, ,5, ,L,
:,: _L, _L, _x n ccL, n5 :, . n,\,L, Lz,,: g,, 45 cm\ .







2
960 2400 4 . 0 4 . 0
cm
kg
F F
y V
= = = OK 960 480 p
|>. _..
nea 40
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
y
w
F
t K N
R
fc 75 . 0
) 2 (

+
=
y
w
F
t K N
R
fc 75 . 0
) (

+
=
3
cm N cm N 02 . 6 02 . 6 45 . 3 2
86 . 0 2400 75 . 0
10 20
3
= =

=
4
1
6
c
m
4
4cm
4cm
W=34.7 kg/cm

** : , :L _Lz cm , ) ,L, :L,5, ( ,\
** zL5 n _Le\ _c _\,,, , _LzL5 n ,:

:, o:Lam\ zL5 n ,, _,n n,mLe _\,, ,a _,,a,: ,\ :, o:Lam\ zL5 n ,, _,n n,mLe _\,, ,a _,,a,: ,\ :, o:Lam\ zL5 n ,, _,n n,mLe _\,, ,a _,,a,: ,\ :, o:Lam\ zL5 n ,, _,n n,mLe _\,, ,a _,,a,: ,\ . .. .

_L
:L oL5 n ,, ,n cm\ ,n .
:L _,m _e\ _c _,,:





, xL, ,, _,n _\xe xzx: , 5x ni\ _\, N=6.02 cm o:Lam\ :,, _,n , xL, N+2K=13.27cm ,
w =24 ::,5 LL:\ :






i _.. IPB
i ,. _,: IPE
tw = 0.86
C =K=3.45 cm
R=20T
nea 41
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
cm
Kg
A
P
q 7 . 34
24 24
10 20
3
=

=
cm kg M
WL
M
. 6662
2
4 24 7 . 34
2
2
max
2
max
=

=
=
2 4 c m
t p
{ cm b cm
F
M
s
b
req
24 7 . 3
1800
6662
3
= = = =
2
1800 75 . 0
cm
kg
F F
y b
= =
cm
b
t bt
I
96 . 0
24
7 . 3 6 7 . 3 6
6
7 . 3
2
=

= =
2
6
1
bt s
c
I
s = =
2
12
1
3
t
c
bt I
=
=
1 24 24
10 1 96 . 0

= =
pl use
mm cm cm tp
..|>. _:i..


ni\ _\,, w i5 , ,, _,c,:\, _1 i5 _x, _,n n, \, :


Le ,,e _,e _e ) ,, ,, _nm _a : (









Lz, ,: \,,m :Lz\ Lz, ,: \,,m :Lz\ Lz, ,: \,,m :Lz\ Lz, ,: \,,m :Lz\
1 ~ _a,, _L,: \,,m _a,, _L,: \,,m _a,, _L,: \,,m _a,, _L,: \,,m : :: : _L n,mLe ,: xL, C,,, \,,m n,, ,: :,\x: _,\L _a,, _L,: \,,m
:, c, \,,m d\,n\, z: ,\L m,i\ .

2 ~ ~~ ~ _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m : :: : ,\ i5 ,n: d, Cq,5 _Le\,,m,\\ . _x. .5 ,\\ _\, C,,, _Le\,,m _\,,,
i5 c,\, _a,, ,L: c,, ,:, na,5 ,n:,:\, m,i\ _L .
nea 42
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
dh h
f f
t b Af =
_|. ..|..
2
dt Ah =
_i. ..|..
t
f
Af Ah 15 . 0
Af Ah 15 . 0
p
x
p
y
p
x
x
m
y
x
m
y
::,5 Cq mL, Le _a,, _,, _,i5 6Le ,\ ). _,,,:, n:v _Lz, (






*** _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m _a,, _L, ,: \,,m : :: : ,\ \,,m n,, ,: 0.15Af ,, :\,L ua xL, ,5,,, %15 5 _5 gn nm ,\
::,5 . :,: ,n: d, ie ,L Lz,L ,\ _\, .



*** ,5\ ,5\ ,5\ ,5\ ,\: ,L: c, n, xL, ,\: ,L: c, n, xL, ,\: ,L: c, n, xL, ,\: ,L: c, n, xL, . .. .
*** ,5\ ,5\ ,5\ ,5\ ,, :\,L xL, ,, :\,L xL, ,, :\,L xL, ,, :\,L xL, %15 ::,5 e ::,5 e ::,5 e ::,5 e .

o,,e ,: _e o,,e ,: _e o,,e ,: _e o,,e ,: _e
,5\ , cm\ o,,e C _e xL, ,ni \ _Lz,,e ,\ ,, ,Le _Lz,,: n5 , , cvLe,:
:, :Lz\ o,,e ,: _e xL,: ,ni \ _Lz,,e ,\ ,, ,Le _,,: . :Lz\ ,\ _,5, _\,,
mL, gn,: q ,i :,x, _,, ,5, ,\ ,Le _,,: :\x\ .


nea 43
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
b b
F f
4
8
2
PL
M
WL
M
y
x
=
=
L/2 L/2
y
p
(+) (-)

=
=
= =
=

=
y
y
y b
x
x
x b
y
y
x
x
b
y
y
x
x
y
x y
x
y x
s
M
f
s
M
f
s
M
s
M
f
s
M
s
M
P
I
c M
I
c M
A
P

0 ,
=
b
y
y
x
x
b
F
s
M
s
M
f
.,. _... |>. _...


o,,e,: _e _\,, :










\ _Lz,,e _,e _e ,:,x, _,, ,5,,\ ,\L ue :\x\ .

,L:1 _\,, ,L:1 _\,, ,L:1 _\,, ,L:1 _\,, : :: :
ie cm\ _L _a,, ,:
) (
x
s
,
) (
y
s

_e _\,, _e _\,, _e _\,, _e _\,, : : : :
b
y
y
x
x
b
F
s
M
s
M
f =
_,, _\,, _,, _\,, _,, _\,, _,, _\,, : :: :
V
y y
y y
x x
x x
V
F
t I
Q V
t I
Q V
f

=
nea 44
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
y
p
m
x
m
y
p
x
m
y
=
+
y
p
p
x
p
p
x
j` a ue j` a ue
x
s
e\,n _\,, e\,n _\,, e\,n _\,, e\,n _\,, : :: :
cm: _L _a,, ,: :
L, _,i5 _,,a,: vL, _a,, _,x
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
y
x
y x x
s
s
m m
Fb
s
1

,Lz _i o:\: ,\,
_xe _\,, _xe _\,, _xe _\,, _xe _\,,
|
|

\
|
y
x
s
s
: : : :
1 ~ _a,, IPB

2 ~ _a,, INP,IPE
3
~ _a,, \,:\ _\,, I _

c ,: ,,: ,: ,z n,, ,: x , y xi5 ,\L _a,, _L, . ) )) ) Lz nv xi:L Lz nv xi:L Lz nv xi:L Lz nv xi:L ( (( (







3 =
y
x
s
s
8 =
y
x
s
s
b
d
s
s
y
x
3
=
nea 45
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
y f
s s
2
1
=
y
y
x
x
b
f
x
y x x
s
M
s
M
f
s
s
M M
Fb
s
2
1
=
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
y
p p
x

(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
f
x
y x x
s
s
m m
Fb
s
1
ua
f
s _L, gn _,x x1 ,L5 n, gn _5 x1 ,L5 n, :

gnL _\,,, I _

:,x5 : _,, ,5,,\,,: ,\L ue :\x\ , \ _Lz,,e _,e _e .






* i _a,, \ _Lz,,e ,\ ,, :, :,\, _a,, _LL _L,,, n5 ,Le _,,: ,5\ C _e xL, ,n
:, :Lz\ o,,e . :,x, _,, ,5, ,\ ,Le _,,: _\ nq: Liq . :, : :Lz\ gn,: q n:,qz .
* gn ,: o,,e ,: _e :,: ,ni cLL _Lz,,e ,\ ,, :, :,\, _a,,,, n5 ,Le _,,:,5\
_,e _e ,: _\ ,\ y\x5 ,z n5 :, :Lz\ ,: 5 _e _\ ,: xa\ : La\ _a,, \ ,,e
:, :Lz\ gn ) . _Lz,,e ,, _a,, \ _Lz,,e x , , , , y _a,, _ cm: ,ni Z (





nea 46
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
( ) ( )
b
xy y x
xy y y x
xy y x
xy x x y
b
F y
I I I
I m I m
x
I I I
I m I m
f

=
2 2
m
x
m
y
x


5 _e 5 _e 5 _e 5 _e : :: :

cm: _a,, \ _Lz,,e _,e _e .



mL, _1 cLL _\:L, nn:,z ,: \x
x y xy
I I I , , ,: _:\: ,\,L,, ,Lz _iL, i5 nmL, i5 n,mLe\,
nn: _, :\,e, ,: :\, vL, _,,a b i5 n,mLe \, .












nea 47
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
20 %
3700
2400
40
200
2
2
2
2
=

=
=
=
=

cm
Kg
F
cm
Kg
F
m
Kg
WL
m
Kg
WD
u
y
3
1
.
2
m
1
.
2
m
1
.
2
m
1
.
2
m
1.5m 1.5m
6.5m
Wcos
Wcos
Wsin
W

6.5m 6.5m 6.5m

_L
:\:,L: _a,, ,\ ,, Lm _Lz nv e\,n cm,,n .

















i5 ,L:1 o:Lm ,m,: , c,, n,, 5 _,,,\, nv :

nea 48
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
cos W
WL/8Cos
2

2
1 . 236 31 . 11 cos 200 40
m
kg
W = + =
m
kg
W 3 . 283 2 . 1 1 . 236 = =
(1) WL/8cos
(2) WL/9cos
2
2

WL/360sin
2
WL/90sin
2

= =
=

= =

m t
WL
M
m t
WL
M
y
x
. 0065 . 0 31 . 11 sin
360
5 . 6 283 . 0
sin
360
. 46 . 1 31 . 11 cos
8
5 . 6 283 . 0
cos
8
) 1 (
2 2
2 2

= =
=

= =

m t
WL
M
m t
WL
M
y
x
. 025 . 0 31 . 11 sin
90
5 . 6 283 . 0
sin
90
. 32 . 1 31 . 11 cos
9
5 . 6 283 . 0
cos
9
) 2 (
2 2
2 2

) 3 . 18 , 116 ( 160
3
3
cm s cm s tryUNP
y x
= =



,,e _,e _e C x ,,e _,e _e C _iqz , y

,,e _,e _e _\,, x ,L, L, o:Lm ,m ,: ,




_,e _e _\,, ,,e y ,L n (soy road) x:,\: \, oL5 n e .

:\x\ ,: :
_,n :\x\ ,: :
_,\x ,i _,, ,\ n,mLe 998 o,, _z cm, , :,eLn L5 :






sin W cos W
nea 49
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
2
1440 6 . 0
2
cm
Kg
F F
s
M
s
M
f
y b
y
y
x
x
b
= = + =
_,,.. -L.i i
OK
cm
kg
cm
kg
2 2
5 5
1440 6 . 1329
3 . 18
10 0065 . 0 2
116
10 46 . 1
p =

+

.||. _i. ) 1 (
OK
cm
kg
cm
kg
2 2
5 5
1440 6 . 1315
3 . 18
10 025 . 0 2
116
10 32 . 1
p =

+

. _i .||. ) 2 (
m
c
(kg/m)
l
Mmax
Mb






,, um, Le,: c, ,, um, Le,: c, ,, um, Le,: c, ,, um, Le,: c,









_,a ,i _\,, \, , i5
c
M ,i ,\, i5 e\,n
s
M ,: \x i: o:Lam\ cm\ _,5,,, ,i C n5
nLzL
c
m i5 o:Lam\ ,, ,\ xz: : \, .




nea 50
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
d
Ap
d
Ap
Ap
S
d
b
S
|

\
|

=
d
S S
A
b
P
2 . 1
., _i.
d
S S
A
b
P
9 . 0
=
. _i. ) _,,| .|. (
P
A
S
C
I
S =
S
S S
L l
b

=
.,.. _i
d
Ap
Ap
x
C
C
t
b
cm\ ox e\,n ,iL ,i _\,, .
, _L,, ,\ Lz n:,: , _L,, ,\ Lz n:,: , _L,, ,\ Lz n:,: , _L,, ,\ Lz n:,:





L xL, _,, gn _,n .
o:Lm ,m ,: , _\,, o:Lm ,m ,: , _\,, o:Lm ,m ,: , _\,, o:Lm ,m ,: , _\,,
: :,, _a,, gn _,x
: ,L: :,, gn _,x
: :,, _a,, La,\
: ,, C gn nm
_,i5 _\,, d ,e L xz: \, ox e\,n ,, ni\ .



,\: \, ,i _,, nLzL ,: , : xx


I
t
d
A I I
p
P P
+
|
|

\
|
+ + =
2
2 2
2
,., _..,i _|.. . _,:
nea 51
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
DkQ
vH
Ps
a l L 2 + =

a l a
b
CI lB C kIj lB C
a l a


* , _\ xL, :L cm\ o:,m5 ,L, ,\\ ce n5 o:Lm ,m ,: , _\,, nn,\ .

















a = :,\: _, _L\ o,e: n, m,, :, naL\ xL, n5 _,\x . L, cm\ ,,\,, , ,, _5 _,n , :

nea 52
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
b a =

b a =
b a 5 . 1 =
P
t D
4
3
m t
WL
M W
m
t
t
. 75 . 3
8
2 . 1 2 . 0 1
2
max
= = = + =
WL=0.2T/M
4
b a b 2 b a 2 =

nL: _1 c\,\, nL: _1 c\,\, nL: _1 c\,\, nL: _1 c\,\, AISC :,, ,: :,, ,: :,, ,: :,, ,: _,n naL\ _,n naL\ _,n naL\ _,n naL\ a
1 ~ _,n ,: ,:L g ,: ,: nm ,5\ a xe, L, ::,5 _ , _L, L, o,m _, L, L:\ g ,: ,:,
,\ ,, _,
4
3
_,n:, ,, cLL a :, LL:\ ,, _,c _,Lm .
,\ 3 _, d,n
P
t D
4
3
_, ,\ xe,
2 ~ xi, u\, uae L, ) 1 ( ,\ ,5 _, xe, n,, ,:
4
3
_,n ::,5 ,, cLL a _,Lm. 1.5 _,.c ,.,\,,
::,5 LL:\ ,, .
3 ~ L:\ g ,:, ::,5 _, , _L, n, ,:L g ,: ,: ua nm n5 , ie cLe _, :\,e, ,:
:,: yLz:\ _, . ,
xL, ,, _a,, c,L ,\ _, c,L n5 :, o:\: _, xL, _,,n . :,\: x:L _ _i _,L , .

_e _L, ,, ::,5 c, xL, :, n5 _xe L _L, ,, .

_L
,:L .L\ _\,\: ,,,,, , _a,, L1 cm\ IPE200 c,,. ,: x.L, . ,.,\, ox. o:\: _L.: _,\x.5,L, _\,,
xL: n,mLe \, _L, , ,, :Le,\ _:,,: ,,\,



nea 53
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
) 7 . 236 194 ( 200
1940 200
7 . 236
1584
10 75 . 3
1584 2400 66 . 0 66 . 0
4
3
5
2
NG S IPE
cm I IPE
cm
Fb
m
S
cm
kg
F Fb
x
x
req
y
p =
=
=

= =
= = =
cm d cm S cm S
b
20 7 . 236 194
3 3
= = =
OK cm cm S
cm I pl try
cm
d
S S
A
x
x
b req
P
3 3
4 2
2
7 . 236 7 . 243
8 . 10
2632
2632 ) 4 . 10 ( 2 . 3 2 1940 8 . 0 4
1 . 3
20
194 9 . 0 7 . 236
9 . 0
f = =
= + =
=

=

=
m
S
S S
L l
b
12 . 2
7 . 236
194 7 . 236
5 =

=
.,.. _i
m b L
t
2 . 2 04 . 0 2 12 . 2 2 12 . 2 = + = + = _i _:

5 _e \, nm o:,a gn _,aL, :,5 _,i5 \, gn 5:,a xL, LL: n5 i .




i5 o:Lam\ , ,, ,\ xL, \x .
:,, _a,, gn _,x



,, _,n :












nea 54
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
5

= =
=
= + = =
ton RB F
ton R
R M
y
A
A B
75 . 13 0
15 . 14
0 5 . 2 ) 4 . 7 5 . 3 ( 3 2 5 0
10.38
9.95
10.5
1.2 2m 3m 1.2
-
+
+
+
- -
-
V-D
M-D
WD=2T/M
WL=1.5T/M
cm t F
t dt
V
f ton V
W y
W W
V
41 . 0 960 4 . 0
25
9950
95 . 9
max
= =

= = =
t t t
A y
cm
F
M
S
cm
kg
F F m t M
b
req
y b
+ + + +
=

= =
= = =

5 . 13 9 . 10 5 . 337 5 . 272 25 5 . 13 5 . 26 10 5 . 0 15
16 . 729
1440
10 5 . 10
1440 6 . 0 . 5 . 10
3
5
2 max
27cm
25cm
x
y

tw

_L
x,,1 cmx, \, ,n: :,, _a,, _L ,, cLL _\xe cm,,n ,:L .L\ :,, _,a L,














,\ ,5,,, _L cLL ,5\ 0.41 :,\x: _\ nLm xL, :





nea 55
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
16 . 729
27
) (
) 5 . 13 )( 25 ( 25
12
1
) 5 . 26 ( 10 ) 5 . 0 ( 15
2 3 2 2
=

=
=
+ + =
req
W
W W
S
y
I
S
t Fun I
y t t y y I
mm t
W
6 =
_,i,i L. i _: i..
s I y t
s s I y t
W
W
= = =
= = = =
176366 13 6 . 4
388 69375 32 . 12 2 . 1 p
16 . 729 324 34081 9 . 11 6 . 0 p = = = = S I y cm t
W
-,|i _..
3 2 2
2
25
12
1
) 5 . 26 ( 10 ) 5 . 0 ( 95 . 0 15
% 15 % 20
15
3
100 , 3 1 3
15 3
+ + =
= = = =
= =
W x
f
h
h
f h
t y y I
A
A
cm A
cm A cm D
f
-||

















:,\: e n, ,L: e\,n _


) n,\ :\,L % 15 , % 5 xL, (
nea 56
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
6
2.5m 2.5m
WD=1T/M
WL=0.2T/M
P=10T
m t
PL
M
ton
WL
M
y
x
. 5 . 12
4
5 10
4
75 . 3
8
5 2 . 1
8
max
2 2
max
=

= =

= =
y
x
y
10t
x
j` j ue
2
1440 6 . 0
cm
kg
F F
y b
= =

_L
aL5 ,:L L\ _\: c,, ,: ,, , ,L: :,, _a,, e\,n cm,,n






, :,\: ,\, o,,e ,: _e ,\\ ce ,, :








. :,x, ,,e ,: ,n :, :,\, _a,, n, n5 ,,: ,: ,z ,5\
|
|

\
|
y
x
s
s
, 2 ,,: ,5\ , :,\x: n5
,ni ,,e ,: ,, ::,5 _a,, ,, :,\, ) xL,: \ _Lz,,e ( xL,
|
|

\
|
y
x
s
s
,: 2 :, , .
nea 57
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
[ ]
OK
cm
kg
cm
kg
s
M
s
M
f
cm s
cm s
IPB cm s
cm s
y
y
x
x
b
y
x
x
x
2 2
5 5
3
3
3
3 5 5
1440 1256
616
10 75 . 3
1930
10 5 . 12
616
1930
320 1909
1909 4 10 75 . 3 10 5 . 12
1440
1
p =

= + =

=
=
=
= + =
400
1
=
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ = IPB
s
s
M M
F
s
y
x
y x
b
x
. . -,|i ,,









c ,5\ IPB L :,5 : _,c \, IPB1000 c nz \x :\: : \, ,: _.e c ,: \, _a,, _,
z: ,\, ,, .














nea 58
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
y EI y p y p M
y EI M
= =
=
y
L
y
z
0
z
P
y
P
gwCI GrakI NBkQ z y Ps uC PC kQ w
KZ B KZ A y cos sin + =
) 1 ( 0
2
2
= + y
EI
p
z d
y d
0 ) 2 ( ), 1 (
) 2 (
2
2
= +
=
y K y
EI
p
K
nx nx nx nx : :: :
xL, _,La _,,e _,,: ,: ,\ L:1 ,: ox :Lz\ e\: _,,: n5 ximz _,La cLen L:,m .
,,\ Cmv\ _:L5 n:Le ,,\ Cmv\ _:L5 n:Le ,,\ Cmv\ _:L5 n:Le ,,\ Cmv\ _:L5 n:Le : :: :











m,i, \, _,m _:L5 _\,, _:Le cv:Le z\,e :
Cmv\ _:L5 _m:\,a: n:Le






n,, _m:\,a: n:Le 2 g,\, c,, n, c,L\ \,L, p E me,, :\, n5 cm\ sin L cos c,: .

nea 59
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

= =
= =
0
0 0
y L z at
y z at
_. .,i. _-|: -,:. |,
0 1 0 cos sin 0 ) 0 , 0 ( = = + = = = B B Z K B Z K A y z

=
= = =
= = =
0 sin
0 sin 0
sin 0 ) 0 , 1 (
KL
KZ A y A
KL A y z
0 A
14 . 3 ,... 3 , 2 , 1 , 0
,... 3 , 2 , 0 0 sin
2
2 2
2
2
= = = |

\
|
=
|

\
|
= =
= =

n
L
EI n
p
L
n
EI
p
L
n
L
n
K n KL
KL KL
= = = ce critcalfor p
L
EI
p n
cr
2
2
1

2
2
2
2
|

\
|
=
= = =
r
L
E
F
A
I
r
AL
EI
F
A
p
cr
cr
cr

n 1
=
n 2
=
A , B xi1 cmx, _,, u\, n, n, L, n5 ximz \,:\ _L,L\ .





cm\ o:\x: , _:L5 . _:L5 ,\ _, cLe A=0
_:L5 ,, c,, ,: _

L = _,m _,n
EI = _,m m,i\ _L

n, n, n, n, : :: : ccL, n5 ,,: _,5 nz :, :\,e, _,,: ccL, :, _,m _:L5 .
_,m C _\,, ,,\ _:L5 _,,: 2 o:Lm,m
,: 2 = n ,: , :,\: 1
min
= n cm\ _,, _,L .





nea 60
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
r
L
2
2
|

\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
cr

...>. _-|: -,:. .,i. _i.

y
: _,cv
, _,m ,: c,L,c n, x,L _\,a\ ,,\ :\,e, _i _,cv,x ,z y,v _,5 _,,: ie xi5 _:L5 ,:,
:, _:L5 ccL, L cm\
z: _zL5 \, _,cv xL, ,c _:L5 ,\ _,5, _\,, _ .
1 ~ _,n _zL5 2 ~ _,m\,] Le _\,a\



_,m ,\, _,n ,, _,x ,: KL) ( i, \, :













nea 61
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
2
2
|

\
|
=
r
KL
E
Fcr

..|, _. _-|: |i _.>.. _.i>. _.. _.. _,i:i |. .
)
2
1 (
2
2
C
y
C
r
KL
F Fcr
|

\
|
=
_.>.. CRC
0.5Fy

kB `
CRC
A
p
F
a
=
>. _,. _ _..
_.. _L.. _L.
.,. _..

129 2400
6330
2
5 . 0
2
2
2
2
= = =
= =
C cm
kg
y
y
C
y
C
C
y
C F
F
C
F
E
C
C
E
F









CRC =Column reserch countrol

y C
F p C
r
KL
5 . 0 = f
,,\ nn,\, Cmv\ _:L5 xi, e _,La _Lc\ ) ,cv (

y
F p f _x _,L Lq, oL,5 _L:,m

y C
F p C
r
KL
5 . 0 = um, _L:,m Cmv\ ,c _:L5









a c a
F F f = ) _|.: (
b b
F f ) _... (
t t
F f ) _..: (
nea 62
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
3
8
1
8
3
3
5
(
(

(
(

+ =
C C
s
C
r
KL
C
r
KL
F
( )
2
2
: ) 2 (
r
KL
F
E
F C
r
KL
s
a C

=
92 . 1
12
23
= =
s
F
P=10ton
L K
kM FCdPB
[ ]
2
2
2
5 . 0 1 1
2
1 : ) 1 (
= =
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
s
y
a
C
C s
y
a C
F
F
F
C
r
KL
C
r
KL
F
F
F C
r
KL
p
xe ,\: ,Ln:\ _,m ,\ n5 ,,:,5\ p cm\ _:L5 .


nL: _1 u,\,, AISC _,m ,Lz _i :,, ,:

Cmv\ ,c _:L5 Cmv\ ,c _:L5 Cmv\ ,c _:L5 Cmv\ ,c _:L5 ) )) ) Lq _,m Lq _,m Lq _,m Lq _,m ( (( ( iei iei iei iei CRC






iei C Prabolic n,: 3 xL, .

Cmv\ _:L5 Cmv\ _:L5 Cmv\ _:L5 Cmv\ _:L5 ) )) ) ,cv _,m ,cv _,m ,cv _,m ,cv _,m ( (( (


,\ _, _,cv L, _,La .Lc\ _\,, 120 :\: _\,.a\ ,, _,,a ,Ln \, ,a ,Lz _Li _\, . ,.c x.i:L
_,m n, , _L\ L ox _xi,:L, .

2 500
20
10 10
20
3
2
cm
kg
a
A
p
F cm A =

= = =
nea 63
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
,.i. _. |>. _.. _..
|

\
|
r
KL
0.5Fy

kB `
CRC





me,,L:,m ,Lz _i _,x o,, _z cm, ,: ) _,cv ( cm\ ox1 .







e\,n e\,n e\,n e\,n _,La cLen _,La cLen _,La cLen _,La cLen ) )) ) L:,m L:,m L:,m L:,m ( (( (
_,,: _e xL, y,e _1 _,n, gn n5 L ,c ,Lz _,La .
_,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 : :: : xi5 \x \,:1 _\xe _,m\,] Le _m, _\xe m,i\ _L ._,La gn nm _\:L, .
y,: yL5 y,: yL5 y,: yL5 y,: yL5 : :: : xi5 \x \, m5L _,cv , . _,La ,c _,n _:,, y,e n, n, L, .
max
|

\
|
r
KL

y,m yL5 y,m yL5 y,m yL5 y,m yL5 : L, , :v,a ,: _:,, y,e
C
C xi5 \x\, .
y
y
C
F
F
E
C
6330 2
2
= =


zi yL5 zi yL5 zi yL5 zi yL5 : :: : ox1 cmx, :xc, o:,: , _,La ,c _5 nm ,:\, _, yL5 ,: nLe ,Lz _,La _i
:,, xz\,e _,La nen _1 ,Lz _,La _,,: .
|
|

\
|

200
6 . 1
r
L
_.. ..i i ... .... i...
=
a
F
nea 64
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

Le ,: _,La ,c C gn nm ,n Le ,: _,La ,c C gn nm ,n Le ,: _,La ,c C gn nm ,n Le ,: _,La ,c C gn nm ,n xL, y,e _,La _,,: n xL, y,e _,La _,,: n xL, y,e _,La _,,: n xL, y,e _,La _,,: n : :: :
_,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 _,\ yL5 : :: : _, _,La cLen _\,, n5 x:,, _xe \, ,, ,Lz _i nL: _1 n, n, L, 40 L 50 x,:
:, na,5 ,n: ,: m _i .
y,: yL5 y,: yL5 y,: yL5 y,: yL5 : :: : _,La ,c ,, gn nm ox LL:\ ,, ,Lz _i ,, :,, _,La _,,: m ,\
L, \, x, .

y a
F
p
F
p
A
) 5 . 0 4 . 0 (
= =
) ,, gn nm (
A
p
F
a
=


y,m yL5 y,m yL5 y,m yL5 y,m yL5 : :: : cmx, ,, gn nm ,\ _1 _5 gn nm n5 xL: LL:\ \, ,5, L o:Lm _a,, _,i5\
xL, ,, _, yL5 ,\ ox1 .
y,Lq yL5 y,Lq yL5 y,Lq yL5 y,Lq yL5 : LL:\ L, , _1 _,n n, n, L, _m, xi5 \x \, i _,m\,] Le _,i5\ _a,,
x,,1 cmx, \, m5L _,cv .
zi yL5 : L, \, _,cv ,
C
C u,\,, C5 n,, o:,5 nmL 1 , 2 ,: \,:1, o:,,1 cmx, \, ,Lz _,La _i
e\, _5 gn nm ) ,LL:\ ( , ::,5 \x ,Lz _,La _,,: L o:,5 .
yL5 yL5 yL5 yL5 : :: : _,L.a _,,.: ,.5\ .x.i5 nm.L :,., _,L.a _,,.: L, \, ox1 cmx, ,Lz _,La _,,: _,i5\
L.: LL:\ _, _, gn n5 mL,, cm\ Le gn xL, :,, _,La _,,: ,\ ,5 ,Lz . g.n
xL, ,, :,, _,La _,,: ,\ c,La Cx:\ L, _1 ,Lz _,La _,,: n5 cm\ _1 ox\ :L, .


nea 65
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
C
C
r
KL
f g
A
r
KL
E
p
|

\
|
=
2
2
23
12
0.8
y y
26cm
1
8
c
m
( )
g
C C
C
y
A
C
r
KL
C
r
KL
C
r
KL
F
p
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
(
(
(

(
(

=
8
1
8
3
3
5
2
1
1
2
C
C
r
KL

..|.. ...>.
1

_L
,\, _,n _, iei KL xi5 \x ,, _ gn L, _,m _\,, _,La ,Lz _,,e _,,: L,\,













) )) ) 1 ( (( ( Lq _,m Lq _,m Lq _,m Lq _,m : : ,Lz _,La _,

) )) ) 2 ( (( ( ,cv _,m ,cv _,m ,cv _,m ,cv _,m _,\xL o:,xe ,Lz _,La _,,:


4 4 2
6
3540 6240 2 . 66
8 . 0 18 26
2400 10 1 . 2 2 2
cm I cm I cm A
F E
y x
cm
kg
y
cm
kg
= = =

= =
nea 66
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
3
2
max
min
min
6 2 2
31 . 7 4 . 131 8
1
31 . 7 4 . 131 8
3
3
5
2 . 66
31 . 7 4 . 131 2
1
1 2400
) 1 (
961 4 . 131
31 . 7
4 . 131
31 . 7
2 . 66
3540
4 . 131
2400
10 1 . 2 14 . 3 2 2
|

\
|

\
|

(
(

\
|

=
= = =
|

\
|
= = =
=

= = =
KL KL
KL
p
cm KL
KL
r
KL
A
I
r
F
E
C
r
KL
y
C

2
6 2
31 . 7
23
2 . 66 10 1 . 2 ) 14 . 3 ( 12
) 2 (
|

\
|

=
KL
p
_,, cLe ,: _,m ,\, _,n _e







Lq _L:,m o:,xe < 961: KL





,cv _L:,m o:,xe : KL>961


i5 :,xe \, ,5L _,cv , n5 mL, _,La , 5 cLen _\,, nL: _1 ,Ln ,5\xe \x.
:xc _,La cLen _\,, ,5L _,cv , 200 xL, ) )) ) \ _Lc\ _\,,
|

\
|
120 p
r
KL
( (( (

KL(cm) 73 146 219 292 365 438 731 950
P(ton) 93.5 91 88.5 85.5 82 78 60 43.5
KL(cm) 1243 1462
P(ton) 24.5 17.8
nea 67
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
120
200
p
p
r
KL
r
KL
P
961
P
KL KL











, _,m ,\, _,n , n,mLe , _,m ,\, _,n , n,mLe , _,m ,\, _,n , n,mLe , _,m ,\, _,n , n,mLe (K)











nea 68
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
B3
C3
C2
B1
B2
B2
C1
B4

,\, _,n , _e _\,, y\,5,: ,\, _,n , _e _\,, y\,5,: ,\, _,n , _e _\,, y\,5,: ,\, _,n , _e _\,, y\,5,: K


K Lm ,\ e,L
|

\
|
L
EI
_ L:,m, Lz,
xL, ,n: :,, ,c ,,Lz .




nea 69
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
A
B
C
D

* _, nea _L\,5,: ,\ o:Lam\ L, x:,5 ,\, e L C ,: n5 _,m C ,\, _,n n,mLe _\,,
z: yLz:\ \, ,L5 _\ .
1 K L\ cLe ,, ,\,: L _xi,:L,, ox _xi, ,L _L,L
1 f K cLe ,:L _L:\L,, ox: _xi, ,L _L,L






,n,z ca,5 ,n: ,: \,z mL, \, n .







:, :,\, o,5 ,z n, :
nea 70
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
= EI
B3
C3
C2
B1
B2
B2
C1
B4
4 3
3 2
B
L
I
B
L
I
C
L
I
C
L
I
G
A
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
0
3
=

\
|
=
C
L
I
G
B
1 : =
B
G
= =
0
-=
G
B
10 : =
B
G
2 . 0
2
4 3
3 2
2 1
2 1
=
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
=
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
B
L
I
B
L
I
C
L
I
C
L
I
G
B
L
I
B
L
I
C
L
I
C
L
I
G
B
A





dxz dxz dxz dxz : :: : n,mLe n,mLe n,mLe n,mLe K _,m _,m _,m _,m AB _, cLe ,: _, cLe ,: _, cLe ,: _, cLe ,:
:GA _L:\ _\,, A _,m
:GB _\x,\ _\,, B _,m








L _L n,n _L:,m _\,, ximz oL5 n _\,\: n5 L:,m .



,\:,5 oL5 n nL: _1 :
_a nL: _1 :
_..
,

=
|

\
|
|

\
|
=

B
L
EI
C
L
EI
G
nea 71
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
L
I
n, n, L, , G
B
, G
A
y\,5,: ,\ K i5 \x \, .
n, n, n, n, : * cL,mLe ,: G ,n: ,: ximz _ ,n: :,, ,c n, c,, n, n5 L:,m , Lz, ua
:, : :,\, cL,mLe ,: xL, a _L\ ,5\ , :, na,5
*** xL, xL, _ oL5 n n, , ,,,: _L:\ oL5,z G u,,, e ,, _ ,Ln L:\ _1 , n,
::,5 )
L
I
::,5 e xL, ,: , (









n: n: n: n: : : : : :, : :,\, cL,mLe ,: _,mi5 , .



,, ,:L ,, ,:L ,, ,:L ,, ,:L K
A
B

L
I
1.5



L
I
2




L
I
0.5




nea 72
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
gw OQ @mY
gv OQ @mY
Lm\ L5 y,: x ,: _Lq: , C,1 n, ,n :
L\ : _\,, LzL,e , ox _xi, ,L _L,L K=1 ,5 ,n: ,:
: ox: _xi, ,L _L,L _\,,
:L n,n : K=1.2
_,\ n,n :
1 ~ a _,m _L K=2.1
2 ~ ,\:,5 _,m _L K=1.35
n, : e\, ,\x ,: _e ,\ _ K :,5 ,\, n,mLe :,, xL, .
5,L: ,c L, 5,L: _,i5 5,L: ,c L, 5,L: _,i5 5,L: ,c L, 5,L: _,i5 5,L: ,c L, 5,L: _,i5 ) )) ) e, _:L5 e, _:L5 e, _:L5 e, _:L5 ( (( (
,\\ ce xi5 _:L5 L ox ni\ ,\ _, _,La nen ::,5 ,5,L: ,Lz xe ,\ _,La ,c C _\,\ n:L,
ca,5 xz\,e ,\, 5x5,,q . \,\ 5,L: _:,: _L _\,, _,La ,c C :Le,\ cm _,La ,c C _
i5 _e \, .
n, \,:1 n _\,\ . _,La _Lc\ 5,L: _e _\,, nL: _1 2 _xi, n,n ox: c,, ox c, nm:
i5 .

ox c, ., ox c, ., ox c, ., ox c, ., : xL,: :\,1 n, _\,\: n5 cm\ , .
ox: c,., ox: c,., ox: c,., ox: c,., : , _\,\: n5 cm\ , xL, :\,1 n .


xL, ,, u\, _\,\: xL, C,L: ,c _\,\ xL, ,, u\, _\,\: xL, C,L: ,c _\,\ xL, ,, u\, _\,\: xL, C,L: ,c _\,\ xL, ,, u\, _\,\: xL, C,L: ,c _\,\ : :: :
nea 73
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
)
`

\
|

y
r
KL
x
r
kL
, } { max
L/2
L/2










L:,m _,cv :,,,: xiq L: L:,m _,cv :,,,: xiq L: L:,m _,cv :,,,: xiq L: L:,m _,cv :,,,: xiq L:







L:,m e\,n yL5 n, yL5 L:,m e\,n yL5 n, yL5 L:,m e\,n yL5 n, yL5 L:,m e\,n yL5 n, yL5 : :: :


nea 74
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
) 2 ( ) 9 (
10 44 . 10
) 8 (
) 9 ( ) 5 . 0 1 (
1
, 125 . 0 375 . 0 67 . 1 ) 7
) 8 ( 1 , ) 7 ( 1 ) 6
) 5
105 3600
129 2400
6330
) 4
) 3
) 2
) 5 . 0 4 . 0 ( ) 1
max
2
6
2 3
max
max
GO unles OK A A
F
p
A
r
KL
F
GO B F
F
F B B F
GO IF GO IF
C
r
KL
C F
C F
F
C
y
r
KL
x
r
KL
A A
F
p
A
F F
req
a
req
a
y
S
a S
C
C y
C y
y
C
req
a
req
y a
=
|

\
|

=
= + =

|

\
|
=

= =
= =
=
(

\
|
|

\
|
=
=
f

P=88T
z


































1 ~ \,n cm\ ,n _ _a ,m ,: _,m e ,, ,: ,\ IPB . _,5,. _,.m _L.:\ ,: ,:L. _L.:\ ,\
cm\ ox . L, n,: :v,a ,\
2
2400
cm
kg
F
y
= xL: o:Lam\ .


nea 75
HTHT a\ _,vLm _










_e _e _e _e : :: :
n,\ ,n :
cm KL K 480 480 1 1 = = =
n,\ ,Lz _i _,a :

2
814
cm
kg
F
a
=
y,v
2
108
814
88000
cm
F
P
A
a
= = =
IPB 260 _\,ie, _,\ LL:\ :
cm r cm r cm A
y X
58 . 6 2 . 11 118
2
= = =
_,i5 :

2
1
1083 73 # 58 . 6 / 480 /
cm
kg
F r KL
a
-=
= =

y,v
2
118 25 . 81
1083
88000
cm
F
P
A
a
<< = = =

IPB 220 y,: LL:\ _\,ie, :
cm r cm r cm A
y x
59 . 5 43 . 9 91
2
= = =


2
1
989 86 # 59 . 5 / 480 /
cm
kg
F r KL
a
-=
= =
nea 76
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
450
450
P=88T
P=88T
y
x
y
j` a uC:(B j` a uC:(F (x) (y)
y,v
2
91 89 #
989
88000
cm
F
P
A
a
< = =
_ IPB 220 :, LL:\ :
oxi:\,e n, nm _\ n5 :, _,i5 e, _:L5 _\,, cLL n, _,c _Lz c,m: _ n, n, L, xL, n,\
:, ,\x5\, .
n,mLe _\,, Fa _,x ,\ o:Lam\ _L n, 1 L 2 m _\, u,\,, ,\ L 40 L 44 :,: o:Lam\ .


2
2
3
990 ) 67 . 0 5 . 0 1 ( 2400
88 . 1
1
88 . 1 67 . 0 125 . 0 67 . 0 375 . 0 67 . 1
1 67 . 0 21 . 129 / 86
/
21 . 129
2400
6330
cm
kg
F
FS
C
R KL
C
a
C
C
= =
= + =
< = = =
= =

xL, _,x ,\ ox1 cmx, ,\x L, _,Lm n5 .

2 ~ ,..:,\,, _.. ,: ox.. o:\: _L..: _,..m ..e\,n c..m\ ,..n IPB L.., :LeL..m n..,: :v,..a ,\
2
2400
cm
kg
Fy = . cm\ ox _,5, _1 ,:L _L:\ ,\ , o:,, a _L , vL, ,: _,m . ,L. C. um,
cm\ ox _,5, La,\ um, ,: Le ,,e _,e ,: _,m _:L5 ,\ ,:L .










_e _e _e _e : :: :
,.z _:L.5 _\,, ,\, _,n , L:\ _LzL5 n cLL n, n, L, ,,.e ,: x , y _,Lm. 1 x.L, . .
_ 1 = =
y x
K K
nea 77
HTHT a\ _,vLm _

cm L K
cm L K
y y
x x
450 450 1
900 900 1
= =
= =

n,\ ,n :
n,\ ,Lz _i _,a L,
2
800
cm
kg
F
a
= ,\: :

y,v
2
91
800
73000
cm A = =
IPB 240 _,\ LL:\ _\,ie, :
cm r cm r cm A
y X
08 . 6 3 . 10 106
2
= = =

( )
( ) 01 . 74 08 . 6 / 450 /
38 . 87 30 . 10 / 90 /
= =
= =
Y
X
r KL
r KL


_, ,,e _,e _:L5 x _,x ,\ o:Lam\ L, cm\ 5Le 1 _,cv n, n, L, ,Lz _i ,\x . 87.37 n., ,, ,\x
x1 cm: :

2
980 #
cm
kg
F
a
v y,
2
50 . 74
980
73000
cm A = =
IPB 220 y,: LL:\ _\,ie, :
cm r cm r cm A
y X
59 . 5 43 . 9 91
2
= = =


( )
( ) 5 . 80 59 . 5 / 450 /
) ( 44 . 95 43 . 9 / 900 /
= =
= =
Y
X
r KL
'= -- r KL


_,cv ,\x n, n, L, _,x ,\ 95.44 ,\: :

2
912
cm
kg
F
a
=
_ IPB 220 :, LL:\ .

2
91
2
04 . 80 912 / 73000 cm cm A ` p = =



nea 78
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
660
5 ~ ,..n _.. ,: ox.. o:\: _L..: _,..m ..e\,n c..m\ ,.., ,..: ,\ IPB L.., :LeL..m n..,: :v,..a ,\
2
2400
cm
kg
F
y
= . _L.:\ ,\ , x.L, . ,\:,.5 _L. ,: , .a vL, ,: _,m ,,e ,: ,z _,e _:L5 _\,,
cm\ ox _,5, _1 _L:\ ,: ,:L .










_e _e _e _e : :: :
_,x n, n, L, 3 ,\: :
80 . 0 = =
y x
K K
n,\ ,Lz _i _,a L, :

2
872
cm
kg
F
a
=
y,v
2
155
872
135000
cm A = =

a
req
F
P
A =
IPB 300 _,\ LL:\ _\,ie, :
cm r cm r cm A
y x
58 . 7 13 149
2
= = =


( )
( ) ) ( 70 # 58 . 7 / 660 80 . 0 /
41 # 13 / 660 80 . 0 /
'= -- r KL
r KL
y
x
=
=

_,x ,\ 1 _,cv n, n, L, 70 ,\: :
2
1103
cm
kg
F
a
=

y,v
2
4 . 122
1103
135000
cm A = =
nea 79
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
135T
630
1200 1200 1200
I=3600
135T 135T
y
x

IPB 280 y,: LL:\ _\,ie, :
cm r cm r cm A
y x
09 . 7 1 . 12 131
2
= = =

( )
( )
2
1069 75 # 09 . 7 / 660 80 . 0 /
44 # 1 . 12 / 660 80 . 0 /
cm
kg
F r KL
r KL
a y
x
= =
=

y,v 131 126
1069
135000
2
< = = cm A
L: LL:\ _ IPB 280 xL, .

7 ~ _,m e\,n cm\ ,n A _ ,: ox o:\: _L: L ,\ ,, ,.: ,\ IPB :v,.a , L., :LeL.m n.,:
2
2400
cm
kg
F
y
= . _,,e _,,: ce ,n: :,, _,m 125 :,\: ,\, _ . _,.m .L. nea ,, :,c nea ,:
cm\ ox _,5, _1 _L:\ ,: ,:L _L:\ ,\ , o:,, _L , vL, ,: ,L _\,\: ce, :,, .










_e _e _e _e : :: :
_:L5 _,n , _e .
L\ : 5 ,,e _,e _:L y ) L nea ,, :,c nea ,: _:L5 (
K=1

: ,,e _,e _:L5 x ) L nea ,: _:L5 (

nea 80
HTHT a\ _,vLm _
_ y\,5,: ,\ xL, L nea ,: _:L5 _,n , n,mLe _\,, 20 y,v ,,ni _\ _\,, n5 ::,5 o:Lam\ .
L, n\: _,m m,i\ _L ,\ iL \x,\ cm\ . , _,\ _,a ,: ,Lz _i L
2
900
cm
kg
F
a
= n., y\x.\ .
L: L,1 ,: C LL:\ .
y,v
2
139 900 / 125000 cm
F
P
A
a
= = =
IPB 280 _,\ LL:\ _\,ie, :

cm r cm r cm I cm A
Y X X
09 . 7 1 . 12 19270 131
4 2
= = = =


10
51 . 0
1200 / 36000 2
630 / 19270
=
=

=
top
top
G
,-
L
I
,--
L
I
G

y\,5,: ,\ 8 . 1 =
X
K x1 cm: n, .

( )
( ) 89 # 09 . 7 / 630 1 /
) ( 94 # 1 . 12 / 630 8 . 1 /
=
=
y
x
r KL
'= -- r KL

_,x ,\ o:Lam\ L,
2
928
cm
kg
F
a
= x1 cm: n, .

y,v
2
70 . 134 928 / 125000 cm A = =
_ IPB280 cm\ _,, _,L,q,5 gn nm , L, .