Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam!

al-Kashi Conclusion

Trigonometry
Zach Haney
Meridian Academy (Made at Wheaton College)

March 5, 2013

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Early History Astronomy

trigwnometra

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Early History Astronomy

Astronomy! Babylon Egypt

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Early History Astronomy

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Majhmatik Sntaxic

Claudius Ptolemy ( ca. 90-168 CE)

Majhmatik Sntaxic

= The Almagest

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Majhmatik Sntaxic

Geocentric

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Majhmatik Sntaxic

Geocentric 1200 years!

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Majhmatik Sntaxic

crd () = chord () chord () = ) 2 sin( 2 sin2 ( x 2) =

1cos(x ) 2

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Towards Islam!

Trig Tables WHY?

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Towards Islam!

Trig Tables Identities sin2 (x ) + cos2 (x ) = 1 sin(x ) = cos( 2 x) Determination of values using an iterative process ***

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Towards Islam!

Zij al-Sindhind Brahmagupta Sassanid Empire ( ca 200-700 CE)

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Towards Islam!

Zij al-Sindhind Sassanid Empire ( ca 200-700 CE) Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-850 CE) Zij al-Sindhind (!) Algebra (al-jabr) Algorithm House of Wisdom The Almagest!

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

Qibla

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

Qibla

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

Qibla

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

Distance between 2 cities (on a sphere)

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

sin(1 )

Why??

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

sin(1 )

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Why Trig for Islam? What are we going to need?

sin(1 )

Given the values of sin(0 ), sin(1 ), and sin(45 ) and the cosines of the same angles ... What is the value of sin(44 )? sin(44 ) = sin(45 1 ) = = =
Zach Haney Trigonometry

sin(45 ) cos(1 ) sin(1 ) cos(45 ) (.7071)(.998) (.0174)(.7071) .6947

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Who was he? Determination of Sine of 1 degree Iteration

Jamshid Kashani Al-Kashi

14th-15th centuries, CE. Architect and Direct of the great Samarkand [Uzbekistan] observatory Key to Arithmetic 1700 Byzantine manuscripts! (brought back to Vienna in 1562)

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Who was he? Determination of Sine of 1 degree Iteration

sin(3) = 3 sin() 4 sin3 ()

(Vi` ete in the 1500s)

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Who was he? Determination of Sine of 1 degree Iteration

sin(3) = 3 sin() 4 sin3 () sin(3) + 4 sin3 () = 3 sin() 3 sin() = 4 sin3 () + sin(3)

3 1 sin() = 4 3 sin () + 3 sin(3)

Let = 1
3 1 sin(1 ) = 4 3 sin (1 ) + 3 sin(3 )

Let sin(1 ) = x
4 3 x=3 x +1 3 sin(3 )

SOLVE ME!

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Who was he? Determination of Sine of 1 degree Iteration

4 3 x=3 x +1 3 sin(3 ) 1 3

1 sin(1 ) > 3 sin(3 )

sin(3 ) = .0174453 . . . ak is a number between 0 and 9.

x = .01a1 a2 a3 . . .

1 3 .01a1 a2 a3 = 4 3 (.01a1 a2 a3 . . . ) + 3 sin(3 ) 3 .00a1 a2 a3 = 4 3 (.01a1 a2 a3 . . . ) + .0074453 . . .

Now... x1 = .0017a2 a3 . . .
3 .017a2 a3 = 4 3 (.017a2 a3 . . . ) + .0074453 . . . 3 .000a2 a3 = 4 3 (.017a2 a3 . . . ) + .0004453 . . .

x2 = .0174 ...
Zach Haney Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Who was he? Determination of Sine of 1 degree Iteration

x2 = .0174 ... Iterate again, and again... .01743524064372835103712 sin(1 ) WHY? Take Real Analysis (Math 300-something)

Fixed Point
Zach Haney Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Astronomy Babylonians, Egyptians, etc Ancient Greeks (ish)! Euclid Menelaus Spherica Claudius Ptolemy The Almagest ( India Modern Trig tables not Chords Modern Trig identities Trig values using iteration Zij al-Sindhind Sassanids Muslims

Majhmatik Sntaxic

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Islam al-Khwarizmi House of Wisdom Qibla and Distance al-Kashi sin(1 ) using iteration Decimal Notation! Continued Fractions 1 1+ = 2 1 2+ 1 2+ 1 2+ . 2+ ..
Zach Haney Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

History of Math (Math 398) M W 12:30 PM - 1:50 PM Prof. Chuck Straley

Zach Haney

Trigonometry

Introduction Hellenic/(Roman) Trigonometry India Islam! al-Kashi Conclusion

Applause Questions? Comments? Concerns?

Zach Haney

Trigonometry