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Mary P.Callahan
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Curriculum Vitae
Mary P. Callahan
Jackson School of International Studies
University of Washington
Box 353650
Seattle, WA 98195
Tel: 206-616-6206
email: mpc@u.washington.edu
EMPLOYMENT
October 1999 – present
Assistant Professor, Jackson School of International Studies,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
September 2002-December 2002
Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA.
September 1995 – October 1999
Assistant Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, and
Regional Director, Asia, Center for Civil-Military Relations, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
EDUCATION
1996 Ph.D., Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies,
Civil-Military Relations.
1991 M.A., Political Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies.
1989 M.Soc.Sci., Asian Politics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia. Field of Concentration: International Relations.
1984 M.Sc., Political Philosophy, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, England. Fields of Concentration:
Democratic and Liberal Philosophy.
1983 B.A., with highest honors, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA. Fields of Concentration: American Politics,
Political Theory.
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Making Enemies by Mary P.Callahan
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tydik ;f (10)
oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmv 6 &uf- 7 &ufrmS usi;f ywJn h v D mcHu ppf+y;D
acwf wyfrawmfopf aygufzGm;vmygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfopfeJ@twlay:aygufvmwJh
Edik if aH &;eJ@vlrsK;d a&;jy\emudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 10 rSm ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wmudk
wifjyygr,f? ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdwt f &m&Sad wG&,f/ jrefrmjynf
wyfru t*Fvyd w f yfr;– awG&,f/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ PBF ppfAv kd af wG&,f/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
tzG@J u uk, d pf m;vS,af wG&,f awG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D oabmwlcsu&f ,lwJ h nDvmcHjzpfygw,f?
&nf¶, G cf suuf t&ifu rltm;jzifo h abmwlcw hJ t
hJ wkid ;f Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyf
qkw d hJ ppfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ wyfrawmfopfukd wnfaqmufz@kd ygy?J PBF rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf
om;awGcsn;f yg0ifwhJ wyf&if;u 3 &if;/ PBF tzG@J 0ifr[kww f hJ ArmawGomyg0ifEikd w f J h wyf&if;
1 &if;/ u&if/ ucsief @J csi;f u wyf&if; 2 &if;pD pkpak ygi;f wyf&if; 10 &if;&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfopfukd
zG@J pnf;zd@k uef'n D v D mcHuqk;H jzwfygw,f? tiftm;waomif;ESpaf xmif&w dS hJ t+rw J rf;wyfrawmf
opfukd wnfaxmifwmygy?J 'DtxJrmS ig;axmifausm[ f m PBF rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfu vmrSm
jzpfygw,f?
&JabmfokH;usdyf0ifjzpfwJh AkdvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 3/ Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh
wyf&if; 4/ AkdvfaZ,s OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 5 pwJh wyf&if;awGwnfaxmifa&;udk OD;pm;ay;zdk@
vnf ; qkH;jzwfygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyf rawmfOD;pD; ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu AdkvfcsKyf
L.C.Thomas u aqmif¶u G yf gw,f? tajymif;ta¶$@rSm PBF rsK;d cspw f yfom;awG repfem&
atmif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k u awmif;qkad yr,fh r&wmawG&ydS gw,f? PBF wyfom;udk wyfz@JG
vku d f vufczH @kd wifjyayr,fh wOD;csi;f vufczH @kd om t*Fvyd u f qk;H jzwfygw,f? t*Fvyd pf um;rwwf
&if &mxl;wufzdk@rvG,fwmrdk@ t*FvdyfpmwwfwJh wkdif;&if;om;ppfAkdvfuom &mxl;wufzdk@
tcGifhtvrf; rsm;ygw,fwJh?
wyfrawmfopfrmS av#mufxm;wJh PBF rsKd;cspfppfAkdvfxJu okH;ykHwykHavmufom
0ifciG &hf ygw,f? rsK;d csp&f aJ bmftrsm;pk[m L.C.Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfrmS ae&mr&=u
ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfcsKyf Thomas vufatmufrSm 'kwd,ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf
tr_xrf;zdk@ jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; 1945 atmufwkdbmrSm ppfwyfuxGufvkdufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfur kd 0ifcsiof el @J 0ifciG rhf &ol PBF rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom;awGudk
pkaygi;f wJh jynfo@l &JabmftzG @J udk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uwnfaxmif+y;D vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf rJG mS
jynfo@l tiftm;tjzpf tok;H ðyygw,f?
uef'n D v D mcHuzG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ t+rw
J rf;wyfrawmfopfrmS Armppfwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfqdkwJh ppfwyf 2 wyf&Sdae+yD; &nf¶G,fcsufcsif;rwl=uygbl;? Armppfwyfu rsKd;cspf
&Jabmfa[mif;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&udk tcsdefra¶G; awmfvSef
ykeu f efr,ft h aetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f? tm%m&t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udu k muG,rf ,fo h [
l m wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmfrSm wOD;eJ@wOD; wbufeJ@ wbuf
r,ko H uFmjzpfwm[m rqef;ygb;l ? Ekid if aH &;cH,cl suf jyif;xefwphJ pfAv kd af wGvnf; ArmwyfxrJ mS
&Syd gw,f?
ppf+yD;acwf[m EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuqkH;umvjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEkdifygw,f? *syef
zufqpfuakd wmfveS w f u kd cf udk cf w
hJ hJ zqyvtzG@J csKy[ f m vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd u f kd yl;owf
aewJt h csed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? zqyv tzG@J xJu uJv G w GJ o hJ abmxm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yÉdyuQawG[m
taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;awG&Sd&m Armwyf&if;okH;&if;txd *,uf¶kdufvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;*kd%f;*%tuGJt+yJrSmrygbJ zqyvtzGJ@&J@acgif;aqmiftjzpf
trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_ux kd ed ;f ausmif;Ekid zf @kd óu;yrf;aeyk&H ygw,f? uef'pD mcsKyt f & wyfrawmfopf
zJG@pnf;+yD; wESpft=um 1946 pufwifbmvrSm bk&ifcH Hubert Rance tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; umuG,af &;wm0efcH jzpfvmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&Sed t f [kef
jyif;xefvmwmudk pd;k &dro f al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aexkid &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd ahJ r#mv f ifch suef @J r[mrdwef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syef
ukd wdu k cf u
dk cf w
hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkxrJ mS Arm}u;D pd;k rSmudk pd;k &dro f al wG&ydS gw,f? *syef vufeuf
cs+y;D r=umrD 1945 =o*kwv f rSm u&ifacgi;f aqmifapmbOD;}u;D eJ@ Sydney vleu D Karenistan
vd@k trnfwiG rf ,fh u&ifEidk if u H w kd nfaxmifvakd =umif; a':refprpf&@J ud, k pf m;vS,f T.L.Hughes
udk ajymbl;ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm u&ifu, dk yf idk tf yk cf sKyaf &;e,fajr&zd@k awmif;qd=k uygw,f?
ArmeJ@ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pku rdrw d @kd ar#mv f ifw h thJ wkid ;f jzpfajrmufvmzd@k óu;pm;ae
wke;f rSm Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfukd b,fvódk u;udik rf vJqw dk jhJ y\emudk t*Fvyd &f ifqidk &f
ygw,f? e,fjcm;ppfwyfukd t*Fvyd f t&m&Sd ok@d r[kwf t*Fvyd u f okd pPm&Sw d hJ wkid ;f &if;om;t&m&Su d
}u;D =uyfz@dk pDpOfEidk af yr,fh Armwyf&if;&Sw d hJ jynfrppfwyfukd b,fvókd u;ukid rf vJqw kd jhJ y\emudk
t*Fvyd &f ifqikd &f wmygy?J 'Djy\emudak jz&Si;f &mrSm u&ifppfwyfut kd ok;H csz@kd qk;H jzwfvu dk yf Hk &yg
w,fw?hJ xdyw f ef;&mxl;udk u&ifppfAv kd af wGuakd y;vku d &f if wyfrawmf[m t*Fvyd q f ef@usiw f hJ
ArmppfAv kd vf ufatmufra&mufEidk b f ;l vd@k ppfrif;}u;D L.C.Thomas u ar#mv f ifch yhJ &Hk ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dwu G u f ed ;f rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; 1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;u oufaojyaeygw,fw?hJ
t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t
D pd;k &jyefvnftyk cf sKyw f hJ 1945 atmufwb dk mvrS vGwv f yfa&;&wJh
1948 *sefe0g&DvtxdjzpfwJh 2 ESpfausmfumvukd vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJjyif;xefwJhumvvdk@
Armbufujrifayr,fh t*Fvdyftzdk@uawmh tkyfcsKyfvkd@r&wJh qlylt=urf;zufwJhumvygyJ?
t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &; rxdra&mufjzpfaewke;f wjynfv;Hk rSm vufeufawGjyef@aewmrd@k t=urf;zuf
r_eJ@ wkdufckdufvk,ufr_vnf; 'DacwfrSm trsm;qkH;ygyJ? bkH&efol zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@
&nfreS ;f csucf si;f rwloal wG ,m,Dvufw+GJ y;D vufeufuikd w f u dk yf GJ 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D vd@k
Ekid if aH &;t& ESv;Hk &nfwu dk yf qJG ifE&$J r,ft h csed af &mufvmawmhvnf; vufeufuikd t f =urf;zuf
wJh ppf"avh ukd razsmufEikd =f uygb;l ? 'ga=umifh olw@dk tzd@k Ekid if aH &;atmifyq JG wkd m[m t,ltq
csi;f rwloal wGaphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D tay;t,lvyk w f m/ yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G w f mr[kwaf wmhbJ &efou l kd
&Sm+y;D tðywfwu kd wf m (od@k ) vufeufcscikd ;f wmyJjzpfaea=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wm
udk wifjyvku d yf gw,f?
a&›t S ygwrf mS u&ifppfAv kd af cgi;f aqmifww hJ yfrawmfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (11)
oD&vd uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmvtapmykid ;f uusi;f ywJn h vD mcHrmS ppf+y;D acwf
wyfrawmfopfuzdk @JG pnf;cJah =umif; t&iftygwu f usaemfwifjycJyh gw,f? wyfrawmfopfxrJ mS
yg0ifwhJ PBF wjzpfvJ Armwyfe@J wk id ;f &if;om;wyf[m wyfrawmfu}dk u;D pd;k zk@d ®yifqidk óf u;yrf;=uykH
ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 11 rSm wifjyygr,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS wyfrawmfxyd w
f ef;&mxl;tm;vk;H udk u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ PBF
wyfz@JG 0ifr[kww f hJ ppfAvkd af wGu &,lxm;ygw,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyu f Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f / avwyf
OD;pD;u apm&S;D ¶_;d / ppfqifa&;r–;u t*FvefEikd if H Sandhurst Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;qif; Akv d rf ;–
apm=um'k;d / ppfaxmufcsKyu f apm'efeD pwJh u&iftrsK;d om;awGjzpf=uygw,f? axmufy@dk a&;eJ@
tcsujf yqufo, G af &;wyfz@GJ awGrmS vnf; u&ift&m&Sed @J u&ifppfom;u vlrsm;pkygy?J u&ifwyf
&if; 3 &if;/ ucsiw f yf&if; 2 &if;eJ@ csi;f wyf&if; 2 &if;u ppfAv kd pf pfom;awGukd t*Fvyd u f
pkaqmif;cJw h myg? vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS u&ift&m&Sed @J t*Fvyd pf pfrif&iS t f zG@J [m =oZmt&Sq d ;Hk
jzpfaeygw,f? 1949 *sefe0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSmusif;ywJh wyfr–;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufwJh
xdyw f ef;t&m&Sd 33 OD;xJrmS PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfu 4 OD;om&Sd+yD; usefwyfr–;awG[m
wkdif;&if;om;t&m&Sdjzpfygw,f?
&JtzG@J rSmvnf; ppfrjzpfru D wnf;utr_xrf;cJw h hJ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;/ t*Fvyd -f
ukvm;ujym;/ a*:&cg;wyfom;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGuyJ }uD;pdk;ygw,f? ppfwGif;umv
wav#mufvkH; *syefudk wkdufcdk ufcJhwJh u&ifajymufusm;awG[m ppf+yD;oGm;ayr,fh vufeuf
udik af qmifxm;qJ jzpfygw,f? u&ift h usK;d pD;yGg;udu k muG,zf @kd vkw d ,fv@dk u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u
,lqwmrd@k 1947 azazmf0g&rD mS KNU ac: u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H udk wnfaxmifygw,f?
aemufawmh KNU vufatmufcH KNDO u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;tzG@J qdw k hJ u&ifjynfo@l
ppfudk zGJ@pnf;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&zkd@ zqyvtzJG@csKyfuóu;yrf;aecsdefrSm zqyv&J@ opPmcH
r[kwfwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygw,f? wyfrawmfopfukdOD;aqmifaewJh
u&ifeJ@t*Fvdyft&m&SdawGudk PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvftodkif;t0kdif;u r,kHouFmjzpfaeyg
w,f? wyfrawmfrmS u&ifppfAv kd }f u;D pd;k aewmudk ArmppfAv dk uf rauseyfygb;l ? Ekid if jH cm; tul
tnD &,l+y;D u&ifu zqyvud ðk zwfcsvrd rhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[vudk Armowif;pmawGu
r=umc%azmfjy=uygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifwJhwyfrawmfay:aygufa&;udk uef'DnDvmcHu
&nfreS ;f cJah yr,fh vufawG@rSmawmh u&if }u;D pd;k Ekid af tmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f zefw;D aew,fv@kd
ArmppfAv dk af wGu ,lqygw,f?
Armwyf&if;awG rSm Armppf Akv d &f adS yr,fh t*Fvyd t f &m&S v d ufatmufrmS tr_xrf;
&wmyg? 'ga=umifh wyfrawmfopfrSm PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfr}uD;pdk;Ekdifatmif t*Fvdyf
ppfrpf&Sifu wrifvkyfaew,fvkd @Armbufu,lqygw,f? jzpfEdkif&if ArmppfAdkvftm;vkH;udk
wyfrawmfu xkwyf pfz@dk awmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f vkyEf ikd af =umif; Akv d rf ;– csKyaf [mif;armifarmif
u 1992 arv 9 &ufae@u ajymjywmudkvnf; ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfxJu ArmppfAdkvfxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepfppfAkdvfeJ@ uGefjrLepfr[kwfwJhppfAkdvfqkd+yD;
tkyfpk 2 pk&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh wyfrawmft&m&Sd 25 &mcdkifE_ef;uom zqyvtzGJ@udk
axmufcw H mjzpfw,fv@kd 1948 azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@xkwf t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS t f pD&ifcpH mrSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
wyfrawmfopfrmS ArmppfAv dk t f a&;rygwmudk Armacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u oabmayguf
ygw,f? t*Fvyd ef @J awmufav#mufvufwcGJ w hJ hJ u&ifppfAv dk af wG wyfrawmfopfrmS }u;D pd;k aewm
udk tEœ&m,fv@kd Armbufu,lqygw,f? u&ife@J t*Fvyd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfopfxu J dk
r0ifcsio f el @J 0ifciG rhf &olawGupkd ak ygi;f +y;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u jynfo@l &JabmftzG@J udk wnf
axmifvu kd yf gw,f? jynfo@l &J@abmf[m zqyvvufatmufcjH zpfayr,fh Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@
udk,fykdifppfwyftjzpf v_yf&Sm;w,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&csdef
rSm jynfo@l &Jabmf wode;f avmuf&v dS m+y;D tpd;k &ukq d ef@usiw f hJ &JabmfjzLeJ@ axmufcw H hJ &Jabmf0g
qk+d y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f?
'DtawmtwGi;f umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Akv d v f ufsmeJ@ u&ifppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f
wk@d &J@ vufatmufcrH [kww f hJ uk, d yf idk t f &Hwyfz@GJ udw k nfaxmifz@kd tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfygwu D
pDpOfygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfygwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f tdrrf mS Armacgi;f aqmiftcsK› d r=umc%
qkaH wG@=u+y;D u&ife@J t*Fvyd }f u;D pd;k wJw h yfrawmfukd toGiaf jymif;zd@k aqG;aEG;a=umif; aemiftcgrmS
Advk cf sKyaf rmifarmiftjzpfxif&mS ;vmwJh Akv d }f u;D armifarmif&@J 1947 ae@pOfrw S w f rf; Diary
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfppfAv kd uf tEœ&m,fay;Ekid w f mudak qG;aEG;=uayr,fh u&ifppfAv kd ef @J
t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d Adkvfvufsmukdz,f&Sm;Ekdifa&;ukdom t"duaqG;aEG;a=umif; Adkvf}uD;
armifarmif&@J ae@pOfrw S w f rf;rSmazmfjyxm;wmudk ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?
1947 =o*kwfv 1 &ufae@rSm OD;ausmf+idrf; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm
qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ zqyvopPmcH ukd,fyk dift&Hwyf&if;wnfaxmifzkd@ tcGifhtvrf; ay:ayguf
vmygw,f? uGejf rLepfr[kww f hJ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J wyfrawmfopfx0J ifciG rhf &olawGukd pnf;¶k;H
odrf;oGif;+yD; txl;t&H&JwyfzGJ@wnfaxmifzdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;/ Akv d af e0if;eJ@ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k 1947 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qk+H y;D UMP ppf&w J yfz@JG
wnfaxmifz@kd aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
UMP ppf&w J yf&if;wnfaxmif+y;D ygwu D u kd sm;uefwu hJ pd uP kd Adv
k vf ufsmu rvdv k m;
bl;vk@d qk&d , S v f pfawGbufu ,lqygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ tusiyhf suAf rmawGukd &JtzG@J u
xkwyf pfz@kd OD;ausm+f ird ;f u Akv d v f usmf ud! k e¸ =f um;+y;D 1948 arvrSm tdE, dN udk aq;ukxu G o f mG ;
ygw,f? ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D vkyw f hJ Akv d vf usmf [m OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@!¸e=f um;csuu f kd qef@usi+f y;D
&JtzG J@u u&ifeJ@ tusifhysufArmawGudk UMP ppf&x J oJ iG ;f vdu k af =umif; 1984 pufwifbm
28 &ufu OD;ausm+f ird ;f aemufa=umif;jyefajymqkw d mudk Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifu rSww f rf;wif
xm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwt f ydik ;f 12 rSm wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_ ayguu f rJG ,fh tajc
taea&muf&v dS myku H dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (12)
tydik ;f (13)
tm%m&zqyvtpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ u&iftyk pf k eJ@ Armtkypf w k bufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFm
jzpfvm&mu vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQjzpfygG ;&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efok ;H oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol
tydik ;f 13 rSm wifjyygr,f? ocifoef;xGe;f &J@ AuyuGejf rLepfawG olyek x f prSm u&ife@J ucsif
wyf&if;awGu zqyvtpdk;&udk umuG,faewmrdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm u&ifjynfe,fudk
wnfaxmifEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ u&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfcJhykH&ygw,fwJh? aemufydkif;rSm
uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J awmcdw k hJ wyfrawmfwyf&if;awG pkaygi;f ykeu f efawmhvnf; u&if/
ucsiw f yfawGuyJ zqyvtpd;k &bufu wku d af y;&ygw,f? 'gayrJh zqyvtpd;k &eJ@ Arm ppfAv kd f
awG aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D 1948 arvrSm vuf0n J ! D w G af &;vkyzf @kd uGejf rL epfuudk rf;vSr;f wJt h cgrmS
u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m zqyvukd r,ko H uFmjzpfvmygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
ay;+y;D tm%mcJaG 0,l=uzd@k pOf;pm;wJt h pDtpOfjzpfwma=umifh t&iftwkid ;f pcef;oGm;vd@k rjzpf
awmhb;l vd@k u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ,lqvmyk&H w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efuqdyk gw,f?
1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepf awmcdak wmh uGejf rLepfe@J &if;ES;D wJh Armwyf&if;awG
udk wdkufcdkif;&if; jy\emay:Edkifwma=umifh KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfudkwkdufckdif;zdk@ wyfrawmf
OD;pD;csKyu
f qk;H jzwfa=umif; Akv d cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f &J@ 1980 xkwf uk, d af wG@rSww f rf;rSm azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? 'gayrJh wcsK› ad e&mawGrmS ppf0efxrf;eJ@ UMP ppf&u J vnf; uGejf rLepfuw kd udk af e wmrd@k
KNDO u&if j ynf o l @ ppf e J @ xd a wG @ vmwmrsKd ; vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? 'D = um;xJ “+id r f ; csrf ; a&;
ajymufusm;” u&iftzJ@G u tpd;k &aiGwu kd uf kd 0ifazmufwmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? tpd;k &bufu
wkud af y;wJt h yk pf ak wGt=um; yÉdyuQjzpfvmwmygy?J 1948 =o*kwv f 14 &ufae@rSm UMP u&if
ppf&u J wHaG w;udo k rd ;f vku
d af wmhrS u&ifol ykeu f kd yDyjD yifjyif jrif&ygw,f? aemufEpS yf wfavmuf
=umawmh oxkHeJ@ usKdufQrDu u&ifppf&JawG awmcdk=u+yD;/ =o*kwfv 30 &ufae@rSm KNDO
u&ifjynfo@l ppftzJ@G u oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo kd rd ;f vduk yf gawmhw,f?
'D v d k t ajctaejzpf v mwmrd k @ zqyvvuf a tmuf c H txl ; t&H & J w yf z G J @ uk d
Adkvfatmif}uD;uacgif;aqmif+yD; ppf0efxrf;wyftjzpf wdk;cs›JzJG@pnf;zdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku 1948
pufwifbm 9 &ufae@u trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd w
f m jzpfygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wG}u;D pd;k wJh ppf¶;Hk rSm
Adv
k af tmif}u;D udk ae&may;+y;D ppf0efxrf;wyf zG@J cdik ;f wm[m u&ifph pftiftm;udk wk@H jyefz@kd jyifqif
wmjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQav;awGjzpfwmudk
csucf si;f ajz&Si;f Edik af tmif ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wnfaxmifwm[m Adv k }f u;D armifarmif&@J tpDtpOf
jzpf[efwlygw,f? ppf0efxrf;wyfzJG@pnf;wm[m a&&SnfpDrHudef;jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh tpdk;&
vufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;xJrmS Armhppftiftm;}u;D xGm;vmatmif pDpOfwmyJv@dk
ajymEdik yf gw,fw?hJ
'ga=umifh 1948 pufwifbmva&mufawmh OD;Ektpd;k &vufatmufrmS &nf¶, G cf suf
csif;rwlwJh vufeufukdiftiftm;pk}uD;ESpfpk txift&Sm;ay:xGufvmygw,f? 'Dtkyfpk 2 pku
awmh t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAdkvf}uD;pdk;wJh vuf0J
tiftm;pkv@dk qdyk gw,f? wyfrawmfu u&ifppfAv dk /f KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfwyfz@JG eJ@ OD;wifxÉG f
OD;aqmifwJh jynfaxmifpkt&HwyfzJG@[m vuf,mtiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ wyf&if;
4/ awmrcdw k AhJ rmppfAv kd pf pfom;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ aus;¶GmumuG,af &;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm; cg;yku d f
aqmifwyfawG[m vuf0Jtiftm;pkrSm yg0ifygw,f?
vufeufuidk t f iftm;pk 2 pk tm;®yifaecsed rf mS yk}H u;D csw J› mrsm;vGe;f wJt h wGuf *sy;kd u
vdyf jzpfomG ;wmu rsm;ygw,fw?hJ wbufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFmjzpfaecsed rf mS tquftoG,f
cufcw J mrd@k yk}H u;D csw J› o hJ wif;awG acwfpm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd tquftoG,jf ywfaewmrd@k e,frmS
b,fvjdk zpfysuaf ew,fqw kd mudk zqyvtpd;k &a&m KNU u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H yg odEikd f
zd@k rvG,yf gb;l ? 'Dvt kd cgrmS &efuek ef @J rEœav;u Armowif;pmawGu rD;avmif&m avyif=h u
ygw,f? "g;jywku d rf /_ Ekid if aH &;t=urf;zufr_ pwmav;awGukd Ekid if aH &;vky}f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
owif;a&;=uwJhtwGuf óu=um;óu=um; woD;wjcm;jzpfyGg;wJh t=urf;zufr_av;awG[m
Ekid if aH wmfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D ozG,f ay:xGuv f mygawmhw,f?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ wkd;yGg;vmavav vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ vuf0Jtiftm;pk
t=um; r,kHouFmjzpfr_awG rsm;vmavavjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJ u&ifudkulnD+yD; zqyv
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd &nf¶, G af =umif; a&;xm;wJph meJ@twl t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af [mif; Alexander
Campbell &efue k rf mS tzrf;cH&wJt h cgrmS u&ife@J t*Fvyd u f zqyvtpd;k &udðk zwfcsb@kd &nf¶, G f
w,fqw kd hJ ArmppfAv kd ef @J qd&k , S vf pfawG&@J ,k=H unfcsu[ f mvnf; ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmygw,f? t*FvefrmS
Campbell uka d xmufco H l vufwqkypf mom&Sad yr,fh t*Fvyd v f yk }f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
Armowif;pmu rD;avmif&mavyifyh gw,f?
'Dtcsed rf mS wHaG w;/ oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo dk rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;wJh u&ifoyl ek ef @J OD;Ektpd;k &
+ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyEf ikd af tmif ppfO;D pD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f =um;0ifaqmif¶u G af y;wmudk ArmppfAv kd f
awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ? aemufawmh 1948 Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@rSm weoFm&De@J {&m0wDwikd ;f
yg0ifwJh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u&ifjynfe,f wnfaxmifcGifhay;zdk@ awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf
jynfaxmifpu k zkd suq f ;D zd@k }upH nfwmjzpfa=umif; Armowif;pmawGu a&;=uygawmhw,f? ppf
0efxrf;wyf[m tEœ&m,fay;Edik af =umif; u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG oabmayguv f mygw,f?
Campbell tzrf;cH&+y;D aemufwae@ pufwifbm 19 &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpk t&H
wyf&J@acgif;aqmif u&ifeJ@&if;ESD;ol OD;wifxGÉf towfcH&ygw,f? vufonfray:ayr,fh
qd&k , S vf pfygwv D ufcsujf zpfa=umif; &Jrif;}u;D OD;atmifcsed u f odwt hJ wGuf OD;atmifcsed f tvkyf
ðzwfcHvkduf&ygw,f? OD;wifxGÉfudkowfypfzdk@ Akdvfatmif}uD;upDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; u&if
ppfAdkvfawGu t*Fvdyft&m&Sdudkajymjywmudkvnf; 1949 *sefe0g&D 8 &uf &efukef-vef'ef
oHóu;pmrSm azmfjy xm;ygw,f? 1948 'DZifbm 24 &ufae@rSm +rw d cf ¶dik yf avm®r› c&pf,mef
bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;xJudk ppf0efxrf;u vufypfAkH;ypfoGif;vkd@ u&if 80 aoqkH;&ygw,f? ppf
0efxrf;eJ@ qd&k , S v f pf&@J u&ifqef@usiaf &;udk KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu vufw@Hk jyefyg awmh
w,f? 1948 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG w&mausm&f adS =umif; ppftpd;k &xkwf wyfrawmf
ordkif; pwkwˆwJGrSm a&;xm; ayr,fh yavm®r›vlowfyGJudkawmh razmfjyygbl;?
a&›Stygwf tydkif; 14 rSm jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGg;ykHukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (14)
&efoal wG0idk ;f aevd@k &efuek tf pd;k &vk@d emrnf&aewJh zqyvtpd;k &qufvuf&iS o f efEidk yf uHk kd ige@J
rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 14 rSm ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfu&ift&m&Sad wG[m
1948 ESpfukefydkif;txd ysOf;rem;c¶dkifrSm uGefjrLepfolykefudkwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&
toufqufEikd zf @kd twGuf u&ifwyf&if;awGu uGejf rLepfupkd pfqifaewke;f zqyvvufatmufcH
Armjynfo@l ppfu jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if¶mG awGukd wk u d cf u
dk =f uygw,f? 'Dvt kd ajctaea=umifh
wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if;/ KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J u&ifEidk if aH &;tkypf ak wG aygi;f pnf;rd+y;D
zqyvtpd;k &udk awmfveS zf @kd pDpOfvm&wmjzpfygw,fw?hJ
jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if-ArmyÉdyuQawG[m &efuek q f ifajczk;H txdysEH› @HS vmvd@k 1949
*seef 0g&rD mS tif;pdet f pd;k &vufeufwu dk u
f kd KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu0ifp;D +y;D &efuek u f kd 0kid ;f
xm;Ekid w
f t hJ ajctaexd jzpfvmyg w,f? ppf0efxrf;/ wuUov kd af usmif;om;eJ@ vlayvlawawGukd
tpd;k &u vufeufay;+y;D u&ifuw kd u kd cf ikd ;f &wJt h csed t f cgygy?J tif;pde/f =unfjh rifwidk /f prf;acsmif;eJ@
tvku H u&if&yfuu G af wGukd Armjynfo@l ppfuypfcwfvmwJt h wGuf KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu
®rj› yifu u&ifwyfawGukd ppfual wmif;+y;D tif;pdew f 0ku d rf mS ae&m,lxm;ygw,f? u&if&yfuu G f
em;rSmaexdik w f AhJ rmawG[m tpd;k &tultnDr&vd@k awG@&mvufeufe@J ckcu H muG,af e&ygw,f?
tif;pdet f ajctae qd;k 0g;vmwma=umifh tm¶kaH jymif;oGm;atmifvyk zf @k d KNU acgi;f aqmif
apmbOD;}uD;u awmifiltajcpkdufwJh wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if; 1 u wyfr–;Akdvfr–;}uD;
apmrif;armifukd tultnDawmif;wJt h wGuf 1949 *seef 0g&v D 27 &ufae@rSm u&ifwyf&if;
1 u awmifiludk odrf;vdkufygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufae@rSm tif;pdefukd u&ifodrf;+yD;
&efuek ef @J 4 rdik u f mG txd csw D ufEidk cf yhJ gw,f? ppfom;/ &J/ ppf0efxrf;/ jynfo@l ppf/ ausmif;om;eJ@
vlayvlawawGpak ygi;f +y;D ckcEH idk w f t hJ wGuu f &ifx h ;dk ppf &yfwef@oGm;ygw,f? ig;vavmuf=umwJh
tif;pdew f u dk yf rGJ mS tustqk;H rsm;+y;D 1949 arva&mufrS tpd;k &u tif;pdeu f dk jyeford ;f Ekid yf g
w,f? ar®r/› jynf/ rdwv ˆD m/ rEœav; pwJ h ®r}› u;D awGvnf; olyek v f ufatmufusa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
zqyvtpdk;&[m KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfukd w&m;r0ifa=umif;a=unm+yD;
u&ifppfAdkvfawGudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;um wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;prpf'Gef;ae&mudk
Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ tpm;xk;d vku d yf gw,f? awmifiu l jkd yeford ;f zd@k ucsiw f yf&if; 1 &J@ wyf&if;r–; aemfqikd ;f
udk Akv d af e0if;trde@f ay;wJt h cgrmS aemfqikd ;f u olyek ef @J yl;aygi;f vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 azazmf0g&v D rSm
wyfrawmf[m tpdwpf w d tf r$mr$m uGaJ eyg+y?D uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J u&ifoyl ek &f @J xk;d ppfudk
zqyv tpd;k &[m jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ckcw H u dk cf u kd af e&ygw,f? 2 em&Davmufppfoifwef;ay;+y;D
wku d cf idk ;f wmjzpfw,fv@dk ppf0efxrf;acgi;f aqmif Adv k af tmif}u;D u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u
ajymygw,fw?hJ
u&ifawmfveS af &;p+y;D r=umrD tr_xrf; oydwaf rSmufwt hJ wGuf zqyvtpd;k & ®yuGJ
awmhrvdk jzpfomG ;ygw,f? u&ifuw kd u dk zf @kd twGuf uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D pnf;¶k;H
odr;f oGi;f zd@k Adv k af e0if;wifjywmudk qd&k , S v f pfygwu D vufrcHwma=umifh qd&k , S vf pf0ef}u;D awG
udk xkwyf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd wdu k w f eG ;f wJt h wGuf 1949 {+yv D rSm qk&d , S vf pf
0ef}u;D 5 OD; Ekwx f u G of mG ;ygw,f? qk&d , S v f pf&@J tdraf pmifah cG;}u;D rvkycf siaf wmhb;l vd@k Adv k af e0if;
u ajAmifajym+y;D ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ taygi;f ygueG jf rLepftcsK› u d kd tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f zd@k Akv
d af e0if;u
OD;EkudkwkdufwGef;a=umif; OD;ausmf+idrf;jyefajymjywmudk 1984 pufwifbmv 26 ae@pJGyg
Advk af rmifarmif&@J awG@qkaH r;jref;cef;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh uGejf rLepfe@J vufwzJG @kd udpu P kd 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku vufrcHygb;l ? qk&d , S v f pfawG
e,fqif;+y;D olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;zd@k omOD;Eku!¸e=f um;ygw,f? a0zefwhJ &efuek f
pme,fZif;awGukd t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk v f @kd qd&k , S v f pfygwD emrnfysuaf ecsed v f nf; jzpfygw,f?
qd&k , S vf pfacgi;f aqmifawG[m *syef@acwfrmS vlxt k zG@J tpnf;wnfaxmifz@kd róu;pm;bJ ppf+y;D
acwf vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifEkdifzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; ykef;atmif;aecJhwma=umifh OD;ausmf+idrf;/
OD;baqG/ ocifwif pwJh qd&k , S v
f pfacgi;f aqmifawGrmS ocifp;kd eJ@ tjcm; uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif
awGvkd ausmaxmufaemufcH vlxt k zJ@G tpnf; r&S=d uygb;l ? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; tpd;k &
&mxl;udk qd&k , S vf pfuyJ&,lwma=umifh vlxek @J reD;pyfwhJ t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd tD &m&Sad wGvkd jzpfae
ygw,fw?hJ
'Dvdk vlxktiftm;r&SdwJh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m olykefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf t&ifu
odu|r;f cJw
h hJ a'ocHvufeufuikd t f zG@J awGukd jyefqufo, G +f y;D ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS vlrsm;vmatmif
pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &ygw,f? &Jabmfa[mif;/ t&nftcsi;f rrDv@kd wyfrawmfxrJ 0if&ol/ tvkyrf &Sd
wJh v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vlq;kd "g;jyawG aomif;ajymif;axGvmyg0ifaewJh ppf0efxrf;wyf
[m tykyftodk;-rdv†mtkd;}uD;eJ@wlw,fvdk@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u ar&D
u,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ ppf0efxrf;rdv†mtkd;}uD;udk vufeufypPnf;
axmufyo hH [ l m qk&d ,
S vf pfygwjD zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfuw kd ukd af ewJh v,fa0;ocif=unf&edS ef @J
rdwv Dˆ mq&mxDw@dk vdk e,facgi;f aqmifawGukd vufeufypPn;f axmufyzhH @kd Adv k af e0if;wk@d tzG@J u
pDpOf&ygw,f? a'ovkHðcHa&;twGuf a'ocHjynfol@ppfeJ@ tpdk;&yl;aygif;+yD; olykefudkwkduf&wm
jzpfa=umif; 1993 azazmf0g&D 10 &ufae@rSm ocif=unf&edS u f ar&Du,fv[efuakd jymjyygw,f?
ykefukefr_t&SdefaooGm;awmhrS qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m vlxktzJG@tpnf;udk pwif
wnfaxmifygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwu D adk xmufc&H if pD;yGg;a&;tcGix hf ;l av;awG cHpm;=u&ygw,f?
1956 rSm Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;rdvm† tk;d }u;D [m jyLapmxD;qdw k hJ trnfopfe@J qd&k , S v
f pf
ygw&D @J cg;ykud af qmifwyfjzpfvmygw,f? olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;rSmyg0ifun l cD w hJ hJ e,facgi;f aqmifawG
xJrmS zqyvv$waf wmftrwfjzpfvmolawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? olyek t f iftm;usqif;vmavav
qkd&S,fvpftzGJ@tpnf;awG tm;aumif;vmavqkdovdk jzpfvmygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; 15
rSmawmh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_e@J t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;jy\emudk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (15)
uGejf rLepfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &; tenf;i,ft&Sed af ovmvk@d zqyvtpd;k & touf¶LS
acsmifp ðycsed rf mS KMT w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufre_ @J ñuaH wG@&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ykeu f efru _ kd
&ifqikd wf ek ;f u tpd;k &wyf[m a'ocHvufeufuikd t f yk pf ek @J em;vnfr, _ +l y;D yl;wGaJ qmif¶u G Ef idk cf hJ
ayr,fh tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfudk &ifqdkifwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Denf;udkokH;vdk@ r&
awmhygb;l ? wyfrawmf&@J &efoo l pfay:ayguv f mykH “ar&Du,fv[ef” ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J
rwligh&efol tydkif; 16 rSm wifjyygr,f? wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;udkaqG;aEG;wJh 1952 wyfr–;rsm;
nDvmcHusi;f ycsed rf mS KMTw¶kwjf zLwyfom; waomif;ausmf jrefrmjynfxaJ &mufaeyg+y?D
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG usL;ausmv f mwmeJ@ 'k-Adv k rf ;– }u;D armifarmif ppf¶;Hk udk jyef
a&mufvmwm[m wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;rSm t"duuswJhtcsuf 2 csufjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&D
u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? u&ifoyl ek u f 2 ESpcf zJG rf;qD;xm;wJh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m pdwrf ygh
wyge@J wyfxjJ yefvmoljzpfygw,fw?hJ u&ifoyl ek &f @J tusO;f om; Adv k rf ;– armifarmifukd c&pf,mef
uufovpfbkef;}uD;wyg;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfawG r=umc%vmay;ygw,f? tvif;a&mif
ppfqifa&;a=umifh 1951 =o*kwv f 21 &ufae@rSm vGwaf jrmufvmawmh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
uufovpfbmom0if jzpfaeyg+yD? uufovpfbkef;}uD;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;ayr,fh tcsdef,l+yD;
wjznf;jznf;vkyzf @kd bk&m;ausmif;ut}uaH y;xm;wke;f wyfxjJ yef0ifz@kd a&mif;&if;rdwaf qGawGu
qGJaqmifwma=umifh Adkvfr–;armifarmif[m pdwfryghwygeJ@ ppf¶kH;udk jyefa&mufvmwm jzpfyg
w,fw?hJ
uk,d ehf nf;uk,
d [
hf efe@J jzpfovdk jynfwiG ;f ppfuw dk udk cf u
dk cf whJ w hJ yfrawmfukd A[dck sKyu f idk f
r_e@J tkycf sKyw f hJ acwfrD t+rw J rf;wyfrawmftjzpf toGiaf jymif;&mrSm Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
t"duusw,fvdk@ tJ'DacwfudkrDvdkuf wJh ppfAkdvftrsm;pku ajymygw,fwJh? wyfrawmf
tm;aumif;vmatmif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&if; Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k wyfxrJ mS =oZm&Sd
vmwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGom a&mufrvmbl;qd&k ifawmh OD;pD;t&m&S&d @J
tpDtpOfukd wyfr;– awGu tvG,w f ulvufcrH ,fr[kwb f ;l vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrifygw,f?
w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppfrmS ppf¶;H_ wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyf&if;tcsK› d rdom;pkawGe@J twl 1950 rSm
&Sr;f jynfxJ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmygw,f? 1951 a&mufawmh KMT wyfawGukd tar&duef
av,mOf/ vufeufeJ@ &duQm axmufyHhaeyg+yD? 1952 rSm KMT tiftm; waomif; ESpaf xmif
avmuf &Sad e+y;D 1953 a&mufawmh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f u rdik ;f qyf[m av,mOfqif;Edik w f hJ
KMT pcef; jzpfaeyg+yD?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;vDrDacgif;aqmifwJh KMT wyfawG[m tar&duef CIA tultnDeJ@
,leefe,fudkjyefodrf;Edkifzdk@ óu;pm;ygw,f? 1951 rSm ESpf}udrf xdk;ppfqifayr,fh t}uD;tus,f
wyfvefvmwJt h wGuf jrefrmjynfrmS a& &Snpf cef;csz@kd pDpOfygawmhw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ &HyaHk iG&mS
+y;D e,fpyfuo kd rd ;f oGi;f wma=umifh usKid ;f wk/H ud;k uef@eJ@ xdik ;f e,fpyfa'o[m KMT vufatmufcH
jzpfvmygw,f? e,fpyfa'orSm vrf;azmuf wHwm;aqmuf+y;D tpd;k &ozG,}f u;D pd;k wJt h jyif Arm
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu a'ocHawGukd ajrm‡ ufay;ygao;w,f? KNDO u&if
jynfo@l ppfe@J vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu r[mrdwzf @JG ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ektpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifawG
t}uD;tus,f pd k;&drfaewmu KMT w¶kwfjzLr[kwfbJ uGefjrLepf w¶kwfeDjzpfygw,f? KMT
tºuif;tuseu f kd acsre_ ;f zd@k &nf¶, G +f y;D w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfwyfawG tvk;H t&if;eJ@0ifa&mufvm+y;D
wjynfv;Hk udo k rd ;f oGm;rSmudk awG;a=umufaewmygy?J ud&k ;D ,m;u|e;f pG,rf mS vnf; w¶kwu f eG jf rL
epfe@J tar&duef ppfjzpfae+yrD @kd jrefrm-w¶kwef ,fpyfrmS tar&duefu 'kw, d ppfrsuEf mS zGihf
rSmudkvnf; pdk;&drf=uygw,f?
a&mifpo Hk yl ek ef @J KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfawG pcef;cs&m &Srf;jynfudk 1950 ESpfv,frSm
rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; a=unmwJt h wGuf wyfrawmft&m&S[ d m a'oEœ&tkycf sKyaf &;udyk g
wm0ef,lvm&ygw,f? jynfrrSm olykefESdrfeif;a&;vkyfwkef;u a'ocH Armjynfol@ppfeJ@ yl;wJG
vkyu f ikd cf w
hJ hJ wyfrawmft&m&Sad wG[m &Sr;f jynfrmS awmh a'ocHe@J vufwzGJ @kd aeaeomom &Sr;f
pum;awmif ajymwwfwmr[kwyf gb;l ? a'ocHukd pmemaxmufxm;jcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf &Sr;f jynf
rSm rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; 2 ESpu f sio hf ;Hk pOf umv wyfrawmf[m tawmfav; emrnfysuf
oGm;ygw,f? jynfrrSm uGefjrLepf/ KNDO/ u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J tjcm;a&mifpo Hk yl ek uf kd wdu k cf ukd f
aeqJjzpfwhJ wyfrawmf[m &Sr;f jynfrmS vnf; rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; usio hf ;Hk aewJt h wGuf
rEdik rf eif;jzpfawmhr,ft h ajctaeudk &ifqidk af e&ygw,f? ppftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT ykrH eS w f yf
udk wku d &f wm[m jynfwiG ;f olyek u f kd wku d &f wmxuf yd+k y;D cufcyJ gw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG z@kd ('grrS [kwv f nf;) vufeufcsz@kd OD;Ek
tpd;k &u&mZoHay;wmudk vk;H 0*¶krpdu k w f ma=umifh wyfrawmfe@J KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG r=um
c% wdu k yf jGJ zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfu t}u;D tus,pf pfjyifqif+y;D w¶kwef *g;udk owfypfr,f
qdkwJh &nf¶G,fcsufeJ@ 1953 azazmf0g&DvrSm e*g;Edkifppfqifa&;udk qifEJ$ygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vufeuftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfu e*g;Edik pf pfqifa&;udk wygwt f wGi;f acsre_ ;f
ypfvu dk v f @kd e*g;¶_;H ppfqifa&;jzpfomG ;a=umif; yg0ifwu kd cf udk cf o hJ al wGuakd r;jref;+y;D ar&Du,fv[ef
u a&;xm;ygw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG a&;twGuf jrefrm/ tar&duef/ xkid ;f eJ@
xdik 0f rfyg0ifwhJ av;Edik if aH qG;aEG;yGJ 1953 arv 22 &ufae@ befaumufrmS usi;f yEdik v f @kd 1953
ESpfukefykdif;rSm KMT wyfom; 2000 pwifxGufcGg+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm 7000 xGufcGga=umif;
wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 1954 a&mufawmh KMT w¶kwjf zL tiftm;
[m wyfr 3 ckavmufjzpfaewJt h wGuf ppfqifa&;awGvyk af wmhrS 1955 rSm rdik ;f qyfe@J xkid ;f -
jrefrme,fpyfu KMT pcef;awGukd odr;f yku
d Ef ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf KMT wyfom;trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynf
u xGufcGg=uwmyg? 'Dppfqifa&;awGudk Akdvfr–;csKyfausmfaZmacgif;aqmifa=umif; vlwdkif;vdk
vdk od=uayr,fh wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS awmh Advk rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmtrnfudk xdrcf sed x
f m;
wm awG@&ygw,f? a&›tS ygwf tydik ;f 17 rSm &efoo l pfa=umifjh zpfay:vmwJh wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;
ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (17)
jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd ifqidk af e&wJw h yfrawmf[m KMT w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ &kd ifqidk &f wJt h cgrmS
acwfrDppfqifa&;vkyf+yD; wkdif;jynfudkumuG,fEkdifwJhwyfrawmftjzpf toGifajymif;Ekdifatmif
óu;yrf;vmyku H kd ar&Du,fv[efa&;om;xm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 17 rSmwifjyygr,f?
&efoo l pfawG@wJt h cgrmS wcgrrS &Sb d ;l ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine vnf;
&Sv d mygw,f? KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd wpcsi;f wenfeh nfw h udk af evd@k atmifjrifrmS r[kwf
a=umif; odomxif&mS ; vmwJt h cgrmS Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;[m ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &; OD;pD;XmezG@J pnf;+y;D
Advk rf ;– atmif}u;D udk OD;aqmifapw,fv@dk qdyk gw,f? edp"P 0l tkycf sKyaf &;udpu P dk vkyaf qmifae&
wJhppf¶kH;[m a&&Snf r[mAsL[mcsrSwfwmrsKd;rvkyfEkdifvdk@ pdwfysuf&a=umif;/ jynfy&efudk
umuG,Ef idk zf @kd ta&;}u;D a=umif; 1951 =o*kwv f 28 ae@pJyG g ppfprD cH ef@cJaG &;OD;pD;XmerSww f rf;rSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;u!¸e=f um;w,fv@kd =o*kwv f rSwwf rf;rSmazmfjyayr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS
Adkvfae0if; cGifh,lxm;ygw,fwJh? Akdvfae0if;[m rdef;rudpPeJ@ Asmrsm;ae&wJhtcsdefygyJ? 'DudpPeJ@
ywfouf+y;D tjrifEpS rf sK;d &Sad eygw,f? ppf¶;Hk ut*Fvyd t f &m&Sad wGukd Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u v$wx f m;
vGef;wJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpftrmcHtkyfpku ppfpDrHcef@cGJa&;OD;pD;XmeudkzGJ@pnf;wmvdk@ Adkvf
armifarmifuajymygw,fw?hJ Akv d af tmif}u;D uawmh Adv k af e0if;&J@tm%mudk csKycf s,u f ef@owfz@kd
&nf¶, G +f y;D ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;Xmeudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D OD;0if;u wnfaxmifwmvd@k ajym
ygw,fw?hJ
1951 =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@rSm u&ifolykefvufatmufvvGwfajrmufvmwJh
Adv
k af rmifarmif[m vukeyf idk ;f rSm ppf¶;Hk udjk yefomG ;awmh ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;XmezJ@G pnf;xm;wm
av;&ufom&Sdao;wmrdk@ prf;w0g;0g; pmzwfaewJhtqifhyJ &Sdygao;w,f? wyfrawmfrSm r&Sd
ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine udk yxrqkH;xkwfazmf+yD; vkyfief;p&r,fvdk@
Adv
k af rmifarmifu t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ &eforl owfrw S Ef idk bf J ppfwyfw;kd csaJ› &;/ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;
eJ@ wyfjzef@a&;qkid &f mr[mAsL[mudk csrw S Ef idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? &efo[ l m w¶kwf
uGefjrLepf jzpfw,fvdk@ Akdvfarmifarmifu wifjy+yD; w¶kwfusL;ausmfwmudk e,fpyfrSm okH;v
ckcEH ikd af tmif tiftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfuw kd nfaqmufz@dk t}uaH y;ygw,f? ok;H vtwGi;f rSm ukv
or*~ tultnD&Ekdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmygyJ?
'Dvt kd iftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfukd wnfaqmufEikd zf kd @twGuf tpd;k &tok;H p&dwf 40
&mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyfu&,lz@kd vdak =umif; Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfrmS
pD;yGg;a&;txdik u f sz@kd q,fEpS af vmufvyk &f rSmrd@k Armtpd;k &[m q,fEpS t f wGi;f wkid ;f jynfp;D yGg;
a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&r,fvdk@ qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfa=umif; Adkvf
armifarmif u ajymygw,fwJh? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekuawmh w¶kwfuGefjrLepftygt0ifvlwdkif;eJ@
csp=f unf&if;ES;D atmifvyk Ef idk w f ,fv@kd ,k=H unf+y;D ppfwyfw;kd cszJ› @kd twGuf aiGuek rf cHcsib f ;l vd@k qdk
ygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfawG[m OD;Ek&@J csp=f unfa&;vrf;pOfukd vufcEH ikd af yr,fh ppftiftm; aumif;
zd@k ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
wyfrawmfwkd;cs›JzJG@pnf;a&;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm Akdvfae0if;/
Advk af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k [m olw@kd vdv k m;wJph pfAv kd af wGuakd e&may;+y;D olw@kd r,kH
ouFmjzpfwJht&m&SdawGudk ppf¶kH;uz,f&Sm;EkdifcJhygw,f? Oyrm t*Fvdyf-jrefrmujym; Adkvfr–;
}u;D vSatmife@J t*Fvyd pf pfwyfuvmwJh Adv k rf ;– Audv k kd t&m&Sad wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&S m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
a&wyfe@J avwyfrmS vnf; PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAv dk af wGuakd e&may;zd@k t}ut H zefvyk yf gw,f?
xdyw f ef;a&wyft&m&St d rsm;pk[m t*Fvyd af &wyf rSmtr_xrf;bl;wJh t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;awG
jzpfygw,f? avwyfrmS vnf;t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;&Sad yr,fh a&wyfavmufawmh rrsm;ygb;l ?
'Dujym;t&m&Sad wGud k t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @dk =unf;wyfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u,lq+y;D
r,ko H uFmjzpfae=uygw,f? a&wyf[m =unf;wyfe@J yl;wJpG pfqifro S m tok;H 0ifwhJ wyfz@JG jzpfwmrd@k
t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @kd rouFmolux kd w
k yf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;uqk;H jzwfa=umif; t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f
a&wyft&m&Sd&J@ 1950 rwfv 24 &ufae@pJGygtpD&ifcHpmrSm azmfjyygw,f? a&wyfAkdvfr–;
cifaz=unfe@J Akv d rf ;– cifarmifbu kd dk }uzH efta=umif;jy xkwyf pf+y;D Adv k af e0if;vdvk m;wJh Akvd rf ;–
oef;azudk a&wyft}u;D tuJtjzpf cef@tyfygw,f? t*Fvyd af cwfrmS a&wyfx0J if+y;D t*Fvyd f
eJ@twl tdE, dN udv k u dk o f mG ;ol a&wyft&m&St d m;vk;H tvkyðf ywfuek af =umif; 1952 pufwifbm
28 &ufxkwf ae&Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmhtmabmfrSm a&;xm;ygw,fwJh?
avwyfrmS awmh a&wyfrmS vkd }uzH efxw k yf pfwmrsK;d rvkyaf yr,fh taotaysmuf
&Sdwmrdk@ t*Fvdyfacwfu av,mOfr–;awG Zmwfodrf;ukefygw,f? avwyf t}uD;tuJ u&if
Adkvfr–;&SD;¶_d; [m 1949 *sefe0g&DrSm u&ifawmfvSefa&;puwnf;u ykef;atmif;aewJhtwGuf
ol@ae&mudk vlpm;xk;d zd@k vG,u f o
l mG ;ygw,f? ol@ae&mqufco H l avwyft&m&Sd Selwyn Khin
[m usKid ;f wkrH mS av,mOfysuu f saoqk;H vdk a&S;vufa[mif;awG ed*;Hk csKyu f ek yf gw,f?
wyfrawmfw;dk cszJ› @JG pnf;vk@d ppfom;rsm;vmayr,fh t&m&Sd rvkaH vmufwjhJ y\em
&Sad ewmrk@d &S+d y;D om;t&m&Su d akd wmif oifwef;ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 1952 rSm OTS Akdvfoifwef;
rwufao;&wJh t&m&Sd 600 ausm&f ydS gw,f? wyfrawmfukd ajymufusm;ppfomrubJ Ekid if jH cm;
ppfwyfudkckcHEdkifzdk@jyifqif&mrSm avhusifha&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm Akdvfoifwef;
wufwOhJ ;D a&udk wk;d jri‡ Ehf ikd af yr,fh Ekid if jH cm;udk ppfynmoifvw $ &f mrSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS ef @J jy\em
ay:&ygw,f? wyfrawmfuar#mfrSef;ovdk oifwef;wufcGifhr&ygbl;? 1953 rSm t&m&Sd 43 OD;
eJ@ wyfom; 68 OD;udk tar&duefuakd pv$wzf @dk pDpOfayr,fh wOD;om oGm;cGi&hf ygw,f? 'DppfAv dk f
uawmh Fort Leavenworth ppfOD;pD;wuUokdvfrSm ynmoifcGifh&wJh Adkvfr–;aomif;xkdufyJ
jzpfygw,f?
t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS [ f m u&ifoyl ek b f ufuyif;+y;D wyfrawmfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,rl u _ kd
[ef@wm;w,fv@kd Armt&m&Sad wGbufu a0zefpyG pf aGJ ewm ok;H ESpaf vmuf&ydS g+y?D Ekid if jH cm; ppf
oifwef;wufzdk@udpPrSm ppfOD;pD;¶kH;u vdkcsifovdk t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifupDpOfray;EdkifwJhtcg
qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwJt h wGuf 1954 ESpq f ef;rSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u
f kd ¶kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k &f ygw,f?
'DumvrSmyJ DSI pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;udk Adv k af tmif}u;D uOD;aqmif+y;D aiG&mS vmwJt h wGuf pD;yGg;a&;/
Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vlra_ &;e,fy,frmS yg ppfAv kd af wG =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygawmhw,f? a&›t S ygwf
tydik ;f 18 rSm Ekid if jH cm;ykpH u H akd vhvm+y;D wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyyf u Hk dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (18)
tydik ;f (19)
yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f +y;D 1958 rSmzG@J pnf;wJh tdraf pmift h pk;d &ta=umif; ige@J rwl ig&h efol
tykdif; 20 rSm 'Duae@wifjyygr,f?
w&m;r#wwJ ah ¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zk@d qk+d y;D 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekvufxt J m%mukd Akv d cf sKyf
ae0if;vufxv J aJ$ jymif;ay;vku d w f m[m t&yfom;ppfom; ppfom;qufqaH &;eJ@OD;pD;t&m&Sd
wyfr–;qufqHa&;ukd ajyvnfoGm;apygw,fwJh/ wyfr–;awGtm%modrf;wmr[kwfyJ AkdvfcsKyf
ae0if;eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sd Akv d af rmifarmif Akv d af tmif}u;D Akv d w f ifazwk@d u tm%modr;f wmjzpfayr,fh
Ekwif tkyfpk tm%mvufvGwfjzpfoGm;wmukd wyfr–;awGu a=ueyf=uygw,f? OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@
wyfr–;t=um; wif;rmr_avsmhoGm;&wJh ta=umif;&if;okH;ck&Sdygw,fwJh?
yxtta=umif;u ppfAv dk t f wGuf &mxl;trsm;tjym;zefw;D vku d w f mrk@d wyfr;– awG
&efuek af &mufvmwJt h wGuf t&ifvdk ®yifqidk w f mrsK;d enf;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d ta=umif;
uawmh DSI ppfwyfp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wk ;d cs@J vku d v
f @dk ppfAv dk af wG0ifaiGaumif;vmwJt h wGuf
rauseyfre_ nf;yg;oGm;wmygy/J olyek t f rsm;tjym; vufeufcswt hJ wGuf ppfqifa&;ukd t&ifvdk
OD;pm;ray;yJ &efukefu &mxl;ukdom tm¶kHpkdufvmwm[m OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@wyfr–;t=um;
wif;rmr_ avsmo h mG ;&wJh wwd,tcsuv f @kd qkyd gw,f? 0g&ifw h yfr;– tawmfrsm;rsm; &efuek af &muf
vmvk@d t&ifvpdk pfqifa&;ukd OD;pm;ray;awmhyJ wyfcw JG yfpw d t f qifah vmufrmS om ppfqifa&;
vkyyf gawmhw,f?
1958 atmufwv dk m 28 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukd w&m;0iftm%m
tyfESif;+yD;wmeJ@ ppfAkdvfawG tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;ukd 0ifa&muf=uygw,f? t&yfom;ukdom
0ef}u;D cef@ayr,fh ppfAv dk w f &meD;yg; tkycf sKyaf &;bufrmS ae&m,l=uygw,f? 'DtxJu ok;H ykw H ykH
[m e,fuvmwJph pfAv dk af wGyg/ DSI pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ukd t}u;D tus,w f ;dk cs@J wmrk@d b%fvyk f
ief;/ oabFmvkid ;f / ig;vkyif ef;/ arG;jrLa&;/ aqmufvyk af &;/ o,f,yl @dk aqmifa&;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm; ukeo f , G f
a&;ukd vkyu f idk af e+yrD @dk tiftm;taumif;qk;H pD;yGm; a&;vkyif ef;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y/D ppfAv dk af wG TAXI
axmif+y;D aiGy&dk mS Ekid zf @dk twGuf DSI u rmZ'go;Hk bD;um;awGwifoiG ;f ay;vd@k ppfAv dk [ f m tcGix hf ;l
cHjzpfvmygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if;tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxufrmS txif&mS ;qk;H tzG@J tpnf;[m vtu ac:
vkðH caH &;eJ@tkycf sKyrf a_ umifpjD zpfygw,f/ vtuukd wyfr;– awGuyJ OD;aqmifygw,f/ jyLapmxD;/
opfawmapmifeh @J UMP tcsK@d ukd vufeuford ;f ol[m vtuygy/J trsK;d om;rSwyf w Hk ifXmeeJ@
vtu vufw+JG y;D vlwidk ;f ukd rSwyf w Hk ifz@dk óu;pm;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f jynfov l x l &k @J v_y&f mS ;r_
ukd xde;f csKyEf idk zf @dk jzpfygw,f/ rSwyf w Hk ifppfaq;wJeh nf;eJ@ vlxu k adk pmif=h unhzf @dk pDpOfwmygy?J
tdraf pmiht f pd;k &vufxufrmS &mZ0wfrc_ if; odoo d momusqif;oGm;ygw,f? 1960
azaz:0g&v D a¶G;aumufyrJG mS e,fqENe,fajr 95 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rSm rJqENay;Ekid w f mukd =unf&h if
w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk w f modomygw,f? &efuek ®f rx › rJ mS wJx;dk aexkid f
ol ESpfodef;ausmfukd OuUvmyeJ@ omauw®r›opfukd a¶$@ajymif;vkdufwm tdraf pmift h pkd;&yg/
tdraf pmift h pk;d &&J@ aqmif¶u G cf suaf wGudk jynfa&;¶Gmr_qw dk t hJ rnfe@J pmtkyx f w k af 0ygw,f? uk, d f
vkyfwm ukd,f*k%f,l+yD; ukd,fhig;csOfudk,fcsOfwJh tpkd;&&J@ pmtkyf[m tar&duef txufwef;
ausmif;om;awG xkwaf 0aeusjzpfwhJ ESpv f nfpmapmife@J tawmfww l ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu
qkyd gw,f?
Akdvfae0if;tdrf apmifhtpkd;&vufxufrSm vGwfvyfr_qkH;¶_H;&ykHukd +Adwdo#oH¶kH;
tpD&ifcpH mrS m azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tpd;k &ukd tenf;tusOf ;a0zefrw d meJ@ }u;D av;wJt h jypf'%f
usc&H wJt h csed yf gy?J twku d t f cHvyk o f ul dk ukud ;dk u|e;f yk@d ygw,f? t*Fvyd u f v dk edk t D pk;d &&J@19 &mpk
ykEH ydS of rl w S yf w Hk ifOya'ukd jyifqifw;dk cs@J +y;D pme,fZif;ukd zdEydS w f mtdraf pmift h pd;k &yg/ uGejf rLepf
tvdak wmf&v d @dk pGypf +JG y;D axmifcsypfwhJ t,f'w D m owif;axmufe@J xkwaf 0olawG renf;ygb;l /
tpkd;&a0zefol av;&mausmfukd yk'fr 5 eJ@zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?
ppfwyfuaxmufcHtm;ay;wJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpktEkdif&zkd@ tvm;tvmenf;ayr,fh
1960 rSm a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;vku d wf m[m ppfwyfemrnfysuv f mvd@k ygyw J /hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &
uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDuadk v;pm;vk@d a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yvku d w f mvd@k ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf
emrnfysuv f m+y;D OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;tqifrajyjzpfvmvk@d ppfwyfu
aemufqkwf+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJusif;yum t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;vkdufwmvkd@ ar&D
u,fv[efuqkyd gw,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; ppfpcef;jyefzkd@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ppfOD;pD;¶kH;upDpOfwmukd &efukef
a&mufaewJh wyfr;– awGu rauseyfv@kd qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwmygw/hJ a¶G;aumufyrJG mS Ekwif
tkypf k Ekid rf ,fq&dk if b,fvv dk yk =f urvJqw dk mukd wyfr;– wcsK@d v#K@d @0Suaf qG;aEG;&mrSm Akv d af tmifa¶$
Akv
d v f aS rmf Akv d xf eG ;f pdef Akv d =f unf0if; Akv d =f unf[efe@J Akv d cf sp®f rifw@dk vnf;yg0ifw,fv@dk 1993
azaz:0g&D 21 &ufae@rSm Akv d rf ;– }u;D vSarmfu ar&Du,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f/ bmukad qG;aEG;
w,fqw kd m tao;pdwo f &d zk@d cufayr,fh ppfwef;vsm;ukd rjyefcsiw f hJ 'Dwyfr;– awG[m wckcv k yk zf @dk
aqG;aEG;wmxif&mS ;w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;
tpk;d &wufvm+y;D r=umrD Akv d rf ;– csKyaf tmifa¶$e@J wyf&if;r–;wcsK@d [m Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukzd ,f&mS ;+y;D
OD;Ektpkd;&ukd ðzwfcszkd@ }uHpnfw,fvdk@,lq&a=umif; 1961 azaz:0g&Dvxkwf +Adwdo#oHr–;
tpD&ifcHpm rSmazmfjywmukdvnf; ukd;um;xm;ygw,f?
1960 azaz:0g&v D rSm usi;f ywJh a¶G;aumufyrJG mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf Ek idk af tmif ppfAv dk t f csK@d
rJc;dk cJ=h uayr,fh OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&Si;f zqyvwjzpfvJ jynfaxmifpyk gwu D tjywftowf
tEkdif&+yD; 'Drkdua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;&ukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppftpdk;&
oufq;dk &Snv f rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah ewke;f Akv
d af e0if;u a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f y+y;D tm%mv$aJ y;wJh
twGuf wurBmvk;H u cs;D usL;*k%ðf y=uygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDudk av;pm;oltjzpf
Akv
d af e0if;ukd zDvpfyidk Ef idk if u
H rufaq;aq;qkcs;D jri‡ ahf yr,fh Akv d af e0if;u vufrcHygb;l / a':vm
waomif;wefqkukdvufcHvkduf&if taemufwkdif;vrf;pOfvkdufwJhtwGuf *k%fðycH&wmukd
tajymcH&rSmpk;d &drv f @kd rufaq;aq;qkudk Akv d af e0if;vufrcH&wJ mjzpfa=umif; 1960 =o*kwv f
8 &ufae@xkwf +Aw d od #Eidk if jH cm;a&;Xme tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
a&S@tywf tykdif; 21 rSm OD;Ektpdk;&vufxufrSm Akdvfae0if;u A[kdcsKyfukdifr_
tm;aumif;atmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f wJt h a=umif;wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (21)
OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;tpd;k & 1960 rSm tm%m&aewke;f wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifru _ kd ed*;Hk csKyf
ap+y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf _ cdik rf matmifvyk Ef ikd wf t hJ wGuf 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f Ekid af =umif; ar&D
u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tykid ;f 21 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? OD;Ek&@J jynfaxmifpk
ygw[ D m tm%m&+y;D r=umrD ociftyk pf ek @J OD;Akv d t f yk pf q k +kd y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f? Adv k af e0if;
tdraf pmift h pd;k &wnfaxmifcw hJ mudk OD;Ektpd;k &u zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af yr,fh rdryd gwu D kd cdik rf matmif
rvkyfEkdifwmrdk@ ppftm%modrf;zdk@ zdwfac:ovkdjzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqolawG rsm;ygw,fwJh?
'gayr,fh 'Dval wG[m wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifyu GJ kd owdrxm;rd=ubl;vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrif
ygw,f?
awmifydkif;wkdif;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfatmifa¶$eJ@ wyf&if;r–; 8 OD;udk 1961 azazmf0g&Dv
rSm xkwfypfwmeJ@ ppfavhusifha&;!¸ef=um;a&;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfarmifarmif tðzwfcH&wm[m
wjcm;pDjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;opf arG;xkwEf idk zf @kd
twGuf &efuek &f dS tar&duefo¶H ;Hk u CIA t&m&St d ultnDe@J Akv d af rmifarmifu okawoeXme
udk wnfaxmifygw,f? 'DXme&J@vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd Adv
k af rmifarmifu v#K› 0d u S x f m;vd@k Adv k af e0if;
pdwu f u G of mG ;wmqdw k hJ owif;pmq&m *g;'D;,ef;OD;pde0f if;&J@tjrifuv kd nf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmif tðzwfc&H wJh t"duta=umif;&if;wckuawmh axmufvrS ;f a&;!¸erf ;– E_wcf rf;
arG;Akv d vf iG u
f Akv d af rmifarmifukd remvdw k &dk nS jf zpfvm+y;D acsmufweG ;f wJu h pd yP gywJ ?hJ axmufvrS ;f
a&;!¸erf ;– Akv d v f iG [ f m okawoeXmeudpeP @J ywfouf+y;D rauseyfwt hJ wGuf Adv k af rmifarmifukd
CIA =oZmcHtjzpf Akv d af e0if;ujrifvmatmif em;oGi;f Edik cf w hJ ,fv@kd Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ
uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmif&@J jyif;xefwhJ uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; vrf;pOf
[mvnf; ol@Zmwford ;f cef;udk zefw;D zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 1961 rSm OD;Eke@J Adv k af e0if;[m
w¶kwf-jrefrm aqGrsKd;aygufazmf cspf=unfa&;Zmwfum; ¶kduful;ae+yDrdk@ tar&duefvufeuf
udik af qmifwhJ KMT w¶kwjf zLtºuif;tuseu f w kd u kd cf u dk &f mrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; 9 eJ@ w¶kwf
jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfwdk@ yl;wGJppfqifa&;vkyfcJha=umif;/ yg0ifol ArmppfAdkvfawGua&m
+Aw d o d #ppforH ;– tpD&ifcpH muyg oufaocHaeygw,fw?hJ 'Dvt kd ajctaerSm ppfwyfrmS 'kw, d
(od@k ) wwd,tm%m&So d t l jzpf ,lqcHae&wJ h Ak v d af rmifarmifukd CIA =oZmcH (ok@d ) r[mrdwf
tjzpf owif;v$iw hf m[m txdqk ;H ygy?J E_wcf rf;arG;Adv k v f iG f tuGuq f if+y;D ab;wD;ay;wJt h wkid ;f
Advk af rmifarmifursm; CIA tultnDe@J tm%modr;f avrvm;vd@k Adv k af e0if; pd;k &drx f wd v f ef@
vmwma=umifh Akdvfarmifarmifudkðzwfypfvdkufwmvnf; jzpfEkdifw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– ig;OD;udk ppforH ;– tjzpf Ekid if jH cm;yk@d vdu k +f y;D Adv
k af tmifa¶$ukd
awmh oHtrwftjzpf Australia ukd yd@k vdu k yf gw,f? usew f yfr;– av;OD;udk t+ird ;f pm;ay;ygw,f?
'Dt&m&Sad wG[m 1960 a¶G;aumufyrGJ mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf b k ufu axmufct H m;ay;wm xif&mS ;
wJt h wGuf wyfu xkwyf pfwmjzpfa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmayr,fh ppfqifa&;vkyaf ewJh wyf&if;
r–;ESpfOD;udkyg ðzwfypfwmudk=unfh&if Adkvfae0if;rauseyfwm[m a¶G;aumufyJGudpPomr[kwf
a=umif; cef@rSe;f Edik w f ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;ukda&m OD;Ektpdk;&udkyg ðzwfypfzdk@}uHpnfvkd@ wyfr–;awGtðzwfcH&wmvdk@
tJ'Dwkef;u ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 1960 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ycsdefrSmvkyfwJh wyfr–;awG&J@ v#›Kd0Suf
tpnf;ta0;udk Akdvfae0if;od&wJhtcgrSm tvGefpdwfqkd;oGm;w,fvkd@ AkdvfvSarmfu ajymjyyg
w,fw?hJ 'gayr,hf v#K› 0d u S t f pnf;ta0;rSm aqG;aEG;wJu h pd uP kd Adv
k af e0if;pdwq f ;dk wmr[kwb f J
OD;pD;t&m&Srd ygbJ wyfr;– awGcsn;f tpnf;ta0;vkyw f mudk Adv k af e0if;rauseyfwmjzpfa=umif;
aemifrS oabmayguw f ,fv@kd Adv k vf aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGjzpfwhJ Akv d af tmif}u;D
eJ@ Akdvfarmifarmifudk0kdif;y,f&if Adkvfae0if;udk0kdif;y,fwmeJ@ twlwljzpfa=umif; em;vnfvm
w,fv@kd Adv k v f aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ
OD;pD;t&m&SAd v kd af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– tcsK› u d ðkd zwfypfwm[m ppfO;D pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr;–
awGt=um;u jy\emud k ajz&Si;f vdu k wf mygy?J awmifyikd ;f wkid ;f eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D
wkid ;f ig;wkid ;f eJ@ txl;wyf&if;av;&if; zG@J pnf;vku d w f t hJ wGuf ppfO;D pD;¶k;H &J@ A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf t_ iftm;
ydk aumif;oGm;ygw,f? t&ifvdk wkid ;f }u;D ESpw f idk ;f eJ@ wkid ;f r–;ESpOf ;D omxm;r,fq&kd if wkid ;f r–;taeeJ@
tm%modrf;zdk@vG,fulwmrdk@ wdkif;r–;awGrsm;vmatmif Adkvfae0if;uzefwD;vkdufwmygyJ?
,k=H unfpw d cf s&wJw h idk ;f r–;awGukd &efuek ef @J eD;wJ w h ikd ;f rSmxm;+y;D odyrf ,k&H wJw h ikd ;f r–;awGuakd wmh
&efukefeJ@a0;&mrSm wm0efay;xm;zkd@ Adkvfae0if;u pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifrh @dk 1962 rS m ppftm%modr;f wJt h cg wyfrawmf[m A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf u
_ kd
emcHwhJ ppfAsL¶ku d a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y?D 1958 tm%modr;f yGu J kd OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu pDpOfchJ
wm jzpfayr,fh 1962 tm%modr;f yGrJ mS awmh ppfwyfwckv;Hk wnDw!Gww f nf;yg0ifwm awG@&
ygw,f? Akv d af e0if;u ol@trde@f udk tm;vk;H emcHatmifvyk x f m;Ekid w f ma=umif h 62 tm%modr;f yGJ
atmifjrifwmvd@k avhvmolawGuok;H oyf=uayr,fh Akv d af e0if;&J@pGr;f &nfwckwnf;eJ@awmh vkyf
Ekid rf ,fr[kwyf gb;l wJ ?h Akv d af rmifarmifO;D aqmifwhJ ppfprD cH ef@cJrG X_ meu vGecf w hJ hJ q,fEpS t
f wGi;f
ppfwyfðyjyifa&;awGvyk +f y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf u
_ ekd mcHwhJ ppfAsL¶du k a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D ukd wnfaqmuf
Ekid cf v
hJ @dk om 1962 rSm tvG,w f ulppftm%modr;f Ekid w f mvk@d ar&Du,fv[efu ,lqygw,f?
jynfaxmifpk}uD;®yuJGrSmpdk;&drfvdk@ tm%modrf;&wmqdkwJhqifajcukdvnf; ar&D
u,fv[efu vufrcHygbl;? ppfwyftzJG@tpnf;[m t&yfom;tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;/ ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf; pwmawGxuf trsm;}u;D tiftm;awmifw h if;+y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewmrd@k t&yfom;
tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;udk ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;eJ@tpm;xk;d +y;D jy\emudk ppfa&;t&ajz&Si;f zd@k óu;pm;
wm jzpfygw,fw?hJ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk tckid t f rmqkyu f ikd Ef ikd zf @dk ppfwyfuóu;pm;&mrSm wkid ;f ol
jynfom;[m taES mift h ,Suf t[ef@twm;vkjd zpfvm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk
wifjyvku d yf gw,f? a&› t S ywf tydik ;f 22 rSm rqveJ@ e0wacwf ppfwyfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (22)
'Dwygwf ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 23 ed*;Hk ykid ;f rSm ppfwyfe@J Edik if aH &;ygwD &ifqidk af e&wJjh y\emawG
ta=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk wifjyvdkufygw,f? wjynfvkH;ukdv$rf;rdk;Edkifzkd@
ppfwyfu óu;yrf;&mrSm &nfreS ;f wJt h wkid ;f jzpfvmwm&So d vdk rjzpfwmvnf;&Syd gw,f? ppftpd;k &
&J@ jy\em 4 &yfukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? yxrjy\emu wkid ;f r–;awGuwqifh tkycf sKyw f hJ caemfceJ@
zJ@G pnf;ykpH epfjzpfygw,fw?hJ tvkyjf zpfaeao;ayr,fh wdik ;f r–;awGukd aus;Zl;wifae&wJph epf jzpf
aeygw,f? wdkif;r–;eJ@ vufatmufcHt&m&SdawG olaX;jzpfukefwm wjynfvkH;odygw,f? wkdif;
r–;awG e,fpm;y,fpm;tm%m&Sijf zpfvmvd@k 1997 rSm e0wudk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D etzudk zJ@G pnf;um
tajymif;tvJvyk v f udk &f ygw,f? wdik ;f r–;udk &efuek af c: 0ef}u;D cef@+y;D wefc;dk tm%m avsmeh nf;
oGm;atmifvyk w f m[m ppftpk;d &&J@enf;jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh aemifqkd&if jy\emudk 'Denf;eJ@ajz&Sif;zdk@ tcuftcJ&SdEkdifw,fvdk@ ar&D
u,fv[efu ,lqygw,f? A[kdtpdk;&u ydk+yD;csKyfudkifEkdifatmif pDpOfwmudk wdkif;r–;/wyfr–;
awGu vufrcHEidk b f ;l qk&d if wkid ;f r–;/wyfr;– awGauseyfatmif avsmaf =u; (od@k r[kw)f rufv;Hk
ay;&ygvrd rhf ,fw?hJ tcktcsed t f xdawmh wdik ;f r–;awGtrde@f emcHatmif A[kt d pd;k &u enf;trsK;d rsK;d
ok;H &ygw,f? 'gayrJh wkid ;f r–;udv k yk yf idk cf iG thf m%may;wJh vuf&pdS epfuakd jymif;vJz@kd b,fou l rS
róu;pm;ao;ygbl;?
jynfa&;¶Gmr_ukd ppfwyfucsKyu f idk zf @kd óu;pm;wJt h wGuf ay:xGuv f mwJh 'kw, d jy\em
uawmh t&m&Sd/ t&mcH/ t=uyf/ wyfom;awG pnf;rJhurf;rJ hjzpfvmwJhudpPygyJ? wyfom;opf
ESpo f ed ;f pkaqmif;zk@d óu;yrf;&mrSm ®r¶› mG awGuckd w GJ ef;cs+y;D twif;t"rRpak qmif;wJ t h wGuf vlq;dk /
=urf;yd;k (*sy;dk ) eJ@ &mZ0wfru _ sL;vGex f m;ol trsm;tjym; wyfxaJ &mufvmwmrd@k pnf;urf;eJ@
pdwf"gwfa&;&mrSm tvGefedrfhusaewmjzpfygw,fwJh? &mxl;}uD;}uD; &xm;wJh ppfAdkvfawG[m
&or#ukd tdwx f xJ nfah e=uygw,f? olw@kd &,laewJv h mbfvmb avsmo h mG ;wmudk 'D ppfAv kd f
awGu rvdkvm;ygbl;? ukd,fykdifpm;uGufudk uef@owfcsKyfcs,frcHwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG
t=um; r=umc% wif;rmr_ ay:aygufcJh&ygw,f? tpm;vGefoGm;wJh0ef}uD;awGudk xkwfypf&
wmrsKd;vnf;&Sdygw,f?
ppfwyf&@J OD;wnfcsu[ f m ppfqifa&;r[kwaf wmhbJ tkycf sKyrf if;vkyaf &; jzpfvmwJh
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