f"l "thoJ s

C q^r"r r t
4 the cLrr renf b ron" h

f
Sor r sc T
f oqrce in Jete, n/net ;t is LelF,ra,e_; tl" lsLq*e#,. .'"':

,nhirh

?"he hoSr)i-!'u,{e qn",f pol*n,;try o{

q:c r"6sl
fhe
rt

L u:r-f,':n f
I

'.f $ p .,{rn"(6'

]i ^6

ry

f le * r , r y o - K -

fo

t
tr Yo x "t

2 ok 4

vl

-,

Fina

qaol It

T=
^f

Vs' V, :f,

wn

v)
+
,:,

&
Lr"ru

F in"l

't,

7l

,aJ

Z z.

V s =E: lT v
[.q* i

E y ohai

fe= 5
B y k i 'clr h , f I
Cqr r c ' r f

&
Lq*

w_= 34.
V^^a
C KcQ :

r
9o
T
^l

: f * f^ l

=f-I^

= -l 4 ^ 3 4 = + 4 .

Ohhtt

Law:
t h.
vol?<ge polor,'l-, S hown
1Tl --

Gt v en tlir e" *ion

qn al

cer'r,ngrf

fn
F
F

*Ie

J':a7^ah:

E
{

r +

E= TR

ftr. fe :

-the

L Lr r nent

it

e n f e ri rl f tre ;,rtl ,

fh.

potih'"cl ,t

I " belle" l

V"l lo7.

k ; ^ . h h "ffl
Thc sq u

Cr r r ent
of
poJe

Lo*

CKcr-),
leovfn g

fh u
ir

c qr ?e"f t

ot circqit Su,. of circq;t t)t"

e7u<l

fo

the

cu^r"rts

e n te r i n g th e

nocJe.

tTs
A' ]T) ^?

By Kct-:

rtn Ir

= r ,*I^

Tr,
I

k ; ' . h h of'
T,h"

V o l ta2e

Lo, *
Sqn of

(f

yr-);
lo tf o.V ", c i n c ,,r i t pef h th e

olg" br ot ic q

q "ounal

c o m? l " te d

nurf

equal
vt

zero.

:-l

By Kv'[.;
V,*Vs-%-'Vg *

l,/ -+ ' V.t

V,l* os e
G f ," n

Divi,/e,
thr o"i h ots

RuLe
?

r e s i t fo) r s tho
{o
)

,l

leries fhe
,:

( sqn e ,'-ill

L urrcnt ol;vir/c

Volfng.

,w llo

Yr= V R r
R,* Re

V
-'

+
J.

Vz= VR"

C " n*n t
voll"?. o(;r; ole
T,f

D;vio/en R"l"
in
? a ,o l l c .l I ( Sq mc,

G ;ven ? g i r fo rs
c(r

a ' c ;o s t t h'n) f ot lsw! )

lh "

Cu)-rent .ta,i[l'

:' ' ., .

lr
R1

R,

Yr

lr-

rr: IR,.
7^A = f

Tm
_!.

n,
R .,+R .^

gxJ
+
r

r
I

rv t
, = 74

+704

V{
5

.f

G'tr

R*'l,;2

Ff "'l
4inir/e,

q
rqlel

ctn 4

vs

8r

cLtt^renf

Tt =

T
r tr l l t
--l

Ra
Kr ? Kz

0t)(6A)
ln + 2tL

Bro h*,,
.ft

Lqw

Yr = f, R,= (zA)(z^) = t*v-

By kv L.:
e74iv, j =)
-i

c k l,

- v s =O v,r
7O ' V+2, 0 =

f , , u ',c{

t- crTv' rS / d y |S
a

IO
IJe " I Cur r er t
9 ource

L'T

c,

T Je"l

I
V"lf n2e.

R , = oo

9a, / ?c e

Rr = O

aL
o
A

'f

RL

?P, e"*1c" I,
= f

I c urrsqf

9ornc -

Re

Prq I "*ico 9ou^cQ

Ti-.
-L1 --_-_

Vttr*urg,e

R .n t Ri
Th .
S c, qrc\

R, + (r.
V"lf o g,

P r r , c l, ' c q
att4

L t ' t l^t ^ent

ot r r a, l

eTcaive/e"t
qqd

,'f

E =J Rr
ane,l

_tr
f-b

oc a*l

he aShrg n enlg ee4 nrf b le ll

+ l', ken tlt en q p o,,rf .

t\. -a

f,e r *r'nu,lJ

'
T rr t V ot

I e l nf

c i r c rif t
a 4 etIl, ".
t. o(n d ly S I S -

{o,

on e

s"h$ff t . * * c 4 ^o/ t lre to s i^ p l;f7

be-

C t f C ,^if

Fin"l Rs
.rt

I(

Lta

Cn
t-r

r,-^: 'rL^

(y':= E=W

rF

T h"
.l t

,o lIo2.

J oqr^ce co ulc.l bc
cctrrenf q

f uiv a/ rn f

r o plac r l s o :' tt' cc {o golu< fln

lr,/ 7

ah -

rol/e'a

r1
Lltz

Js
'fhen

R t2 b/

EC= -

= 34

C DR:

f,=I -L

Rr
f ts+R,

3 fa \
I +V

If

Rrrz Rr
wi ll
E

nodel

, q .t

lhrn

thc Prorfi,.l volta2e laq.ce Cftr'4l ike ah io/cr( hltoy, eoat r c e eqc,f (. = | kJL

ul

Giuc,
T- 'L 'L i l i +R .

K t= ztL

: 3* : F . ?r t "4. a+lk
1 r v< 9 : 1 *- =

/c.iqu f *,y R, : f j

g=9
,(:rlt<

= {o t* /}

L4r

*. f,.7'1,.,

T* o

cqrl^ent

S O q fce l

c o n rr" f, 4 a single

in
cqYre'/-

Pqn" ( " (
Sa o tr cc

no/

be ,nfloteJ
v nlqe ,r

hl

wh o s e

l Ie i " olgebr or ' c

S Qta .

gI
61.

fs = IoA.'64. =v4.

& =?ollt"r. = 7 &

R. olur e "t ' l. *c o
g o.vx'"4

B,tu

S,'uylc

c<1rt'':ca' f

crol f ioa

Tr

sI F t'-.

c onvert

ttr e

u"lfo5e

lour ge

fo q

cq r r < at

t'4rcc

r
-r -3? r -i-_?
'8

f!r.
!

G;r.

Rl

lf.n

Then

cat*b,L,

C u'rrenf: 9 o ,.trC ei .

tr*
J' -,

)r"n

Ts=(+tf=(aA sv cDta:
,T :'
t *-u

elle.l: 6r-4. , Rr=

tafe)
{ n+ t t

=',__*_ h; : . i

T *o

ro lI"y.

!o r.t r ^c c t

connetfc{ c( rin g lc
olgobnqi,

itt ,obrt.
!qv, -

te r f J lo 4/ce

,"f
wh o t e

bc

r ey ) or ' 4 is

by fheir

, nl, . o

Zl +'

4,-Jr- l,f,v, =)
l.lr,

tt

r'
34

!-l 4r_r?:7
J\r/,

-re

GY,

lrc

V f= t7 ^ 6 = 6 v '

zl
2JL

ftn.t T ^
,f"

fra
f"!: ' " ^,Coh ye rl I, ints .
..a

r o lfo r ,.

to lr ,cc

Er ='{ K, = (+)fl) = la 4
Ks = Rr = 7t z

Es
C o a b)t. yoltr.t

tt,
So,rcQt, r-7
b-

174

2rL .+

ra-

rfa

8 , o rrh l. Assir, eotch

2, "b tuch L eI

C ,r" a1 br" n.h

tIe

" rt

,{ n ^ l 7 s i :
of th. o.bifnory net-or'k.
qc t ot ! ea, la r e t i r f o '* heu. f h" uttiyrted

cc.trr"rt of
ve lto2 .

Jir".fio,

fo

Fh.l

Toler if r ' ef fh " fot; f inc 5; J < is

cqrrent

e n fcrs

?. , ( f p l f

K VL

q rou,ol

euch

clotcJ circqit (ef h . ( t o . r )

of n o {e s ot

4, lfr/f
tlot thc ,, lolvu f.,

kct^
wilt ne f-o,k. fh z fhe

of
; n.ln J"

fh"
ot [

rn/ni,,r,,ra lI qnber
f hz br , r , h = * nor , / "5- t ) t in"llon< oas b' o' "h c qur c alt

Lqbr r nf i

(* fct i, rceu lf,'n) qsfq,a cJ

e7uot ' / on l

c losrc/

Ioc p) ) I

A 13

r t ?""'n"'(

n oJc

cT lrs .t

L v,o"/ cs

A ' ! = lcln .

V nn)rs , f - t . 7 c 7at .

tl

vl
(

Tl',t

--)

2 tZ

r^
R^
I

9o1,,, e
bron"h-

b/
cu .r cn f

R r l 4-t
I
t

h e thod

AV,
I

*ly
-3

5. 1. r f , 'o-,

/.)

Asrig,

( .e r r c.r ft

T,

r)

Lt b' l

VoI for'

/ r^, 13

f a lar,' l-,'<s4 Er,,[t

r cf,' s/o.t

7,) ,l r rt/
Loop I !

KVL

ftt

clog2- 1

loe v2r

+E.
7

VR n,

V ,Rr

=0

A prty A
9,,btf:I"fe

Lqv
f ato

'

Vo V*, -v^ 1/Rt ^ 0 vRr=(t*)(rr; qar4

= (zn) Cf,) V^ ,\,

-U

KVL :

2 - +r3 - a r,

+ernC

Loop V:

aE,--'r , - v R ..=c 6 v,r r - v r ^ =o

v^,: (+t t )(rr)
a rrol V*r.

n pf L/ J L Lr n 1 Sq btf if " f , in t o K v t :

=Qn)6,.)
@

6 - f r, _ 12; c

e7n

+) ,4y7r!7 K c .t*T '!

q ,;

yiod1'

Ll ,

- F /: ) .n

+
0r(9
^a\

ew.@
otntJ s inrlfctet u,,17

5,)

5' ve

eTuz{-iont:

7 - f I r - ^I t = o (,-+ t t 7^; 0 a , *J ^= T,

A cwnllrrr,.

2I , t O '

+tf It;

O * I ^* ?I t = Q 7, * I Af 3 =O
b' so l ve cl

A
4 tt

of 3 e7rr. t / r f .^ 'nJ C ro,,,.-,l' R la o l'l

3,'nkaouq5,

cqn

-1" :
' (<,) (y) ,r, -[

r, : li i \l fa o + I ll lr',
J.=

(a) (')(-'Jt (d()(+)

o+o -El

- l+o+0^ft+8rtJ.
q ,n r huj
9t

I-l =u_
/

v
n

'9

li :tl t\ i,l I?1

z-o7l

l2' ? ' +l'

i n di crfcs

t h<

acf ual

cerrzn f

lo-s in th e off te il;recfion " (Jf

l? c

i: 31

n jil
i3

:m

th,

h > 7 o t' t

d4

fh ,

s .h c u nal ," c.

C ro rh Qt

R"l"
-se1 of
5

G iv"n

i- ult a, "o, r \ , t l"

lin ro" lot

7 u e f io n 5

v& / 'l tteY '

in

nolniv A; r'i

ftrfo

as

AX=8,
r "p) or in2

/=
of , ..1 th

l"t A .
t he nqfhiv

De{ ; rn + h" t A

be L/

/ "t er ninc ol t h"

o blcin.l tb <

c o/ an r r o f

w ith

c o lq^ n

c or , pr is iny I .

Th <,

X;= A*.

IJG
T l,i,

iverl

eTuoti"tt :

Xr-XXe

=79

F ;n J

Y, o,J X t

lX, +6X,- = a I
cqrr bu <tpr.s tel at d n a l. ir eq,,

=f^'] [r cJLx^l-L^tJ 1l| ^,1 l+

lI" {irrf colqn, of A L/ *l'o

otio,, A X= B

F irtt

f;nr A =, / , t A = ( - ( e )=l + i; ;l=

co lq n n cornTti ri ng

R " yl"cing

B, we g . t ,
Thqs

A, =l ^r,
lt t
Xt

e) = 2. 10 =1 6 g _ G+ :l bl

Si*,iI arty;

Ar'- lt ?tl =1f -frl -7'l

1l

I+

Th.n ' A X. = At .A

-11

tv

lL+

'l-

E PA E.X ^J

I NG

A'l^'tT 5 b tf eCrnrru

f o, A-

2x L

I"n nTRtX

ftl a., cl

Lr d_l

=or - t c [o t " [ ^k 3\
- F\G) =l - 6 =- L (r)(4)
-t(,)- L(")=- I

Ex

= o" L , +l lnt

rr .l

,1 , E =[- IJ te l
LO
F o B 3 x3

1v r c " { r r x E x PRrsb Afo6'6 Top Row zxl- de*.

..l t f," /l= la e f I iJ

Lr h

' lf e -{\=ot; ii i h I ld
b -*\
(l
I

I** r "

;-t-n'rke

I st

fotP

l.r* n q C/"

.*t+. t1 &

ln^,4.,,nryuJ|-|. -t ZnJ s{r rL. :le* fourI u"d,c. I

tl I
L\

;fl

tAa

'z-

rNANTS f X Pn 0$ ,^lG bPfe r'n

: rJ sttP 3 X3 nn .,lrrX

lt t? Le. l"-l rouJ I 3^J colurnn rt,., s+",

de

.C t

(l
^r t

l-

d( ld e / I + cl bl l1 h t3 t

th
\( P *n d

Zv z d s * a " J s)mt , {T

t x.
Ar^)

5
d-1

Lr

-(
v

't)? ,'r7

\l

{-

'l 4 3l ?- z\
l-

^lL )=iz
\- /l

Z
-)

1
L

(z)-(q)fr))
'('

3( E - 6) -

/({ * 1 )

r(z)- I
-Z

Ex
J

L
l-

L -t
\J

IL l^
\\J

(-z)l' l l l r \" '\- l i

,r \n

+l

n) vt_

-l

* Ll.() -(-rX (.)C')] = s[z cr))]- ,f of-(.)c,l

?.\ zl
LJ (-\
I

+ .[

]-r [{.,i
lo 5

C + Z+ L =
ftt B

d
by

Gi ,.n

. . ol uot,'ong

1Xr - 3x ^- 7 I X, * X^

F ; r. t X,rX^ rX, Cr e*,e. ! f,r/e . ote t/

\ t =t
= -2.
arqf A .i l ' .X fo^rn:

-0x, + 2X. * 7Xt =l

F irrt f ;a ot A-

L -s 7 A=
( a)(r)C;) +

-t II

=[ ilhl ,]

/A x =B

=f
T[e ,o

-F l(")e) * o)f-r) (r)r bt)tt1{-a)f

v+0-70^fo_(or*16l
-rG +t ? =^7
J.

(-lrq * Gt)( G3) ,)q

4 ,-- / 5 -3

-zf
0 l : 3e+o+^t -[ -7 I
I

/-,t : - /l
Thq r X=

+o +vt J = 2(

' a*=

4't

3!
-7

=g
= - 7 s +0 - 3 e [- t'z to ttTr J=- t t 6

Th c n

42 =/;-: l/

-llou T h"n

x7 =*a3:

a,

l-e F;" lly "

l r ,-

lz -l
e.

# =@
:l rl

,n

= 2 -v(+eo

(-v o -g -tr)= c 7

Xz= .A *

-t=t

I
I t

{o ln' hctho"l

bY

{ ( I
T

tt
+

rr4
I
l I

loJT

+ +
]o'.

9lz
I

B . o o r h - ca r r e n f

v/ T^ -{

trv.

T
il

+ot4

9ol, fion,

t , ) / s : is n
yolfoX.
+ on ri r/e lo

Cq r r cn fi

T,
q L r ctt -r)

, T^,

Tj

(o.!.'1".'7+)

*) L" b"l

f '

/o",'f,'.r
T eu fe

r e titf" .S

3,) / r/l.t
Loop I
,

kVL

2.

.l

a9e

/ oot r t s

ro .I

f 70

- ft

+ r r ,=o

+It*
Loop 2 ;

Io I) r -t

"7 h .0

tra

-+o - A a + to 7 3 = c
O r sra + ,o Iz: 6o

elno

T") lffll

Kc,T
^l

of

ho"l<

c.

* f r = TL
o u r ,( O
b<

"tn.@
ir n u !*o n e o t' sly
,ai"J 0r we
ccn

5,) 9 o l v , e 7unf,'or1 0 ,0
Cr a u.r5 yul. (ou lJ

s,lv' { ir t s , , rb ,f;frf. r^

e ln c
i,,to

fr,<c{n 6

r3 to

q,u{ zL!-

t Lo ,
2' < 1at,.

{G

dln,J

,..,!.-\('1*v,,.

Li

'y t B t' L

tf o' I Ao h"t+ t LL' h :

&'uh?
z t'y h oh'Y
-..-/

no 4 ,]

,47t4 L

YY-

lo,- h I It tl

a ta

ts -

9J,* J *
Yt-0 tl_ s*r 1 - o y tl -J = tIo t L +
r ''l

\, t, ---

f',:I
I
'r h
,I 5
L) J
(-r
L

r,; ll
o l'
Jf

:oT

30t -

.-

Yr I .,
^ lr r .r q 4 l,o,tj ' s4 h> Z

Ou\, => j

Yt = 'L
0)
@'taa

z s r ll

, nl o f

= tT J l
(

+'r
l--\

| 'i cl + r= \'I+ 01

7'

i 'I

Yles L

A n " 1,1 si s
q

ctert,rul

4 ff

Fdo.t,.)

t.
2. L

Acr iT n
e e ch ( "hn o/r, fo

yn es h .
yolf o 2. eq ch
S ;"tc

( c lor "J

"

l o c k w,' g e

L ctr r ,

n /

fo

t""/ )
e a cla rSish-

polor it t , e! uc "ogS w"r h c ur . r e, r t .

T 4nfzr5 R)

( + on

4, lfr/lf
oqoh

kvt^
n esh.

in

e lo o kvh e

Jir o .tio a

a tr .o uhr/

a,) Fo,

re s,'rta . ghr r neo( b/ Z m e. s lr es , t h e Tolq l of L" f U aur t bc ^r s h c ot r r t nf r useo/

th ahn, lo * cr lcn /o f.o r . it y o lf .,2 c !o u r lr - s c - q r r ea / a /ir e cfio n , u 4 a f { r , fr"l

b. )

/t.;1, P." hY ^rcl'

Ll, lo/ r. fhe

fhe ottt4 acd

rcsr, lt - ; "y ncsh

s ef

of

eTuc ( f iont

fo^

Lur r en/ s .

+
la2

rl )At/1

Fo,

m qh

l; I

- I * tI e?"'0; 6 7

*l-\ n +(. ^r

tr I J

ln ole thrq

gutn o hyt

t)

0 ^)=
-l

+I
^,

l
E 7n 6;

6r'

? -A -

Fo. rrrh'

-. -\
f

r ,4'

fo% to l ' ' t ' q J 1'

I

| 't. -+l
-f

-''f

h
'---_

T
A

-rl l6 !-'t t I 7l l c -c;

I^t

- 36 t t/
=

-'

-t

/.4

f)

l G - " tl J-"t 5 i

-*s

I+

---> ,!

I+

d
GA

T IJL = T r-7 r.:-t-(' --r)= l A

R" ) o!Ve
f r

to.

l) r atac'n

C tar rcn ts ;

i"n f o!,,,f
FO rI pq q.. vl

/:

-5+-f
n e sh 2 ,;
4 ie -6 T t
o

, t

+6 ( T I -1^\ *lo -o
.?

7 7' t' -
l=c n

= -. {

? e |o .C

tc +6

[ - ^A

{,

-, /*

l-l-\

+ I r a = lC

t 7 , + V r z = -i

<_ e7". @
,c
= T. :-l
r .l

l -r - ct lr ll I : \__.
!t tl - ( ,I
+!t

-? C

i*?l ry'j
iq

T . :!'--:.= *2 Ic

l, ,1 :r -- ii /1. i ---tc i- - - - i At - lg {t -rl 7 i' - it /_,r t !{ '

+'>o

=L__-.rrr !^r:,'

ru,=r^- T -l
I

. 2 - ! =f i l
I (t

L.

i ., /

1,

* l tt
'

,7t

\
}'

{ i

J . ' " r . o! , '

5 ,,a e^ m e9 h .r' rf ,/o q rnore tlrcrQ ,ot curronf fhqn

Cq.renft are congf"of SourcQ. one curreat o"/

!o u r c 9

KvL
f f

r t e t ' *o r k . , )o o 7 s wh;c11 in cl""/a fh"

c o ,uthin" ft"n
C UPrCat I

i,

n ec s f ar 7
fo

f u "f g>urcc trt

Qr ertn'h ft't

^ which
P,fh.

n rh '

f o l"ihon
q va irr/ s

fhe

(
I

i.t*

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