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    Introduction to electrostatic Precipitators :- An electrostatic precipitator is a large, industrial emission-control unit. It is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Precipitators are used in these industries: Power/Electric Cement Chemicals Metals Paper In many industrial plants, particulate matter created in the industrial process is carried as dust in the hot exhaust gases. These dust-laden gases pass through an electrostatic precipitator that collects most of the dust. Cleaned gas then passes out of the precipitator and through a stack to the atmosphere. Precipitators typically collect 99.9% or more of the dust from the gas stream. Precipitators function by electrostatically charging the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling. Depending upon dust characteristics and the gas volume to be treated, there are many different sizes, types and designs of electrostatic precipitators. Very large power plants may actually have multiple precipitators for each unit. Basic Principles (Back to top) Electrostatic precipitation removes particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Often the process involves combustion, but it can be any industrial process that would otherwise emit particles to the atmosphere. Six activities typically take place: Ionization - Charging of particles Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the collecting surfaces Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting surfaces Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the hopper Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point The major precipitator components that accomplish these activities are as follows: Discharge Electrodes Power Components Precipitator Controls Rapping Systems Purge Air Systems Flue Gas Conditioning Design & Performance Requirements (Back to top) Designing a precipitator for optimum performance requires proper sizing of the precipitator in addition to optimizing precipitator efficiency. While some users rely on the precipitator manufacturer to determine proper sizing and design parameters, others choose to either take a more active role in this process or hire outside engineering firms. Precipitator performance depends on its size and collecting efficiency. Important parameters include the collecting area and the gas volume to be treated. Other key factors in precipitator performance include the electrical power input and dust chemistry. Precipitator sizing The sizing process is complex as each precipitator manufacturer has a unique method of sizing, often involving the use of computer models and always involving a good dose of judgment. No computer model on its own can assess all the variables that affect precipitator performance. Collecting Efficiency Based on specific gas volume and dust load, calculations are used to predict the required size of a precipitator to achieve a desired collecting efficiency. Power Input Power input is comprised of the voltage and current in an electrical field. Increasing the power input improves precipitator collecting efficiency under normal conditions. Process Variables (Back to top) Gas characteristics and particle properties define how well a precipitator will work in a given application. The main process variables to consider are: Gas flow rate The gas flow rate in a power plant is defined by coal quality, boiler load, excess air rate and boiler design

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    Introduction to electrostatic Precipitators :- An electrostatic precipitator is a large, industrial emission-control unit. It is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Precipitators are used in these industries: Power/Electric Cement Chemicals Metals Paper In many industrial plants, particulate matter created in the industrial process is carried as dust in the hot exhaust gases. These dust-laden gases pass through an electrostatic precipitator that collects most of the dust. Cleaned gas then passes out of the precipitator and through a stack to the atmosphere. Precipitators typically collect 99.9% or more of the dust from the gas stream. Precipitators function by electrostatically charging the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling. Depending upon dust characteristics and the gas volume to be treated, there are many different sizes, types and designs of electrostatic precipitators. Very large power plants may actually have multiple precipitators for each unit. Basic Principles (Back to top) Electrostatic precipitation removes particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Often the process involves combustion, but it can be any industrial process that would otherwise emit particles to the atmosphere. Six activities typically take place: Ionization - Charging of particles Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the collecting surfaces Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting surfaces Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the hopper Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point The major precipitator components that accomplish these activities are as follows: Discharge Electrodes Power Components Precipitator Controls Rapping Systems Purge Air Systems Flue Gas Conditioning Design & Performance Requirements (Back to top) Designing a precipitator for optimum performance requires proper sizing of the precipitator in addition to optimizing precipitator efficiency. While some users rely on the precipitator manufacturer to determine proper sizing and design parameters, others choose to either take a more active role in this process or hire outside engineering firms. Precipitator performance depends on its size and collecting efficiency. Important parameters include the collecting area and the gas volume to be treated. Other key factors in precipitator performance include the electrical power input and dust chemistry. Precipitator sizing The sizing process is complex as each precipitator manufacturer has a unique method of sizing, often involving the use of computer models and always involving a good dose of judgment. No computer model on its own can assess all the variables that affect precipitator performance. Collecting Efficiency Based on specific gas volume and dust load, calculations are used to predict the required size of a precipitator to achieve a desired collecting efficiency. Power Input Power input is comprised of the voltage and current in an electrical field. Increasing the power input improves precipitator collecting efficiency under normal conditions. Process Variables (Back to top) Gas characteristics and particle properties define how well a precipitator will work in a given application. The main process variables to consider are: Gas flow rate The gas flow rate in a power plant is defined by coal quality, boiler load, excess air rate and boiler design

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    30 Ansichten15 Seiten

    Tugas Novri Andrey

    Hochgeladen von

    persist_07
    Introduction to electrostatic Precipitators :- An electrostatic precipitator is a large, industrial emission-control unit. It is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Precipitators are used in these industries: Power/Electric Cement Chemicals Metals Paper In many industrial plants, particulate matter created in the industrial process is carried as dust in the hot exhaust gases. These dust-laden gases pass through an electrostatic precipitator that collects most of the dust. Cleaned gas then passes out of the precipitator and through a stack to the atmosphere. Precipitators typically collect 99.9% or more of the dust from the gas stream. Precipitators function by electrostatically charging the dust particles in the gas stream. The charged particles are then attracted to and deposited on plates or other collection devices. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling. Depending upon dust characteristics and the gas volume to be treated, there are many different sizes, types and designs of electrostatic precipitators. Very large power plants may actually have multiple precipitators for each unit. Basic Principles (Back to top) Electrostatic precipitation removes particles from the exhaust gas stream of an industrial process. Often the process involves combustion, but it can be any industrial process that would otherwise emit particles to the atmosphere. Six activities typically take place: Ionization - Charging of particles Migration - Transporting the charged particles to the collecting surfaces Collection - Precipitation of the charged particles onto the collecting surfaces Charge Dissipation - Neutralizing the charged particles on the collecting surfaces Particle Dislodging - Removing the particles from the collecting surface to the hopper Particle Removal - Conveying the particles from the hopper to a disposal point The major precipitator components that accomplish these activities are as follows: Discharge Electrodes Power Components Precipitator Controls Rapping Systems Purge Air Systems Flue Gas Conditioning Design & Performance Requirements (Back to top) Designing a precipitator for optimum performance requires proper sizing of the precipitator in addition to optimizing precipitator efficiency. While some users rely on the precipitator manufacturer to determine proper sizing and design parameters, others choose to either take a more active role in this process or hire outside engineering firms. Precipitator performance depends on its size and collecting efficiency. Important parameters include the collecting area and the gas volume to be treated. Other key factors in precipitator performance include the electrical power input and dust chemistry. Precipitator sizing The sizing process is complex as each precipitator manufacturer has a unique method of sizing, often involving the use of computer models and always involving a good dose of judgment. No computer model on its own can assess all the variables that affect precipitator performance. Collecting Efficiency Based on specific gas volume and dust load, calculations are used to predict the required size of a precipitator to achieve a desired collecting efficiency. Power Input Power input is comprised of the voltage and current in an electrical field. Increasing the power input improves precipitator collecting efficiency under normal conditions. Process Variables (Back to top) Gas characteristics and particle properties define how well a precipitator will work in a given application. The main process variables to consider are: Gas flow rate The gas flow rate in a power plant is defined by coal quality, boiler load, excess air rate and boiler design

    Copyright:

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    von 15

    Menghitung Kebutuhan Air Pada Gas Conditioning Tower Saat Raw Mi

    Kapasitas
    Efisiensi

    Perhitungan Neraca Energi


    ID FAN P01
    7200 m3/menit
    432000 m3/jam
    0.9

    m feeding (kg/jam)
    m rm in GCT
    164000 7 % x feeding
    ]
    Panas Masuk GCT
    Gas

    Raw mix

    Damper (P01S1)
    0.931

    V gas in GCT (m3/jam) Densitas gas (kg/m3)


    Cp gas (kcal/kg.C)
    361972.8
    1.0844
    0.25

    m rm in GCT

    Cp rm (kca/kg.C)
    11480

    Air

    m air kg/m3
    m

    Panas Keluar GCT


    Gas

    V gas in GCT

    Raw mix

    m rm in GCT

    Air ke Uap air

    T rm in GCT (C)
    0.22

    Cp air (kcal/kgC)

    266

    T air in GCT (C)


    1

    28

    Densitas gas (kg/m3)


    Cp gas (kcal/kg.C)
    361972.8
    1.0844
    0.25

    Cp rm (kca/kg.C)
    11480

    Air pada 100 C

    V gas in GCT(m3/jam)
    361972.8

    T rm out GCT (C)


    0.22

    m air kg/m3
    m

    Cp air (kcal/kgC)

    m air kg/m3
    m

    (kcal /kg)

    139.06

    T air 100 C GCT


    1

    539.4

    100

    Uap air 139 C

    m air kg/m3
    m

    Cp uap air (kcal/kgC)


    T air 100 C GCT
    0.45
    139.06

    Panas masuk
    24258198.69
    3m

    12777326.73

    maka volume air masuk


    m air masuk (kg/jam)
    Densitas air 28 C (kg/m3
    20411.81501
    996.24

    Secara aktual
    Secara teori

    Efisiensi GCT

    v air masuk (m3/jam)


    20.4888531

    19.5 m3/jam
    20.4888531 m3/jam

    (Tin-Tout)/(Tin-Tudara kering)
    54.01702128 %

    Range

    Aprroach

    m rm/m g

    s Conditioning Tower Saat Raw Mill Stop (W1)

    T in GCT (C)
    266

    T gas in GCT (C)

    T out GCT (C)


    T air in GCT(C)
    139.06

    T ref (C)

    T udara kering (C)

    28

    25

    T ref (C) Q gas (kcal)


    266
    25 v x x Cp x T
    23649529.09

    23649529.09

    T ref (C)

    Q rm (kcal)
    25

    m x Cp x T

    608669.6
    T ref (C)

    Cp x T

    25

    608669.6

    Q air (kcal)
    3 m x Cp x T

    3m

    3m

    Total

    24258198.69
    3m

    T gas out GCT (C)


    T ref (C) Q gas (kcal)
    139.06
    25 v x x Cp x T
    11192802.02
    T ref (C)

    11192802.02

    Q rm (kcal)
    25

    m x Cp x T

    288069.936
    T air in (C)

    Cp x T

    28

    288069.936

    Q air (kcal)
    72 m x Cp x T

    72 m
    Q air ke Uap air
    539.4 m

    72 m

    539.4 m

    31

    T air in (C)

    Cp x T

    100

    Q air (kcal)
    17.577 m x Cp x T

    51.3 m
    Total
    Panas Keluar
    11480871.96
    628.977 m
    625.977 m
    20411.81501

    Tin-Tout
    126.94
    Tin-Tudara kering
    108.06
    0.417809588

    17.577 m
    11480871.96
    628.977 m

    Perhitungan Neraca Energi


    ID FAN P01
    Kapasitas
    7200 m3/menit
    432000 m3/jam
    Efisiensi
    0.9

    Komponen
    Gas
    Raw Mix
    Air
    Uap air

    Massa

    Cp

    392523.3
    11480
    m
    m

    0.25
    0.22
    1
    0.45

    Massa Raw mix in sp


    164 ton/jam

    Massa raw mix in GCT


    11480 kg/jam

    T in GCT (C) T out GCT (C) T air in GCT(C)


    266
    139.06
    28

    T1

    539.4

    T2
    266
    266
    28
    100

    139.06
    139.06
    100
    139.06

    Total
    Masuk
    24258199 +
    3m

    24258199
    11480872

    628.977 m
    3m

    12777327

    625.977 m

    Maka massa air yang masuk

    20411.8 m3/jam

    Maka Volume air yang masuk

    20.4889 m3/jam

    Range
    Aprroch

    T in Tout
    Tout Tudara Kering

    Q masuk
    23649529.09
    608669.6
    3m

    24258198.69
    3m

    Keluar
    11480871.96 +
    628.977 m

    20411.81501

    126.94 C
    108.06 C

    Maka air dibutuhkan untuk menurunkan suhu gas setiap 1 C


    Efisensi GCT

    T ref (C)
    25

    (Tin Tout)/(TinTudara kering)

    0.161405807 m3/jam
    54.01702128 %

    Damper
    V Gas in GCT
    0.931 361972.8 m3/jam
    T udara kering (C)
    31

    Q keluar
    11192802
    288069.9
    611.4 m
    17.577 m
    11480872
    628.977 m

    Densitas gas
    1.0844 kg/m3

    Densitas air 28C


    996.24 kg/m3

    M Gas in GCT
    392523.3 kg/jam

    Neraca massa Pembakaran Batu Bara

    Coal Feed

    komposisi
    H2O
    ash
    Carbon
    Hidrogen
    Nitrogen
    Sulfur
    Oksigen
    Total

    %
    15.69
    7.04
    62.68
    4.03
    0.78
    0.44
    9.34
    100.00

    m (kg)
    2271.91
    1019.39
    9076.06
    583.54
    112.94
    63.71
    1352.43
    14480.00

    14.48 ton/jam
    14480 kg/jam

    Bm
    18.00

    n (kmol)
    126.22

    12.00
    2.00
    28.00
    32.00
    32.00

    756.34
    291.77
    4.03
    1.99
    42.26

    1. Menghitung gas hasil gas pembakaran batu bara


    Carbon
    C
    756.34
    kmol
    Hidrogen
    H2
    291.77
    kmol

    O2
    756.34
    kmol

    CO2
    756.34
    kmol

    O2
    145.89
    kmol

    H2O
    291.77
    kmol

    O2

    SO2

    Sulfur
    S
    1.99
    kmol

    Gas Hasil
    CO2
    H2O
    SO2

    1.99
    kmol

    n (kmol)

    1.99
    kmol

    Bm

    756.34
    291.77
    1.99

    m (kg)
    44 33278.9013
    18
    5251.896
    64
    127.424

    Kebutuhan Udara membakar coal


    Kebutuhan oksigen membakar batu bara
    untuk
    C
    S
    H

    756.34
    145.89
    1.99
    904.22

    kmol
    kmol
    kmol
    kmol

    Karena ada Oksigen dalam batu bara maka kebutuhan oksigen

    adalah

    kebutuhan oksigen
    oksigen dalam coal

    Excess
    20 %
    Kelebihan
    1.2
    Maka oksigen yang masuk
    Maka oksigen sisa
    Maka nitrogen masuk
    Udara masuk
    Masuk
    Komponen
    Coal
    Udara
    Total

    904.22 kmol
    42.26 kmol
    861.95 kmol

    1034.3426 kmol
    172.39 kmol
    3891.10 kmol

    33098.963
    5516.4939
    108950.75

    4925.44 kmol

    142049.72

    m (kg/jam)
    14480.00
    142049.717
    156529.72

    Keluar

    Komponen m (kg/jam)
    H2O coal
    2271.91
    N2 coal
    112.94
    N2 udara
    108950.75
    O2 sisa
    5516.49
    CO2 hasil
    33278.90
    SO2 hasil
    127.42
    H2O hasil
    5251.90
    Ash
    1019.39
    Total
    156529.72

    Gas Buang SP
    Komponen
    H2O Pembakaran coal
    N2 Pembakaran coal
    O2 Pembakaran coal
    SO2 Pembakaran coal
    CO2 Pembakaran coal
    CO2 kalsinasi
    H2O Dari raw mix
    Total

    Kapasitas
    Efisiensi

    BM
    m (kg/jam)
    18.00
    7523.81
    28.00 109063.70
    32.00
    5516.49
    64.00
    127.42
    44.00 33278.90
    44.00 116430.00
    18.00
    6560.00
    278500.32

    ID FAN P01
    7200 m3/menit
    432000 m3/jam
    0.9

    n (kg/jam)
    417.99
    3895.13
    172.39
    1.99
    756.34
    2646.14
    364.44
    8254.42

    %n
    0.05
    0.47
    0.02
    0.00
    0.09
    0.32
    0.04
    1.00

    Damper

    0.931

    V gas masuk GCT


    m gas masuk GCT
    Komposisi gas masuk GCT

    361972.8 m3/jam
    392523.304 kg/jam

    Komponen
    H2O
    CO2
    SO2
    O2
    N2
    Total

    m (kg/jam)
    19849.97
    211002.38
    179.59
    7775.04
    153716.31
    392523.30

    %m
    0.05
    0.54
    0.00
    0.02
    0.39
    1.00

    Raw mix masuk GCT


    Air pendingin 28 C
    F1 =
    Gas

    H2O
    CO2
    SO2
    O2
    N2
    rm

    19849.97
    211002.38
    179.59
    7775.04
    153716.31
    11480

    P=
    Raw mix

    392523.30 kg/jam

    11480 kg/jam
    20.5 m3/jam
    F2=

    996.24 kg/m3

    20422.92 kg/jam
    H2O injeksi

    100 %

    kg/jam
    kg/jam
    kg/jam
    kg/jam
    kg/jam
    kg/jam

    114.8 kg/jam

    R=

    424311.42 kg/jam

    100 %

    Raw mix

    Neraca massa pada GCT


    Masuk
    Keluar
    Komponen
    F1 (kg/jam) F2 (kg/jam) P (kg/jam) R (kg/jam)
    H2O
    19849.97
    20422.92
    0
    40272.89
    CO2
    211002.38
    0
    0 211002.38
    SO2
    179.59
    0
    0
    179.59
    O2
    7775.04
    0
    0
    7775.04
    N2
    153716.31
    0
    0 153716.31
    Rm
    11480
    0
    114.8 11365.2
    Total
    404003.30
    20422.92
    114.8 424311.42
    Maka gas keluar GCT

    412946.22 kg/jam

    100
    11352.523

    380806.183 m3/jam
    Debu yang keluar adalah

    Gas keluar x Emisi cerobong


    12677037.82 mg/jam
    12.67703782 kg/jam

    Debu ditangkap GCT

    11352.52296 kg/jam

    SO2 keluar cerobong

    471.6143224 mg/jam

    Raw mix masuk SP

    Raw mix ke Ep
    Kadar air raw mix
    Raw mix ke kiln

    164 ton/jam
    164000 kg/jam
    7%
    4%

    11480 kg/jam
    6560 kg/jam
    145960 kg/jam

    Komposisi raw mix terkoreksi


    1. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
    BM CaCO3 =
    100.00
    BM CaO
    56.00
    CaCO3 yang bereakasi =
    2. MgCO3 MgO + CO2
    BM MgCO3 =
    84.00
    BM MgO
    40.00
    MgCO3 yang bereakasi =

    komponen % massa
    SiO2
    13.24
    Al2O3
    3.52
    Fe2O3
    2.26
    CaO
    44
    MgO
    0.57
    impuritis
    36.41
    total
    100

    kg/kmol
    kg/kmol
    78.57
    kg/kmol
    kg/kmol
    1.20

    145960

    komponen % massa
    SiO2
    13.24
    Al2O3
    Fe2O3
    CaCO3
    MgCO3

    3.52
    2.26
    78.57
    1.20

    m (kg)
    19325.1

    BM
    n (kmol)
    60.00 322.085067

    5137.792
    3298.696
    114682.9
    1747.141

    102.00 50.3705098
    20.61685
    160.00
    100.00 1146.82857
    20.7993
    84.00

    CaCO3
    CaCO3
    1146.83
    kmol

    CaO
    1146.83
    kmol

    CO2
    1146.83
    kmol

    MgCO3
    MgCO3
    20.80
    kmol

    MgO
    10.40
    kmol

    CO2

    Maka CO2 hasil kalsinasi


    CaCO3
    1146.83 kmol
    MgCO3
    20.80 kmol

    20.80
    kmol

    114682.8571 kg/jam
    1747.1412 kg/jam
    116429.9983 kg/jam

    kg
    kg
    kg
    kg

    BM rata
    0.91148814
    13.2127597
    0.66830769
    0.01543706
    4.03164513
    14.1051662
    0.79472552
    33.7395295

    %m
    0.03
    0.39
    0.02
    0.00
    0.12
    0.42
    0.02
    1.00

    Raw mix

    %
    kg/jam

    33.29 mg/m3

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