desc x;

Name
Null?
Type
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------NO
NUMBER(4)
NAME
CHAR(10)
SQL> set line 100;
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
SQL> desc emp;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------EMPNO
NOT NULL
ENAME
JOB
MGR
HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
DEPTNO

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
VARCHAR2(10)
VARCHAR2(9)
NUMBER(4)
DATE
NUMBER(7,2)
NUMBER(7,2)
NUMBER(2)

SQL> select*from x;
NO NAME
---------- ---------1 a
2 b
3 c
SQL> alter table x add(rem varchar2(20));
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REM
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
VARCHAR2(20)

1* alter table x add primary key(no)

SQL> /
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NOT NULL
NAME
REM

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x modify(rem char(10)not null)
SQL> /
alter table x modify(rem char(10)not null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02296: cannot enable (SCOTT.) - null values found
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x modify(rem char(10) null)
SQL> /
alter table x modify(rem char(10) null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01451: column to be modified to NULL cannot be modified to NULL
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x disable primary key
SQL> /
Table altered.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x modify(rem char(10)not null)
SQL> /
alter table x modify(rem char(10)not null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02296: cannot enable (SCOTT.) - null values found
SQL> delete from x;
3 rows deleted.
SQL> alter table x modify(rem char(10)not null);

Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REM
NOT NULL

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x modify(rem char(10) null)
SQL> /
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REM

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x enable primary key
SQL> /
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NOT NULL
NAME
REM

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* alter table x drop primary key
SQL> /
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REM
SQL> rename x to x1;

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

Table renamed.
SQL> desc x1;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REM

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

SQL> alter table x1 rename column rem to remark;

Table altered.
SQL> desc x1;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME
REMARK

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)
CHAR(10)

SQL> rename x1 to x;
Table renamed.
SQL> alter table x drop column remark;
Table altered.
SQL> desc x;
Name
Null?
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------NO
NAME

Type
---------------NUMBER(4)
CHAR(10)

SQL> drop table x;

Table dropped.
SQL> select*from emp;
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7369
20
7499
30
7521
30
7566
20
7654
30
7698
30
7782

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

1400

10
7788 SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

7839 KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

7844 TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

7876 ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

20
10
0

30
20
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7900
30
7902
20
7934
10

ENAME

JOB

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,ename,sal from emp;
EMPNO ENAME

SAL

---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH

800

7499 ALLEN

1600

7521 WARD

1250

7566 JONES

2975

7654 MARTIN

1250

7698 BLAKE

2850

7782 CLARK

2450

7788 SCOTT

3000

7839 KING

5000

7844 TURNER

1500

7876 ADAMS

1100

EMPNO ENAME

SAL

---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES

950

7902 FORD

3000

7934 MILLER

1300

14 rows selected.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* select empno,ename,sal from emp where deptno=10
SQL> /
EMPNO ENAME

SAL

---------- ---------- ---------7782 CLARK

2450

7839 KING

5000

7934 MILLER

1300

SQL> Select Empno As Employee # ,

2
Ename As Emp_Name,
3
Sal As Salary From Emp ;
Select Empno As Employee # ,
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00911: invalid character
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 Select Empno As Employeee# ,
2
Ename As Emp_Name,
3*
Sal As Salary From Emp
SQL> /
EMPLOYEEE# EMP_NAME

SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH

800

7499 ALLEN

1600

7521 WARD

1250

7566 JONES

2975

7654 MARTIN

1250

7698 BLAKE

2850

7782 CLARK

2450

7788 SCOTT

3000

7839 KING

5000

7844 TURNER

1500

7876 ADAMS

1100

EMPLOYEEE# EMP_NAME

SALARY

---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES

950

7902 FORD

3000

7934 MILLER

1300

14 rows selected.
SQL> select*from emp;
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7369
20
7499
30
7521
30
7566
20
7654
30
7698
30
7782
10
7788
20
7839
10
7844
30
7876
20

ENAME

EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7900
30
7902
20
7934
10

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

1400

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> select distinct job from emp;

JOB
--------CLERK
SALESMAN
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
ANALYST
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* select distinct job,deptno from emp
SQL> /
JOB

DEPTNO

--------- ---------MANAGER

20

PRESIDENT

10

CLERK

10

SALESMAN

30

ANALYST

20

MANAGER

30

MANAGER

10

CLERK

30

CLERK

20

9 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> select*from emp order by sal;
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7369
20
7900
30

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

7876 ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

7521 WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

7654 MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

1400

7934 MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

7844 TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

7499 ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

7782 CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

7698 BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

20
30
30
10
30
30
10
30
20
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7788
20
7902
20
7839
10

ENAME

JOB

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

14 rows selected.
SQL> select*from emp order by deptno,job desc;
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7839
10
7782
10
7934
10
7566
20
7876
20
7369
20
7788
20
7902
20
7654
30
7844
30
7521
30

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

1400

TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7499
30
7698
30
7900
30

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

300

14 rows selected.
SQL> select*from emp where comm=300;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
D
EPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------7499 ALLEN
SALESMAN
7698 20-FEB-81
1600
300
30
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* select*from emp where comm=null
SQL> /
no rows selected
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* select*from emp where comm is null
SQL> /
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7369
20
7566
20
7698
30
7782
10
7788
20
7839
10
7876
20
7900
30
7902
20
7934

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

10
10 rows selected.
SQL> select*from emp where job='CLERK';
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7369
20
7876
20
7900
30
7934
10

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

SQL> Select * From Emp where Ename = BLAKE ;

Select * From Emp where Ename = BLAKE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00911: invalid character
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* Select * From Emp where Ename= BLAKE
SQL> /
Select * From Emp where Ename= BLAKE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00911: invalid character
SQL> select*from emp where ename='BLAKE';
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
D
EPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------7698 BLAKE
MANAGER
7839 01-MAY-81
2850
30
SQL> Select * From Emp Where Hiredate = '17-DEC-1980 ;
ERROR:
ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* Select * From Emp Where Hiredate = '17-DEC-1980'
SQL> /
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
D
EPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- -----

----7369 SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

20
SQL> Select * from Emp Where Hiredate >1981;
Select * from Emp Where Hiredate >1981
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected DATE got NUMBER
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* Select * from Emp Where Hiredate >'1-JAN-1981'
SQL> /
EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7499
30
7521
30
7566
20
7654
30
7698
30
7782
10
7788
20
7839
10
7844
30
7876
20
7900
30

ENAME

EMPNO
EPTNO
-------------7902
20
7934
10

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

1400

COMM

---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

13 rows selected.
SQL> Select * From emp Where Sal <3000;
EMPNO ENAME
JOB
MGR HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
D
EPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- -----

----7369 SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

7900 JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

950

7876 ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

7521 WARD

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

7654 MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

1400

7934 MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

7844 TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

7499 ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

7782 CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

7698 BLAKE

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

20
30
20
30
30
10
30
30
10
30
20
11 rows selected.
SQL>