D. TC NHN GY N MN IN HA I. Tc nhn gy n mn trong h thng khai thc du kh 1.

Hydrosunfua (H2S): l cht kh c c mi trng thi, khi ha tan trong nc to thnh acid sunfuhydric (H2S) H2S H+ + HSHS- H+ + S2n mn do acid hydro sunfua gy ra gi l n mn chua. 2. Cacbon dioxide(CO2): Khi ho tan trong nc to thnh acid cacbonic H2O + CO2 H2CO3 n mn do kh cacbonic gy ra gi l n mn ngt H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ HCO3- CO32- + H+ 3. Kh oxy (O2): tn ti di dng phn t O2. Lng vt ca phn t O2 trong nc cng lm tng ng k lng n mn kim loi. 4. Vi khun (MIC): cc vi khun sinh ra trong mi trng trong m du kh lun c mt v sinh ra n mn do vi sinh vt, c bit xy ra mnh trong mi trng ym kh (khng c oxy) II. Cc yu t nh hng n tc n mn kim loi - Tc n mn kim loi ni chung tng ln khi tng cht rn ha tan trong nc tng ln TDS = total dissolved solids - Nhit tng lm tc n mn kim loi tng - Tc n mn kim loi tng khi p sut tng - Tc n mn kim loi tng khi pH gim III. Cc yu t n mn - Tng cht rn (TDS): dn in ca dung dch tng ln vi s tng nng ca ion ha tan - Nhit : cc phn t gia tc chuyn ng mnh hn vi s tng ca nhit - p sut: ha tan ca kh tng vi s tng ca p sut - pH gim: nng ion H+ trong dung dch tng IV. Mi trng trong ng ng ca ging du - Cc hydrocacbon l cc kh hydrocacbon tr (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10) - Cht gy n mn: H2S vCO2 hoc H2S/CO2 - Pha hydrocacbon lng (condensate) - Nc di dng lng: thng l cc mui tng dn in

V. Tc chu ng ca cc ng ng - Tc ti hn < 3m/s - S h hng xy ra khi di ch chy xoy - Mun dng tc cao hn 3m/s phi tng ng knh ca ng ng, ch nn s dng ti a 5m/s - gim n mn h thng ng ng tt nht dng cht c ch n mn. n mn thit b trong cc m du v kh thng xy ra mnh m nht trn ranh gii phn chia 2 pha khng trn ln hydrocacbon v cht in ly. Nguyn nhn l hydrocacbon c xem nh mt acquy ln cha lng ln cc kh ha tan. V khi b mt tip xc gia cht in ly trn b mt kim loi ha tan rt nhiu kh. E. N MN IN HA KIM LOI (THP) Cc kim loi v hp kim ch b n mn in ha trong mi trng dn in, min l trong dung dch cht in ly, m ph bin l trong dung dch nc. Cc tc nhn n mn chnh trong cc dung dch in ly thng l kh oxy ha tan trong nc hoc kh oxy ha tan trong mi trng nc hoc kim. Cn trong mi trng pH<7, cht gy n mn l ion H+ Qu trnh n mn thng xy ra 2 in cc anod v catod. Ti anod: xy ra phn ng oxy ha nguyn t M n+ + ne- (mt in t) Ti catod: xy ra phn ng kh (nhn in t) ca 1 cht oxy ha no c mt trong dung dch in ly Ox + ne- Kh + pH<7 (khng c oxy) H+ + e - H H + H H2 + pH<7 (c oxy): cho phn ng catod 1/2O2 + H2O + 2e- 2OH- (1) 2OH- + 2H+ H2O (2) 1/2O2 + 2H+ +2e- H2O (3) + pH 7: ch xy ra phn ng oxy nhn in t 1/2O2 + H2O + 2e- 2OHI. n mn thp do oxy Mt lng nh oxy ha tan trong dung dch nc cng gy ra s n mn thp ng k. Do oxy trong khng kh m, trong t, trong nc bin, h, Ti anod: Fe Fe2+ + 2e(1)

Ti catod: 1/2O2 + 2e- +H2O 2OH- (mi trng pH 7) (2) (1) v (2) l phn ng s cp in t i c trong dy dn kim loi, ion di chuyn trong dung dch Fe2+ 2OH- Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 +2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3.H2O + 2H2O II. n mn ngt do kh CO2 tan trong nc CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Fe + H2CO3 FeCO3 + 2H+ n mn do kh cacbonic th tc n mn kim loi do kh cacbonic gy ra ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca kh cacbonic c xc nh bi cng thc sau: p sut ring phn = p sut tng * nng % ca kh 100
4000 * 2 80 psi 100

V d: p sut y mt ging khoan du kh l 4000psi v c hm lng kh cacbonic l 2% th p sut ring phn ca kh cacbonic l: 1mil (0.001 inch)= 25.4micrometre = 0.0254 milimetre 1psi (pound force per inch2)= 0.06895 bar= 0.06895at 1at= 760mmHg ( 00C) 1psi= 6.895 kilopascal (kPa) Mc n mn thp ph thuc vo p sut ring phn ca kh cacbonic nh sau: p sut ring phn ca kh CO2 < 4psi : n mn hu nh khng xy ra p sut ring phn ca kh CO2 t 4-10 psi: n mn c th xy ra p sut ring phn ca kh CO2 > 10psi: n mn chc chn xy ra nh hng ca p sut v nhit n s n mn thp trong dung dch c kh cacbonic ha tan (hnh v) n mn do kh cacbonic gy ra th tc n mn ca n gim dn theo thi gian do c s to thnh mui FeCO3 kt ta trn b mt kim loi t nhiu c tc dng c ch qu trnh n mn kim loi ngha l ngn cn s di chuyn ca ion Fe 2+ t b mt kim loi vo dung dch v cng l ngn cn s thm nhp ca kh oxy n b mt catod. Ni cch khc, mui FeCo3.c tc dng c ch c anod, ha tan Fe v c ch c qu trnh catod kh oxy. III. n mn do kh sunfur (n mn chua) n mn chua do kh hydro sunfua ha tan trong nc gy ra l 1 dng n mn rt nguy him i vi cc thit b khai thc du kh v ng ng. HS + H2O HS- + H+

HS- + H2O S2- + H+ Fe + S2- FeS C ch phn ng n mn nh sau: Kh hydrosunfua khi ha tan trong nc to thnh acid hydrosunfua. Kh H 2S c mi trng thi rt c v c kh nng ha tan rt ln trong nc. Qu trnh n mn do hydrosunfua gy ra c th tm tt nh sau: Ti anod: Fe Fe2+ + 2eH2S H+ + HSHS- H+ + S2Ti catod: 2H+ + 2e- 2H H2 Phn ng th cp: Fe2+ + S2- FeS (xp, khng c tnh bo v thp) Ngoi ra FeS cn c in th (+) hn thp nn to thnh pin n mn, trong thp l anod cn feS l catod c in tch (+) hn nn cng thc y qu trnh n mn thp do H2S gy ra (-)Fe / H2S / FeS(+) Anod H2O Catod Hn na, trong qu trnh n mn kim loi do H2S gy ra cn c s ti sinh kh H2S, nn qu trnh n mn do H2S gy ra hu nh khng gim dn theo thi gian, ngha l s ph hy thit b khai thc du kh v cc ng ng dn kh khi c mt hydrosunfua xy ra lin tc. Phn ng catod ny to ra nguyn t H, v H2S xp nn khng ngn cn c s n mn hydro vo thp. S thm kh hydro v nguyn t H vo mng tinh th thp s gy ra s ph hy nghim trng kt cu thp to thnh s phng, rp, s nt, rn v s ha gin. 1. nh hng ca nng H2S i vi s n mn thp Khi c mt ca H2S, trong sn phm du kh cn xy ra hin tng gii phng nguyn t S t do. 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O + n mn trong ng ng do S Kh chua t v S nguyn t c gii phng ra l mi trng n mn rt mnh, nguyn nhn l S ly trn b mt kim loi s n mn rt mnh. Nguyn t S kh phn t catod v ph hy mng FeS, t nhiu c tnh cht bo v Ti anod: Fe Fe2+ + 2eTi catod: S + 2e- S2-

Tc n mn cc b bi S gy ra t n 110mpy (mil per year). Ngi ta s dng dung mi ha tan S th x l thnh cng trong vic chng n mn do nguyn t S gy ra. 2. n mn cc thit b du kh khi c mt ng thi kh H2S v CO2 Kh H2S v/hoc CO2 trong s kt hp vi nc to ra mi trng n mn mnh i vi thp cacbon hp kim thp. Ni chung, dng n mn ca ng ng hay cc thit b du kh nh sau: - n mn chung: l khi c mt H2S v CO2 - n mn cc b hay n mn pitting : khi c mt H2S v CO2 - S nt ng sut: l khi c mt H2S - S thm nhp ca hydro gy ra s gin ca thp: khi c mt H2S 3. T l ca H2S v CO2 T l ca H2S i vi CO2 c nh hng nh th no n s n mn nh hng n loi c ch n mn v sn phm n mn to thnh trn b mt kim loi. t l H2S/CO2 l 1/2- 1/9 th sn phm n mn tiu biu l FeS (Nu hm lng H2S >1%) Khi hm lng H2S t n 3 bar th xy ra s n mn chua. Kh H2S khng nhng ph hy nghim trng kim loi do n mn, n cn lm gim ng k cht lng thng phm ca du v kh. V vy, trong cng nghip khai thc du kh cn c bit ch ngn chn s n mn do H2S gy ra bng cch loi b H2S nh cc ha cht c tnh hp ph H2S hoc bng cc cht c ch n mn c hiu qu bo v cao chng li s n mn do hydrosunfua gy ra. ng ng dn du kh c ln kh H2S b n mn mnh m chng no m trn b mt kim loi khng c s hnh thnh mng mui FeS c tnh bo v. Khi hm lng H2S cao th sn phm FeS to ra c kch thc ln khong chng 200-700A0 th khng c tnh bo v. mng mui FeS t nhiu c tnh bo v khi cc tinh th feS to ra c kch thc nh v to thnh mng lin tc. S bo v kt cu thp khi s to thnh FeS ph thuc vo cu trc ca FeS. Nhit , p sut, nng kh H2S, cc cht oxy ha v tc dng chy ca du kh c nh hng n kch thc ca mui FeS to thnh. F. N MN DO VI SINH VT (Microbial induced corrosion) Trong t nhin lun tn ti ion sunfat. Khi ion sunfat kt hp vi cht nn hu c trong qu trnh trao i cht ca vi khun kh sunfat (SRB- Sulfate Reducing Bateria) hnh thnh ion HS- v CO2 SO42- + cht nn hu c HS- + CO2 Qu trnh kh ion sunfat to ra mi trng n mn bi vi khun kh sunfat xy ra nh sau: Cc vi sinh vt trong qu trnh hot ng sng ca chng thng to ra cc hp cht c tnh acid gy ra qu trnh n mn kim loi.

Cc vi sinh vt chia lm 2 loi chnh l vi khun ho kh v ym kh Vi khun ho kh thng hot ng mnh trong mi trng khng c hoc c rt t oxy. Trong 2 loi vi khun ny th vi khun ym kh nguy him hn so vi vi khun ho kh i vi s n mn kim loi. Trong vi khun k kh th vi khun kh sunfat l nguy him nht. C ch n mn kim loi do vi khun kh sunfat gy ra c th tm tt nh sau: - Qu trnh n mn do hot ng sng ca vi khun kh sunfat c th khi qut bng cc phn ng ha hc sau:
H2S + H2O (1) Phn ng anod: 2H+ + SO42- + 4H2 SRB

H2S HS- + H+ S2- + 2H+ (2) Fe+ H2S + H2O Fe(HS)hp + H3O+ (3) Fe(HS)hp (FeHS)+ + 2e- (4) (FeHS)+ + H3O+ Fe2+ + H2S + H2O (5) Fe2+ + HS FeS + H+ (6) Phn ng (5)ti sinh H2S tip tc gy n mn theo phn ng (3) Acid hydro sunfua gia tc phn ng catod nh sau: Fe + HS- Fe(HS)hp (1) Fe(HS)hp + H3O+ Fe(H-S-H)hp + H2O(2) Fe(H-S-H)hp +e- Fe(HS)hp + Hhp (3) Cc nguyn t hydro c to ra theo phn ng (3) mt phn ti hp thnh phn t H2, mt phn khuch tn vo kim loi lm thp b gin. Nm 1996, Jack a ra mt c ch v s n mn thp do vi khun kh sunfat gy ra nh sau: Vi khun kh sunfat kh ion sunfat thnh axit H2S. Axit H2S n mn thp to thnh FeS. FeS sinh ra li to thnh cp pin Galvanic vi thp, trong FeS l catod v Fe l anod. Trn vng anod, st b ha tan (n mn). Trn vng catod FeS to thnh nguyn t hydro v phn t H2, in t c chuyn trc tip t FeS ti protein trong vch t bo vi khun, ngha l in t t b mt FeS c vi khun kh sunfat ly i lm cho qu trnh n mn in ha thp din ra d dng v lin tc. Tm li, n mn kim loi do vi sinh vt gy ra c c im sau: - C ch n mn kim loi c quyt nh bi 1 loi vi khun - Vi khun bm trn b mt kim loi gy ra n mn mnh hn so vi vi khun tri ni trong dung dch - chng li s n mn kim loi do vi khun, ngi ta phi a vo mi trn g khai thc du kh cc cht dit khun (biocide)