WAVE

Page-80 Types of Wave Questions

1) Make lists of three examples of each of transverse and longitudinal. Start each list with either light or sound. 2) a) Define the word propagation when referring to waves. b) What is the difference between a continuous wave and a wave train? 3) How can plane waves be considered to be a special case of circular waves at a great distance from their source? 4) Draw a diagram of a light ray reflecting from a flat mirror. In a different colour, draw wave fronts on the diagram, both before and after the reflection, to illustrate how they relate to rays. 5) Why could continuous waves be said to a scientific model?

Types of Wave Answers

1) Transverse waves: light, ripples in water, vibration of a stretched string Longitudinal waves: sound, mechanical waves in a slinky pushed back and forth, seismic p waves. 2) a) b) The movement of the energy that causes a wave. A wave train has a definite beginning and an end, but a continuous wave goes on forever (it is infinite).

3) For a large enough circle the curve approximates to a straight line. 4)

5) In reality a wave cannot be infinite it must have a beginning and an end.

Page-83 The Vital Statistics of a Wave Questions

1) 2) A loudspeaker cone is moving back and forth to produce a sound wave and takes 12 milliseconds to complete one cycle of movement. What frequency sound is being produced? In both parts to this question, show your working. a) b) 3) Yellow light from the Sun takes 500 seconds to reach the Earth, which is 1.5 1011m from the Sun. What is the speed of the light? Yellow light from the Sun has a wavelength of 550nm and a frequency of 5.45 1014Hz. What is the speed of the light? b) a crest and the next trough c)a trough and the crest three waves in front?

Imagine a wave train on the surface of the sea. What are the phase differences between:

a) two wave crests

The Vital Statistics of a Wave Answers

1) 2) 83 Hz a) b) 3)
s v= t v = f v= 1.5 1011 = 3 108 m s1 500

v = 5.45 1014 550 109 = 3 108 m s1

a) 360

b) 180

c) ()180

Page-87 An Introduction to the Behaviour of Waves Questions

1) Sketch diagrams to show how a double bass string could vibrate at its fundamental frequency, and the mode of vibration producing its second harmonic. Label all nodes and antinodes, and annotate to show how the string length compares with the wavelength of the sounds. 2) a) If the double bass in question 2 has an E string with a fundamental frequency of 41Hz, calculate the frequency of the second and third harmonics. b) If the double bass E string is 106cm long, what is the speed of sound in the string? 3) Certain factors, like weather, can cause a bridge to vibrate at its fundamental frequency, just like a guitar string. Under the right conditions, these vibrations can be very violent. Discuss why civil engineers would need to consider these factors when designing a bridge.

Behaviour of Waves Answers 1)

2) a)Second harmonic 82 Hz; third harmonic 123 Hz.

b)86.9 m s1

3) If a bridge starts to vibrate at its resonant frequency the vibrations could become very large and tear the structure apart. The engineers would need to ensure that the design did not offer resonant frequencies that are likely to occur naturally.

Page-91 Reflection at the End of a String Questions

1) Explain how the vibrations of a loudspeaker cone show that sound waves are longitudinal and can be described in terms of the displacement of molecules. 2) In an experiment to set up a standing microwave, successive maximum readings (antinodes) were detected by the probe receiver every 1.4cm. a) What was the wavelength of the microwaves used in this experiment? b) What was their frequency? 3) Use the idea that a hard reflection, such as that at the end of a guitar string, causes a phase change of 180 to explain why all stationary waves produced on guitar strings must always have a node at both ends. 4) Describe how you could set up an experiment to prove that different musical instruments playing the same pitched note are producing sounds with the same basic frequency, despite the instruments sounding different.

Reflection at the End of a String Answers

1) The loudspeaker vibrates back and forth in the same direction as the propagation of the sound. It physically pushes air molecules back and forth. 2) a) 2.8 cm b) 1.1 1010 Hz 3) The string is fixed at both ends. On reflection at the end any vibration undergoes a 180 phase change, so a positive displacement would change to a negative displacement at the point of contact. The string is a physical object that cannot be in two places at once, and so there must be zero displacement at the ends of the string. Moreover, the incoming and reflected waves will always be in antiphase and therefore completely cancel each other. 4) Capture the sound of both instruments playing the same pitch on an oscilloscope. Although the shape of the waveform will be different, the main peaks should appear at the same frequency, and hence indicate the same pitch.

Page-95 Models of Waves and Their Properties Questions

1) Use the data in table 3.2.1 to find the critical angles for diamond, ice and liquid benzene. 2) How fast does light travel in crown glass? (See table 3.2.1.) 3) Describe an experiment which could be undertaken to measure the refractive index between glass and water. Include details of what measurements would be taken and how the results could be analysed to find a value for 12.

Models of Waves and Their Properties Answers

1) Critical angles are: diamond 24.4, ice 49.8, benzene 41.8 2) 2.0 108 m s1 3) Place a semicircular glass block in a tank of water and shine a single ray of light through the water into the glass block, at various angles of incidence. For each, measure the angle of refraction within the glass. A graph of sin i against sin r should produce a straight line with the gradient equal to the refractive index. As per Student Practical 15 with the glass block resting underwater instead of in air.

Page-99 Diffraction and Interference Questions

1) Copy the diagram, which shows wavefronts approaching a gap. From the wavefront that is actually within the gap, use Huygens construction to show the secondary wavelets that would be produced from several points on this wavefront. Continue the diagram to show how Huygens construction could account for diffraction through a small gap.

2) In driving due north along a straight road a driver notices that the radio station she is listening to gets louder and quieter as she drives along. Explain this, if she can see two separate radio transmitters in the distance, to the west of the road. 3) Why was the independent confirmation by separate experiments such an important part of the development of the idea of the existence of electron waves?

Diffraction and Interference Answers

1)

2) There is interference between the signals from the two transmitters and she is sometimes in places where the signals cancel out and in other places where there is reinforcement. 3) Scientists determining the same conclusions independently, oblivious of each others work, produce the strongest evidence for the veracity of scientific theories.

Page-101 Polarisation Questions

1) Explain why the orientation of a television aerial could make a big difference to picture quality. 2) Why cant sound waves be used to test the concentration of sugar solutions by polarimetry?

Polarisation Answers
1) The signal is polarised, so the aerial needs to be in the correct orientation to pick up the signal. 2) Sound waves are longitudinal and so cannot be polarised.

Page-104 Light as a Wave Questions

1) Calculate the frequencies of the following: a) an infrared wave with a wavelength of 4 105m b) red light at the long wavelength limit of human vision (700nm) c) a gamma-ray photon for which = 6.5 1013m. 2) Explain what previous knowledge James Clerk Maxwell had which he combined to come up with the idea of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves.

Light as a Wave Answers

1) a) 7.5 1012 Hz b) 4.3 1014 Hz c) 4.6 1020 Hz 2) He knew that light waves travelled through a vacuum, and oscillating electric charges could create magnetic fields, and oscillating magnetic fields could move electric charges.

Page-107 Applications of Electromagnetic Waves Questions 1)

a) Calculate the wavelength range of radio waves which suffer reflection by the ionosphere. b) Explain why communications with satellites must use radio/micro waves with a wavelength shorter than 1 metre. 2) Explain why the human eye did not develop so that it could detect UV light with a wavelength of 100 nm. 3) Give a similarity and a difference between X-rays and gamma rays. 4) Explain, using diagrams if necessary, how X-rays could be used in a machine to produce images which could be scrutinised to detect flaws in vehicle engine parts.

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves Answers

1) a) 100 m to 1 m b) To avoid reflection by the ionosphere and reach satellites which are outside the atmosphere. 2) The atmosphere absorbs this UV wavelength, and so humans have never been naturally exposed to it, so could not evolve cells that respond to it. 3) Similarity: X-rays and gamma rays can have the same frequency. Difference: X-rays produced by decelerating electrons while gamma rays are produced as a result of energy change in the nucleus of an atom.

4) (Students' own answers)

Page-110 Pulse-echo Detection Questions

1) Edwin Hubble discovered that the light from other galaxies is Doppler shifted towards the red end of the light spectrum. What does this tell us about the movement of galaxies? Why did this lead Hubble to conclude that the Universe is expanding? 2) a) Why do spectators at a motor race hear the characteristic Neeeoooww sound as each car passes? b) Why do the drivers hear a sound of constant pitch? 3) Why were Hubbles observations so important?

Pulse-echo Detection Answers

1) The fact that light from other galaxies is Doppler shifted towards the red end of the spectrum shows they are moving away from us. That virtually all galaxies show this red shift indicates that the whole Universe is expanding. 2) a) The sound is Doppler shifted. As the car approaches the frequency is raised and as it moves away the frequency drops. b) The driver is not moving with respect to the sound, so there is no shift in frequency. 3) Hubbles observations led to new idea of the origin and structure of the Universe.

Page-113 Ultrasound Questions

1) In 1959, the distance to the Moon was established by the US Navy using radar which gave the distance as being 384400km, with an uncertainty of 1.2km in this figure. Explain the basics of the pulse-echo technique that would have been used for this measurement. 2) Give one similarity and one difference between air traffic control radar and a bats echolocation system. 3) A weather station monitors a storm using a radar system. The radio wave pulse emitted is received back at the transmitter after 0.34ms. The wavelength emitted was 5.6cm and that received after reflection from the storm was 1 billionth of a metre longer. What information about the storm can be worked out from these data? 4) An ultrasound scanner for unborn babies has the following specifications printed on it: Frequency = 3MHz Pulse duration = 1s If the speed of sound in the womb is 1520ms1, what would be the smallest detail that could be distinguished?

Ultrasound Answers
1) Send a radio signal to the Moon and record the time taken for the reflected pulse to return. Knowing the speed of the pulse and the time taken, the distance can be calculated. 2) Both bats echolocation system and air traffic control radar use reflection from the object to locate it. They are different in that the bat uses ultrasound and radar uses radio waves. In addition, radar use Doppler shift in the reflected frequency to calculate the speed of the moving object.

3) Distance away is 51 km; speed of movement of storm is away from the detector. 4) Pulse length method: l = v t = 1520 (1 106) = 0.00152 Resolution = half pulse length = 0.76 mm. Wavelength method: = v/f = 1520/(3 106) = 0.51 mm So worst resolution = 0.76 mm

ELECTRICITY
Page-121 Electric Current Questions
1) A current of 0.2 amperes flows through a light bulb whilst it is on for 20 minutes. How much charge flows through the bulb in that time? 2) 6.25 1018 electrons together have a total negative charge of 1 coulomb. How much charge does each electron carry? 3) a) Draw a circuit diagram to show a bulb and a motor in series with a battery of three cells. Include an ammeter to measure the current through the motor. b) i) Add a labelled arrow to your circuit showing the direction of conventional current in the circuit. ii) Add another labelled arrow showing the direction of electron movement in the circuit.

Electric Current Answers

1) 240 C 2) 2) 1.6 10
19

3)

conventional current

electron movement

Page-122 Energy and Electricity Questions

1) a) Write a definition in words, and also as an equation, for electromotive force. b) Explain how p.d. is different from emf. 2) a) A cell provides 88C of charge with 132J of energy. What is the emf of the cell? b) When a 3A current lights a light bulb, it receives 120J of energy in 5 seconds. What is the potential difference across the light bulb?

Energy and Electricity Answers

1) a) The amount of energy supplied to each unit of charge in a circuit is the electromotive force. 1 V = 1 J C1. b) The pd is the amount of energy supplied by each unit of charge a measure of the work being done. 2) a) 1.5 V b) 8 V

Page-126 Resisting Current Flow Questions

1) State Ohms law. 2) A buzzer in a circuit allows a current of 0.05A to pass through it when the p.d. across it is 6V. What is the buzzers resistance? 3) What is the difference between an ohmic and a non-ohmic conductor? 4) Graphs of current against voltage are usually drawn with V on the x-axis as the experimental data would be collected by having p.d. as the independent variable. Why might it be more useful to plot these data with p.d. on the y-axis? 5) In a resistance experiment, a gold ring was connected into a circuit as a resistor. The connections touched on diametrically opposite points on the circular ring. Its diameter is 2cm, and the metals crosssection is a rectangle 3mm by 0.5mm. A voltmeter connected across the ring measured 8.3mV, whilst the current through it was measured at 18A. a) Calculate the resistivity of gold. b) Describe a practical difficulty with undertaking an experiment of this kind

Resisting Current Flow Answers

1) Provided the temperature and other physical factors remain constant, the current through a wire is proportional to the potential difference across its ends. 2) 120 3) An ohmic conductor obeys Ohms law, but a non-ohmic one does not the current is not proportional to the potential difference across the conductor. 4) If the pd were plotted on the y-axis then the slope of the line would be equal to the resistance. 5) a) 4.4 107 m b) Answers include difficulty in positioning the contacts, the fact that a ring doesnt usually have a rectangular cross-section, so finding cross-sectional area is difficult, and the physical size of the connecting crocodile clips, which would make determination of the area so inaccurate as to render the answer useless.

Page-127 The Transport Equation Questions

1) What current would flow through a copper wire of diameter 0.4mm if the electrons have a drift velocity of 4.7 104ms1?

2) What is the electron density in aluminium wire if it has a diameter of 0.22mm and carries a current of 3.5A, with an electron drift velocity of 3 109ms1?

The Transport Equation Answers

1) 0.94 A 2) 1.92 1035 m3

Page-128 Power and Work in Electric Circuits Questions

1) Explain how Ohms law can be used to change the equation P = VI into a form which is useful if you do not know the p.d. involved, but do know the resistance. 2) Calculate the power of the following electrical appliances: a) a mobile phone which runs on 3.6V d.c. and uses a current of 0.018A b) a mains hairdryer which draws a current of 11A c) a torch bulb which uses 6V and a resistance of 30

Power and Work in Electric Circuits Answers

1) You know that from Ohms law V = IR, so by substituting for V in the equation P = I2R. 2) a) 0.065 W b) 2.5 kW c) 0.065 W P = VI you can obtain

Page-133 Circuits Containing Resistors Questions

1) Draw a circuit diagram to show how a simple battery-powered torch might be wired up. Describe and explain how the current measurements would compare if ammeters were simultaneously placed in the middle of each of the wires shown on your diagram. 2) Explain why Kirchhoffs second law is an example of the conservation of energy. 3) You have three 50 resistors. These can be wired in series and parallel combinations to make three different total resistance values. Draw the possible different wiring combinations and calculate the total resistance for each combination.

Circuits Containing Resistors Answers 1)

The ammeters should show the same reading in all wires, as the charge is conserved. 2) Around a circuit the drop in potential energy where energy is supplied from the flowing charges is matched by the rise in potential energy where energy is supplied to the charges. There is no leaking of energy from the circuit. 3)

Page-135 The Potential Divider Questions

1) a) A series circuit is constructed using a 3000 resistor, a 2000 resistor and a 12V dc supply. If a voltmeter were connected across the 3000 resistor, what p.d. would it show? b) If the 2000 resistor is replaced by one that is 6000, what would the new voltmeter reading be? 2) A variable resistor is made from a metre of resistance wire. The resistance of the whole length of wire is 80ohms. If you had a 6V battery and wanted to provide 3.7V to power your iPod directly, how would you connect up this variable resistor and battery?

The Potential Divider Answers

1) a) 7.2 V b) 4 V across the 3000 resistor. 2) Arrange this as a potential divider circuit, with the contact across 0.62 of the length of the 80 resistance wire.

Page-137 Sources of emf Questions

1) Why is the emf of a power supply sometimes different from the reading on a voltmeter connected across its terminals? 2) In an experiment to investigate internal resistance, the circuit below was used to find the current and voltage for several settings of the variable resistor. How could you draw a graph of the results to be used to find the emf and internal resistance of the cell?

Sources of emf Answers

1) Because of the internal resistance of the power supply.

2) Plot voltage across the power supply against the current flowing will give a graph with a gradient of r (where r is the internal resistance of the supply) and an intercept on the voltage axis of the emf of the power supply.

Page-141 Understanding Conduction Questions

1) a) Draw a graph to show how the temperature of a light bulb filament affects its resistance. b) Explain the shape of your graph in terms of conduction electrons and lattice vibrations. c) How does your answer in part b) relate to the transport equation? d) How does your graph illustrate the possibility of a superconductor? 2) Explain what a hole is in electrical conduction in silicon. 3) What is the basic difference between an n-type and a p-type semiconductor doping element? 4) How does doping increase the conductivity of some semiconductors? 5) Explain why the resistance of some semiconductors goes down when they get hotter, despite the fact that their lattice vibrations increase with temperature.

Understanding Conduction Answers

1) a)
Resistance 0

b) When the bulb filament becomes hot the lattice vibrates more and there are more collisions between the conduction electrons, so the resistance increases. c) The average velocity is reduced because of the increase in collisions. This reduces the current as it is proportional to drift velocity. d) By extrapolating backwards there could be a temperature at which there is no resistance. 2) A positive charge that is the result of an electron leaving an atom. 3) In n-type semiconductors the doping element donates electrons to provide negative charge carriers, whereas in a p-type semiconductor the doping element traps electrons and so introduces positive holes as charge carriers. 4) It provides more charge carriers over and above those present in the semiconductor lattice. 5) In some semiconductors a rise in temperature frees more charge carriers, increasing current, so the resistance effectively goes down.

Temperature/C

Page-149 A Brief History of Light Questions

1) Name two scientists who supported the particle theory of light and two who supported the wave theory. 2) Why was Foucaults experiment to measure the speed of light in water so important?

3) In the eighteenth century, virtually all experimental evidence available pointed to light being a wave, contrary to Newtons views. Most scientists continued to believe light was a particle. Why? 4) Which theory, waves or particles of light, is the one that scientists currently believe is correct?

A Brief History of Light Answers

1) Particle theory: Democritus, Newton Wave theory: da Vinci, Grimaldi, Huygens, Hooke, Boyle, Young, Foucault 2) Foucaults work showed that light must travel more slowly in water than air, in direct contradiction to the prediction of the particle theory. 3) Newton was a very influential scientist and his view was generally accepted. 4) A theory of waveparticle duality, in which light behaves as a wave and a particle in different circumstances.

Page-151 Wave or Particle? Questions

1) Calculate the energies of the following photons: a) UV with a frequency of 4 1015Hz b) X-ray with a wavelength of 8.4 1011m c) light at the peak response of the human eye, = 550nm. 2) For the answer to question 1 c), calculate the number of photons per second that would need to be emitted from a light bulb if it gives off 60W of light. 3) An iPod battery in use delivers 4.4W. If the battery was to be replaced by a square handheld solar cell, what would the side length of the solar cell need to be? Assume all sunlight energy landing on the cell is converted into electricity. 4) Briefly describe the ultraviolet catastrophe, and what idea Planck had to come up with to reconcile it.

Wave or Particle? Answers

1) a) 2.65 1018 J b) 2.37 1015 J c) 3.6 1019 J 2) 1.66 1020 3) From the worked example on this page, the solar flux = 1000 W m1. Area needed = 4.4 103 m2. Side length = 6.6 cm 4) The ultraviolet catastrophe was that at higher frequencies more and more energy would be radiated by a black body, reaching infinity clearly impossible. Plancks idea was that energy could only be absorbed or radiated in discrete quantities, not in continuous amounts.

Page-155 The Photoelectric Effect Questions

1) Explain why zinc will emit photoelectrons if it is illuminated with a dim source of ultraviolet light, but will not emit any photoelectrons when illuminated with a very bright red light. 2)

a) State Einsteins photoelectric equation and explain all the terms. b) Light with a wavelength of 0.5m causes photoelectrons to be emitted from a piece of potassium (work function = 2.30eV). What is the maximum kinetic energy of these electrons? c) What is the maximum speed of the photoelectrons in part b)? d) What is the threshold frequency for emission of photoelectrons from potassium? 3) Describe a photoelectric effect experiment to determine Plancks constant. Include details of measurements to be made and how these results can be analysed to find h. Also describe how any further quantities can be obtained from analysis of the results. 4) Give an example of how the photomultiplier as used in a camera developed for low light levels could be used in society to inform decision making.

The Photoelectric Effect Answers

1) The photons of red light do not have enough energy to release an electron from the surface of the zinc, but the photons of ultraviolet light do. 2) a)hf = + mv2 max Here h is Plancks constant, f is the frequency of the incident light, is the work function of the metal surface, and mv2max is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron. b) 3.0 1020 J c)2.6 105 m s1 d) 5.6 1014 Hz 3) As per the text and diagram on page 154. 4) Such a camera could be used to monitor dark areas (at night for example) and the results used to provide evidence of need for policing.

Page-161 Atomic Electron Energies Questions

1) Distinguish between: a) line spectra and continuous spectra b)emission spectra and absorption spectra c) excitation and ionisation. 2) Calculate the wavelength of a photon of light emitted from a hydrogen atom as a result of an electron transition from level n =2 to the ground state (look at figure 5.2.4 for energy data). 3) Why is the line spectrum from an atom useful to identify what element it is? Give an example of when you may have used this in a chemistry lesson. 4) What would happen if a photon with an energy of 10eV were incident on an unexcited hydrogen atom? What about a 20eV photon? How about two 10eV photons?

Atomic Electron Energies Answers

1) a) Line spectra are made up of distinct lines of light with distinct frequencies. A continuous spectrum is made of light of all frequencies.

b) Emission spectra show the radiation given out by electrons of an element as they move from an excited state to one of lower energy. Absorption spectra are produced when electrons absorb energy from light incident on the atom to move from a lower energy level to a higher level. c) Excitation is when an electron in raised to a higher energy level around the nucleus of the atom. Ionisation is when an electron absorbs enough energy to escape completely from the atom. 2) 120 nm 3) Each element has a unique structure of energy levels. As transitions can only occur between these levels, each transition gives rise to a unique frequency of light corresponding to the energy difference between two levels. In chemistry the distinct colours given out by common elements when they are heated are used to identify them, for example sodium gives out yellow light when it is heated, while potassium gives out lilac light. 4) If a 10 eV photon was incident, then nothing would happen, as exactly 10.2 eV is needed to lift the electron into the next energy level. 10 eV does not correspond to any allowed transition. A 20 eV photon would ionise the hydrogen atom. Two 10 eV photons would have no effect, as the energy must be supplied by a single photon.

Page-163 Solar Cells to Light the World? Questions

1) Why are solar cells more environmentally friendly than generating electricity with fossil fuels? 2) What factors will affect whether people switch to using solar cells rather than other energy sources? 3) Calculate the power output of a solar cell array which is made from 20 photovoltaic tiles. Each tile is 20cm square and has an efficiency of 12%.

Solar Cells to Light the World? Answers

1) The energy from the Sun will not run out. 2) A variety of factors, for example cost, efficiency of cells, availability, reliability, legislation. 3) 96 W.

END