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Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma

Mary P.Callahan

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Curriculum Vitae

Mary P. Callahan
Jackson School of International Studies
University of Washington
Box 353650
Seattle, WA 98195
Tel: 206-616-6206
email: mpc@u.washington.edu

EMPLOYMENT
October 1999 – present
Assistant Professor, Jackson School of International Studies,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
September 2002-December 2002
Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA.
September 1995 – October 1999
Assistant Professor, Department of National Security Affairs, and
Regional Director, Asia, Center for Civil-Military Relations, Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.

EDUCATION
1996 Ph.D., Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies,
Civil-Military Relations.
1991 M.A., Political Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fields of
concentration: Comparative Politics, Southeast Asia Studies.
1989 M.Soc.Sci., Asian Politics, University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Australia. Field of Concentration: International Relations.
1984 M.Sc., Political Philosophy, London School of Economics and
Political Science, London, England. Fields of Concentration:
Democratic and Liberal Philosophy.
1983 B.A., with highest honors, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA. Fields of Concentration: American Politics,
Political Theory.
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ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (4)

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jrefrmjynfudk ukv d edk ED idk if o
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1923 tajccHOya'jyXmef;wJt h cgrmS ykvyd t
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dS vdk vufeuf
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t*Fvyd t f &m&So d myg0ifygw,f? ykvyd rf Ekid w f t hJ vkyu f dk ppfyv k yd uf vkyw f hJ ta&;ay:ESrd ef if;a&;
wyfz@JG yJjzpfygw,f?
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tcif;awGudk ppfykvdyfeJ@ ppfwyfu yl;aygif;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f/ 'DtxJrSm 1930-1932
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v,form;olykefukd ESdrfeif;zkd@ twGuf tdENd,uppfulykd@ay;&+yD; tdENd,vufeufukdifppfom;
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ukv d ekd aD cwfrmS vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG ta&;ygvmwm jzpfygw,f?
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ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (5)

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igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 5 rSm wifjyygr,f?
tdE, dN pfppfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tdE, dN ud}k u;D pd;k wJt h *Fvyd [ f m jrefrmjynfrmS vnf; jrefrm
jynfom;udo k ;Hk +y;D tkycf sKyzf @kd óu;pm;cJyh gao;w,f? yxr t*Fvyd -f jrefrmppfyrGJ mS wku d cf ikd ;f zk@d twGuf
&cdik w f idk ;f &if;om;awGupkd pfxo J iG ;f zd@k tdE, dN ukv d edk t
D pd;k u 1824 rSm pDpOfcb hJ ;l ygw,f? weoFm&D
a'oudu k muG,zf @kd twGuf 1833 rSm rGew f idk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfx0J ifcidk ;f ayr,fh rSe;f csurf udu k f
vkd@ aemufydkif;rSm rGefwyfzJG@udkzsufodrf;vdkuf&ygw,f? 1852 rSm 'kwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppf
jzpfygG ;awmh a'ocHawGupkd pfwyfxo J iG ;f zk@d óu;pm;jyefygw,f? Armtenf;tusO;f yg0ifwhJ yJc;l
ajcjrefwyfukd zG@J pnf;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D oGm;vd@k Armbk&ife@J ppfjzpfz@kd tcGit hf vrf; enf;oGm;
wJt h cgrmS yJc;l ajcjrefwyfe@J &cdik w f yfukd vufeufrukid w f t
hJ &yfom;ykvyd t f jzpf toGif ajymif;
vkud yf gw,f?
tJ'aD emufyikd ;f c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfomG ;wJh u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;awGukd ppfwyfxJ
oGi;f zd@k óu;pm;ygw,f? yxrurBmppfjzpfcsed rf mS a'owdik ;f &if;om;ppfrx _ rf; 300 avmuf &Sd
wJt h euf 200 ausmu f u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;jzpfygw,f? tJ't D csed u f jrefrmjynfvOl ;D a&[m
12 oef;jzpfwmrd@k ppfrx _ rf;wJah 'ocHwidk ;f &if;om; tvGeef nf;yg;aewm xif&mS ;ygw,f? tdE, dN
ppfom;udo k ;Hk r,ft h pm; a'ocHjrefrmjynfom;uko d ;Hk zd@k t*Fvyd tf &m&Su d wifjywJt h cgrmS udv k ekd D
tpd;k &[m a'ocHawGukd ppfxo J iG ;f zd@k pDpOfygw,f? 'gayr,fh a'ocHwidk ;f &if;om;ukd oifwef;ay;
avhusifhay;&wm[m tdENd,ppfom;udk cdkif;wmxuf ydk+yD;p&dwftukeftusrsm;wJhtwGuf
t*Fvyd pf um;wwf+y;D usio fh m;&aewJh tdE, dN ppfom;udyk J qufo;Hk ygw,f?
yxrurBmppf+y;D qk;H vd@k tdE, dN jynfud k uk, d yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &;ay;zd@k pDpOfwt hJ cgrmS jrefrm
jynfukd tdE, dN vufatmufcjH ynfe,ftjzpf qufxm;vd@k rjzpfawmhayr,fh ud, k yf idk tf yk cf sKyaf &;
ay;zk@d tqifrh rDao;bl;vk@d t*Fvyd u f ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1923 ck *seef 0g&v D 1 &ufae@rSm
'dik t
f mcD tajccHOya'udk jyXmef;+y;D jrefrmjynfukd bk&ifct H yk cf sKyw f uhJ v kd ekd t
D jzpf owfrw S yf gw,f?
a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJhukd,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkyg0ifwJh Oya'ðyaumifpDeJ@ bk&ifcH yl;wJG
tkycf sKyyf gw,f?
tJ't D csed u
f p+y;D tdE, dN jynfupd eP @J jrefrmjynfupd [ P m uGu J jGJ ym;jym;jzpfvmw,fv@kd
qdEk idk yf gw,f? tdE, dN vufatmufucJx G w k v f u dk w
f jhJ refrmjynfrmS tdE, dN ppfom; qufo;Hk wJu h pd P
[m pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmygw,f? tdE, dN ppfom;udk tdE, dN jynfumuG,af &;twGuo f m ok;H oifw h hJ
twGuf Edik if jH cm;a&muftEd , dN ppfom;awGujkd yefac:zd@k tdE, dN trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufu awmif;qkd
aecsed jf zpfygw,f? ArmtrsK;d om;0g'aD wGuawmh t*Fvyd pf pfwyfxJ ArmawG0ifciG rhf ðywJu h pd u P kd
a0zef¶w _ cf saeygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H Arm[m ppfwyfxrJ mS awmh tenf;qk;H jzpfaeygw,f?
'kw, d urBmppfjzpfcge;D csed af &mufawmhrS Armppfwyfz@GJ pnf;zk@d udv k ekd t D pd;k &u pOf;pm;vmwmyg?
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdef&aewJhumvrSm ArmawGudk ppfwyfxJoGif;vkduf&if
ykeu f efvrd rhf ,fv@kd pk;d &dr+f y;D ppfwyfxt J 0ifrcHwmvd@k udv k edk tD &m&Sad [mif; J.S. Furnivall
u ajymbl;w,f? tdENd,tawG@tñuHudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;pdwf"gwf&SdwJh vlwef;pm;udk
ppfwyft0ifrcHbdk@ t*FvdyfuqkH;jzwfxm;wmygyJ? 1920 ausmif;om;oydwfudk wjynfvkH;
axmufcv H @kd trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_ay:ayguv f m&wmud=k unf+h y;D ArmvlrsK;d udk ppfwyfxJ t0if
rcHwmbJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
1931 vlO;D a&pm&if;rSmazmfjywJh jrefrmjynfom;ppfom;OD ;a&rSm u&if/ ucsief @J
csi;f ppfom;u 83 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfygw,f? vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H jzpfwAhJ rm[m ppfom;OD;a& tenf;qk;H
jzpfaeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm trsKd;om;0g'D 'kwd,rsKd;qufay:xGufvm+yD; 'kd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;ukd
A[kðd y+y;D Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;aeyg+y?D t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuvGwaf jrmufatmif b,fenf;eJ@ vkyf
rvJqdkwmudk ta&;w}uD;pOf;pm;vmwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ? EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rSm
vufeufrudik b f J 0g;c|eof mukid w f u hJ , dk yf idk w
f yfawG 'DacwfrmS txift&Sm;ay:ayguv f mygw,f?
vli,fawG ud , k v f uf}uc›H ikd af &;eJ@ tajccHppfynm em;vnfa&;twGuf OD;armif}u;D u
1930 rSm ‘&Jwyf’ udzk @JG pnf;ygw,f? aemufawmhO;D armif}u;D [m yxrqk;H aom umuG,af &;
0ef}u;D jzpfvmygw,f? 'k@d Armtpnf;t¶k;H u vuf¶ek ;f wyfuzkd @GJ pnf;+y;D wuUov dk af usmif;om;
rsm;or*~u oHr%dwyfuzdk @JG ygw,f? OD;apmrSm *VKew f yf&o dS vdk a'guw f mbarmfrmS "g;rwyf&ydS g
w,f? 'DwyfawGrmS yg0ifwJ v h il ,fO;D a&[m rsm;vSwmr[kwaf yrJh tcg}u;D &uf}u;D rSm ppfa&;jy
csDwuf=uwma=umifh vlodrsm;wJhwyfawGyJ jzpfygw,f? tEœ&m,fay;Ekdifw,fvdk@ t*Fvdyfu
r,lqvk@d cGiðhf yxm;wmyg? vufeufrudik &f ayrJh &Jwyfe@J vuf¶ek ;f wyf[m ppfynmtajccHawGukd
avhvmqnf;yl;+yD; jrefrmbmomeJ@a&;om;xkwfa0wJhtxd av;eufpGmv_yf&Sm;wm awG@&yg
w,f?
1935 a&mufrS Armudk ppfwyfxJ0ifcGifhðyvdkufayr,fh t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm
ppfrx
_ rf;csiof l odyrf &Syd gb;l ? 1937 {+yv
D 1 &ufae@rSm +Aw d o d #bm;rm;ppfwyfukd ppfom;
6000/ t&m&Sd 500 eJ@wnfaxmifwJhtcgrSm ArmOD;a&uenf;+yD; t&if tdENd,ppfwyfrSm
tr_xrf;cJo
h ul trsm;pkjzpfaeygw,f? *syefwyfe@J twl bDtk id af t (Armhvw G vf yfa&;wyfrawmf)
a&mufvmawmhrS Armvli,fawG tvkH;t&if;eJ@ ppfxJ0if=uygw,f?
a&›Stygwf tykdif; 6 rSm *syefacwfudkwifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (6)

txufjrefrmjynfukd t*Fvyd f odr;f ydu k +f y;D uke;f abmifrif;qufu eef;csvu kd w


f t
hJ cgrmS jrefrm
jynfom;awGuykeu f efxºu+y;D t*Fvyd pf pfwyfukd vufw@Hk jyef=uygw,f? a'ocHoyl ek u f dk &ifqidk f
ae&wJh udv k ekd pD pfwyf[m olyek ef @J jynfol rcGjJ cm;Edik w f ma=umifh jynfov l x l u k kd &efovl kd oabm
xm;+y;D qufqv H mygawmhw,f? jynfov l x l u k ykeu f efxºuvku d f udv k ekd pD pfwyfu ESrd ef if;vdu k f
jynfou l +ird of mG ;vdu k f jzpfaewm[m udv k ekd aD cwf&@J tpd;k &eJ@jynfov l x l k qufqaH &;ykpH yH gy?J
'gayr,fh *syefppfwyfu jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu
k w f t hJ cgrmS awmh *syef&@J &efo[ l m t*Fvyd f udv k edk D
ppfwyfyg? jrefrmjynfom;awGr[kwfygbl;? t*Fvdyftifyg,mudk®zcGif;aewJh *syefppfwyf[m
jrefrmjynfom;awG&@J yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G rf u _ &kd &Szd @kd vdt k yfwthJ wGuf &efov l o kd abmxm;vk@d rjzpf
ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh ukv d edk aD cwfrmS r&Sb
d ;l wJh Armhwyfrawmfuw dk nfaxmif&mrSm *syefu ulnw D m
jzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efokH;oyfxm;yHkudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tykdif; (6) rSm wifjyygr,f?
1941 'DZifbmvrSmpwJh *syef&@J ppfqifa&;udk t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd pD pfwyf[m 2 vausmf
omckcHEkdif+yD; 1942 rwfv 7 &ufae@rSm &efukefuxGufajy;ygw,f? udkvdkeDppfwyfeJ@twl
xGuaf jy;=uwJh tdE, dN jynfom;ok;H ode;f cGJ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfjzpfomG ;ygw,f? 6 vtwGi;f jrefrm
wjynfv;Hk *syef@vufatmufusa&mufomG ;ygw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ &Jabmf
ok;H usyd wf nfaxmifwhJ bDtikd af t Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfrmS ArmtrsK;d om;OD;a& tenf;
qk;H waomif;/ trsm;qk;H 5 aomif;txd&EdS ikd w f ,fv@dk cef@rSe;f ygw,f? 'DtxJrmS tjcm; wkid ;f &if;
om;awG rygygbl;?
bDtikd af twyfom;awG rsm;vmavav *syefwyftwGuf pd;k &drpf &mjzpfavavrk@d
1942 rwfvrSm bDtikd af tudk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;+y;D *|ev f rSmzsuo f rd ;f vku d yf gw,f? *syefppf0wfpeHk @J
*syefvufeufuikd af qmifwhJ bD'aD tArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmfqw kd hJ ArmtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf
udk *syef@vufatmufrSm zJG@pnf;vdkufr,fqkd&if ArmtrsKd;om;0g'Dudk xdef;odrf;&vG,ful+yD;
vGwv f yfa&;ay;zk@d vnf; qdik ;f xm;Ekid f vdrrhf ,fv@kd *syefppfwyfu,lqygw,f? Armppfom;awGukd
ArmppfAv kd u f wm0ef,x l ed ;f odr;f Edik zf @dk vnf; &nf¶, G yf gw,f? uifaywkid pf pfyv k yd v
f nf; ta&;yg
vmygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;r&wJt h jyif vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmf zsuo f rd ;f cHvu dk &f wmrk@d Akvd cf sKyf
atmifqef;eJ@ bDtikd af tacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m vGwv f yfa&;&zk@d udpu P kd t"durxm;Ekid af wmhbJ
rdrdwdk@zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh ArmtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf raysmufrysuf qufvuf&SifoefEdkifzkd@udkom
OD;pm;ay;vm&ygw,f? bDtidk af tudk 7 vom;t¶G,rf mS zsuo f rd ;f +y;D ykrH eS pf pfwyftjzpf toGif
ajymif;vd u k w f mjzpfygw,f?
bDtikd af tbufawmfom; ocifawG[m 1942 ckEpS f yxr 6 vydik ;f rSmom &yf¶mG
tkycf sKyaf &;udk wm0ef,yl gw,f? *syefppfwyfuawmh tkycf sKyaf &;rSm udv k edk 0D efxrf;a[mif;u
wm0ef,w l mudyk J vdv k m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh udv k ekd 0D efxrf;a[mif;}u;D pd;k wJh &yf¶mG tkycf sKyaf &;pepf
‘a'guw f mbarmf OD;aqmifwhJ trsK;d om;vl}u;D tpd;k &’ eJ@ awmfveS af &;pdw"f gwf jyif;wJh vli,f
awG yg0ifwhJ ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf ponfjzifh tzJ@G tpnf; 3 ckudk *syefppfwyfu zefw;D
vdkufygw,f? 'DtzJ G@tpnf; 3 ckpvkH; EkdifiHa&;t&aygif; pnf;oGm;r,fqdk&if Armhwyfrawmf
[m *syefawmfveS af &;udk OD;aqmifrmS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ar&Du,fv[efujrifygw,f? awmfveS af &;
udk OD;raqmifwhJ Armhwyfrawmf[m ppf+y;D acwfEidk if aH &;avmuukv d nf; OD;aqmifEidk zf , G f r&Sd
bl;vk@d ok;H oyfygw,f?
bDtikd af t-Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfuzkd suo f rd ;f +y;D bD'aD t-ArmhumuG,af &;
wyfrawmfz@GJ pnf;&wJh t"du&nf¶, G cf suu f Armwyfz@GJ udk *syefppfwyfuvdt k yfovkd xde;f csKyf
cs,fvS,fEkdifzkd@ygyJ? 'gayrJh bD'Datwyf[m *syef&nf¶G,fovdkjzpfrvmbJ jynfcspfvli,fawG
pka0;&mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? yxrqk;H aomArmhwyfrawmfukd *syefwnfaxmifvu dk wf m[m
trsKd;om;pdwf"gwfeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"gwft&Sdeft[kefudk jyif;xefapwJhtwGuf *syef[m
uk,d t hf Eœ&m,f ud, k zf efw;D ovdk jzpfomG ;ygw,fw?hJ
tiftm; ESpfaxmifu ig;axmiftxd&SdwJh bD'DatwyfudkzJG@pnf;zdk@ *syefppfwyfu
cGiðhf yvku d w f m[m Armhwyfrawmfay:aygurf j_ zpfpOfrmS ta&;}u;D w,fv@dk ar&Du,fv[efu
jrifygw,f? tkwfta&ma&mausmufta&ma&mjzpfaewJh bD'Datwyfudkzsufodrf;um
taotcsmpdppfa¶G;cs,f+yD; uspfuspfvpfvpfzGJ@pnf;xm;wJhbD'Datwyf ay:aygufvmwm
a=umifh ArmppfonfawGxrJ mS tzG@J pdwef @J &Jabmfpw d f ude;f atmif;vmwmvk@d qkyd gw,f? *syef
acwfrSm yxrqkH;wnfaxmifwJhAkdvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ bD'Dat-ppf¶kH; ta&;ygykHukdvnf;
u,fv[efu wifjyxm;ygw,f?
wyfpcef;awGua¶G;cs,fvdkufwJhAkdvfavmif;awG r*Fvm'kHAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;rSm
pka0;=uygw,f? bD'aD t-Armwyfr;– u Adv k af vmif;udak ¶G;cs,+f y;D *syefq&mawGu oifwef;ay;
ygw,f? 7 v=umoifwef;umvrSm *syefq&mawGu *syefpum;ajym+y;D *syefypHk t H wkid ;f avhusihf
oif=um;wmyJjzpfygw,f? em;rvnfv@dk t¶du k cf &H wJo
h ifwef;om;u rsm;ygw,f? 'Dvt dk ¶du
k cf H
&vdk@ *syefrkef;wD;pdwf0ifvmwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,fwJh? 'gayrJh wcs›KdppfAdkvfawG aemiftESpf
40 avmuftxd *syefq&mawGe@J cspcf if&if; ES;D aewmud=k unf&h if ppfwiG ;f umvrSm qk;d wl
aumif;bufcpH m;=u&wmudk ESpOf ;D ESpb f uf oabmayguyf &Hk ygw,f?
bD'Dat-ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudkaxmufyHhzdk@eJ@ }uD;=uyftkyfcsKyfzkd@twGuf
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ bD'aD tppf¶;Hk udk &efuek rf mS zGiyhf gw,f? zGiphf rSm *syeftr_xrf;u
ok;H ykw
H yk/H Armtr_xrf;u ok;H ykEH pS yf jHk zpfayr,fh aemufyikd ;f rSm ArmOD;a& wk;d yGg;vmygw,f? ppf¶;Hk
[m *syefawmfvSefa&;jyifqifwJh A[kdqufoG,fa&;¶kH; jzpfvmygw,f? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;ol
awmfveS af &;orm;awG tvG,w f ulomG ;vmEdik zf @kd bD'aD tppf¶;Hk uyJ ppf0wfpx Hk wk af y;ygw,f?
Advk of ifwef;ausmif;vdyk J ppf¶;Hk rSmvnf; Ekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;uppfAv kd af wG &Sad eygw,f?
'DppfAv kd af wG[m awmfveS af &;umvrSm t"dutcef;u¾u yg0ifvm=uygw,f? a&›S tygwf
tydkif; (7) rSm *syefawmfvSefa&;&J@ wyfrawmftcef;u¾ukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (7)

*syefawmfvSefa&;umvrSm toGifrwlwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awG ,m,Dr[mrdwfvkyf+yD; *syefukd


awmfveS zf @kd om t"du tm¶kpH u dk cf =hJ uygw,f? oabmxm;uGv J o
JG al wG[m *syefawmfveS af &;
umvrSmom ,m,DvufwEJG idk =f uwmyg? t*Fvyd u f vnf; *syefqef@usiaf &;twGuf wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsK;d pkukd pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &mrSm Armrke;f wD;a&; aoG;xd;k ay;cJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh *syefppf¶;H_
vdk@ ppf+yD;qkH;wJhtcgrSm t*Fvdyf/ ArmeJ@ wkdif;&if;om;awGt=um; oabmxm;uGJvJGvm¶kHom
rubJ ArmtzJG@tpnf;awGxJrSmvnf; *kd%f;*%tusKd;pD;yGg;uGJjym;r_ ykdrdkjyif;xefvmwmrkd@
tajctaeqk;d 0g;vmykH ar&D u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f (&) rSm wifjyvku d f
ygw,f?
oabmxm;csif;rwlwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ aemiftcgrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmwJh
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gw[ D m tpuwnf;u tap;uyfwmr[kwaf yr,fh *syefawmfveS af &;
twGuf zJ@G vku d w f J h AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J rSm ESpzf @GJ pvk;H yg0ifvm&ygw,f? *syefe@J aygi;f
wmudk ppfrjzpfru D wnf;uqef@usicf w hJ hJ uGejf rLepfawG[m *syefppfwyfa&mufvmcsed u f p+y;D
*syefqef@usiaf &;vkyyf gw,f? uGejf rLepfu t*Fvyd ef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syefqef@usiaf &;vkycf siaf yr,fh
jynfo@l ta&;awmfyu Hk awmh t*Fvyd ef @J vufwzJG @kd pdwrf ul;bJ*syefacwftpd;k &tzJ@G rSmae&m,l+y;D
v_y&f mS ;ygw,f? *syefacwftzJ@G tpnf;tm;vk;H vdv k rkd mS uGejf rLepfygwu D 0ifa&muf+y;D zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;ygw,f? tpd;k &&mxl;&,lwhJ uGejf rLepfygw0D ifawGuvnf;
ol@enf;ol@[efe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd tultnDay; ygw,f? ocifp;kd /
ocifoef;xGe;f / ocifb[de;f / ocifoed ;f azwk@d [m xif&mS ;wJu h eG jf rLepf0g'aD wGjzpfygw,f?
OD;baqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D awmh ajratmuf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkxJ0if+yD; pnf;¶kH;wmrsKd;rvkyfygbl;? vkHðcHa&;twGuf ygwD
acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m tpd;k &tzJ@G rSm yg0if vkyu f ikd yf gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
vkyv f wdk phJ pfAvkd tf csK› ed @J vnf; teD;uyfqufo, G x f m;ygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuaf &m
t*Fvyd q f ef@usiaf &;twGuyf g ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfut dk ok;H ðyzd@k jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwu D
&nf¶G,fxm;ykH&ygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykHygwDeJ@ trsKd;om;wyfrawmfu
uk, d pf m;vS,af wG 1944 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D AFO zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzJ@G udk
wnfaxmifygw,f? OuUX Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ twGi;f a&;r–; ocifoef;xGe;f / Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif
u ocifp;kd jzpfygw,f? ppf+y;D acwfrmS uGejf rLepfygweD @J jynfo@l ta&;awmfyyHk gwD ®yifqidk =f u&mrSm
wyfrawmfuppfAv kd af wGuvnf; rdrw d @kd axmufcw H EhJ idk if aH &;ygwu D okd m opPm&S=d uygw,f?
BIA Armhvw G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf}u;D pk;d pOfu zdEydS cf &H wJv h el nf;pkawGxrJ mS u&if[m
'kuQ ta&mufq;Hk ygy?J ajrmif;jrrSmwif BIA vufcsuef @J aoqk;H wJh u&iftrsK;d om; 2000 eD;yg;
&Syd gw,f? u&if¶mG awGuAkd ;Hk }uJ wku d cf udk f zd@k Adv k af e0if;ud, k w f idk f *syefavwyfukd wku d w f eG ;f bl;
a=umif; ol@q&mjzpfol wmum[&Sd [&S¶D ;dk uk, d w f idk f 1974 u usaemfu h akd jymjybl;ygw,f?
Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ ocifoef;xGe;f wk@d &J@óu;yrf;r_a=umifh u&if-ArmqufqaH &; jyefaumif;
oGm;wJt h wGuf apm=um'k;d acgi;f aqmifwhJ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;u&ifwyf&if;udk 1944 rSm zG@J pnf;
Edik yf gw,f? ta&›yS idk ;f a'ou u&if/ u&ifeaD jymufusm; waomif;ausmu f kd t*Fvyd u f vufeuf
ay;ygw,f?
t*Fvyd &f @J &efol *syefe@J vufwcGJ w hJ hJ Armhwyfrawmf[m *syefuw kd u
dk x
f wk zf @kd jyifqif
aewJh t*Fvyd ef @J yl;aygi;f zd@k óu;pm;wJt h cgrmS jy\em&Sv d mygw,f? *syef@rdwaf qG Armhwyfrawmf
udk opPmazmufv@dk owfrw S cf w
hJ hJ t*Fvyd u f v kd edk t D pd;k &[m opPmazmufe@J vufw&GJ rSmudk rod;k
roef@ jzpfaeyk&H ygw,f? jrefrmjynfujkdyefvnford ;f yku d zf @kd jyifqifwt hJ cgrmS *syef-Armqef@usiaf &;
udk a&›w S ef;wif+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkukd t*Fvyd u f pnf;¶k;H ygw,f? *syefe@J Arm vufwaJG ecsed rf mS
qkwfcGgcJh&wJh t*Fvdyfppfwyf[m e,fpyfa'oae wkdif;&if;om;awGudk ajymufusm;zGJ@+yD; *syef
qef@usiaf &;vkyyf gw,f? &ckid /f csi;f eJ@ ucsiaf 'orSm awmfveS af &;ajymufusm;wyfawGukd zJ@G pnf;
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? Armrke;f wD;a&;udq k aG y;+y;D *syefuakd &m Armudyk gwu dk zf @kd pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f wmygy?J
'Dtcsuaf =umifh aemiftcg ArmeJ@vlrsK;d pkawGt=um; txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ;jzpfvmwmvd@k ar&D
u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDpkHyg0ifwJh AFO zufqpfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@eJ@ BNA ArmtrsKd;om;
wyfrawmfwdk@vufwJG+yD; *syefudkawmfvSefzdk@jyifqifae+yDqdkwmudk od&wJhtcsdefrSm Arm
opPmazmufe@J vufrwGzJ @kd tdE, dN a&mufuv kd ekd tD &m&Sad wGu t*Fvyd b f &k ifcu H dk owday;ygao;
w,f? 'gayrJh tdE, dN a&muf ocifoed ;f az (ac: ) OD;ode;f azjrif/h ocifwifa¶$e@J &ckid t f rsK;d om;
OD;!dx k eG ;f wd@k &J@aqmif¶u G rf a_ =umifh t*Fvyd -f tar&duefr[mrdww f yf[m ArmhawmfveS af &;tzJ@G
eJ@ vufwzGJ @dk qk ;H jzwfvu kd yf gw,f?
ArmppfwyfeJ@*syefppfwyfudk &efolvdkoabmxm;+yD;zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh wkdif;&if;om;
ajymufusm;wyfawG tzd@k uawmh *syefppf0wfp0Hk wf+y;D *syefaoewfuikd af qmifwhJ &efoal [mif;
ArmeJ@ vufw+GJ y;D *syefppfwyfuw kd udk cf u
dk zf @kd jyifqif&wm pdwrf oufomp&mygb?J bk&H efol *syef
udk wku d cf u dk w f w hJ yfz@GJ awG[m ud, k ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;+y;D wku d cf u
dk af ewmrd@k &nf¶, G f
csuf toD;oD;&Sdae=uygw,f? wkdif;&if;om;r[mrdwfajymufusm;udkOD;aqmifol t*FvdyfeJ@
tar&dueft&m&St d csK› d u ppf+y;D &if ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyaf &; (ok@d r[kw)f vGwv f yfa&;&Edik rf ,fv@dk
wkid ;f &if;om;awGukd +y;D pvG,u f wday;wmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+y;D acwf Armhvw G v f yf
a&;óu;yrf;r_rSmrygvdkwJh u&if/ ucsif wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@awG[m olwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_udk t*Fvdyf-
tar&duef tultnDay;vdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhcJhwmjzpf[efwlw,fvkd@ u,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f?
toGirf wlwt hJ yk pf ak wG bk&H efo*l syefudk pkaygi;f wku d cf u kd vf @kd *syefvufeufcsvu dk &f
ayr,fh rwnft h wlaewJt h ajctae &Sad eqJygy?J ppfEikd v f @dk jyefa&mufvmwJh ukv d edk t
D &mxrf;eJ@
t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af wG&@J rSww f rf;rSm ArmawmfveS af &;tkypf u k kd opPmazmufv@dk a&;xm;wm awG@&
ygw,f? Arm awmfveS af &;tkypf u k vnf; t*Fvyd u f kd ,m,Dr[mrdwt f jzpfom owfrw S yf gw,f?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;rSmyg0ifcw hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;ajymufusm;awGuvnf; tawG;uk, d pf eD @J v_y&f mS ;
=uygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; (8) rSm ppf+yD; acwfwyfrawmfzJG@pnf;ykHta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (8)

r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pk/ ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J pwJh toGirf wlwhJ
tzG@J tpnf;awGy;l aygi;f +y;D *syefuw kd u dk x
f w k v f @kd jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnford ;f yku d wf hJ 1945 ckEpS f
yxr 6 vydkif;[m ppf+yD;acwfjrefrmjynfudkzefwD;vdkufwJh tcsdefumvjzpfygw,f? bkH&efol
*syefppfwyfr&Sad wmhwt hJ cgrmS &nf¶, G cf surf wlwhJ *syefqef@usiaf &;tiftm;pktcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQ
jzpfvm&ykHudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (8) rSm ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f?
&efuek u f okd rd ;f yku
d +f y;D csed t f xd jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;udk b,ftzG@J tpnf;u csKyu f idk f
ovJqdkwm ajymzdk@ rvG,fygbl;wJh? *syefqef@usifa&;tiftm;pkxJyg0ifcJh=uwJh tzGJ@tpnf;
toD;oD;rSm ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfe@J ywfouf+y;D t,ltqtrsK;d rsK;d &S=d uwJt h wGuf tawG;uk, d pf D
eJ@ wkid ;f jynftem*wfukd pdwu f ;l ,Of=uygw,f? bk&H efou l v kd ufww GJ ukd cf u
dk zf @kd rqk;H jzwfruD wnf;
u &Scd w hJ hJ uGv J w GJ t hJ ,ltq tawG;tac:awGvnf; jyefvnfxu G af y:vmygw,f? ppf+y;D acwf
jrefrmjynfudk }uD;pdk;zdk@®yifqkdifwJh tiftm;pkokH;pk&Sdygw,f? yxrtiftm;pku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;
armifb h ufwef acgi;f aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pkjzpf+y;D / 'kw, d u bk&ifcaH ':refprpf OD;aqmif
wJh ‘uufpb f ’D ac: jrefrmjynftyk cf sKyaf &;tzJ@G jzpfygw,f? wwd,tiftm;pku ArmEdik if aH &;tzG@J
awGjzpf+y;D zufqpfqef@usiaf &;tzG@J / ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf/tjcm; trsK;d om;tzG@J tpnf;awG
yg0ifygw,f?
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdww f yfaygi;f pktwGuu f awmh
jrefrmjynfuo kd rd ;f ydu
k w f m[m ppfqifa&;&J@ yxrtqifo h mjzpfygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D [m
jrefrmjynfudkodrf;+yD;wmeJ@ ta&›Sawmiftm&SrSmusef&Sdaeao;wJh *syefwyfawGud kwdkufckdufzdk@
qufvufppfcs&D ygw,f? r[mrdww f yf}u;D odr;f ydu k cf w hJ ahJ e&mud0k ifa&mufvmwJh tiftm;pkawG
uawmh zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzJ@G awGe@J ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzJ@G ygy?J Armvufeufuikd f
tzJ@G awGu vGwv f yfa&;vdck si+f y;D ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G uawmh ukv d ekd pD epfukd jyefvnf toufoiG ;f
vkyd gw,f?
jrefrmjynfrmS *syef}u;D pd;k aewke;f 1943 rSm ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J udk tdE, dN rSm
zJ@G pnf;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f ppf+y;D &if jrefrmjynfujkd yefvnftyk cf sKyzf @kd ygy?J *syefe@J yl;aygi;f wJh
Armhwyfrawmfukd opPmazmufwyfv@dk udv k ekd tD &mxrf;awGyg0ifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u trnf
ay;xm;ygw,f? ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfe@J vufww GJ u kd cf u dk zf @kd r[mrdww f yfuqk;H jzwfwmukd
uufpb f tD zG@J u raxmufcyH gb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@ ‘uufpb f ’D
tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@ yÉdyuQjzpf=u+yD; ypf=ucwf=uwJhtxd tajctaeqdk;0g;vmygw,f? uufpfbD
t&mxrf;eJ@ vufeufuikd Af rm[m wOD;eJ@wOD; &efov l o kd abmxm;vmw,fv@kd qdEk idk yf gw,f?
'DvdktajctaerSm ukdvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyefvnfusifhokH;vkd@ rjzpfEkdifawmhygbl;?
Edik if aH &; Ed;k =um;wufºuwJjh ynfov l xl v k ufxJ aoewfa&mufaewmrd@k tiftm;ok;H ukv d ekd pD epf
usio hf ;Hk vk@d r&awmhygb;l ? 'Dtajctaea=umifh ykpH w H rsK;d rsK;d eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;ay;&awmhr,fqw kd mudk
tm;vk;H oabmayguaf e=uyk&H ygw,f? uJ - 'Dvq dk &dk if vGwv f yfwjhJ refrmjynfukd b,fot l yk cf sKyf
rvJ qdkwJhjy\em ay:vmygw,f? armifhbufwef&J@r[mrdwfwyf}uD;eJ@vufwGJ+yD; *syefukd
wku d cf u kd cf w hJ hJ Armvufeufuikd t f zJ@G udk tm%mvJa$ y;rSmvm;/ 'grrS [kwv f nf; 1942 uwnf;
u opPm&Sd&Sd tdENd,txdvdkufvmcJhwJh ukdvdkeDt&mxrf;ArmawGvufxJ tm%mtyfrvm;
qdkwJh jy\emygyJwJh? 'DudpPudk vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&uvnf; jywfjywfom;om; rqkH;jzwf
Ekid yf gb;l ?
zufqpfqef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J eJ@vufwzJG @kd Akv d cf sKy}f u;D armifb h ufwefukd cGiðhf ywke;f u
vnf; vef'efut*Fvdyftpdk;&[m pdwfryghwyg jzpfcJhygao;w,f? *syefeJ@aygif;+yD; t*Fvdyfudk
wku d cf w hJ AhJ rmudk t*Fvyd t f pd;k & rarhao;ygb;l ? zufqpfqef@usiaf &;Armtiftm;pkukd t*Fvyd f
tpdk;&ur,kH=unfao;wmudk AkdvfcsKyfyD;tm;pf Pearce acgi;f aqmifwhJ ‘uufpb f ’D tzJ@G u
tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D Armvufeufuikd af jymufusm;eJ@ armifb h ufwef&@J r[mrdww f yft=um;
em;vnfry_ sujf ym;atmif aqmif¶u G yf gawmhw,f? wu,fawmh ppf+y;D acwfjrefrmjynfrmS udv k ekd D
tkycf sKyaf &;,Eœ&m; r&Sad wmhwt hJ wGuf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmwJh t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd t D &m&Sad wG[m
bmvky&f rSe;f rod prf;w0g;0g;jzpfaecsed rf mS opPmazmufArmudk vufpm;acscsiw f hJ t*Fvyd t f csK› d
u tcGiahf umif;,lwmygy?J
r[mrdww f yf}u;D csw D ufwu dk cf d u
k o
f mG ;wJ h ppfa=umif;aemufuvku d yf gwhJ zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;Armwyfz@GJ [m olw@kd odr;f ydu k &f mae&ma'orSmtkycf sKyaf &;wnfaqmufygw,f?
1942 rSm *syefppfa=umif;aemufuvkduf+yD; bDtdkifattkyfcsKyfa&;wnfaxmifwJhykHpHrsKd;ygyJ?
aemufawmh uufpfbD tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJG@a&mufvm+yD; t&ifa&mufaewJhArmtzJG@udk ta&;,l
tjypfay;zk@d eJ@ armif;xkwzf @kd óu;pm;ygawmhw,f? &efuek u f rkd odr;f &ao;cif 1945 arv 1
&ufae@rSm *syefaiGpuULudk w&m;r0ifa=umif; uufpfbDtzJG@u a=unmwm[m tawmf
&ufpufwJhvkyf&yfygyJ? *syefykdufqHeJ@pyg;a&mif;xm;wJhv,form;eJ@ vufvkyfvufpm;
qif;&Jom;[m txdemqk;H jzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfom;tzk@d uawmh pmempdwu f if;rJw h ahJ e&mrSm
t*Fvyd ef @J *syef[m twlwyl gy?J
1945 arv 3 &ufae@rSm r[mrdww f yf}u;D &efuek u f okd rd ;f yku
d v f u kd w f t hJ cg zufqpf
qef@usiaf &;ArmtzG@J awGe@J vufwðJG zwfcsed af &muf+yv D @kd ‘uufpb f ’D tkycf sKyaf &;tzG@J u qk;H jzwfyg
w,f? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ ppfwiG ;f umvwav#mufv;Hk opPm&Spd mG t*Fvyd ef @J vufwcGJ w hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;pkawG&@J tusKd;pD;yG g;udk jr‡ ifhwifzdk@ tcsdefa&mufvm+yDvkd@ ‘uufpfb’D tzJ@G u ,lq
ygw,f?
&efukefodrf;+yD; wywft=umrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppfw&m;cHtjzpfzrf;qD;+yD;
¶k;H wif ppfaq;zd@k eJ@ ArmhtrsK;d om;wyfrawmfuzkd suo f rd ;f zd@k uufpb
f tD yk cf sKyaf &;acgi;f aqmif
Akv
d cf sKyyf ;D tm;pfu awmif;qdyk gw,f? r[mrdwpf pfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef[m 'Dta=umif;
odwmeJ@ yD;tm;pfae&mudk AdkvfcsKyf Hubert Rance eJ@ tpm;xdk;vkdufygw,f? 'gayr,fh
yD;tm;pf&@J uufpb f tD zG @J [m 6 vavmuf t*Fvyd -f jrefrm 𝔢D yGg;atmif wk@d rD;¶_@d rD; vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ hJ
twGuf t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &;eJ@ ArmtrsK;d om;a&;tzJ@G tpnf;awGt=um; ,k=H unfr&_ adS tmifvyk zf @kd
cufco J mG ;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwrf mS ppf+y;D acwf wyfrawmfopfwnfaqmufyu Hk kd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (8)

ppf+yD;acwf yËdyuQt¶_yftaxG;=um;u wyfrawmfopfay:aygufvmykHta=umif; ar&D


u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmukd wifjyygr,f/ ppf+yD;&if jrefrmjynfrSm b,fvdkppfwyfrsKd;
wnfaxmifr,fqw kd u hJ pd rP mS a':refprpfacgi;f aqmifwhJ tdE, dN a&mufuv dk ekd t
D pd;k &eJ@ Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef;wk@d tzG@J [m tjrifrwl=uygb;l / a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J [m ukv d ekd aD cwfuykpH t H wkid ;f
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkukd tajccHwJhppfwyfukd zGJ@pnf;vkdygw,f?
csi;f -ucsiaf jymufusm;tultnDe@J e,fpyfa'oukd jyefvnford ;f yku d Ef idk w
f mrk@d 'D
a'orSm t*Fvdyf t&m&Sd }uD;=uyfwJ h vlrsKd;pkwyfukdwnfaxmif+yD; jrefrmjynfrSmawmh u&if
tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd jf refrmujym;yg0ifwhJ vlrsK;d pkw H yfudk a':refprpfw@dk tzG@J u wnfaxmifvykd gw,f?
ppfrjzpfru D &Scd w
hJ hJ ukv d ekd pD pfwyfudk toufjyefoiG ;f zk@d &nf¶, G w f mygy/J 'gayr,fh vufawG@tajc
tae[m a':refprpf&@J pDru H ed ;f eJ@ wjcm;pDjzpfaeygw,f/ r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pk csw D ufwu dk cf u dk f
oGm;wJph pfa=umif;rSm use&f adS eao;wJh *syeftºuif;tuseu f dk tjywf&iS ;f +y;D uufpb f D tkycf sKyaf &;
ukd ulnzD @dk wm0ef,o l [ l m t*Fvyd w f yfz@JG eJ@ Armwyfz@JG awGjzpfaeygw,f?
'Dvykd ;l wGw J m0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm t*Fvyd ef @J Armwyfz@JG aphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D vkyu f idk &f wm
&So
d vdk t*Fvyd b f ufutEkid u f si+hf y;D ArmqDuvufeufudk odr;f oGm;wmrsK;d vnf;&Syd gw,f? 'Dupd P
rsK;d [m ppfaoemywdcsKyf armif b h ufwefudk pdwt f aESmifth ,Sujf zpfapygw,f/ *syefuw dk u dk &f m
rSm Armvufeuf udik t f zG@J u ulnED idk w f ,fv@kd armifb h ufwefu ,k=H unfxm;ovkd wae@us&if
Armwyfz@JG ukd zsuo f rd ;f zk@d ArmuyJ oabmwlvrd rfh ,fv@kd vnf; ar#mv f ifx h m;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
a':refprpf&@J uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;tzG @J uawmh Armwyfz@JG ®yuGyJ supf ;D oGm;wmukd jrifvykd gw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkd@tzkd@uawmh BNA ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf qufvuf
&Sio f efa&;[m yxrOD;pm;ay;jzpfygw,f? ArmtrsK;d om;wyfrawmf[m *syefuadk wmfveS w f t hJ cg
rSm jynfo@l v$wv f yfa&;wyfrawmfjzpfvmygw,f/ 'Dupd eP @J ywfouf+y;D 1999 xkwf wyfrawmf
orkid ;f 'kw, d wGrJ mS azmfjyxm;wmuawmh jrefrmjynfujdk yefvnford ;f yku d cf sed f 1945 ZGev f aESmif;
ykid ;f rSm a':refprpf&@J t}uaH y;csut f & PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfv@kd w&m;0iftrnfajymif;
a=umif;od&ygw,f?
jrefrmhtem*wfEidk if aH &;eJ@ppfa&;udprP mS uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;eJ@ Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;
wk@d tzG@J [m jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;jzpfaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppftajctaea=umifh ESpb f ufpvk;H
rdrd &nf¶, G cf suu f dk taumiftxnfrazmfEidk af o;wJt h wGuf tay;t,lvyk &f mu ay:xGuv f m
wJh tpDtpOft& ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmfopfudk zG@J pnf;zk @d pDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f? uufpb f t D yk cf sKyaf &;uwzuf PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmfuwzuf tacstwif
ajymaewke;f ppfaoemywdcsKyaf rmifb h ufwefu Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfq+dk y;D ppfwyfEpS w f yf
yg0ifwJh t+rJwrf; wyfrawmfopfukd zGJ@pnf;zkd@wifjywmygyJ?
'Drk eD ,
D -H uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyaf &;r&ao;rDumvrSm 'Dwyfrawmfopfudk t*Fvyd f ppfrif;
}uD; vufatmufrSmxm;&r,fvdk@qkdygw,f? ArmppffAkdvfppfom;omyg0ifwJh Armwyfukd Arm
vlrsK;d jzpfol 'kw, d ppfrif;}u;D utkycf sKy+f y;D wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkwyfuadk wmh wkid ;f &if;om;jzpfol
'kw, d ppfrif;}u;D u tkycf sKyzf @dk jzpfygw,f? vlrsK;d uk t d ajccH+y;D cGjJ cm;xm;wJph pfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ
wyfrawmfopfwnfaxmifr,fh tpDtpOfudk uufpb f tD yk cf sKyaf &;tzG@J -+Aw d o d #ppfwyf- PBF
rsK;d cspAf rmwyfrawmfe@J zqyvtzG@J wk@d u vufcH =uygw,f?
Armhwyf&if; 4 &if/ ucsi-f csi;f eJ@u&ifu wyf&if; 2 &if;pD toD;oD;wnfaxmif=uzk@d
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wk@d bufuoabmwlygw,f? “wyf&if;rsm;ukd vlrsK;d tvku d f oD;jcm;zG@J pnf;
&ef- qkv d o kd nfrmS Armuk d Armwyf&if;ok@d u&ifrsm;ukd u&ifwyf&if;ok@d oGwo f iG ;f IzG@J pnf;&ef”
ponfjzifh 1945 ckEpS f *sLvdik v f 10 &ufae@pGyJ g Ak v d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wifjywJh pmwrf;udk 1995
xkwf wyfrawmforkdif; wwd,wGJ pmrsufESm 41 rSmvnf; azmfjyxm;wmukd awG@&ygw,f?
'Dvdk toGirf wl- tpOftvmrwl-OD;wnfcsurf wlwhJ vlrsK;d tajccHwhJ ppfwyf 2
wyfudk ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmfopfxJ xnfzh @dk pDpOfwm[m rjzpfjzpfatmif pyf[yf+y;D Ekid if aH &;t&
tajz&SmwJh a&wkdtpDtpOfomjzpf+yD; orm;¶kd;usykHrSefppfwyfzGJ@pnf;ykHrsKd;r[kwfygbl;wJh/
¶kww f &uf ayguu f EJG idk wf hJ tajctaeukd a&Smifwo hJ abmeJ@ a&wku d =dk unf +h y;D ppfwyf 2 wyfudk
aygi;f pyfz@dk pDpOfwmygw/hJ a&wkEd idk if aH &;tpDtpOft& zG@J pnf;xm;wJw h yfrawmf[m ppf+y;D acwf
rSm Ek id if aH &;®yifqidk rf _ tjyif;xefq;Hk ae&mjzpfvmw,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfygw,f? vlrsK;d
tajccHwhJ ppfwyfz@JG pnf;yk[ H m a&&Snrf mS wyfrawmfuadk &m wkid ;f jynfuadk &m 'kuaQ y;vmwm
awG@&ygw,f?
Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfudk yl;aygi;f zk@d &nf¶, G xf m;ayr,fh 1945 =o*kwrf mS bk&H efol
*syef vufeufcswt hJ cgrmS PBF ArmrsK;d cspw f yfrawmftwGuf pk ;d &drpf &mjzpfvmygw,f/ PBF
ukd zsufodrf;awmhr,fqdkwJh aumvm[vowif;jyef@ESH@vmygw,f/ 'ga=umifh =o*kwfv 12
&ufae@ &efukef®r›rSm usif;ywJh wyfr–;rsm;tpnf;ta0;rSm PBF wyfom;ukd wyfzGJ@vkduf
wyfrawmfopfrmS yg0ifciG ðhf yzk@d eJ@ PBFukd wyfrawmf&@J ausm¶k;d tjzpf oabmxm;+y;D wkid ;f &if;
om;awGuydk g0ifciG ðhf yzk@d yxrqk;H t}urd f PBF uawmif;qkv d mygw,f? 'Dupd u P dk aeol&ed f nDvmcH
rSm twnfðyygw,f? zqyvtzG@J eJ@ PBF ArmhrsK;d cspw f yfrawmf[m wae@wjcm; tiftm;wk;d yGm;
aeygw,f/ t*Fvyd u f vdk ekd rD mS trsK;d om;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_udk ESrd ef if;wJt
h cg tdE, dN ppfom;ukd tok;H
rðyzk@d tdE,dN trsK;d om;0g'aD wGu awmif;qkad ecsed v f nfjzpfygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfukd zsufodrf;vkdufr,ffqkd&if ay:aygufvmr,hf
vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd ESrd ef if;Ekid w f hJ ppftiftm; t*Fvyd rf mS &Sad wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l / 'Dvdk
tcsed rf mS Akvd cf sKyaf tmifqef;wk@d tzG@J ukd oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D ru › v
dk mzk@d ppfaoemywdcsKyf
armifb h ufwefu zdwaf c:vku d yf gw,f/ a&S@tywf uef'pD mcsKyu f arG;xkwv f u
dk w f hJ wyfrawmfopf
ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (10)

oD&v d uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmv 6 &uf- 7 &ufrmS usi;f ywJn h v D mcHu ppf+y;D
acwf wyfrawmfopf aygufzGm;vmygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyfrawmfopfeJ@twlay:aygufvmwJh
Edik if aH &;eJ@vlrsK;d a&;jy\emudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 10 rSm ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wmudk
wifjyygr,f? ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifb h ufwef OD;aqmifwhJ r[mrdwt f &m&Sad wG&,f/ jrefrmjynf
wyfru t*Fvyd w f yfr;– awG&,f/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;eJ@ PBF ppfAv kd af wG&,f/ zufqpfqef@usiaf &;
tzG@J u uk, d pf m;vS,af wG&,f awG@qkaH qG;aEG;+y;D oabmwlcsu&f ,lwJ h nDvmcHjzpfygw,f?
&nf¶, G cf suuf t&ifu rltm;jzifo h abmwlcw hJ t
hJ wkid ;f Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyf
qkw d hJ ppfwyf 2 wyfyg0ifwhJ wyfrawmfopfukd wnfaqmufz@kd ygy?J PBF rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmf
om;awGcsn;f yg0ifwhJ wyf&if;u 3 &if;/ PBF tzG@J 0ifr[kww f hJ ArmawGomyg0ifEikd w f J h wyf&if;
1 &if;/ u&if/ ucsief @J csi;f u wyf&if; 2 &if;pD pkpak ygi;f wyf&if; 10 &if;&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfopfukd
zG@J pnf;zd@k uef'n D v D mcHuqk;H jzwfygw,f? tiftm;waomif;ESpaf xmif&w dS hJ t+rw J rf;wyfrawmf
opfukd wnfaxmifwmygy?J 'DtxJrmS ig;axmifausm[ f m PBF rsK;d cspw f yfrawmfu vmrSm
jzpfygw,f?
&JabmfokH;usdyf0ifjzpfwJh AkdvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 3/ Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh
wyf&if; 4/ AkdvfaZ,s OD;aqmifwJh wyf&if; 5 pwJh wyf&if;awGwnfaxmifa&;udk OD;pm;ay;zdk@
vnf ; qkH;jzwfygw,f? t+rJwrf;wyf rawmfOD;pD; ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf t*Fvdyfppfwyfu AdkvfcsKyf
L.C.Thomas u aqmif¶u G yf gw,f? tajymif;ta¶$@rSm PBF rsK;d cspw f yfom;awG repfem&
atmif Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;wd@k u awmif;qkad yr,fh r&wmawG&ydS gw,f? PBF wyfom;udk wyfz@JG
vku d f vufczH @kd wifjyayr,fh wOD;csi;f vufczH @kd om t*Fvyd u f qk;H jzwfygw,f? t*Fvyd pf um;rwwf
&if &mxl;wufzdk@rvG,fwmrdk@ t*FvdyfpmwwfwJh wkdif;&if;om;ppfAkdvfuom &mxl;wufzdk@
tcGifhtvrf; rsm;ygw,fwJh?
wyfrawmfopfrmS av#mufxm;wJh PBF rsKd;cspfppfAkdvfxJu okH;ykHwykHavmufom
0ifciG &hf ygw,f? rsK;d csp&f aJ bmftrsm;pk[m L.C.Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfrmS ae&mr&=u
ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m AkdvfcsKyf Thomas vufatmufrSm 'kwd,ppfrif;}uD;tjzpf
tr_xrf;zdk@ jiif;y,fvkduf+yD; 1945 atmufwkdbmrSm ppfwyfuxGufvkdufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
Thomas &J@wyfrawmfopfur kd 0ifcsiof el @J 0ifciG rhf &ol PBF rsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom;awGudk
pkaygi;f wJh jynfo@l &JabmftzG @J udk Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;uwnfaxmif+y;D vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf rJG mS
jynfo@l tiftm;tjzpf tok;H ðyygw,f?
uef'n D v D mcHuzG@J pnf;vdu k w f hJ t+rw
J rf;wyfrawmfopfrmS Armppfwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfqdkwJh ppfwyf 2 wyf&Sdae+yD; &nf¶G,fcsufcsif;rwl=uygbl;? Armppfwyfu rsKd;cspf
&Jabmfa[mif;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&udk tcsdefra¶G; awmfvSef
ykeu f efr,ft h aetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f? tm%m&t*Fvyd t f pd;k &udu k muG,rf ,fo h [
l m wkid ;f &if;
om;ppfwyfyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmfrSm wOD;eJ@wOD; wbufeJ@ wbuf
r,ko H uFmjzpfwm[m rqef;ygb;l ? Ekid if aH &;cH,cl suf jyif;xefwphJ pfAv kd af wGvnf; ArmwyfxrJ mS
&Syd gw,f?
ppf+yD;acwf[m EkdifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuqkH;umvjzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEkdifygw,f? *syef
zufqpfuakd wmfveS w f u kd cf udk cf w
hJ hJ zqyvtzG@J csKy[ f m vGwv f yfa&;twGuf t*Fvyd u f kd yl;owf
aewJt h csed v f nf; jzpfygw,f? zqyv tzG@J xJu uJv G w GJ o hJ abmxm;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;yÉdyuQawG[m
taygif;toif;a&mif;&if;awG&Sd&m Armwyf&if;okH;&if;txd *,uf¶kdufvmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;uawmh EkdifiHa&;*kd%f;*%tuGJt+yJrSmrygbJ zqyvtzGJ@&J@acgif;aqmiftjzpf
trsK;d om;v_y&f mS ;r_ux kd ed ;f ausmif;Ekid zf @kd óu;yrf;aeyk&H ygw,f? uef'pD mcsKyt f & wyfrawmfopf
zJG@pnf;+yD; wESpft=um 1946 pufwifbmvrSm bk&ifcH Hubert Rance tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; umuG,af &;wm0efcH jzpfvmygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ t&Sed t f [kef
jyif;xefvmwmudk pd;k &dro f al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f?
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aexkid &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd ahJ r#mv f ifch suef @J r[mrdwef @J vufw+GJ y;D *syef
ukd wdu k cf u
dk cf w
hJ hJ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkxrJ mS Arm}u;D pd;k rSmudk pd;k &dro f al wG&ydS gw,f? *syef vufeuf
cs+y;D r=umrD 1945 =o*kwv f rSm u&ifacgi;f aqmifapmbOD;}u;D eJ@ Sydney vleu D Karenistan
vd@k trnfwiG rf ,fh u&ifEidk if u H w kd nfaxmifvakd =umif; a':refprpf&@J ud, k pf m;vS,f T.L.Hughes
udk ajymbl;ygw,f? aemufyikd ;f rSm u&ifu, dk yf idk tf yk cf sKyaf &;e,fajr&zd@k awmif;qd=k uygw,f?
ArmeJ@ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pku rdrw d @kd ar#mv f ifw h thJ wkid ;f jzpfajrmufvmzd@k óu;pm;ae
wke;f rSm Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyfukd b,fvódk u;udik rf vJqw dk jhJ y\emudk t*Fvyd &f ifqidk &f
ygw,f? e,fjcm;ppfwyfukd t*Fvyd f t&m&Sd ok@d r[kwf t*Fvyd u f okd pPm&Sw d hJ wkid ;f &if;om;t&m&Su d
}u;D =uyfz@dk pDpOfEidk af yr,fh Armwyf&if;&Sw d hJ jynfrppfwyfukd b,fvókd u;ukid rf vJqw kd jhJ y\emudk
t*Fvyd &f ifqikd &f wmygy?J 'Djy\emudak jz&Si;f &mrSm u&ifppfwyfut kd ok;H csz@kd qk;H jzwfvu dk yf Hk &yg
w,fw?hJ xdyw f ef;&mxl;udk u&ifppfAv kd af wGuakd y;vku d &f if wyfrawmf[m t*Fvyd q f ef@usiw f hJ
ArmppfAv kd vf ufatmufra&mufEidk b f ;l vd@k ppfrif;}u;D L.C.Thomas u ar#mv f ifch yhJ &Hk ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dwu G u f ed ;f rSm;,Gi;f a=umif; 1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;u oufaojyaeygw,fw?hJ
t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd t
D pd;k &jyefvnftyk cf sKyw f hJ 1945 atmufwb dk mvrS vGwv f yfa&;&wJh
1948 *sefe0g&DvtxdjzpfwJh 2 ESpfausmfumvukd vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJjyif;xefwJhumvvdk@
Armbufujrifayr,fh t*Fvdyftzdk@uawmh tkyfcsKyfvkd@r&wJh qlylt=urf;zufwJhumvygyJ?
t*Fvyd t f yk cf sKyaf &; rxdra&mufjzpfaewke;f wjynfv;Hk rSm vufeufawGjyef@aewmrd@k t=urf;zuf
r_eJ@ wkdufckdufvk,ufr_vnf; 'DacwfrSm trsm;qkH;ygyJ? bkH&efol zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@
&nfreS ;f csucf si;f rwloal wG ,m,Dvufw+GJ y;D vufeufuikd w f u dk yf GJ 0ifc=hJ uygw,f? 'gayrJh ppf+y;D vd@k
Ekid if aH &;t& ESv;Hk &nfwu dk yf qJG ifE&$J r,ft h csed af &mufvmawmhvnf; vufeufuikd t f =urf;zuf
wJh ppf"avh ukd razsmufEikd =f uygb;l ? 'ga=umifh olw@dk tzd@k Ekid if aH &;atmifyq JG wkd m[m t,ltq
csi;f rwloal wGaphpyfnEd‡ id_ ;f +y;D tay;t,lvyk w f m/ yl;aygi;f aqmif¶u G w f mr[kwaf wmhbJ &efou l kd
&Sm+y;D tðywfwu kd wf m (od@k ) vufeufcscikd ;f wmyJjzpfaea=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfxm;wm
udk wifjyvku d yf gw,f?
a&›t S ygwrf mS u&ifppfAv kd af cgi;f aqmifww hJ yfrawmfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (11)

oD&vd uFmEkid if H uef'®D rr› mS 1945 pufwifbmvtapmykid ;f uusi;f ywJn h vD mcHrmS ppf+y;D acwf
wyfrawmfopfuzdk @JG pnf;cJah =umif; t&iftygwu f usaemfwifjycJyh gw,f? wyfrawmfopfxrJ mS
yg0ifwhJ PBF wjzpfvJ Armwyfe@J wk id ;f &if;om;wyf[m wyfrawmfu}dk u;D pd;k zk@d ®yifqidk óf u;yrf;=uykH
ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 11 rSm wifjyygr,f?
vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS wyfrawmfxyd w
f ef;&mxl;tm;vk;H udk u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ PBF
wyfz@JG 0ifr[kww f hJ ppfAvkd af wGu &,lxm;ygw,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyu f Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f / avwyf
OD;pD;u apm&S;D ¶_;d / ppfqifa&;r–;u t*FvefEikd if H Sandhurst Adv k o f ifwef;ausmif;qif; Akv d rf ;–
apm=um'k;d / ppfaxmufcsKyu f apm'efeD pwJh u&iftrsK;d om;awGjzpf=uygw,f? axmufy@dk a&;eJ@
tcsujf yqufo, G af &;wyfz@GJ awGrmS vnf; u&ift&m&Sed @J u&ifppfom;u vlrsm;pkygy?J u&ifwyf
&if; 3 &if;/ ucsiw f yf&if; 2 &if;eJ@ csi;f wyf&if; 2 &if;u ppfAv kd pf pfom;awGukd t*Fvyd u f
pkaqmif;cJw h myg? vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf mS u&ift&m&Sed @J t*Fvyd pf pfrif&iS t f zG@J [m =oZmt&Sq d ;Hk
jzpfaeygw,f? 1949 *sefe0g&Dv 14 &ufae@rSmusif;ywJh wyfr–;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufwJh
xdyw f ef;t&m&Sd 33 OD;xJrmS PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfu 4 OD;om&Sd+yD; usefwyfr–;awG[m
wkdif;&if;om;t&m&Sdjzpfygw,f?
&JtzG@J rSmvnf; ppfrjzpfru D wnf;utr_xrf;cJw h hJ t*Fvyd -f Arm ujym;/ t*Fvyd -f
ukvm;ujym;/ a*:&cg;wyfom;eJ@ u&iftrsKd;om;awGuyJ }uD;pdk;ygw,f? ppfwGif;umv
wav#mufvkH; *syefudk wkdufcdk ufcJhwJh u&ifajymufusm;awG[m ppf+yD;oGm;ayr,fh vufeuf
udik af qmifxm;qJ jzpfygw,f? u&ift h usK;d pD;yGg;udu k muG,zf @kd vkw d ,fv@dk u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u
,lqwmrd@k 1947 azazmf0g&rD mS KNU ac: u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H udk wnfaxmifygw,f?
aemufawmh KNU vufatmufcH KNDO u&iftrsK;d om;umuG,af &;tzG@J qdw k hJ u&ifjynfo@l
ppfudk zGJ@pnf;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&zkd@ zqyvtzJG@csKyfuóu;yrf;aecsdefrSm zqyv&J@ opPmcH
r[kwfwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG trsm;tjym;&Sdaeygw,f? wyfrawmfopfukdOD;aqmifaewJh
u&ifeJ@t*Fvdyft&m&SdawGudk PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvftodkif;t0kdif;u r,kHouFmjzpfaeyg
w,f? wyfrawmfrmS u&ifppfAv kd }f u;D pd;k aewmudk ArmppfAv dk uf rauseyfygb;l ? Ekid if jH cm; tul
tnD &,l+y;D u&ifu zqyvud ðk zwfcsvrd rhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[vudk Armowif;pmawGu
r=umc%azmfjy=uygw,f? Armacgif;aqmifwJhwyfrawmfay:aygufa&;udk uef'DnDvmcHu
&nfreS ;f cJah yr,fh vufawG@rSmawmh u&if }u;D pd;k Ekid af tmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f zefw;D aew,fv@kd
ArmppfAv dk af wGu ,lqygw,f?
Armwyf&if;awG rSm Armppf Akv d &f adS yr,fh t*Fvyd t f &m&S v d ufatmufrmS tr_xrf;
&wmyg? 'ga=umifh wyfrawmfopfrSm PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAkdvfr}uD;pdk;Ekdifatmif t*Fvdyf
ppfrpf&Sifu wrifvkyfaew,fvkd @Armbufu,lqygw,f? jzpfEdkif&if ArmppfAdkvftm;vkH;udk
wyfrawmfu xkwyf pfz@dk awmif t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f vkyEf ikd af =umif; Akv d rf ;– csKyaf [mif;armifarmif
u 1992 arv 9 &ufae@u ajymjywmudkvnf; ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfxJu ArmppfAdkvfxJrSmvnf; uGefjrLepfppfAkdvfeJ@ uGefjrLepfr[kwfwJhppfAkdvfqkd+yD;
tkyfpk 2 pk&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh wyfrawmft&m&Sd 25 &mcdkifE_ef;uom zqyvtzGJ@udk
axmufcw H mjzpfw,fv@kd 1948 azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@xkwf t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS t f pD&ifcpH mrSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
wyfrawmfopfrmS ArmppfAv dk t f a&;rygwmudk Armacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u oabmayguf
ygw,f? t*Fvyd ef @J awmufav#mufvufwcGJ w hJ hJ u&ifppfAv dk af wG wyfrawmfopfrmS }u;D pd;k aewm
udk tEœ&m,fv@kd Armbufu,lqygw,f? u&ife@J t*Fvyd af cgi;f aqmifwhJ wyfrawmfopfxu J dk
r0ifcsio f el @J 0ifciG rhf &olawGupkd ak ygi;f +y;D Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u jynfo@l &JabmftzG@J udk wnf
axmifvu kd yf gw,f? jynfo@l &J@abmf[m zqyvvufatmufcjH zpfayr,fh Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;&J@
udk,fykdifppfwyftjzpf v_yf&Sm;w,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&csdef
rSm jynfo@l &Jabmf wode;f avmuf&v dS m+y;D tpd;k &ukq d ef@usiw f hJ &JabmfjzLeJ@ axmufcw H hJ &Jabmf0g
qk+d y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f?
'DtawmtwGi;f umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Akv d v f ufsmeJ@ u&ifppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f
wk@d &J@ vufatmufcrH [kww f hJ uk, d yf idk t f &Hwyfz@GJ udw k nfaxmifz@kd tm%m&qd&k , S v f pfygwu D
pDpOfygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfygwaD cgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f tdrrf mS Armacgi;f aqmiftcsK› d r=umc%
qkaH wG@=u+y;D u&ife@J t*Fvyd }f u;D pd;k wJw h yfrawmfukd toGiaf jymif;zd@k aqG;aEG;a=umif; aemiftcgrmS
Advk cf sKyaf rmifarmiftjzpfxif&mS ;vmwJh Akv d }f u;D armifarmif&@J 1947 ae@pOfrw S w f rf; Diary
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfppfAv kd uf tEœ&m,fay;Ekid w f mudak qG;aEG;=uayr,fh u&ifppfAv kd ef @J
t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d Adkvfvufsmukdz,f&Sm;Ekdifa&;ukdom t"duaqG;aEG;a=umif; Adkvf}uD;
armifarmif&@J ae@pOfrw S w f rf;rSmazmfjyxm;wmudk ud;k um;xm;ygw,f?
1947 =o*kwfv 1 &ufae@rSm OD;ausmf+idrf; jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm
qdk&S,fvpfygwDeJ@ zqyvopPmcH ukd,fyk dift&Hwyf&if;wnfaxmifzkd@ tcGifhtvrf; ay:ayguf
vmygw,f? uGejf rLepfr[kww f hJ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J wyfrawmfopfx0J ifciG rhf &olawGukd pnf;¶k;H
odrf;oGif;+yD; txl;t&H&JwyfzGJ@wnfaxmifzdk@jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adv
k cf ifarmifuav;/ Akv d af e0if;eJ@ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k 1947 =o*kwv f rSmawG@qk+H y;D UMP ppf&w J yfz@JG
wnfaxmifz@kd aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
UMP ppf&w J yf&if;wnfaxmif+y;D ygwu D u kd sm;uefwu hJ pd uP kd Adv
k vf ufsmu rvdv k m;
bl;vk@d qk&d , S v f pfawGbufu ,lqygw,f? u&iftrsK;d om;eJ@ tusiyhf suAf rmawGukd &JtzG@J u
xkwyf pfz@kd OD;ausm+f ird ;f u Akv d v f usmf ud! k e¸ =f um;+y;D 1948 arvrSm tdE, dN udk aq;ukxu G o f mG ;
ygw,f? ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D vkyw f hJ Akv d vf usmf [m OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@!¸e=f um;csuu f kd qef@usi+f y;D
&JtzG J@u u&ifeJ@ tusifhysufArmawGudk UMP ppf&x J oJ iG ;f vdu k af =umif; 1984 pufwifbm
28 &ufu OD;ausm+f ird ;f aemufa=umif;jyefajymqkw d mudk Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifu rSww f rf;wif
xm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwt f ydik ;f 12 rSm wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_ ayguu f rJG ,fh tajc
taea&muf&v dS myku H dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (12)

ppf+y;D acwf jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wJ h wyfrawmfxrJ mS Armwyfe@J wkid ;f &if;om;wyft=um; wif;rmr_&dS


aewm[m omrefwyfwGif;jy\emjzpfwJhtwGuf wbufeJ@wbuf aphpyfn‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG;+yD;
tay;t,lvyk v f u kd &f if ajyvnfomG ;Ekid yf gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh jynfwiG ;f ppfumvrSm jy\emjzpfvm
wma=umifh wyfrawmfxu J u&if-Armwif;rmr_[m ayguu f wJG t
hJ ajctaetxd a&muf&o dS mG ;
a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; (12) rSm wifjyygr,f?
t*Fvyd v f ufatmufcH ppf+y;D acwfwyfrawmf[m vGwv f yfa&;r&rDuwnf;u olyek f
ESdrfeif;a&;rSm yg0ifcJhygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuwnf;u uGefjrLepfawG
olykefxcJhvdk@ygyJ? ppf+yD;acwftpdk;&vrf;pOfuvnf; udkvdkeDacwfutwdkif; ppftiftm;okH;+yD;
olyek u f t kd jywf&iS ;f zd@k jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; 'Dvrf;pOfuykd J qufo;Hk ygw,f? 'gay
r,fh jynfwGif;ppfjzpfwJhtwGuf wyfrawmfxJu u&if-Armjy\em[m ydkrdkjyif;xefvm&yg
w,f? 1946 eJ@ 1949 t=um;jzpfyGg;wJh uGefjrLepfwdkufzsufa&;ppfyJGawGrSm t*FvdyfppfAdkvf&J@
t}uHay;csuft& wyfrawmfu&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;[m aus;¶GmawGudk ajrvSefrD;¶_d@pepfeJ@
wkdufckduf+yD; uGefjrLepfvdk@rouFmwJh¶Gmol¶Gmom;udk ypfowfavh&Sda=umif; wyf&if; 3 t&m&Sd
a[mif; Akdvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,fwJ h?
uGefjrLepfESdrfeif;a&;ppfyJGrSm towfcH&oltrsm;pk[m omref¶Gmol¶Gmom;eJ@
oHCmawmfawGomjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfr[kwfbl;vdk@ t+idrf;pm;Adkvfr–;}uD;cspf®rifu ajymygw,f?
'Dvkd ajrvSerf ;D ¶_@d pepfusio hf ;Hk aewm[m awmifov l ,form;udk zqyvtpd;k &uzdEydS af =umif;
ocifp;kd ajymaewmudk rSeu f efa=umif; twnfðyovdjk zpfaeygw,f? zqyvtpd;k &udu k muG,w f hJ
taeeJ@ uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd u&ifwyf&if;awGu wdu k cf udk af eayr,fh zqyvtzJ@G xJu qk&d , S v f pf
eJ@ qk&d ,S v f pfppfAv kd af wGuawmh u&ifppfwyfukd oHo,&Sad e=uygw,f?
uGejf rLepfoyl ek u f kd b,fvEkd rdS ef if;+y;D u&ifppfAv kd af wG wyfrawmfurkd v$r;f rk;d atmif
b,fvv dk yk rf vJqw kd uhJ pd u P kd 1948 *|ev f avmufup+y;D ArmppfAv kd af wG tav;teuf pOf;pm;
vm=uygw,f? 'DtkyfpkxJrSm Adkvfr–;csKyfae0if;/ Akdvfr–;}uD;aZ,s/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;&JxGÉf/ 'kAdkvfr–;
}u;D wifarmif/ Adv k rf ;– csp®f rif/ Akv d rf ;– xGe;f pdeef @J Akv
d rf ;– wifO;D wd@k yg0if=u+y;D uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S v f pfe@J
Armwyfukd aygi;f pnf;Ekid v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ar#mv f ifch =hJ uygw,f? olw@kd &J@urf;vSr;f csuu f kd uGejf rLepfu
y,fcsvu kd af wmhrS wyfrawmfukd u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufatmufuqJx G w
k zf @kd udp[
P m yxrOD;pm;
ay; jzpfvmw,f?
Akv
d vf ufsmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D &mxl;uz,f&mS ;zd@k t"duxm;ygw,f? Adv k v f ufsm
udkxkwfypfzkd@ Adkvfae0if;eJ@ AkdvfaZ,su 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk em;csygw,f? Adkvfvufsmae&mudk
vlpm;xk;d &if olw@dk ESpOf ;D xJu wOD;OD;yJjzpf&r,fv@kd vnf; oabmaygux f m;=uygw,f? 'Dupd u P kd
Akv d af e0if;eJ@ Adv k af Z,sw@kd u OD;Ekuw kd ifjy+y;D wJah emuf Adv k af Z,s[m OD;Ektrd u f kd aemufwacguf
jyefomG ;+y;D ol@udo k m umuG,af &;0ef}u;D cef@zd@k awmif;qdyk gw,f? 'Dta=umif;Adv k af e0if;odwt hJ cg
AdkvfaZ,sudk opPmazmuftjzpf owfrSwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Daemufydkif; ArmppfAdkvfawGxJrSm
tuJt G +yjJ zpf+y;D Armwyf&if;w0ufavmuf olyek x f wJt h xdjzpfuek af =umif; OD;Ek/ Akv d rf ;– }u;D csp®f rif
eJ@ Adv k cf sKyaf rmifarmifw@kd &J@ajymjycsuef @J rSww f rf;awGukd ud;k um;+y;D ar&Du,fv[efu azmfjyxm;
ygw,f?
1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepfygwo D yl ek x f +y;D *sLvkid ef @J =o*kwv f awGrmS uGejf rLepf
ppfAv kd af wGacgi;f aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 &if; awmcko d mG ;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfppfAv kd af wG awmckd
oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f wyfrawmfu&ifacgi;f aqmifyd ik ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wGt=um;qufqaH &; yd+k y;D
wif;rmvmygw,f? ArmppfAv kd pf pfom;awG awmcko d mG ;wma=umifh wyfrawmfrmS ArmppfAv kd f
OD;a& tawmfenf;oGm;ygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;ppfyrGJ mS u&ifAv kd cf sKyaf pm=um'd;k emrnf&wJh
tcsed jf zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfErdS ef if;a&;udt k m¶kpH udk af e&wJh 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f
u pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t f cgjzpfv@dk wyfrawmfukd u&ifppfAv kd af wGu csKyu f idk af wmhr,fh tajctae
ygy?J
'ga=umifh wyfrawmftwGi;f tjyifu qk&d , S v f pftyk pf [ k m ygwo D pPmcHwyf zJ@G pnf;a&;
ukd OD;pm;ay;vmygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfacgi;f aqmif OD;ausm+f ird ;f &J@ jynfxaJ &;XmeatmufrmS zG@J pnf;
xm;wJh t&H&JwyfzJG@awGpkaygif;um ppf0efxrf;wyfzGJ@pnf;+yD; Adkvfatmif}uD;udk OD;aqmifckdif;yg
w,f? uGejf rLepfe@J u&ifuq kd ef@usi+f y;D qd&k , S vf pfygwu D o kd mopPm&Sw d hJ ppf0efxrf;wyfyJ jzpfyg
w,f? 'Dvkd ygwcD g;yku d f aqmifwyfz@GJ pnf;wmudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D Adv k v f ufsmu t}u;D tus,f
a0zef¶w _ cf svu dk +f y;D aemufq;Hk &mxl;uEkwx f u G w f Jt h xd uef@uGuq f ENjyoGm;ygw,f?
“zqyvtpd;k &u wyfrawmfe@J &JtzG@J udrk ,k=H unfv@dk ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wmvm;/ ppf
0efxrf;wyfz@JG rSmyg0ifaeolawG[m &mZ0wfom;vlq;dk "g;jyeJ@ Ekid if aH &;ta&miftaoG; trsK;d rsK;d
&So d al wGrd @k wae@=u&if qd&k , S v f pftyk pf ek @J qd&k , S v f pfqef@usiaf &;tkypf t k =um; t}u;D tus,f
ppfjzpfvdrfhr,f” vkd@ Adkvfvufsm tpD&ifcHpma&;xm;wmudk &efukef&Sdt*FvdyfoH¶kH;u vef'ef
Edik if jH cm;a&;Xmeudk ay;yd@k wJh 1948 pufwifbm 5 &uf ae@pJyG g oHóu;pmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
ppf0efxrf;wyfz@GJ ukd c¶kid f 18 c¶kid rf mS zG@J pnf;+y;D Ad v k af e0if;&J@ wyf&if; 4 u ppfAv kd f
ppfom; 76 a,muf/ wyf&if; 5 u ppfAkdvfppfom; 97 a,mufudk oifwef;q&mawGtjzpf
ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS ,m,Dtr_xrf;apygw,f? autJe'f t D dk u&ifumuG,af &;wyfz@JG eJ@ wyfrawmf
u&ifwyf&if;udk zqyv tpd;k &u r,ko H uFmjzpfvmavav Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;wyfukd
wk;d csaJ› vavrd@k 1949 a&mufawmh ppf0efxrf;wyf&if; 26 &if; pkpak ygi;f tiftm; waomif;
ok;H axmif &Sad eyg+y?D xde;f vd@k r&wJw h yfz@GJ awGvnf;&Sw d ma=umifh ppf0efxrf; 1200 avmuf awmcdk
oGm;wJah emufyikd ;f 1951 rSm c¶dik f 9 c¶kid u
f ppf0efxrf;wyf&if;awGukd zsuo f rd ;f vku
d &f ygw,f?
wyfrawmf u&ifacgif ;aqmifyikd ;f eJ@ ArmppfAv kd af wG qufqaH &; tqifrajyjzpfae
wkef; uGefjrLepfygwD olykefxwJhtcgrSm wkdif;&if;om;wyf&if;awGudkokH;+yD; ESdrfeif;ygw,f? 'Dvdk
tajctaerSm uGejf rLepfppfAv kd Of ;D aqmifwhJ Armwyf&if; 2 awmcdjk yefwt hJ wGuf u&if-Arm
qufqaH &;tajctae[m aumif;rGerf vmawmhbJ yd+k y;D awmhomqd;k 0g;vma=umif; ar&Du,f
v[ef u ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? a&›t S ygwf tydik ;f 13 rSm u&ifoyl ek x
f &wJt h a=umif;&if;awGukd
wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (13)

tm%m&zqyvtpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ u&iftyk pf k eJ@ Armtkypf w k bufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFm
jzpfvm&mu vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQjzpfygG ;&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efok ;H oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol
tydik ;f 13 rSm wifjyygr,f? ocifoef;xGe;f &J@ AuyuGejf rLepfawG olyek x f prSm u&ife@J ucsif
wyf&if;awGu zqyvtpdk;&udk umuG,faewmrdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm u&ifjynfe,fudk
wnfaxmifEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ u&ifacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfcJhykH&ygw,fwJh? aemufydkif;rSm
uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J awmcdw k hJ wyfrawmfwyf&if;awG pkaygi;f ykeu f efawmhvnf; u&if/
ucsiw f yfawGuyJ zqyvtpd;k &bufu wku d af y;&ygw,f? 'gayrJh zqyvtpd;k &eJ@ Arm ppfAv kd f
awG aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D 1948 arvrSm vuf0n J ! D w G af &;vkyzf @kd uGejf rL epfuudk rf;vSr;f wJt h cgrmS
u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f [m zqyvukd r,ko H uFmjzpfvmygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGihf
ay;+y;D tm%mcJaG 0,l=uzd@k pOf;pm;wJt h pDtpOfjzpfwma=umifh t&iftwkid ;f pcef;oGm;vd@k rjzpf
awmhb;l vd@k u&ifacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ,lqvmyk&H w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efuqdyk gw,f?
1948 rwfvrSm AuyuGejf rLepf awmcdak wmh uGejf rLepfe@J &if;ES;D wJh Armwyf&if;awG
udk wdkufcdkif;&if; jy\emay:Edkifwma=umifh KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfudkwkdufckdif;zdk@ wyfrawmf
OD;pD;csKyu
f qk;H jzwfa=umif; Akv d cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f &J@ 1980 xkwf uk, d af wG@rSww f rf;rSm azmfjyxm;
ygw,f? 'gayrJh wcsK› ad e&mawGrmS ppf0efxrf;eJ@ UMP ppf&u J vnf; uGejf rLepfuw kd udk af e wmrd@k
KNDO u&if j ynf o l @ ppf e J @ xd a wG @ vmwmrsKd ; vnf ; &S d y gw,f ? 'D = um;xJ “+id r f ; csrf ; a&;
ajymufusm;” u&iftzJ@G u tpd;k &aiGwu kd uf kd 0ifazmufwmrsK;d vnf; &Syd gw,f? tpd;k &bufu
wkud af y;wJt h yk pf ak wGt=um; yÉdyuQjzpfvmwmygy?J 1948 =o*kwv f 14 &ufae@rSm UMP u&if
ppf&u J wHaG w;udo k rd ;f vku
d af wmhrS u&ifol ykeu f kd yDyjD yifjyif jrif&ygw,f? aemufEpS yf wfavmuf
=umawmh oxkHeJ@ usKdufQrDu u&ifppf&JawG awmcdk=u+yD;/ =o*kwfv 30 &ufae@rSm KNDO
u&ifjynfo@l ppftzJ@G u oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo kd rd ;f vduk yf gawmhw,f?
'D v d k t ajctaejzpf v mwmrd k @ zqyvvuf a tmuf c H txl ; t&H & J w yf z G J @ uk d
Adkvfatmif}uD;uacgif;aqmif+yD; ppf0efxrf;wyftjzpf wdk;cs›JzJG@pnf;zdk@ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku 1948
pufwifbm 9 &ufae@u trde@f xkwjf yefvu kd w
f m jzpfygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wG}u;D pd;k wJh ppf¶;Hk rSm
Adv
k af tmif}u;D udk ae&may;+y;D ppf0efxrf;wyf zG@J cdik ;f wm[m u&ifph pftiftm;udk wk@H jyefz@kd jyifqif
wmjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu okH;oyfygw,f? vufeufudkifyÉdyuQav;awGjzpfwmudk
csucf si;f ajz&Si;f Edik af tmif ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG wnfaxmifwm[m Adv k }f u;D armifarmif&@J tpDtpOf
jzpf[efwlygw,f? ppf0efxrf;wyfzJG@pnf;wm[m a&&SnfpDrHudef;jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh tpdk;&
vufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;xJrmS Armhppftiftm;}u;D xGm;vmatmif pDpOfwmyJv@dk
ajymEdik yf gw,fw?hJ
'ga=umifh 1948 pufwifbmva&mufawmh OD;Ektpd;k &vufatmufrmS &nf¶, G cf suf
csif;rwlwJh vufeufukdiftiftm;pk}uD;ESpfpk txift&Sm;ay:xGufvmygw,f? 'Dtkyfpk 2 pku
awmh t*Fvdyftvdkawmf&d vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAdkvf}uD;pdk;wJh vuf0J
tiftm;pkv@dk qdyk gw,f? wyfrawmfu u&ifppfAv dk /f KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfwyfz@JG eJ@ OD;wifxÉG f
OD;aqmifwJh jynfaxmifpkt&HwyfzJG@[m vuf,mtiftm;pkjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ wyf&if;
4/ awmrcdw k AhJ rmppfAv kd pf pfom;/ ppf0efxrf;wyf/ aus;¶GmumuG,af &;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm; cg;yku d f
aqmifwyfawG[m vuf0Jtiftm;pkrSm yg0ifygw,f?
vufeufuidk t f iftm;pk 2 pk tm;®yifaecsed rf mS yk}H u;D csw J› mrsm;vGe;f wJt h wGuf *sy;kd u
vdyf jzpfomG ;wmu rsm;ygw,fw?hJ wbufe@J wbuf r,ko H uFmjzpfaecsed rf mS tquftoG,f
cufcw J mrd@k yk}H u;D csw J› o hJ wif;awG acwfpm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd tquftoG,jf ywfaewmrd@k e,frmS
b,fvjdk zpfysuaf ew,fqw kd mudk zqyvtpd;k &a&m KNU u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t¶k;H yg odEikd f
zd@k rvG,yf gb;l ? 'Dvt kd cgrmS &efuek ef @J rEœav;u Armowif;pmawGu rD;avmif&m avyif=h u
ygw,f? "g;jywku d rf /_ Ekid if aH &;t=urf;zufr_ pwmav;awGukd Ekid if aH &;vky}f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
owif;a&;=uwJhtwGuf óu=um;óu=um; woD;wjcm;jzpfyGg;wJh t=urf;zufr_av;awG[m
Ekid if aH wmfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D ozG,f ay:xGuv f mygawmhw,f?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQ wkd;yGg;vmavav vuf,mtiftm;pkeJ@ vuf0Jtiftm;pk
t=um; r,kHouFmjzpfr_awG rsm;vmavavjzpfygw,f? 'D=um;xJ u&ifudkulnD+yD; zqyv
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd &nf¶, G af =umif; a&;xm;wJph meJ@twl t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd af [mif; Alexander
Campbell &efue k rf mS tzrf;cH&wJt h cgrmS u&ife@J t*Fvyd u f zqyvtpd;k &udðk zwfcsb@kd &nf¶, G f
w,fqw kd hJ ArmppfAv kd ef @J qd&k , S vf pfawG&@J ,k=H unfcsu[ f mvnf; ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmygw,f? t*FvefrmS
Campbell uka d xmufco H l vufwqkypf mom&Sad yr,fh t*Fvyd v f yk }f urH }_ u;D ozG,f yk}H u;D cs+J› y;D
Armowif;pmu rD;avmif&mavyifyh gw,f?
'Dtcsed rf mS wHaG w;/ oxkeH @J armfv®rifuo dk rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;wJh u&ifoyl ek ef @J OD;Ektpd;k &
+ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyEf ikd af tmif ppfO;D pD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D prpf'eG ;f =um;0ifaqmif¶u G af y;wmudk ArmppfAv kd f
awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ? aemufawmh 1948 Ed0k ifbm 13 &ufae@rSm weoFm&De@J {&m0wDwikd ;f
yg0ifwJh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh u&ifjynfe,f wnfaxmifcGifhay;zdk@ awmif;qkdvmwJhtwGuf
jynfaxmifpu k zkd suq f ;D zd@k }upH nfwmjzpfa=umif; Armowif;pmawGu a&;=uygawmhw,f? ppf
0efxrf;wyf[m tEœ&m,fay;Edik af =umif; u&ifacgi;f aqmifawG oabmayguv f mygw,f?
Campbell tzrf;cH&+y;D aemufwae@ pufwifbm 19 &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpk t&H
wyf&J@acgif;aqmif u&ifeJ@&if;ESD;ol OD;wifxGÉf towfcH&ygw,f? vufonfray:ayr,fh
qd&k , S vf pfygwv D ufcsujf zpfa=umif; &Jrif;}u;D OD;atmifcsed u f odwt hJ wGuf OD;atmifcsed f tvkyf
ðzwfcHvkduf&ygw,f? OD;wifxGÉfudkowfypfzdk@ Akdvfatmif}uD;upDpOfwmjzpfa=umif; u&if
ppfAdkvfawGu t*Fvdyft&m&Sdudkajymjywmudkvnf; 1949 *sefe0g&D 8 &uf &efukef-vef'ef
oHóu;pmrSm azmfjy xm;ygw,f? 1948 'DZifbm 24 &ufae@rSm +rw d cf ¶dik yf avm®r› c&pf,mef
bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;xJudk ppf0efxrf;u vufypfAkH;ypfoGif;vkd@ u&if 80 aoqkH;&ygw,f? ppf
0efxrf;eJ@ qd&k , S v f pf&@J u&ifqef@usiaf &;udk KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu vufw@Hk jyefyg awmh
w,f? 1948 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f rSm ppf0efxrf;wyfz@JG w&mausm&f adS =umif; ppftpd;k &xkwf wyfrawmf
ordkif; pwkwˆwJGrSm a&;xm; ayr,fh yavm®r›vlowfyGJudkawmh razmfjyygbl;?
a&›Stygwf tydkif; 14 rSm jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGg;ykHukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (14)

&efoal wG0idk ;f aevd@k &efuek tf pd;k &vk@d emrnf&aewJh zqyvtpd;k &qufvuf&iS o f efEidk yf uHk kd ige@J
rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 14 rSm ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfu&ift&m&Sad wG[m
1948 ESpfukefydkif;txd ysOf;rem;c¶dkifrSm uGefjrLepfolykefudkwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? zqyv tpdk;&
toufqufEikd zf @kd twGuf u&ifwyf&if;awGu uGejf rLepfupkd pfqifaewke;f zqyvvufatmufcH
Armjynfo@l ppfu jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if¶mG awGukd wk u d cf u
dk =f uygw,f? 'Dvt kd ajctaea=umifh
wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if;/ KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J u&ifEidk if aH &;tkypf ak wG aygi;f pnf;rd+y;D
zqyvtpd;k &udk awmfveS zf @kd pDpOfvm&wmjzpfygw,fw?hJ
jrpf0u|e;f ay:u u&if-ArmyÉdyuQawG[m &efuek q f ifajczk;H txdysEH› @HS vmvd@k 1949
*seef 0g&rD mS tif;pdet f pd;k &vufeufwu dk u
f kd KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu0ifp;D +y;D &efuek u f kd 0kid ;f
xm;Ekid w
f t hJ ajctaexd jzpfvmyg w,f? ppf0efxrf;/ wuUov kd af usmif;om;eJ@ vlayvlawawGukd
tpd;k &u vufeufay;+y;D u&ifuw kd u kd cf ikd ;f &wJt h csed t f cgygy?J tif;pde/f =unfjh rifwidk /f prf;acsmif;eJ@
tvku H u&if&yfuu G af wGukd Armjynfo@l ppfuypfcwfvmwJt h wGuf KNDO u&ifjynfo@l ppfu
®rj› yifu u&ifwyfawGukd ppfual wmif;+y;D tif;pdew f 0ku d rf mS ae&m,lxm;ygw,f? u&if&yfuu G f
em;rSmaexdik w f AhJ rmawG[m tpd;k &tultnDr&vd@k awG@&mvufeufe@J ckcu H muG,af e&ygw,f?
tif;pdet f ajctae qd;k 0g;vmwma=umifh tm¶kaH jymif;oGm;atmifvyk zf @k d KNU acgi;f aqmif
apmbOD;}uD;u awmifiltajcpkdufwJh wyfrawmf u&ifwyf&if; 1 u wyfr–;Akdvfr–;}uD;
apmrif;armifukd tultnDawmif;wJt h wGuf 1949 *seef 0g&v D 27 &ufae@rSm u&ifwyf&if;
1 u awmifiludk odrf;vdkufygawmhw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufae@rSm tif;pdefukd u&ifodrf;+yD;
&efuek ef @J 4 rdik u f mG txd csw D ufEidk cf yhJ gw,f? ppfom;/ &J/ ppf0efxrf;/ jynfo@l ppf/ ausmif;om;eJ@
vlayvlawawGpak ygi;f +y;D ckcEH idk w f t hJ wGuu f &ifx h ;dk ppf &yfwef@oGm;ygw,f? ig;vavmuf=umwJh
tif;pdew f u dk yf rGJ mS tustqk;H rsm;+y;D 1949 arva&mufrS tpd;k &u tif;pdeu f dk jyeford ;f Ekid yf g
w,f? ar®r/› jynf/ rdwv ˆD m/ rEœav; pwJ h ®r}› u;D awGvnf; olyek v f ufatmufusa&mufcyhJ gw,f?
zqyvtpdk;&[m KNDO u&ifjynfol@ppfukd w&m;r0ifa=umif;a=unm+yD;
u&ifppfAdkvfawGudk &mxl;uz,f&Sm;um wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;prpf'Gef;ae&mudk
Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ tpm;xk;d vku d yf gw,f? awmifiu l jkd yeford ;f zd@k ucsiw f yf&if; 1 &J@ wyf&if;r–; aemfqikd ;f
udk Akv d af e0if;trde@f ay;wJt h cgrmS aemfqikd ;f u olyek ef @J yl;aygi;f vdu k yf gw,f? 1949 azazmf0g&v D rSm
wyfrawmf[m tpdwpf w d tf r$mr$m uGaJ eyg+y?D uGejf rLepf/ jynfo@l &Jabmfe@J u&ifoyl ek &f @J xk;d ppfudk
zqyv tpd;k &[m jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ckcw H u dk cf u kd af e&ygw,f? 2 em&Davmufppfoifwef;ay;+y;D
wku d cf idk ;f wmjzpfw,fv@dk ppf0efxrf;acgi;f aqmif Adv k af tmif}u;D u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u
ajymygw,fw?hJ
u&ifawmfveS af &;p+y;D r=umrD tr_xrf; oydwaf rSmufwt hJ wGuf zqyvtpd;k & ®yuGJ
awmhrvdk jzpfomG ;ygw,f? u&ifuw kd u dk zf @kd twGuf uGejf rLepfukd vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;+y;D pnf;¶k;H
odr;f oGi;f zd@k Adv k af e0if;wifjywmudk qd&k , S v f pfygwu D vufrcHwma=umifh qd&k , S vf pf0ef}u;D awG
udk xkwyf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;u 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekukd wdu k w f eG ;f wJt h wGuf 1949 {+yv D rSm qk&d , S vf pf
0ef}u;D 5 OD; Ekwx f u G of mG ;ygw,f? qk&d , S v f pf&@J tdraf pmifah cG;}u;D rvkycf siaf wmhb;l vd@k Adv k af e0if;
u ajAmifajym+y;D ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@ taygi;f ygueG jf rLepftcsK› u d kd tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f zd@k Akv
d af e0if;u
OD;EkudkwkdufwGef;a=umif; OD;ausmf+idrf;jyefajymjywmudk 1984 pufwifbmv 26 ae@pJGyg
Advk af rmifarmif&@J awG@qkaH r;jref;cef;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'gayrJh uGejf rLepfe@J vufwzJG @kd udpu P kd 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku vufrcHygb;l ? qk&d , S v f pfawG
e,fqif;+y;D olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;twGuf pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;zd@k omOD;Eku!¸e=f um;ygw,f? a0zefwhJ &efuek f
pme,fZif;awGukd t=urf;zufwu dk cf u dk v f @kd qd&k , S v f pfygwD emrnfysuaf ecsed v f nf; jzpfygw,f?
qd&k , S vf pfacgi;f aqmifawG[m *syef@acwfrmS vlxt k zG@J tpnf;wnfaxmifz@kd róu;pm;bJ ppf+y;D
acwf vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifEkdifzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; ykef;atmif;aecJhwma=umifh OD;ausmf+idrf;/
OD;baqG/ ocifwif pwJh qd&k , S v
f pfacgi;f aqmifawGrmS ocifp;kd eJ@ tjcm; uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmif
awGvkd ausmaxmufaemufcH vlxt k zJ@G tpnf; r&S=d uygb;l ? vGwv f yfa&;&awmhvnf; tpd;k &
&mxl;udk qd&k , S vf pfuyJ&,lwma=umifh vlxek @J reD;pyfwhJ t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd tD &m&Sad wGvkd jzpfae
ygw,fw?hJ
'Dvdk vlxktiftm;r&SdwJh qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m olykefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf t&ifu
odu|r;f cJw
h hJ a'ocHvufeufuikd t f zG@J awGukd jyefqufo, G +f y;D ppf0efxrf;wyfrmS vlrsm;vmatmif
pnf;¶k;H odr;f oGi;f &ygw,f? &Jabmfa[mif;/ t&nftcsi;f rrDv@kd wyfrawmfxrJ 0if&ol/ tvkyrf &Sd
wJh v,form;/ tvkyo f rm;eJ@ vlq;kd "g;jyawG aomif;ajymif;axGvmyg0ifaewJh ppf0efxrf;wyf
[m tykyftodk;-rdv†mtkd;}uD;eJ@wlw,fvdk@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u 1992 arv 8 &ufae@u ar&D
u,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ ppf0efxrf;rdv†mtkd;}uD;udk vufeufypPnf;
axmufyo hH [ l m qk&d ,
S vf pfygwjD zpfygw,f? uGejf rLepfuw kd ukd af ewJh v,fa0;ocif=unf&edS ef @J
rdwv Dˆ mq&mxDw@dk vdk e,facgi;f aqmifawGukd vufeufypPn;f axmufyzhH @kd Adv k af e0if;wk@d tzG@J u
pDpOf&ygw,f? a'ovkHðcHa&;twGuf a'ocHjynfol@ppfeJ@ tpdk;&yl;aygif;+yD; olykefudkwkduf&wm
jzpfa=umif; 1993 azazmf0g&D 10 &ufae@rSm ocif=unf&edS u f ar&Du,fv[efuakd jymjyygw,f?
ykefukefr_t&SdefaooGm;awmhrS qkd&S,fvpfygwD[m vlxktzJG@tpnf;udk pwif
wnfaxmifygw,f? qk&d , S v f pfygwu D adk xmufc&H if pD;yGg;a&;tcGix hf ;l av;awG cHpm;=u&ygw,f?
1956 rSm Adv k af tmif}u;D &J@ ppf0efxrf;rdvm† tk;d }u;D [m jyLapmxD;qdw k hJ trnfopfe@J qd&k , S v
f pf
ygw&D @J cg;ykud af qmifwyfjzpfvmygw,f? olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;rSmyg0ifun l cD w hJ hJ e,facgi;f aqmifawG
xJrmS zqyvv$waf wmftrwfjzpfvmolawGvnf;&Syd gw,f? olyek t f iftm;usqif;vmavav
qkd&S,fvpftzGJ@tpnf;awG tm;aumif;vmavqkdovdk jzpfvmygw,f? a&›Stygwf tydkif; 15
rSmawmh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_e@J t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;jy\emudk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (15)

vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ t&Sed af ovmwJt h cg wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_txift&Sm;ay:xGuv f movkd


t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyidk ;f qufqaH &;rSmvnf; wif;rmr_ay:ayguv f ma=umif; ar&D
u,fv[ef okH;oyfxm;wmudk igeJ@rwligh&efol tydkif; 15 rSm wifjyvkdufygw,f?
vGwv f yfa&; &csed u f p+y;D &efuek pf pf¶;Hk eJ@ e,fuwyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;jy\em
&Scd yhJ gw,f? ppf¶;Hk ud}k u;D pd;k wJh u&ife@J t*Fvyd v f ufyg;ap Armt&m&Sad wG[m a&›w S ef;udk tul
tnDray;bl;vdk@ wyfr–;awGu,lqovdk ppf¶kH;uvnf; wyfr–;awG[m ppf¶kH;trdef@udk remcH
bl;vdk@ ,lqygw,f? wyfr–;awG bmvkyfaew,fqdkwmudk &efukefppf¶kH;urodbl;vdk@ +Adwdo#
ppfrpf&iS &f @J 1948 *|ev f tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f? wyfr;– awG[m a'ocHajymufusm;
t&yfom;eJ@vufw+GJ y;D tqifajyovkv d yk =f uwmrsm;ygw,f? a'ocHajymufusm;&J@vkyyf idk cf iG ehf @J
wyfrawmf&J@vkyfydkifcGifhudk cJGjcm;owfrSwf+yD; em;vnfr_eJ@yl;wGJvkyfudkif=uwmjzpfvkd@ ppf¶kH;&J@
twnfðycsuf r,lygb;l ?
1949 u&ifawmfveS af &;jzpfygG ;vk@d u&ifO;D pD;t&m&Su d zkd ,f&mS ;vku
d w f t hJ cgrmS ppf¶;Hk
[m Armt&m&SdvufxJ a&mufvmygw,f? 'DtcgrSm wyfr–;awG udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeJ@ olykef
ESrd ef if;a&;vkyw f mudk ppf¶;Hk ucGiðhf yygw,f? jzpfovdv k pl +k y;D ppfwu dk w f mudk ppf¶;Hk u apmif=h unfzh @kd
rvG,yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh ud, k ehf nf;uk, d [ hf efe@J vGwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd af ewm[m wyfrawmfz@JG pnf;ykeH @J
r[mAsL[mudk tm;enf;apw,fv@dk ppf¶;Hk ujrifygw,f? ppf¶;Hk u qufpyf n‡Ed id_ ;f ay;wmrsK;d r&S&d if
avhusiahf &;/ pnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a&;/ ppfom;pk aqmif;a&;/ ppfqifa&; pwmawGukd pepfwus
rvkyEf idk yf gb;l ?
uk, d ehf nf;ud,k f[ h efe@J wku d cf u dk af ewJph pfAvkd af wG[m ppfqif&me,fajrrSmawG@&wJh
armfawmfum;eJ@ tjcm;tzk;d wefypPn;f awGukd ykid &f iS rf v hJ o kd abmxm;+y;D odr;f ,l=ua=umif;/ wcsK› d
uvnf; bde;f arSmifcedk @J aygi;f +y;D pD; yGg;&Sm=ua=umif;/ wcsK› u d vnf; pD;yGg;a&;vky&f mrSm ppfum;udk
okH;a=umif; Akdvfr–;bokdufa&;wJh “pnf;urf;ta&;}uD;yk H” pmwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;ygw,fwJh?
olyek Ef rdS ef if;a&;udOk ;D pm;ay;+y;D tv#it f jrefppfom;pkaqmif;wma=umifh tusiyhf suf *sy;kd olc;kd awG
wyfrawmfxaJ &mufvma=umif; 1950 *sLvdik f 18 &ufae@pJyG g ppf¶;Hk txl;trde@f rSm azmfjyxm;yg
w,f? 'gayrJh a'ocHjynfo@l ppfe@J wyfrawmf vufww JG u dk cf u
dk w f ma=umifh 1950 aESmif;ydik ;f rSm
ykeu f efrt _ &Sed af ovmwJt h wGuf 1951 ESpv f ,frmS taxGaxGa¶G;aumufyu GJ si;f yEkid w
f t
hJ xd
e,fajrtrsm;tjym; tpdk;&vufatmuf jyefa&mufoGm;ygw,f?
vufeufuikd yf ek u f efr_ tm;enf;vm+y;D t&S ed af ooGm;&wm[m tpd;k &ppfwyf awmf
vGef;vdk@ tm;aumif;vkd@r[kwfbJ olykefbufu nHhzsif;vGef;vdk@om jzpfzG,f&Sdw,fvkd@ ar&D
u,fv[efu okH;oyfxm;ygw,f? wyfrawmfrSm ppfom;OD;a&wkd;yGg;vmayr,fh wkduf&nf
cdu
k &f nf wk;d wufvmwmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'ga=umifh ppfqifrp_ rG ;f &nf rwk;d wufwu hJ pd eP @J ywfouf+y;D
wyfrawmft&m&Sdydkif;rSm tjrifESpfrsKd;&Sdvmw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? &efukefppfOD;pD;¶kH;eJ@ wyfr–;awG
t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJwmudk t"duta=umif;&if;tjzpf ,lqwm[m yxrtjrifjzpfyg
w,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppftm%mykid w f @dk t=um;wm0ef0wW&m;rjywfom;wmudk ta=umif;
&if;vd@k ,lqwm[m 'kw, d tjrifygy?J
1948 u 1951 rwfvtxdjzpfwJh okH;ESpfausmfumvrSm wyf&if;8 &if;u 26
&if;txd ppftiftm; ok;H qausmw f ;dk yGg;vmwma=umifh ppfwyftok;H p&dwv f nf; t}u;D tus,f
wk;d yGg;vmygw,f? 1951 ppfwyftok;H p&dw[ f m tpd;k &tok;H p&dw&f @J 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jzpfaeyg+y?D
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ pnf;urf;ysufwJhjy\emudk wyfrawmf&ifqdkifae&ygw,f? 'Dvdktajctae
a=umifh zqyveJ@ qd&k , S v f pfygwaD cgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u ppfwyfuókd u;udik zf @dk óu;pm;vmygw,fw?hJ
&efuek pf pf¶;Hk uvnf; wyfr;– awGuckd sKyu f ikd Ef ikd af tmifóu;yrf;vmygw,f?
ppfra_ &;&meJ@ywfouf+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;rSm wif;rmr_
&Sv d mw,fv@kd ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'k-Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u 1950 *seef 0g&D 20 &ufae@ ppf¶;Hk rSm
usi;f ywJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS pwifajymqdyk gw,f? ppfAv kd &f mxl;wd;k jri‡ w
hf u hJ pd rP mS 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek
0if¶y_ v f @dk jy\emay:&yk u H kd Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ Adv k cf if!w kd @kd uajymjyygw,fw?hJ
u&ifoyl ek x f +y;D r=umrD OD;Eku ucsipf pfAv kd w f OD;udk Akv d rf ;– csKyf &mxl;wk;d jri‡ ahf y;vdu k wf u hJ pd rP mS
0g&ifAh rmt&m&St d odik ;f t0dik ;f u rausreyfjzpf=uwmygy?J ppfra_ &;&mrSm t&yfom; Ekid if aH &;
orm; 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufwu hJ pd u P kd Akv
d rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmuvnf; rausreyfjzpfygw,fw?hJ wESpf
twGi;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&r,fqw kd thJ pDtpOf[m ppfwyfurkd wkid yf ifbv J yk w f hJ t&yfom;tpd;k &&J@
pDru H ed ;f omjzpfv@dk ratmifjrifEidk af =umif; Adv k rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zm a0zefwmudk 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcH
rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyygw,f?
wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGt=um; wif;rmr_&w dS mudv k nf; 1950 wyfr;– nDvmcHrmS
aqG;aEG;ygw,f? u&ifppfAv kd af wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&mS ;vku d af yr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk udk a0zef
aewkef;ygyJ? wyf&if; 10 &if;udk ulnDaxmufyHhzdk@&nf¶G,f+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhppf¶kH;u wyf&if;
26 &if;udk axmufual e&wmrk@d rEdik rf eif;jzpf+y;D tqifrajywmawG&adS ea=umif; Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;
u &Si;f jyygw,fw?hJ wyfr;– eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&St d =um; wif;rmr_/ t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmif
ydik ;f t=um; wif;rmr_ pwmawG &Sad ewma=umif w h yfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyzf @kd 1952 wyfr;– nDvmcH
rSm aqG;aEG;=uayr,fh wyfr;– awG[m ppf¶;Hk ud&k efvyk af ewke;f rd@k wyfr;– eJ@OD;pD;t&m&S[ d m toGif
rwlwJ v h w l ef;pm;ESp&f yfjzpfvmw,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh wyfwiG ;f wif;rmr_[m t&yfom;-
ppfom;wif;rmr_avmuf vlodrrsm;ygbl;?
1950 aESmif;ydkif;rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf Adkvfae0if;E_wfxGufoGm;wmrdk@
ynmwwfqdk&S,fvpf wOD;jzpfol OD;0if; umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmygw,f? ppfaoemywd&J@
vkyyf idk cf iG u hf kd csKyu
f ikd u
f ef@owfz@kd OD;0if;u óu;yrf;ygw,f? wyfrawmf&J @ppftiftm;udk wefjyefEikd f
zdk@twGuf &JwyfzGJ@tiftm;wdk;cs›Jzdk@eJ@ ppfaumfrwDzGJ@+yD; Akdvfae0if;udkukdifwG,fzdk@ OD;0if;u
óu;pm;a=umif; od&Sd&ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;0if;ae&mudkqufcHwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;OD;AaqG[m
OD;0if;vdk wufºuwmr[kwfvd k@ ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;[m vkyfykdifcGifhydk&Sdvmayr,fh t&yfom;
tpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f t=um;u wif;rmr_uawmh &Sad eqJyv J @dk ar&Du,fv[efu qkd
ygw,f?
a&›tS ygwf tydik ;f 16 rSm autrfww D ¶kwjf zLwyf usL;ausm0f ifa&mufv@dk &efoo l pf
ay:vmyku H kd wifjyygr,f?
tydik ;f (16)

uGejf rLepfe@J wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &; tenf;i,ft&Sed af ovmvk@d zqyvtpd;k & touf¶LS
acsmifp ðycsed rf mS KMT w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufre_ @J ñuaH wG@&ygw,f? jynfwiG ;f ykeu f efru _ kd
&ifqikd wf ek ;f u tpd;k &wyf[m a'ocHvufeufuikd t f yk pf ek @J em;vnfr, _ +l y;D yl;wGaJ qmif¶u G Ef idk cf hJ
ayr,fh tiftm;}uD;rm;wJh KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfudk &ifqdkifwJhtcgrSmawmh 'Denf;udkokH;vdk@ r&
awmhygb;l ? wyfrawmf&@J &efoo l pfay:ayguv f mykH “ar&Du,fv[ef” ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J
rwligh&efol tydkif; 16 rSm wifjyygr,f? wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;udkaqG;aEG;wJh 1952 wyfr–;rsm;
nDvmcHusi;f ycsed rf mS KMTw¶kwjf zLwyfom; waomif;ausmf jrefrmjynfxaJ &mufaeyg+y?D
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG usL;ausmv f mwmeJ@ 'k-Adv k rf ;– }u;D armifarmif ppf¶;Hk udk jyef
a&mufvmwm[m wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;rSm t"duuswJhtcsuf 2 csufjzpfw,fvdk@ ar&D
u,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? u&ifoyl ek u f 2 ESpcf zJG rf;qD;xm;wJh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m pdwrf ygh
wyge@J wyfxjJ yefvmoljzpfygw,fw?hJ u&ifoyl ek &f @J tusO;f om; Adv k rf ;– armifarmifukd c&pf,mef
uufovpfbkef;}uD;wyg;u orRmusrf;pmtkyfawG r=umc%vmay;ygw,f? tvif;a&mif
ppfqifa&;a=umifh 1951 =o*kwv f 21 &ufae@rSm vGwaf jrmufvmawmh Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
uufovpfbmom0if jzpfaeyg+yD? uufovpfbkef;}uD;vkyfzdk@ pdwful;ayr,fh tcsdef,l+yD;
wjznf;jznf;vkyzf @kd bk&m;ausmif;ut}uaH y;xm;wke;f wyfxjJ yef0ifz@kd a&mif;&if;rdwaf qGawGu
qGJaqmifwma=umifh Adkvfr–;armifarmif[m pdwfryghwygeJ@ ppf¶kH;udk jyefa&mufvmwm jzpfyg
w,fw?hJ
uk,d ehf nf;uk,
d [
hf efe@J jzpfovdk jynfwiG ;f ppfuw dk udk cf u
dk cf whJ w hJ yfrawmfukd A[dck sKyu f idk f
r_e@J tkycf sKyw f hJ acwfrD t+rw J rf;wyfrawmftjzpf toGiaf jymif;&mrSm Adv k rf ;– armifarmif[m
t"duusw,fvdk@ tJ'DacwfudkrDvdkuf wJh ppfAkdvftrsm;pku ajymygw,fwJh? wyfrawmf
tm;aumif;vmatmif ðyjyifajymif;vJ&if; Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k wyfxrJ mS =oZm&Sd
vmwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGom a&mufrvmbl;qd&k ifawmh OD;pD;t&m&S&d @J
tpDtpOfukd wyfr;– awGu tvG,w f ulvufcrH ,fr[kwb f ;l vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrifygw,f?
w¶kwjf ynfwiG ;f ppfrmS ppf¶;H_ wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyf&if;tcsK› d rdom;pkawGe@J twl 1950 rSm
&Sr;f jynfxJ usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmygw,f? 1951 a&mufawmh KMT wyfawGukd tar&duef
av,mOf/ vufeufeJ@ &duQm axmufyHhaeyg+yD? 1952 rSm KMT tiftm; waomif; ESpaf xmif
avmuf &Sad e+y;D 1953 a&mufawmh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f u rdik ;f qyf[m av,mOfqif;Edik w f hJ
KMT pcef; jzpfaeyg+yD?
AkdvfcsKyf}uD;vDrDacgif;aqmifwJh KMT wyfawG[m tar&duef CIA tultnDeJ@
,leefe,fudkjyefodrf;Edkifzdk@ óu;pm;ygw,f? 1951 rSm ESpf}udrf xdk;ppfqifayr,fh t}uD;tus,f
wyfvefvmwJt h wGuf jrefrmjynfrmS a& &Snpf cef;csz@kd pDpOfygawmhw,f? bde;f vkyif ef;eJ@ &HyaHk iG&mS
+y;D e,fpyfuo kd rd ;f oGi;f wma=umifh usKid ;f wk/H ud;k uef@eJ@ xdik ;f e,fpyfa'o[m KMT vufatmufcH
jzpfvmygw,f? e,fpyfa'orSm vrf;azmuf wHwm;aqmuf+y;D tpd;k &ozG,}f u;D pd;k wJt h jyif Arm
tpd;k &udðk zwfcsz@kd vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu a'ocHawGukd ajrm‡ ufay;ygao;w,f? KNDO u&if
jynfo@l ppfe@J vnf; KMT w¶kwjf zLu r[mrdwzf @JG ygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ektpd;k &eJ@ ppfacgi;f aqmifawG
t}uD;tus,f pd k;&drfaewmu KMT w¶kwfjzLr[kwfbJ uGefjrLepf w¶kwfeDjzpfygw,f? KMT
tºuif;tuseu f kd acsre_ ;f zd@k &nf¶, G +f y;D w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfwyfawG tvk;H t&if;eJ@0ifa&mufvm+y;D
wjynfv;Hk udo k rd ;f oGm;rSmudk awG;a=umufaewmygy?J ud&k ;D ,m;u|e;f pG,rf mS vnf; w¶kwu f eG jf rL
epfe@J tar&duef ppfjzpfae+yrD @kd jrefrm-w¶kwef ,fpyfrmS tar&duefu 'kw, d ppfrsuEf mS zGihf
rSmudkvnf; pdk;&drf=uygw,f?
a&mifpo Hk yl ek ef @J KMT w¶kwfjzLwyfawG pcef;cs&m &Srf;jynfudk 1950 ESpfv,frSm
rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; a=unmwJt h wGuf wyfrawmft&m&S[ d m a'oEœ&tkycf sKyaf &;udyk g
wm0ef,lvm&ygw,f? jynfrrSm olykefESdrfeif;a&;vkyfwkef;u a'ocH Armjynfol@ppfeJ@ yl;wJG
vkyu f ikd cf w
hJ hJ wyfrawmft&m&Sad wG[m &Sr;f jynfrmS awmh a'ocHe@J vufwzGJ @kd aeaeomom &Sr;f
pum;awmif ajymwwfwmr[kwyf gb;l ? a'ocHukd pmemaxmufxm;jcif;r&Sw d t hJ wGuf &Sr;f jynf
rSm rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; 2 ESpu f sio hf ;Hk pOf umv wyfrawmf[m tawmfav; emrnfysuf
oGm;ygw,f? jynfrrSm uGefjrLepf/ KNDO/ u&ifjynfo@l ppfe@J tjcm;a&mifpo Hk yl ek uf kd wdu k cf ukd f
aeqJjzpfwhJ wyfrawmf[m &Sr;f jynfrmS vnf; rm&S,af vmppftyk cf sKyaf &; usio hf ;Hk aewJt h wGuf
rEdik rf eif;jzpfawmhr,ft h ajctaeudk &ifqidk af e&ygw,f? ppftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT ykrH eS w f yf
udk wku d &f wm[m jynfwiG ;f olyek u f kd wku d &f wmxuf yd+k y;D cufcyJ gw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG z@kd ('grrS [kwv f nf;) vufeufcsz@kd OD;Ek
tpd;k &u&mZoHay;wmudk vk;H 0*¶krpdu k w f ma=umifh wyfrawmfe@J KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG r=um
c% wdu k yf jGJ zpfygw,f? wyfrawmfu t}u;D tus,pf pfjyifqif+y;D w¶kwef *g;udk owfypfr,f
qdkwJh &nf¶G,fcsufeJ@ 1953 azazmf0g&DvrSm e*g;Edkifppfqifa&;udk qifEJ$ygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vufeuftiftm;aumif;wJh KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfu e*g;Edik pf pfqifa&;udk wygwt f wGi;f acsre_ ;f
ypfvu dk v f @kd e*g;¶_;H ppfqifa&;jzpfomG ;a=umif; yg0ifwu kd cf udk cf o hJ al wGuakd r;jref;+y;D ar&Du,fv[ef
u a&;xm;ygw,f?
KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawG jrefrmjynfuxGuc f gG a&;twGuf jrefrm/ tar&duef/ xkid ;f eJ@
xdik 0f rfyg0ifwhJ av;Edik if aH qG;aEG;yGJ 1953 arv 22 &ufae@ befaumufrmS usi;f yEdik v f @kd 1953
ESpfukefykdif;rSm KMT wyfom; 2000 pwifxGufcGg+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm 7000 xGufcGga=umif;
wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 1954 a&mufawmh KMT w¶kwjf zL tiftm;
[m wyfr 3 ckavmufjzpfaewJt h wGuf ppfqifa&;awGvyk af wmhrS 1955 rSm rdik ;f qyfe@J xkid ;f -
jrefrme,fpyfu KMT pcef;awGukd odr;f yku
d Ef ikd w
f t
hJ wGuf KMT wyfom;trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynf
u xGufcGg=uwmyg? 'Dppfqifa&;awGudk Akdvfr–;csKyfausmfaZmacgif;aqmifa=umif; vlwdkif;vdk
vdk od=uayr,fh wyfrawmfordik ;f pwkww ˆ rGJ mS awmh Advk rf ;– csKyaf usmaf Zmtrnfudk xdrcf sed x
f m;
wm awG@&ygw,f? a&›tS ygwf tydik ;f 17 rSm &efoo l pfa=umifjh zpfay:vmwJh wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;
ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (17)

jynfwiG ;f ppfu&kd ifqidk af e&wJw h yfrawmf[m KMT w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf u _ &kd ifqidk &f wJt h cgrmS
acwfrDppfqifa&;vkyf+yD; wkdif;jynfudkumuG,fEkdifwJhwyfrawmftjzpf toGifajymif;Ekdifatmif
óu;yrf;vmyku H kd ar&Du,fv[efa&;om;xm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 17 rSmwifjyygr,f?
&efoo l pfawG@wJt h cgrmS wcgrrS &Sb d ;l ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine vnf;
&Sv d mygw,f? KMT w¶kwjf zLwyfawGukd wpcsi;f wenfeh nfw h udk af evd@k atmifjrifrmS r[kwf
a=umif; odomxif&mS ; vmwJt h cgrmS Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;[m ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &; OD;pD;XmezG@J pnf;+y;D
Advk rf ;– atmif}u;D udk OD;aqmifapw,fv@dk qdyk gw,f? edp"P 0l tkycf sKyaf &;udpu P dk vkyaf qmifae&
wJhppf¶kH;[m a&&Snf r[mAsL[mcsrSwfwmrsKd;rvkyfEkdifvdk@ pdwfysuf&a=umif;/ jynfy&efudk
umuG,Ef idk zf @kd ta&;}u;D a=umif; 1951 =o*kwv f 28 ae@pJyG g ppfprD cH ef@cJaG &;OD;pD;XmerSww f rf;rSm
azmfjyxm;ygw,fw?hJ
Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;u!¸e=f um;w,fv@kd =o*kwv f rSwwf rf;rSmazmfjyayr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS
Adkvfae0if; cGifh,lxm;ygw,fwJh? Akdvfae0if;[m rdef;rudpPeJ@ Asmrsm;ae&wJhtcsdefygyJ? 'DudpPeJ@
ywfouf+y;D tjrifEpS rf sK;d &Sad eygw,f? ppf¶;Hk ut*Fvyd t f &m&Sad wGukd Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u v$wx f m;
vGef;wJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpftrmcHtkyfpku ppfpDrHcef@cGJa&;OD;pD;XmeudkzGJ@pnf;wmvdk@ Adkvf
armifarmifuajymygw,fw?hJ Akv d af tmif}u;D uawmh Adv k af e0if;&J@tm%mudk csKycf s,u f ef@owfz@kd
&nf¶, G +f y;D ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;Xmeudk umuG,af &;0ef}u;D OD;0if;u wnfaxmifwmvd@k ajym
ygw,fw?hJ
1951 =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@rSm u&ifolykefvufatmufvvGwfajrmufvmwJh
Adv
k af rmifarmif[m vukeyf idk ;f rSm ppf¶;Hk udjk yefomG ;awmh ppfprD cH ef@cGaJ &;OD;pD;XmezJ@G pnf;xm;wm
av;&ufom&Sdao;wmrdk@ prf;w0g;0g; pmzwfaewJhtqifhyJ &Sdygao;w,f? wyfrawmfrSm r&Sd
ao;wJh ppfoabmw&m; military doctrine udk yxrqkH;xkwfazmf+yD; vkyfief;p&r,fvdk@
Adv
k af rmifarmifu t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ &eforl owfrw S Ef idk bf J ppfwyfw;kd csaJ› &;/ jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;
eJ@ wyfjzef@a&;qkid &f mr[mAsL[mudk csrw S Ef idk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? &efo[ l m w¶kwf
uGefjrLepf jzpfw,fvdk@ Akdvfarmifarmifu wifjy+yD; w¶kwfusL;ausmfwmudk e,fpyfrSm okH;v
ckcEH ikd af tmif tiftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfuw kd nfaqmufz@dk t}uaH y;ygw,f? ok;H vtwGi;f rSm ukv
or*~ tultnD&Ekdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhwmygyJ?
'Dvt kd iftm;&Sw d w
hJ yfrawmfukd wnfaqmufEikd zf kd @twGuf tpd;k &tok;H p&dwf 40
&mckid Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyfu&,lz@kd vdak =umif; Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfrmS
pD;yGg;a&;txdik u f sz@kd q,fEpS af vmufvyk &f rSmrd@k Armtpd;k &[m q,fEpS t f wGi;f wkid ;f jynfp;D yGg;
a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&r,fvdk@ qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifydkif;u ,kH=unfa=umif; Adkvf
armifarmif u ajymygw,fwJh? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekuawmh w¶kwfuGefjrLepftygt0ifvlwdkif;eJ@
csp=f unf&if;ES;D atmifvyk Ef idk w f ,fv@kd ,k=H unf+y;D ppfwyfw;kd cszJ› @kd twGuf aiGuek rf cHcsib f ;l vd@k qdk
ygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfawG[m OD;Ek&@J csp=f unfa&;vrf;pOfukd vufcEH ikd af yr,fh ppftiftm; aumif;
zd@k ta&;}u;D w,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
wyfrawmfwkd;cs›JzJG@pnf;a&;tpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm Akdvfae0if;/
Advk af rmifarmife@J Adv k af tmif}u;D wd@k [m olw@kd vdv k m;wJph pfAv kd af wGuakd e&may;+y;D olw@kd r,kH
ouFmjzpfwJht&m&SdawGudk ppf¶kH;uz,f&Sm;EkdifcJhygw,f? Oyrm t*Fvdyf-jrefrmujym; Adkvfr–;
}u;D vSatmife@J t*Fvyd pf pfwyfuvmwJh Adv k rf ;– Audv k kd t&m&Sad wGukd ppf¶;Hk uz,f&S m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
a&wyfe@J avwyfrmS vnf; PBF wjzpfvJ ArmppfAv dk af wGuakd e&may;zd@k t}ut H zefvyk yf gw,f?
xdyw f ef;a&wyft&m&St d rsm;pk[m t*Fvyd af &wyf rSmtr_xrf;bl;wJh t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;awG
jzpfygw,f? avwyfrmS vnf;t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ujym;&Sad yr,fh a&wyfavmufawmh rrsm;ygb;l ?
'Dujym;t&m&Sad wGud k t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @dk =unf;wyfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u,lq+y;D
r,ko H uFmjzpfae=uygw,f? a&wyf[m =unf;wyfe@J yl;wJpG pfqifro S m tok;H 0ifwhJ wyfz@JG jzpfwmrd@k
t*Fvyd t f vdak wmf&v d @kd rouFmolux kd w
k yf pfz@kd Adv k af e0if;uqk;H jzwfa=umif; t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u f
a&wyft&m&Sd&J@ 1950 rwfv 24 &ufae@pJGygtpD&ifcHpmrSm azmfjyygw,f? a&wyfAkdvfr–;
cifaz=unfe@J Akv d rf ;– cifarmifbu kd dk }uzH efta=umif;jy xkwyf pf+y;D Adv k af e0if;vdvk m;wJh Akvd rf ;–
oef;azudk a&wyft}u;D tuJtjzpf cef@tyfygw,f? t*Fvyd af cwfrmS a&wyfx0J if+y;D t*Fvyd f
eJ@twl tdE, dN udv k u dk o f mG ;ol a&wyft&m&St d m;vk;H tvkyðf ywfuek af =umif; 1952 pufwifbm
28 &ufxkwf ae&Sif;owif;pm t,f'DwmhtmabmfrSm a&;xm;ygw,fwJh?
avwyfrmS awmh a&wyfrmS vkd }uzH efxw k yf pfwmrsK;d rvkyaf yr,fh taotaysmuf
&Sdwmrdk@ t*Fvdyfacwfu av,mOfr–;awG Zmwfodrf;ukefygw,f? avwyf t}uD;tuJ u&if
Adkvfr–;&SD;¶_d; [m 1949 *sefe0g&DrSm u&ifawmfvSefa&;puwnf;u ykef;atmif;aewJhtwGuf
ol@ae&mudk vlpm;xk;d zd@k vG,u f o
l mG ;ygw,f? ol@ae&mqufco H l avwyft&m&Sd Selwyn Khin
[m usKid ;f wkrH mS av,mOfysuu f saoqk;H vdk a&S;vufa[mif;awG ed*;Hk csKyu f ek yf gw,f?
wyfrawmfw;dk cszJ› @JG pnf;vk@d ppfom;rsm;vmayr,fh t&m&Sd rvkaH vmufwjhJ y\em
&Sad ewmrk@d &S+d y;D om;t&m&Su d akd wmif oifwef;ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 1952 rSm OTS Akdvfoifwef;
rwufao;&wJh t&m&Sd 600 ausm&f ydS gw,f? wyfrawmfukd ajymufusm;ppfomrubJ Ekid if jH cm;
ppfwyfudkckcHEdkifzdk@jyifqif&mrSm avhusifha&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm Akdvfoifwef;
wufwOhJ ;D a&udk wk;d jri‡ Ehf ikd af yr,fh Ekid if jH cm;udk ppfynmoifvw $ &f mrSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS ef @J jy\em
ay:&ygw,f? wyfrawmfuar#mfrSef;ovdk oifwef;wufcGifhr&ygbl;? 1953 rSm t&m&Sd 43 OD;
eJ@ wyfom; 68 OD;udk tar&duefuakd pv$wzf @dk pDpOfayr,fh wOD;om oGm;cGi&hf ygw,f? 'DppfAv dk f
uawmh Fort Leavenworth ppfOD;pD;wuUokdvfrSm ynmoifcGifh&wJh Adkvfr–;aomif;xkdufyJ
jzpfygw,f?
t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS [ f m u&ifoyl ek b f ufuyif;+y;D wyfrawmfvufeufypPn;f 0,f,rl u _ kd
[ef@wm;w,fv@kd Armt&m&Sad wGbufu a0zefpyG pf aGJ ewm ok;H ESpaf vmuf&ydS g+y?D Ekid if jH cm; ppf
oifwef;wufzdk@udpPrSm ppfOD;pD;¶kH;u vdkcsifovdk t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifupDpOfray;EdkifwJhtcg
qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwJt h wGuf 1954 ESpq f ef;rSm t*Fvyd pf pfrpf&iS u
f kd ¶kyo
f rd ;f vdu
k &f ygw,f?
'DumvrSmyJ DSI pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;udk Adv k af tmif}u;D uOD;aqmif+y;D aiG&mS vmwJt h wGuf pD;yGg;a&;/
Ekid if aH &;eJ@ vlra_ &;e,fy,frmS yg ppfAv kd af wG =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygawmhw,f? a&›t S ygwf
tydik ;f 18 rSm Ekid if jH cm;ykpH u H akd vhvm+y;D wyfrawmfðyjyifa&;vkyyf u Hk dk wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (18)

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrD ®yuJGysufpD;cgeD;jzpfoGm;wJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1951 up+yD; jyefvnf


wnfaqmufz@kd óu;yrf;wmrd@k &SpEf pS t f wGi;f wyfrawmf[m bufaygi;f pkH wk;d wufajymif;vJvm
a=umif; ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 18 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f?
avhusifha&;/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;/ axmufvSrf;a&;/ wefjyefaxmufvSrf;a&;/ olykefESdrfeif;a&;/
txl;wyfzGJ@/ tif*sifeD,mwyfzGJ@/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; pwmawG 'DumvrSmay:aygufvma=umif;
wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wdu k u
f &ufprGJ ygwhJ “wyfrawmftyk cf sKyaf &;ordik ;f twGJ (2)” rSm azmfjy
xm;w,fw?hJ
Edik if jH cm;ppfwyfuakd vhvm+y;D Edik if jH cm;vufeufypPn;f eJ@ Armhwyfrawmfukd wd;k cszJ› @GJ pnf;
wmjzpfygw,f? 1951 rwd ik rf u D awmh t*Fvyd u f o
kd m tm;ud;k ygw,f? wyfrawmf&@J t}uaH y;
tzJG@jzpfwJh t*Fvdyfppfrpf&SifuyJ EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;udpPudk pDpOfygw,f? 'gayrJh KMT
w¶kwjf zL usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwmudk ukvor*~u ta&;r,lwt hJ wGuf 1952 up+y;D t*Fvyd f
udk tm;rud;k awmhbJ tjcm;Ekid if aH wGukd wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzJ@G apv$wyf gw,f? "eo[m,
EkdifiHawGudkavhvm¶kHwifruawmhbJ jyifopf/ tpPa&;/ Yugoslavia/ taemuf*smr%DeJ@
uGejf rLepfw¶kwjf ynfuydk g wyfrawmfavhvma&;rpf&iS af wG apv$wyf gw,f? aemufawmh t*Fvef
u Sandhurst/ tar&duefu West Point/ tdENd,u Dehra Dun eJ@ Yugoslavia udk
twk,+l y;D ppfwuUov dk ef @J wyfrawmfarmfueG ;f wku d uf kd wnfaqmufwmjzpfygw,fw?hJ
1951 u 1958 txdjzpfwhJ &SpEf pS u f mvrSm wyfrawmfavhvma&;tzG@J awG 15
}urd x f ufrenf; Ekid if jH cm;udo k mG ;a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? Edik if jH cm;avhvma&;c&D;uxGuaf y:vmwJh
tusK;d oufa&mufr_ 2 ckukd ar&Du,fv[efu azmjyf ygw,f? yxru wkid ;f jynfe@J wyfrawmfukd
ukd,fpm;ðy+yD; EdkifiHjcm;eJ@qufqH&wJhppfAdkvfawG[m rdrdwdk@&J@ta&;ygt&ma&mufr_udk ydkrdk
em;vnfvmwmjzpfygw,f? Oyrm 1952 tdENd,/ ygupPwef avhvma&;c&D;tpD&ifcHpmrSm
Armhwyfrawmf&@J t&nftaoG;udk E_id ;f ,SOo f ;Hk oyfxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN ppfwyf[m vGwv f yfa&;
&+y;D wmawmif t*Fvyd yf pHk cH scw hJ t
hJ wkid ;f ckid ;f wmvkyw f hJ ppfrx _ rf;wyfjzpfae+y;D ppfaoG;ppfrmef
uif;rJah =umif;a0zefxm;ygw,f? tdE, dN eJ@ t*Fvyd pf pfwyf&@J ykaH oppfrx _ rf;pdw"f gwu f kd pGe@f ypf
EdkifwJh ygupPweft&m&Sdi,fawGudkawmh Armppfrpf&SiftzGJ@u csD;usL;xm;ygw,f?
'kw, d tcsuu f awmh Armhwyfrawmfe@J oifah wmfr,fu h pd aP wGukd Ekid if jH cm;u wifoiG ;f
Ekid w f myJjzpfygw,f? tJ'aD cwfu Yugoslavia Ekid if u H kd oabmus=uygw,f? 1955 avhvma&;
tpD&ifcpH mrSm Yugoslavia Edik if eH @J jrefrmjynf toGiw f yl u
Hk kd ok;H oyfxm;ygw,f? ppfvufeuf
ypPn;f xkwv f yk w f hJ Ekid if jH cm;ukr% ` aD wGuvnf; wyfrawmfavhvma&;c&D;twGuf p&dwcf yH gw,f?
Edik if jH cm;t,ltqeJ@ Ekid if jH cm;ypPn;f udo k ;Hk +y;D Armhwyfrawmfukd csx J› iG wf mygy?J tar&duef OD;aqmif
wJh t&if;&Si'f rD u dk a&pDtyk pf ek @J qkAd , D ufO;D aqmifwhJ uGejf rLepftyk pf k qufqaH &;wif;rm+y;D
ppfat;wku d yf GJ jyif;xefaewJt h wGuf ppfwyfuOkd ;D pm;ay;+y;D pnf;¶k;H aewJt h csed t
f cgygy?J wwd,
urBmppfjzpf&if uGejf rLepfukd 0kid ;f wdu k yf grh vm;qdw k m ra&&m raocsmwJu h mvrd@k Ekid if }H u;D awG
[m EkdifiHi,fav;awGudk pnf;¶kH;a&;qif;aewJhtcsdeftcgjzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk pnf;¶kH;
odr;f oGi;f &mrSm tar&duef[m t&yfom;0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J E_id ;f pm&if Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;udk yd+k y;D rsuEf mS
omay;wm awG@&ygw,fw?hJ
Edik if jH cm;u&wJh t,ltqawGukd wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHrmS aqG;aEG;=uwmrd@k wyfrawmf
nDvmcH[m ppfwyfðyjyifajymif;vJa&;omrubJ Ekid if aH wmftpd;k & ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udyk g aqG;aEG;
&mae&m jzpfvmygw,f? ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkycf sKyaf &; pwJh wkid ;f jynfa&;&m tjzmjzmudk
aqG;aEG;wJh wyfr;– rsm;nDvmcHukd wESprf mS ok;H -av;&ufom usi;f yygw,f? nDvmcHusi;f ywke;f
0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eke@J tjcm;0ef}u;D awGu rde@f cGe;f ajym+y;D pnf;¶k;H a&;qif;wmrsK;d awG&cdS ahJ yr,fh 1955
up+y;D t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@ wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;ykpH H ajymif;vJvmygw,fw?hJ 0ef}u;D udk
ppfAv kd u
f a0zefwu kd cf u dk wf mrsK;d awG &Sv d mygw,f? wkid ;f jynfupd u P kd t&yfom;tpd;k &u aumif;
aumif;rvkyf&if ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&r,fvdk@ 'kppfOD;pD;csKyfAkdvfatmif}uD;u 0ef}uD;
OD;ausmf+idrf;udk a0zefwmrsKd;eJ@ ppfwyftokH;p&dwfenf;wmudk Adkvfae0if;u a0zefwmrsKd;awG
&Svd mygw,f?
&JtzG@J eJ@ Edik if aH &;orm;cg;ydu k af qmifwyfawGuv kd nf; wyfrawmfu a0zef¶w _ cf svm
ygw,f? tpPa&;eJ@ Yugoslavia udk twk,l+yD; &yf¶GmumuG,fa&;taysmfxrf;wyf zJG@pnf;zkd@
ppfwyfupDpOfwt hJ wGuf jyLapmxD;wyf ay:ayguv f m&ygw,f? olyek &f efuw kd eG ;f vSezf @kd ppfwyfrmS
tiftm;r&Sw d ek ;f uawmh zqyvtzJ@G u ppf0efxrf;wyfukd zJ@G pnf;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf
tm;aumif;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh ppf0efxrf;udk jyLapmxD;tjzpf jyefvnfzJG@pnf;vdkufwmygyJ ?
'DumvrSm wyfrawmfpw d "f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme =oZmt&Sed t f 0g }u;D rm;vmygw,f? uGejf rLepf
vlxGufawGudktokH;ðy+yD; wyfrawmfu,kH=unfwJh EkdifiHa&;0g'udk azmfxkwfwJhtcsdeftcgygyJ?
aemufyidk ;f ppftm%modr;f +y;D rqvygww D nfaxmifawmh pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;Xme&J@ a&;om;
csufawG ta&;ygvmygw,f?
ppfwyf=oZmtm%m }uD;xGm;vmwmudk 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif b0ifrus jzpf&
ygw,f? t&yfom;tpdk;&eJ@ ppfAdkvfawGt=um; qufqHa&;tqifrajyjzpfvm&wm[m
ta=umif;&if;ESpcf rk mS tajccHw,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? 1954 up+y;D zqyv
tzJG@xJrSm tuJGt+yJjzpfvmwm[m yxrta=umif;&if; jzpfygw,fwJh? tm%m& t&yfom;
EdkifiHa&;tzJG@ tm;enf;vmcsdefrSm wyfrawmfu pnf;vkH;odyfonf;+yD; tm;aumif;vmwmu
'kw, d ta=umif; jzpfygw,fw?hJ wenf;qk&d &ifawmh tm%m&Ekid if aH &;orm;tcsi;f csi;f roifh
rwifjh zpf+y;D tkypf zk @GJ wdu k cf u kd af evd@k Ekid if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf; tm;enf;vmcsed rf mS ppfAv kd af wG[m
EdkifiHjcm;t,ltqeJ@ vufeufypPnf;udk&,l+yD; wyfrawmfudk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmatmif
wnfaqmufEidk w f mrd@k wyfrawmfe@J zqyvtzJ@G csKy[ f m pif®yiftzJ@G tpnf;oabmrsK;d jzpfvm
w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f/ a&›Stygwf tydkif; 19 rSm 1958 ppftm%modrf;yJG jzpfyGg;&wJh ta=umif;
&if;awGukd wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (19)

ppfwyfutm%modr;f +y;D Akv


d cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k & 1958 rSmay:ayguyf Hk
ukd ar&Du,fv[efa&;wJ h ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 19 rSm wifjyvku
d yf gw,f? t&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@
ppfAvkd af wGt=um; qufqaH &;wif;rmwm[m ppftm%modr;f &wJh t"duta=umif; jzpfyg
w,f? 1958 {+yv D rSm tm%mzqyvtzG@J ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;+y;D OD;Ek/ ocifwifacgi;f aqmifwhJ
oef@&Si;f zqyvu Ekwiftpd;k &jzpfomG ;+y;D OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k
twdu k t f cH wnf+rzJ qyvjzpfomG ;ygw,f?
zqyvESpjf crf;uJw G uhJ pd [P m ppfwyfxt J xd *,uf¶u dk o f mG ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh aqG+ird ;f
tkypf ak xmufco H v l @kd rouFmwJph pfAv dk t f m;vk;H udk OD;Ekuðzwfypfv@dk rjzpfEidk yf gb;l ? ppfAv dk f trsm;
pku aqG+ird ;f tkypf u k o kd maxmufct H m;ay;a=umif; xif&mS ;vmwJt h cg Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &eJ@
ppfAv dk af wGt=um; qufqaH &;tajctae qk;d 0g;vmygw,f? wyfrawmf[m jynfo@l &efoel yH gwf
1 jzpfaea=umif; Ekwiftyk pf u k twdtvif;ajymqdv k mwmudk wyfr;– awGu rauseyf=uygb;l ?
wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ Ekwiftpd;k &[m uGejf rLepfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f udk tpd;k &tzG@J xJoiG ;f +y;D uGejf rLepf
wyfom;udak wmh wyfrawmfxo J iG ;f vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ aumvm[v xGuaf y:vmygw,f? vGw+f ird ;f
csr;f omcGi&hf xm;wJh olyek Of ;D a& av;aomif;ausmaf e+y;D Ekwiftyk pf u k kd axmufcrH ,fh tae
txm;rSm &Sad eygw,f? uGejf rLepfukd wyfxo J iG ;f r,fo h wif;/ jyLapmxD;jynfo@l ppftzG@J udk w0uf
av#myh pfz@dk 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek trde@f xkwx f m;wJu h pd eP @J wyfr;– awGvufatmufu UMP ppf&w J yf
awGudk jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Akdvfrif;acgifu &efukefud kac:,lwJhudpP pwmawG[m wyfrª;awGudk
tm;enf;atmifvyk +f y;D Ekwift&yfom;tpd;k &udk ppftiftm;aumif;atmifvyk o f vdk jzpfaew,f?
Ekwiftpd;k &&J@tðytrlukd wyfr;– awGupd;k &dryf yl efvmw,fv@kd 1958 tm%modr;f yJG
rSm yg0ifcJhwJh t&m&SdawGuajymygw,fwJh? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;Adkvfatmifa¶$/ Adkvf=unf0if;/
Adv k cf sp®f rif yg0ifwhJ v#K› 0d uS tf pnf;ta0;awG vkyw f t hJ wGuf 'DppfAv kd af wGukd ar&Du,fv[efu
awG@qkaH r;jref;zd@k óu;pm;ayr,fh tawG@rcHygb;l wJ?h bmawGaqG;aEG;w,fqw kd m twdtus rod&
ayr,fh Ekwiftpd;k &qef@usiaf &;eJ@ ppftm%modr;f zd@k aqG;aEG;zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? ordik ;f
q&mrawGjzpfwJ h a'guw f ma':jrif =h unfe@J a'guw f maemftif*svif;wk@d ðypkwhJ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;
'kw, d wJG pmrsuEf mS 109 rSmawmh Adv k af tmifa¶$/ Adv k =f unf0if;eJ@ Akv d cf sp®f rifw@kd u *syefu
jyefvmwJh Akv d af tmif}u;D udk tm%modr;f zd@k wku d w f eG ;f a=umif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
'Dt&m&Sad wG[m Adv k af rmifarmifuv kd nf; rauseyfcsuaf wGajymjy+y;D tm%modr;f
zd@k t}uðH ywmudk Akv d af rmifarmifu bmrSrajymbJ +ird af evd@k oabmwlw,fv@dk yJ wyfr;– awGbuf
u ,lqzG,&f ydS gw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh Akv d af rmifarmifuawmh wyfr;– awG&@J v_y&f mS ;r_ukd r[ef@wm;zk@d
Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;u trde@f ay;xm;w,fv@kd 1992 arv 6 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy
ygw,f? 'Dupd rP mS Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w dk @dk u wrsK;d ajymygw,f?
OD;Eku ppfwyftok;H p&d wfjzwf awmufwmeJ@ Ak'b < momudk Edik if aH wmfbmomvkyzf @kd
óu;pm;wmudk uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmifu rauseyfv@kd OD;Ektpd;k &udk ðzwfcscsif
wmvd@k Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@Adv k cf if!w kd @dk u 1992 arv 14 &ufae@u ar&Du,fv[efukd ajymjy
ygw,f? wyfr;ª awG&@J t}ut H pnfukd OD;Eka&m Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;yg &dyrf yd &Hk ygw,f? opfawmapmifh
wyfzJG@ UMP ppf&JeJ@ opPmcHjyLapmxD;awGudk Ekwiftpdk;&u &efukefudkac:xm;ygw,f?
1958 pufwifbm yxrywfrmS Adv k af tmif}u;D / Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d w f ifazwd@k udk
OD;Eku ac:,lawG@qk+H y;D olw@kd ok;H OD;eJ@ Adv k af e0if;udk 0ef}u;D cef@+y;D tm%mcGaJ 0um jy\emajz&Si;f zd@k
t}uðH yygw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh 0ef}u;D jzpfvmolukd vmbfx;dk cH&olv@kd wyfr;– awGu,lqawmhrmS rd@k
OD;Ek&J@ urf;vSrf;csufudk AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;u tawmfpdwfqdk;oGm;ygw,fwJh?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkeJ@awG@qkHyJG[m ppfOD;pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr–;awG&J@qufqHa&;udka&m/
t&yfom;-ppfom;qufqaH &;udyk g ajymif;vJomG ;apw,fv@dk Adv k af tmif}u;D eJ@ Akv d af rmifarmif
wd@k u ,lqw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awG&@J qufqaH &;tajctaeudk rodv@kd om
OD;Eku tckvdkurf;vSrf;vkdufwm jzpfykH&ygw,fwJh? AkdvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ b,favmuf&if;ESD;&if;ESD;
wyfxrJ mS b,favmuf=oZm&S&d dS wyfr;– awG róuufwJ t h vkyu f kd OD ;pD;t&m&Sd Akvd af tmif}u;D eJ@
Advk af rmifarmifw@dk u rvkyEf idk af =umif; jyovdu k w f mygy?J wyfr;– awG&@J vkt d ifqENukd tav;xm;
&wmrd@k OD;Ekay;wJh 0ef}u;D &mxl;wd@k &efuek t f ajcpku d f OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu vufrcH&w J mvd@k ar&D
u,fv[efu qkyd gw,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh &efuek Of ;D pD;t&m&Sad tmufrmS ppfom; tenf;
i,fom &Sd+yD; wyfr–;awGatmufrSm ppfom;trsm;tjym;&SdaewJ htcsufygyJ?
tJ'ga=umifh 0ef}u;D &mxl;vufc+H y;D t&yfom;Ekwiftpd;k &eJ@ tm%mcGaJ 0r,ft h pm;
wyfr–;awG&J@vkdtifqENtwdkif; ppftm%modrf;zdk@ pDpOf&ygawmhw,f? 'gayr,hf wyfr–;awG
tm%modr;f wmrsK;d rjzpfapbJ ppfO;D pD;Xmeutm%modr;f wmrsK;d jzpfatmif Adv k af rmifarmif
wdk@u zefwD;ygw,f? ppfOD;pD;vufatmufcHwyf&if;awGudk &efuefrSmae&m,lcdkif;+yD; tm%m
odrf;zdk@jyifqifygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&wJh&nf¶Gufcsufu wyfr–;awGOD;aqmif+yD;tm%modrf;rSmudk
[ef@wm;zd@k eJ@ Ekwiftyk pf v k ufatmufcH vufeufuikd t f zJ@G awG&@J &efukd umuG,zf @kd jzpfygw,fw?hJ
1958 pufwifbm 23 &ufae@rSm Akv d af rmifarmife@J Akv d af tmif}u;D OD;Ekuo kd mG ;awG@+y;D
wyfr;– awGtm%modr;f zd@k }upH nfaewmudk xde;f ae&a=umif; =um=umxde;f Edik rf mS r[kwaf =umif;
&Si;f jyygw,f? aemufwae@rSm Adv k af rmifarmif/ Akv d af tmif}u;D eJ@ OD;Ek&@J uk, d af &;twGi;f 0ef OD;tke;f
wd@k aqG;aEG;+y;D Edik if aH &;orm;rygwt hJ pd;k &ukzd @GJ +y;D Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;udk 0ef}u;D csKycf ef@zd@k oabmwl
=uygw,f? aemufawmh pufwifbm 26 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akdvfarmifarmif/ Akdvfatmif}uD;eJ@
Akv
d w f ifazudak c:,l+y;D Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &udk tm%mvJa$ y;zd@k oabm
wlvdkufa=umif;ar&Du,fv[efu a&;om;xm;ygw,f? a&›Stywf tydkif; 20 rSm Akdvfae0if;
acgi;f aqmifwhJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &ta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ
tydik ;f (20)

yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f +y;D 1958 rSmzG@J pnf;wJh tdraf pmift h pk;d &ta=umif; ige@J rwl ig&h efol
tykdif; 20 rSm 'Duae@wifjyygr,f?
w&m;r#wwJ ah ¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;zk@d qk+d y;D 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekvufxt J m%mukd Akv d cf sKyf
ae0if;vufxv J aJ$ jymif;ay;vku d w f m[m t&yfom;ppfom; ppfom;qufqaH &;eJ@OD;pD;t&m&Sd
wyfr–;qufqHa&;ukd ajyvnfoGm;apygw,fwJh/ wyfr–;awGtm%modrf;wmr[kwfyJ AkdvfcsKyf
ae0if;eJ@ OD;pD;t&m&Sd Akv d af rmifarmif Akv d af tmif}u;D Akv d w f ifazwk@d u tm%modr;f wmjzpfayr,fh
Ekwif tkyfpk tm%mvufvGwfjzpfoGm;wmukd wyfr–;awGu a=ueyf=uygw,f? OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@
wyfr–;t=um; wif;rmr_avsmhoGm;&wJh ta=umif;&if;okH;ck&Sdygw,fwJh?
yxtta=umif;u ppfAv dk t f wGuf &mxl;trsm;tjym;zefw;D vku d w f mrk@d wyfr;– awG
&efuek af &mufvmwJt h wGuf t&ifvdk ®yifqidk w f mrsK;d enf;oGm;wmjzpfygw,f? 'kw, d ta=umif;
uawmh DSI ppfwyfp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wk ;d cs@J vku d v
f @dk ppfAv dk af wG0ifaiGaumif;vmwJt h wGuf
rauseyfre_ nf;yg;oGm;wmygy/J olyek t f rsm;tjym; vufeufcswt hJ wGuf ppfqifa&;ukd t&ifvdk
OD;pm;ray;yJ &efukefu &mxl;ukdom tm¶kHpkdufvmwm[m OD;pD;t&m&SdeJ@wyfr–;t=um;
wif;rmr_ avsmo h mG ;&wJh wwd,tcsuv f @kd qkyd gw,f? 0g&ifw h yfr;– tawmfrsm;rsm; &efuek af &muf
vmvk@d t&ifvpdk pfqifa&;ukd OD;pm;ray;awmhyJ wyfcw JG yfpw d t f qifah vmufrmS om ppfqifa&;
vkyyf gawmhw,f?
1958 atmufwv dk m 28 &ufae@rSm OD;Eku Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukd w&m;0iftm%m
tyfESif;+yD;wmeJ@ ppfAkdvfawG tpdk;&XmetoD;oD;ukd 0ifa&muf=uygw,f? t&yfom;ukdom
0ef}u;D cef@ayr,fh ppfAv dk w f &meD;yg; tkycf sKyaf &;bufrmS ae&m,l=uygw,f? 'DtxJu ok;H ykw H ykH
[m e,fuvmwJph pfAv dk af wGyg/ DSI pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;ukd t}u;D tus,w f ;dk cs@J wmrk@d b%fvyk f
ief;/ oabFmvkid ;f / ig;vkyif ef;/ arG;jrLa&;/ aqmufvyk af &;/ o,f,yl @dk aqmifa&;eJ@ Ekid if jH cm; ukeo f , G f
a&;ukd vkyu f idk af e+yrD @dk tiftm;taumif;qk;H pD;yGm; a&;vkyif ef;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y/D ppfAv dk af wG TAXI
axmif+y;D aiGy&dk mS Ekid zf @dk twGuf DSI u rmZ'go;Hk bD;um;awGwifoiG ;f ay;vd@k ppfAv dk [ f m tcGix hf ;l
cHjzpfvmygw,f?
Akv
d af e0if;tdraf pmift h pk;d &vufxufrmS txif&mS ;qk;H tzG@J tpnf;[m vtu ac:
vkðH caH &;eJ@tkycf sKyrf a_ umifpjD zpfygw,f/ vtuukd wyfr;– awGuyJ OD;aqmifygw,f/ jyLapmxD;/
opfawmapmifeh @J UMP tcsK@d ukd vufeuford ;f ol[m vtuygy/J trsK;d om;rSwyf w Hk ifXmeeJ@
vtu vufw+JG y;D vlwidk ;f ukd rSwyf w Hk ifz@dk óu;pm;ygw,f? &nf¶, G cf suu f jynfov l x l &k @J v_y&f mS ;r_
ukd xde;f csKyEf idk zf @dk jzpfygw,f/ rSwyf w Hk ifppfaq;wJeh nf;eJ@ vlxu k adk pmif=h unhzf @dk pDpOfwmygy?J
tdraf pmiht f pd;k &vufxufrmS &mZ0wfrc_ if; odoo d momusqif;oGm;ygw,f? 1960
azaz:0g&v D a¶G;aumufyrJG mS e,fqENe,fajr 95 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rSm rJqENay;Ekid w f mukd =unf&h if
w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEidk w f modomygw,f? &efuek ®f rx › rJ mS wJx;dk aexkid f
ol ESpfodef;ausmfukd OuUvmyeJ@ omauw®r›opfukd a¶$@ajymif;vkdufwm tdraf pmift h pkd;&yg/
tdraf pmift h pk;d &&J@ aqmif¶u G cf suaf wGudk jynfa&;¶Gmr_qw dk t hJ rnfe@J pmtkyx f w k af 0ygw,f? uk, d f
vkyfwm ukd,f*k%f,l+yD; ukd,fhig;csOfudk,fcsOfwJh tpkd;&&J@ pmtkyf[m tar&duef txufwef;
ausmif;om;awG xkwaf 0aeusjzpfwhJ ESpv f nfpmapmife@J tawmfww l ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu
qkyd gw,f?
Akdvfae0if;tdrf apmifhtpkd;&vufxufrSm vGwfvyfr_qkH;¶_H;&ykHukd +Adwdo#oH¶kH;
tpD&ifcpH mrS m azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tpd;k &ukd tenf;tusOf ;a0zefrw d meJ@ }u;D av;wJt h jypf'%f
usc&H wJt h csed yf gy?J twku d t f cHvyk o f ul dk ukud ;dk u|e;f yk@d ygw,f? t*Fvyd u f v dk edk t D pk;d &&J@19 &mpk
ykEH ydS of rl w S yf w Hk ifOya'ukd jyifqifw;dk cs@J +y;D pme,fZif;ukd zdEydS w f mtdraf pmift h pd;k &yg/ uGejf rLepf
tvdak wmf&v d @dk pGypf +JG y;D axmifcsypfwhJ t,f'w D m owif;axmufe@J xkwaf 0olawG renf;ygb;l /
tpkd;&a0zefol av;&mausmfukd yk'fr 5 eJ@zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f?
ppfwyfuaxmufcHtm;ay;wJh aqG+idrf;tkyfpktEkdif&zkd@ tvm;tvmenf;ayr,fh
1960 rSm a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yay;vku d wf m[m ppfwyfemrnfysuv f mvd@k ygyw J /hJ tdraf pmift h pd;k &
uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDuadk v;pm;vk@d a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f yvku d w f mvd@k ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fh ppfwyf
emrnfysuv f m+y;D OD;pD;t&m&Sed @J wyfr;– awGt=um; qufqaH &;tqifrajyjzpfvmvk@d ppfwyfu
aemufqkwf+yD; a¶G;aumufyGJusif;yum t&yfom;tpkd;&ukd tm%mv$Jay;vkdufwmvkd@ ar&D
u,fv[efuqkyd gw,f?
a¶G;aumufyGJusif;y+yD; ppfpcef;jyefzkd@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ppfOD;pD;¶kH;upDpOfwmukd &efukef
a&mufaewJh wyfr;– awGu rauseyfv@kd qufqaH &;wif;rmvmwmygw/hJ a¶G;aumufyrJG mS Ekwif
tkypf k Ekid rf ,fq&dk if b,fvv dk yk =f urvJqw dk mukd wyfr;– wcsK@d v#K@d @0Suaf qG;aEG;&mrSm Akv d af tmifa¶$
Akv
d v f aS rmf Akv d xf eG ;f pdef Akv d =f unf0if; Akv d =f unf[efe@J Akv d cf sp®f rifw@dk vnf;yg0ifw,fv@dk 1993
azaz:0g&D 21 &ufae@rSm Akv d rf ;– }u;D vSarmfu ar&Du,fv[efudk ajymjyygw,f/ bmukad qG;aEG;
w,fqw kd m tao;pdwo f &d zk@d cufayr,fh ppfwef;vsm;ukd rjyefcsiw f hJ 'Dwyfr;– awG[m wckcv k yk zf @dk
aqG;aEG;wmxif&mS ;w,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f? OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;
tpk;d &wufvm+y;D r=umrD Akv d rf ;– csKyaf tmifa¶$e@J wyf&if;r–;wcsK@d [m Akv d cf sKyaf e0if;ukzd ,f&mS ;+y;D
OD;Ektpkd;&ukd ðzwfcszkd@ }uHpnfw,fvdk@,lq&a=umif; 1961 azaz:0g&Dvxkwf +Adwdo#oHr–;
tpD&ifcHpm rSmazmfjywmukdvnf; ukd;um;xm;ygw,f?
1960 azaz:0g&v D rSm usi;f ywJh a¶G;aumufyrJG mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf Ek idk af tmif ppfAv dk t f csK@d
rJc;dk cJ=h uayr,fh OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ oef@&Si;f zqyvwjzpfvJ jynfaxmifpyk gwu D tjywftowf
tEkdif&+yD; 'Drkdua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;&ukd jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppftpdk;&
oufq;dk &Snv f rd rhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifah ewke;f Akv
d af e0if;u a¶G;aumufyu JG si;f y+y;D tm%mv$aJ y;wJh
twGuf wurBmvk;H u cs;D usL;*k%ðf y=uygw,f? tajccHOya'eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDudk av;pm;oltjzpf
Akv
d af e0if;ukd zDvpfyidk Ef idk if u
H rufaq;aq;qkcs;D jri‡ ahf yr,fh Akv d af e0if;u vufrcHygb;l / a':vm
waomif;wefqkukdvufcHvkduf&if taemufwkdif;vrf;pOfvkdufwJhtwGuf *k%fðycH&wmukd
tajymcH&rSmpk;d &drv f @kd rufaq;aq;qkudk Akv d af e0if;vufrcH&wJ mjzpfa=umif; 1960 =o*kwv f
8 &ufae@xkwf +Aw d od #Eidk if jH cm;a&;Xme tpD&ifcpH mrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
a&S@tywf tykdif; 21 rSm OD;Ektpdk;&vufxufrSm Akdvfae0if;u A[kdcsKyfukdifr_
tm;aumif;atmifvyk +f y;D 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f wJt h a=umif;wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (21)

OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifwhJ t&yfom;tpd;k & 1960 rSm tm%m&aewke;f wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifru _ kd ed*;Hk csKyf
ap+y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf _ cdik rf matmifvyk Ef ikd wf t hJ wGuf 1962 rSm ppftm%modr;f Ekid af =umif; ar&D
u,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tykid ;f 21 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? OD;Ek&@J jynfaxmifpk
ygw[ D m tm%m&+y;D r=umrD ociftyk pf ek @J OD;Akv d t f yk pf q k +kd y;D ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;ygw,f? Adv k af e0if;
tdraf pmift h pd;k &wnfaxmifcw hJ mudk OD;Ektpd;k &u zsuo f rd ;f vdu k af yr,fh rdryd gwu D kd cdik rf matmif
rvkyfEkdifwmrdk@ ppftm%modrf;zdk@ zdwfac:ovkdjzpfoGm;w,fvdk@ ,lqolawG rsm;ygw,fwJh?
'gayr,fh 'Dval wG[m wyfwiG ;f tm%m®yifyu GJ kd owdrxm;rd=ubl;vd@k ar&Du,fv[efu jrif
ygw,f?
awmifydkif;wkdif;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfatmifa¶$eJ@ wyf&if;r–; 8 OD;udk 1961 azazmf0g&Dv
rSm xkwfypfwmeJ@ ppfavhusifha&;!¸ef=um;a&;r–; Akdvfr–;csKyfarmifarmif tðzwfcH&wm[m
wjcm;pDjzpfa=umif; ar&Du,fv[efu &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f? axmufvrS ;f a&;opf arG;xkwEf idk zf @kd
twGuf &efuek &f dS tar&duefo¶H ;Hk u CIA t&m&St d ultnDe@J Akv d af rmifarmifu okawoeXme
udk wnfaxmifygw,f? 'DXme&J@vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd Adv
k af rmifarmifu v#K› 0d u S x f m;vd@k Adv k af e0if;
pdwu f u G of mG ;wmqdw k hJ owif;pmq&m *g;'D;,ef;OD;pde0f if;&J@tjrifuv kd nf; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmif tðzwfc&H wJh t"duta=umif;&if;wckuawmh axmufvrS ;f a&;!¸erf ;– E_wcf rf;
arG;Akv d vf iG u
f Akv d af rmifarmifukd remvdw k &dk nS jf zpfvm+y;D acsmufweG ;f wJu h pd yP gywJ ?hJ axmufvrS ;f
a&;!¸erf ;– Akv d v f iG [ f m okawoeXmeudpeP @J ywfouf+y;D rauseyfwt hJ wGuf Adv k af rmifarmifukd
CIA =oZmcHtjzpf Akv d af e0if;ujrifvmatmif em;oGi;f Edik cf w hJ ,fv@kd Adv k af tmif}u;D u ajymygw,fw?hJ
uufovpfbmom0if Akv d af rmifarmif&@J jyif;xefwhJ uGejf rLepfqef@usiaf &; vrf;pOf
[mvnf; ol@Zmwford ;f cef;udk zefw;D zG,&f w dS ,fv@kd qkyd gw,f? 1961 rSm OD;Eke@J Adv k af e0if;[m
w¶kwf-jrefrm aqGrsKd;aygufazmf cspf=unfa&;Zmwfum; ¶kduful;ae+yDrdk@ tar&duefvufeuf
udik af qmifwhJ KMT w¶kwjf zLtºuif;tuseu f w kd u kd cf u dk &f mrSm wyfrawmfwyf&if; 9 eJ@ w¶kwf
jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfwdk@ yl;wGJppfqifa&;vkyfcJha=umif;/ yg0ifol ArmppfAdkvfawGua&m
+Aw d o d #ppforH ;– tpD&ifcpH muyg oufaocHaeygw,fw?hJ 'Dvt kd ajctaerSm ppfwyfrmS 'kw, d
(od@k ) wwd,tm%m&So d t l jzpf ,lqcHae&wJ h Ak v d af rmifarmifukd CIA =oZmcH (ok@d ) r[mrdwf
tjzpf owif;v$iw hf m[m txdqk ;H ygy?J E_wcf rf;arG;Adv k v f iG f tuGuq f if+y;D ab;wD;ay;wJt h wkid ;f
Advk af rmifarmifursm; CIA tultnDe@J tm%modr;f avrvm;vd@k Adv k af e0if; pd;k &drx f wd v f ef@
vmwma=umifh Akdvfarmifarmifudkðzwfypfvdkufwmvnf; jzpfEkdifw,fvdk@ ar&Du,fv[efu
ok;H oyfygw,f?
Akv
d af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– ig;OD;udk ppforH ;– tjzpf Ekid if jH cm;yk@d vdu k +f y;D Adv
k af tmifa¶$ukd
awmh oHtrwftjzpf Australia ukd yd@k vdu k yf gw,f? usew f yfr;– av;OD;udk t+ird ;f pm;ay;ygw,f?
'Dt&m&Sad wG[m 1960 a¶G;aumufyrGJ mS aqG+ird ;f tkypf b k ufu axmufct H m;ay;wm xif&mS ;
wJt h wGuf wyfu xkwyf pfwmjzpfa=umif; w&m;0ifa=unmayr,fh ppfqifa&;vkyaf ewJh wyf&if;
r–;ESpfOD;udkyg ðzwfypfwmudk=unfh&if Adkvfae0if;rauseyfwm[m a¶G;aumufyJGudpPomr[kwf
a=umif; cef@rSe;f Edik w f ,fv@kd ar&Du,fv[efu ok;H oyfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;ukda&m OD;Ektpdk;&udkyg ðzwfypfzdk@}uHpnfvkd@ wyfr–;awGtðzwfcH&wmvdk@
tJ'Dwkef;u ,lqcJh=uygw,f? 1960 a¶G;aumufyGJusif;ycsdefrSmvkyfwJh wyfr–;awG&J@ v#›Kd0Suf
tpnf;ta0;udk Akdvfae0if;od&wJhtcgrSm tvGefpdwfqkd;oGm;w,fvkd@ AkdvfvSarmfu ajymjyyg
w,fw?hJ 'gayr,hf v#K› 0d u S t f pnf;ta0;rSm aqG;aEG;wJu h pd uP kd Adv
k af e0if;pdwq f ;dk wmr[kwb f J
OD;pD;t&m&Srd ygbJ wyfr;– awGcsn;f tpnf;ta0;vkyw f mudk Adv k af e0if;rauseyfwmjzpfa=umif;
aemifrS oabmayguw f ,fv@kd Adv k vf aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGjzpfwhJ Akv d af tmif}u;D
eJ@ Akdvfarmifarmifudk0kdif;y,f&if Adkvfae0if;udk0kdif;y,fwmeJ@ twlwljzpfa=umif; em;vnfvm
w,fv@kd Adv k v f aS rmfu ajymygw,fw?hJ
OD;pD;t&m&SAd v kd af rmifarmife@J wyfr;– tcsK› u d ðkd zwfypfwm[m ppfO;D pD;XmeeJ@ wyfr;–
awGt=um;u jy\emud k ajz&Si;f vdu k wf mygy?J awmifyikd ;f wkid ;f eJ@ ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f udzk suo f rd ;f +y;D
wkid ;f ig;wkid ;f eJ@ txl;wyf&if;av;&if; zG@J pnf;vku d w f t hJ wGuf ppfO;D pD;¶k;H &J@ A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf t_ iftm;
ydk aumif;oGm;ygw,f? t&ifvdk wkid ;f }u;D ESpw f idk ;f eJ@ wkid ;f r–;ESpOf ;D omxm;r,fq&kd if wkid ;f r–;taeeJ@
tm%modrf;zdk@vG,fulwmrdk@ wdkif;r–;awGrsm;vmatmif Adkvfae0if;uzefwD;vkdufwmygyJ?
,k=H unfpw d cf s&wJw h idk ;f r–;awGukd &efuek ef @J eD;wJ w h ikd ;f rSmxm;+y;D odyrf ,k&H wJw h ikd ;f r–;awGuakd wmh
&efukefeJ@a0;&mrSm wm0efay;xm;zkd@ Adkvfae0if;u pDpOfwmjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifrh @dk 1962 rS m ppftm%modr;f wJt h cg wyfrawmf[m A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf u
_ kd
emcHwhJ ppfAsL¶ku d a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D jzpfaeyg+y?D 1958 tm%modr;f yGu J kd OD;pD;t&m&Sad wGu pDpOfchJ
wm jzpfayr,fh 1962 tm%modr;f yGrJ mS awmh ppfwyfwckv;Hk wnDw!Gww f nf;yg0ifwm awG@&
ygw,f? Akv d af e0if;u ol@trde@f udk tm;vk;H emcHatmifvyk x f m;Ekid w f ma=umif h 62 tm%modr;f yGJ
atmifjrifwmvd@k avhvmolawGuok;H oyf=uayr,fh Akv d af e0if;&J@pGr;f &nfwckwnf;eJ@awmh vkyf
Ekid rf ,fr[kwyf gb;l wJ ?h Akv d af rmifarmifO;D aqmifwhJ ppfprD cH ef@cJrG X_ meu vGecf w hJ hJ q,fEpS t
f wGi;f
ppfwyfðyjyifa&;awGvyk +f y;D A[kcd sKyu f idk rf u
_ ekd mcHwhJ ppfAsL¶du k a&pD,Eœ&m;}u;D ukd wnfaqmuf
Ekid cf v
hJ @dk om 1962 rSm tvG,w f ulppftm%modr;f Ekid w f mvk@d ar&Du,fv[efu ,lqygw,f?
jynfaxmifpk}uD;®yuJGrSmpdk;&drfvdk@ tm%modrf;&wmqdkwJhqifajcukdvnf; ar&D
u,fv[efu vufrcHygbl;? ppfwyftzJG@tpnf;[m t&yfom;tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;/ ygwDtzGJ@
tpnf; pwmawGxuf trsm;}u;D tiftm;awmifw h if;+y;D pnf;vk;H nD!w G af ewmrd@k t&yfom;
tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;udk ppfwyftzG@J tpnf;eJ@tpm;xk;d +y;D jy\emudk ppfa&;t&ajz&Si;f zd@k óu;pm;
wm jzpfygw,fw?hJ Edik if aH &;tm%mudk tckid t f rmqkyu f ikd Ef ikd zf @dk ppfwyfuóu;pm;&mrSm wkid ;f ol
jynfom;[m taES mift h ,Suf t[ef@twm;vkjd zpfvm&a=umif; ar&Du,fv[efo;Hk oyfwmudk
wifjyvku d yf gw,f? a&› t S ywf tydik ;f 22 rSm rqveJ@ e0wacwf ppfwyfta=umif; wifjyygr,f?
ÚÚÚ

tydik ;f (22)

1988 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfyu Hk dk ppfwyfu®zcGi;f +y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfwnfaxmifyeHk @J ywfouf+y;D


ar&Du,fv[ef ok;H oyfxm;wmudk ige@J rwlig&h efol tydik ;f 22 rSm wifjyvku d yf gw,f? vGwv f yf
pGmajymqdak &;om;cGiahf y;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfe@J jynfo@l qENukd ppfacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u t,kt H =unf
r&Sad =umif; yxrt}urd t f m%modr;f pOf 1958 atmufwb dk m 17 &ufae@xkwaf 0wJh wyfrawmf
pdw"f gwpf pfqifa&;XmetpD&ifcpH meJ@ pufwifbm 30 &ufae@xkwf “acwfa&;” pmapmifrmS
azmfjyxm;xmawG@&ygw,fw?hJ jynfov l x l [k m Edik if aH &;pdw0f ifpm;wmr[kwv f @kd olyek 0f g'jzef@
wmudk em;a,mifoGm;wwfw,fvdk@ wyfrawmfpmapmifu qdkygw,f? b0 &yfwnfa&;eJ@
ud,k u f sK;d pD;yGg;udo
k m t"duxm;wJh edru hf swphJ w
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ÚÚÚÚÚ

Making Enemies by Mary P.Callahan


Cornell University Press, 2003
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publication year: 2003


269 pages
ISBN: 9971-69-283-X Paperback US$25.00 S$42.00

Mary P. Callahan is Assistant Professor in the Jackson School of


International Studies, University of Washington.

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