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What is a biosensor
Various definitions and terminologies are used depending on the field of
application. Biosensors are known as: immunosensors, optrodes,
chemical canaries, resonant mirrors,glucometers, biochips, biocomputers, and so on.
Electrochemical
Electrode or Enzyme
Electrode
History
Enzyme electrodes are a type of biosensor that have enzyme as a biological
component. The history of biosensors started in the year 1962 with the development of
amperometric enzyme electrode for glucose by the scientist Leland C. Clark. The year
1969 marks first potentiometric biosensor:urease immobilized on an ammonia
electrode to detect urea.During the year 1972-75, first commercial glucose biosensor
Draft by Dr. V.K. Mishra, DPMC, Dehradun
was developed by yellow spring instruments. Since then, several biosensors including
enzyme electrodes were developed.
Design
The electrochemical electrode(enzyme electrode) is composed of a electrochemical
sensor which in close contact with a thin-permeable enzyme membrane. The
embedded enzymes located in the membrane produce products, such as H + ions,
oxygen (O2), NH4+ ions, carbon dioxide (CO2) or ever other small molecules depending
solely on the enzymatic reactions , that are rapidly detected by the particular sensor .
The magnitude of the response gives the precise estimations of the prevailing
concentration of the substrate.
In these devices, enzyme is combined with electrochemical probe .The out put of
device would be in terms of current (amperometric), voltage (potentiometric) or
conductivity (conductimetric).)
• The anylate is sensed by the immobilized enzyme. Following this, the progress
of the enzyme reaction is monitored by the rate of formation of product or the
disappearance of a reactant. If either the product or reactant are electroactive,
then the progress of the reaction can be monitored as out put in form of current
or potential or conductivity.
• In nature, oxidase enzymes such as glucose lactate and cholesterol oxidase act
by oxidising their substrates, accepting electrons in the process and thereby
changing to an inactivated reduced state. These enzymes are normally
returned to their active oxidized state by transferring these electrons to
molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Glucose Biosensors
The first historic experiment that served as theFig. The Clark experiment
origin of glucose biosensors was carried out by Leland
Draft by Dr. V.K. Mishra, DPMC, Dehradun
C. Clark. He used platinum (Pt) electrodes to detect oxygen. The enzyme glucose
oxidase (GOD) was placed very close to the surface of platinum by physically
trapping it against the electrodes with a piece of dialysis membrane. The
enzyme activity changes depending on the surrounding oxygen concentration.
Fig. 7 shows the reaction catalyzed by GOD. Glucose reacts with glucose
oxidase (GOD) to form gluconic acid while producing two electrons and two
protons, thus reducing GOD. The reduced GOD, surrounding oxygen, electrons
and protons (produced above) react to form hydrogen peroxide and oxidized
GOD (the original form). This GOD can again react with more glucose. The
higher the glucose content, more oxygen is consumed. On the other hand, lower
glucose content results in more hydrogen peroxide. Hence, either the
consumption of oxygen or the production of hydrogen peroxide can be detected
by the help of platinum electrodes and this can serve as a measure for glucose
concentration.
Mediated systems
Bi-enzyme systems
When the enzyme is linked electrically to an electrode however, the need for the
organic reductant is obviated since the electrode itself provides the reducing
equivalents.