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Ammi Amarnath, Electric Power Research Institute Morton Blatt, Energy Utilization Consultant ABSTRACT This paper reviews the attributes of an emerging space conditioning technology; variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems. Material presented in this paper was synthesized from the open literature, private interviews with industry experts and data (sometimes proprietary data) obtained from manufacturers. VRF systems are enhanced versions of ductless multi-split systems, permitting more indoor units to be connected to each outdoor unit and providing additional features such as simultaneous heating and cooling and heat recovery. VRF technology uses smart integrated controls, variable speed drives, refrigerant piping, and heat recovery to provide products with attributes that include high energy efficiency, flexible operation, ease of installation, low noise, zone control, and comfort using all-electric technology. VRF systems are very popular in Asia and Europe and, with an increasing support available from major U.S. and Asian manufacturers are worth considering for multi-zone commercial building applications in the U.S. This paper provides an overview of variable refrigerant flow system technology, including the market situation, advantages and disadvantages for the customer, possible impact on the electric utility, applications recommendations, and technology attributes. Also addressed are what is holding back the technology, including lack of verified third party field data; codes and standards issues; technology improvements needed; and market actions needed to increase penetration of these systems.
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fluids and associated costs and losses. On the other hand, their simpler piping results in longer total length of piping compared to VRF systems. Similarly, multi-split heat pumps do not have the opportunity for heat recovery between units that are cooling and units that are heating. As such, multi-split systems should be considered for smaller, simpler buildings where heat recovery is not a possibility and fewer numbers of zones need to be conditioned.
Other features include the addition of concealed ducted units and ceiling cassette configurations to the traditional wall-mounted units. Refrigerant piping runs of more than 200 feet are possible and outdoor units are available in sizes up to 240,000 Btu/ hr.
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Figure 1. Split, Multi-Split and VRF Operation in a 4 Zone Building (Cooling Mode)
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Figure 2 shows a single outdoor unit and a general schematic of multiple indoor units in a VRF heat pump system. The indoor units include wall mounted, floor mounted, ceiling cassette and concealed ducted configurations. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to each of the evaporators, enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations, individualized comfort control, simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones, and heat recovery from one zone to another. Most VRF condensers use variable frequency drives to control the flow of refrigerant to the evaporators. Refrigerant flow control lies at the heart of VRF systems and is the major technical challenge as well as the source of many of the systems advantages (Goetzler, 2007). In most cases, two-pipe systems can be used effectively (in VRF heat pump systems) when all the zones in the facility require cooling or all require heating during the same operating period. Three-pipe (a heating pipe, a cooling pipe and a return pipe) systems work best when there is a need for some of the spaces to be cooled and some of them to be heated during the same period. (This often occurs in the winter in medium-sized to large-sized buildings with a substantial core.) One manufacturer has a two-pipe system than can be used to provide simultaneous heating and cooling as well as heat recovery operations. Figure 2. Major Components Of A VRF System Including The Range Of Possible Indoor Unit Configurations And A Typical Outdoor Unit. (Courtesy of Daikin)
Heat recovery can be accomplished by transferring heat between the pipes providing refrigerant to the cooling and heating units. One way is to use heat exchangers to extract the superheat from the units in the cooling mode and route it into refrigerant entering a heated zone. One manufacturer sends the refrigerant first to the units that require heating, allows the refrigerant to condense, collects it at a central point and then sends it to the indoor evaporators to do cooling. Most manufacturers have a proprietary design for the heat recovery plumbing and operation with special valving arrangements, heat exchangers, controls, receivers and distribution boxes.
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Ventilation can be integrated with the VRF system in several ways. A dedicated VRF indoor unit could be used in a ducted configuration to condition the ventilation air. A separate ventilation system and conditioning unit could be installed using conventional technology and the VRF system function would be restricted to the recirculation air. Some VRF units have the ability to handle some outside air and could be used accordingly. Bringing the outside air into the room and then conditioning it with the VRF is not recommended (because of humidity issues) except in dry climates where condensation will not create moisture problems. Heat recovery ventilators can be to reduce cooling loads on the VRF units. Both water-cooled and air cooled systems are available as well as systems integrated with ice storage units.
Customer Issues
Customers desire products that enhance comfort and productivity at a reasonable capital cost and energy cost. The low noise, individual controllability and effective temperature control of multi-split system air conditioners and heat pumps have the potential to enhance workplace productivity. The energy saving features of the product, such as capacity modulation, zone control, heat recovery and low duct losses contribute to ownership cost savings. However, the cost effectiveness of the technology is highly application dependent. Cost and energy use data should be obtained from detailed analysis and corresponding rigorous laboratory and field testing
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of multi-split systems. The need for this information currently exists for applications in the United States. Manufacturer and case study information from outside the U.S. indicate that VRF systems are cost effective, but results, again, depend on specific application features. Typically, energy savings are achieved, ranging from 10% to 60%, depending on climate and the type of system displaced, among other factors. Initial costs are also typically higher, with payback periods dependent on energy savings. Examples of application and operation costs outside the U.S. include the following: Anecdotal information exists that shows savings of 38% in a side-by-side comparison with a rooftop variable air volume (VAV) installation, but this study compared a new VRF system to the existing rooftop VAV system (Roth 2002). Simulation results for a Brazilian climate showed savings of over 30% in summer and over 60% in winter. Savings of 5% to 15% were suggested to be more likely in the United States. A modeling study conducted with a version of EnergyPlus that was modified to simulate VRF systems showed that, in a ten story office building in Shanghai, a VRF system saved more than 20% of the energy compared to a VAV system and more than 10% compared to a fan coil plus fresh air system (Zhou 2006). Information obtained in discussions with one manufacturer suggests that the companys VRF systems could save up to 30% to 40% of the energy used by a chiller-based system for a 200-ton cooling system for a generic commercial building. The same data set indicates that the installed cost of a VRF system will be about 8% more than a watercooled chiller and 16% more than an air-cooled chiller. Combining these energy use and installed cost projections provides an estimated payback period of about 1.5 years for the VRF compare to an air-cooled chiller and 2/3rds of a year compared to a water-cooled chiller. Data from another VRF manufacturer compared installation and operating costs for a set of 14 branch buildings in Central/Northern Italy, where a chiller/boiler system was installed in 7 of the buildings and a VRF system was installed in the other 7 buildings (designed to handle heating down to -20C [-4F]) in 1998. The VRF systems used 35% less energy and had 40% lower maintenance costs for the period studied. As suggested by other manufacturers, the equipment costs for the VRF systems were higher than the equipment costs for the chiller-based systems but this was offset by lower installation costs for the VRF systems.
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Heat recovery is readily accomplished with the refrigerant when some of the indoor units are heating and some of the units are cooling. According to one manufacturers published data, if a 50% demand for full cooling and a 50% demand for full heating exist, in the heat recovery mode the compressor would only be 48% loaded (Inman, 2007). Duct losses are confined to the ventilation air which is normally about 1/5th of the air flow of a ducted system circulating and conditioning both the ventilation air and the recirculated air. (Since ducts are often in unconditioned spaces, duct losses may not contribute to building space conditioning). Refrigerant is used directly as both the working fluid and the heat transfer fluid tending to make the VRF system more efficient than systems that use air or water as a secondary heat transfer fluid for delivering heating or cooling. The use of R-410Aand other features such a variable speed compressors, multiple speed fans and blowers, refrigerant circuitry, electronic expansion valves and advanced controls contributes to enhanced low temperature performance that can avoid or minimize the need for supplementary heat in many U.S. climates. Figure 3. Cooling and Heating Provided By VRF System Using One Outdoor Unit
Other non-energy advantages include: Better comfort. Since the system can be modulated to follow the load, units can remain running to maintain temperature within narrow limits, assuring a comfortable temperature envelope. Low noise levels. Levels are 24 dBA for the indoor unit and 56 dBA for the outdoor unit (Siddens, 2007). Flexible and quick installation. Only a small (3 or so) opening is needed for the refrigerant piping. Low-profile, low space requirements and light weight make units easier to fit into tight spaces and to avoid obtrusive terminal units that could spoil the esthetics of a space. Claimed low maintenance and high reliability. Although the large amount of refrigerant piping and numbers of connections is a concern to U.S. specifiers and installers,
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manufacturers claim low maintenance costs and a record of reliability. Maintenance consists of changing filters and cleaning coils. Modularity allows easy apportioning of energy costs among tenants or operations. Increased useful building space is enabled by reducing floor to floor height (12 ceiling void vs. 20) and eliminating the need for a machine room. Avoids the need for an on-site, trained operator as might be desirable with a large chillerbased system.
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Costs
Installed costs are highly dependent on the application, construction and layout of the building and whether the installation is new or retrofit. Lack of familiarity with the technology in the U.S. will add to VRF costs. Total costs for VRF systems are likely to be about 5% to 20% higher than chilled water systems of similar capacity (Roth 2002). One manufacturer provided verbal information that VRF systems cost about 30% to 50% more than equivalent capacity single package ducted systems with a SEER of 13 to 14. And that VRF systems cost more than twice as much as packaged terminal units. This information is interesting but not as important as the comparisons of VRF and chiller systems if VRF manufacturers position their product as a chiller alternative. In some retrofit situations where the distribution system needs to be replacedor lack of access to the chiller makes chiller replacement untenablethe VRF system could have a lower cost.
Utility Issues
From a utility standpoint, one of the positive features of the VRF system heat pump is the ability of the customer to use an all-electric system. Since no integrated gas heating options currently exist for this technology, this provides the electric utility an opportunity to serve the heating load on buildings that install multi-split system heat pumps. Summer peaking utilities can benefit from installations of VRF heat pumps, since the systems additional heating loads will provide off-peak winter load that could improve capital utilization and return on investment. For most of the cooling season, VRF systems will use less energy than many other cooling means that do not have comparable zoning or capacity modulation. (Much of the energy savings in the cooling mode will occur off peak due to capacity modulation and zone control that turns off units when the space in unoccupied.) On peak, when cooling systems are operating at or near 100% capacity, the VRF system could have lower demand than a rooftop direct expansion variable air volume system but will likely have higher demand than a high efficiency chillerbased fan coil system. Whether a summer peaking utility wants to encourage VRF systems or some other electric or gas system will depend on the local rates, reserve margins, regulatory environment and other factors. For a winter-peaking utility the use of electric heat may make the VRF system less attractive than it might be for a summer peaking utility. Demand Response Issues To use VRF systems as a demand response tool, it is possible to turn off the indoor units in one or more spaces, letting the space temperature and humidity drift (with some spillover of conditioned air from the adjacent conditioned spaces). The on-off sequencing between zones could be alternated to minimize temperature changes to minimize occupant discomfort. Alternately, units could be operated at a fraction of normal capacity to maintain minimally effective environmental conditions in the occupied space. Sequentially starting of the outdoor units serving a building is possible to spread out demand spikes caused by starting power transients.
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With regard to interoperability, VRF system air conditioners and heat pumps have sophisticated controls and components that will enable the units to adjust their performance in response to internal or external signals.
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not to exceed limits for the maximum permissible quantity of refrigerant that can enter the occupied space as specified in the standard (ANSI/ASHRAE 2007). Manufacturer presence and support in the United States has been limited but Japanese manufacturers have aggressively entered the market, with Daikin acquiring McQuay, and Carrier and Toshiba forming an alliance (and currently selling products in Europe and Latin America. Some Japanese and Korean manufacturers are using manufacturers representatives to represent them in the U.S. Lack of availability of an integrated gas heating option may affect the cost effectiveness of the heat pump systems. The need for a separate ventilation system to provide fresh air to the occupied space to comply with ASHRAE Standard 62 requirements offsets a part of the advantage of using a refrigerant distribution system rather than an air distribution system for the bulk of the space conditioning. The lack of suitable test rating procedures and code compliance procedures certified by the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and approved by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are also impediments to selection of VRF systems. European and Japanese testing procedures are well established. Work is needed to better simulate the performance of VRF systems to provide certified tools that predict energy use for compliance calculations to satisfy energy code requirements - or to capture energy credits for programs such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System) - or to qualify for rebates for programs such as Savings by Design. Available programs include: Trace700, a program developed by the Trane Company (TRACE 2007) but widely used in the industry that has had the ability to model VRF systems since 2001. EnergyPlus subroutines have been developed to model VRF systems. Privately sponsored work is underway to develop a version of eQuest, and work is being done by EnergySoft to develop a version of EnergyPro that incorporate VRF technology. Both eQuest and EnergyPro programs have been accepted by the California Energy Commission and when completed as anticipated by mid-year 2008 should greatly facilitate the use of VRF systems in California. Both programs are well connected with California utility rebate programs and will make needed calculations and fill out corresponding utility rebate forms.
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have reliable data on the efficacy of the VRF approach for U.S. applications. Ventilation system design refinements could also hasten applications acceptance. To overcome reluctance by those who design, specify, and purchase systems, the following tools, resources, and technology are needed: Energy analysis tools should be enhanced to incorporate algorithms that can accurately model VRF systems. The development of rating and testing methods needs to be encouraged to provide a reasonable means of comparing the VRF systems to ducted and hydronic systems. Well designed field tests and design and construction evaluations by independent third parties to derive reliable energy use data and true installed costs of VRF systems. A U.S.-focused design guide based on field studies and including information that provides the type of trusted data that specifiers, users and other important market participants need to for selecting systems. Such a guide and other training materials could help overcome specifier resistance to change and lack of information. Technical references and articles in journal and industry trade publications are needed in addition to the design guide to enhance knowledge of the applicability of VRF systems. Better, more economical means are needed to integrate fresh air delivery with VRF systems to provide ventilation while maintaining ease of retrofit. Develop advanced VRF systems with improved low temperature heat pump performance using cycle and configuration improvements such as multi-stage, supercharged cycles and flash-injection circuits. Guidance on use of ice storage systems in conjunction with VRF systems. If ice storage systems are charged by VRF systems then the ice storage system could, in turn, be integrated into the ventilation system and VRF systems to provide cold water for dehumidification.
References
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15 -2007, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems, ISSN 10412336, 2007 Dyer, Mark June 2006. Approaching 20 years of VRF in the UK, Modern Building Services, http://www.modern-buildingservices.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/2127/Approaching_20_years_of_VRF_in_the_UK. html Goetzler, William April 2007. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems, ASHRAE Journal, http://bookstore.ashrae.biz/journal/journal_s_article.php?articleID=16 Inman, Jon A., September 2007. Going With The Variable Flow, Engineered Systems, www.esmagazine.com Johnson, S. June 26, 2007. ASHRAE Headquarters Building Renovation, Mechanical Systems Narrative
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Roth, Kurt et al. 2002. Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Volume III: Energy Savings Potential, TIAX LLC for DOE http://doas-radiant.psu.edu/DOE_report.pdf or www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/hvacvolume2finalreport.pdf Siddens, Scott January 2007. Variable Refrigerant Systems Make for Zoned HVAC Control, Consulting-Specifying Engineer http://www.csemag.com/article/CA6407681.html Smith, Lee April 30, 2007. History Lesson: Ductless Has Come a Long Way, ACHR News TRACE700 Version 6.1.2, October 31, http://www.trane.com/Commercial/DNA/View.aspx?i=1136 https://www.trane.com//Commercial/DesignAnalysis/OrderForm.aspx 2007 and
Zhou, Y. et al. 2006. Module Development And Simulation of The Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioning System Under Cooling Conditions In EnergyPlus, http://txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/1969.1/5546/1/ESL-IC-06-11-80.pdf Texas A&M University, Energy Systems Laboratory
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