Inorgnic and Analytical Chemistry

Course CHEM-101

Dr. Muhammad Afzal Subhani

School of Chemical & Materials Engineering
NUST H-12 Islamabad
Mass, NMR and IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy

Principles
• Absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the
spectrum resulting in changes in the vibrational energy of molecules.
Instrumentation
• IR spectrometer or double-beam spectrophotometer
• incorporating prism or grating monochromator,
• thermal or photon detector,
• alkali halide cells.
Applications
• largely for the identification and structural analysis of organic materials
• Near infrared region used increasingly for industrial quality control.
Disadvantages
• Difficult to analyse mixtures. Special cells required for aqueous samples.
IR Spectroscopy

IR Spectrophotometer
IR Spectroscopy

The first question that which bond

will vibrate?
• much stronger or weaker than others
nearby
or
• between atoms that are much heavier
or lighter than their neighbours
• The relationship between frequency of
the bond vibration, the mass of the
atoms, and thestrength of the bond is
described by equation 1
• Where;
– f is force constant more or less
bond strength
– μ is Reduced mass which is given
by equation 2

equation 1 equation 2
IR Spectroscopy

What Kind of IR spectra is?

IR Spectroscopy
X—H Vibrations

Kind of Vibrations

Saturated and unsaturated groups

IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy
The X–H IR stretches are very different in these four compounds.
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry

Introduction

• It gives information about molecular weight and composition of a compound

Instrumentation

• A source to volatilize and ionize the molecule into a beam of charged

particles
• something to focus the beam so that particles of the same mass:charge
ratio are separated from all others
• A detector to detect the particles
• All spectrometers in common use operate in a high vacuum
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry by electron impact

Mass spectrometry