Steven Shei Period 1 Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger , but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government It shows the state of nature where the people should only obey themselves rather than others. It also talks about representative government, property, and more. Federalist #10 It is the tenth in the series of essays Madison wrote. It disproved that it was impossible to expand a republican government over such a large area. It also stated why a constitution should be created. Republican Government It is a type of government where the power goes to the people. It is in direct opposition to an aristocratic or monarchical government. Land Ordinance of 1785 It is the first of red-letter laws and it said that the land of the Old Northwest should be sold and the money be used to pay off the national debt. Land Ordinance of 1787 Land Ordinance of 1787 relates to the governing of the Old Northwest and it prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest but allowed the slaves that were already there. It stated how to deal with the problem of how a nation should handle its colonies. Necessary and Proper Clause Hamilton specified a part in the Constitution stating that Congress is allowed to pass any laws that is required in order to run the country and implement powers of the government agencies. Federalist Papers These were essays that were used as propaganda and they include commentaries on the Constitution. Shays Rebellion This was a rebellion started by Daniel Shays in western Massachusetts in 1786 and included farmers who fought in the American Revolutionary War who lost their farms. The rebels called for paper money issued by the states and lighter taxes. Annapolis Convention

Steven Shei Period 1 A convention where only 5 representatives attended to talk about the control of trade. This led to the Philadelphia convention. Philadelphia Convention This is a convention in Philadelphia that continued for 26 weeks and created the Constitution of the United States that Madison drafted. Delegated Powers Powers that the central government has. Reserved Powers Powers that were not listed or assigned to the government. Concurrent Powers These were powers that both federal and state government shared and the power can be used within a particular area. Supremacy Clause Makes the US Constitution the supreme law of the land and states that whenever a problem occurs between federal law and state constitution, the state has to abide by the federal laws. Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists were against the Constitution of 1787 and wanted to make a stronger federal government.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? One social change was that the Americans started becoming more independent rather than dependent on Britain. America changed from buying its things from Britain to boycotting and not buying anything to making their own things. Women were also more respected as they were looked at to create more capable, strong, and intelligent men. Most states also reduced the requirements for voting and new titles were given such as Mr. and Mrs. for men and women respectively and boss rather than master. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? State constitutions represented a fundamental law and it states the rights of citizens in a specific state. It also stated the rights of certain government branches and created weak executive and judicial branches. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? The positive effects were that the Americans won the war and that the Americans were separate and independent now. The negative effects were that the country has a debt and there is no government or regulation of trade.

Steven Shei Period 1 A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? There was the need to create a new central government while the countries were indebted and lacked unity with each other. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The states were separate during the war but there is one thing that keeps them together and that is having a common enemy. The states would also all have to unanimously agree in order to create the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? There was nothing really good about the Confederation. The good thing is that the states were able to rule themselves independently. There would be no armies or leaders to be in charge of the country. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. It was important because the land of the Northwest was sold and it helped America acquire money in order to pay off some of the national debt. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. America was known as the Worlds Ugly Duckling because it just started and it had troubles with getting along with other countries. America was also insulted and John Jay hoped that the insults would encourage the Americans into building a new government that is stronger.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The Articles of Confederation were very inefficient and the states were not able to achieve anything successfully. The states did not work together and the country was not able to be run so the United States was in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? There were property holders chosen by the state legislatures. Most of the people were lawyers and they were young and radical. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.

Steven Shei Period 1 He is saying that people had too good an opinion of human nature meaning that the people overestimated the goodness of human nature and most people were doing it for themselves. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. The compromises were that the states could have a bicameral legislature or a legislature with dependent on equal representation one and another dependent on the population. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The major points of the Constitution as originally written was focused mainly on how much power the central government should receive and how many representatives a state should have. Because it does nto talk about the peoples rights, the constitution was not really democratic. . The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The anti-federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution because they believed that it gave too much power to the national government and because it did not include the Bill of Rights. However, after the Bill of Rights was added, they were happy with it. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Most of the states did approve of the Constitution. They saw the constitution as a document that supported their beliefs. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? The anti-federalists was an opposition to the ratification of the Constitution because it did not include a Bill of Rights. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The new ideas will be included but there will be restrictions so that the ideas would not get too powerful again like the old times. Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson

Steven Shei Period 1 became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet Washingtons Cabinet included the Secretary of State, Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton, and the Secretary of War, Knox, and these people helped Washington make decisions. Judiciary Act of 1789 It put together federal courts and the Supreme court including the chief justice and five associates. Federalists Federalists were mostly the rich and elite and they were led by hamilton. Federalists wanted the upper class to control the government rather than the common people and wanted a strong central government. Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans were mostly the common people and they believed that the common people should rule. Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton established the Financial Plan, including the funding of par, excise taxes, tariffs, national bank, and assumption of debt. Jefferson disagreed because he thought that the Federal Government has a monopoly over the economy and he believes in strictly what the Constitution says and nothing else. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit This is a plan that leans toward the wealthy because Hamilton thought that the wealthy would in return help the government by giving some money. It also supported the American industry. Jays Treaty A treaty between the US and England that stated the British will remove its posts on the US and it will pay the damages for the seizing of American ships. Pinckneys Treaty This was a treaty with Spain and it allowed the US to navigate along the Mississippi and the territory north of Florida. Washingtons Farewell Address It was Washingtons farewell address as he resigned from the office of presidency and he warned the American citizens of two things and those were to not form political parties and stay away from foreign affairs. Midnight appointments Actions performed on the last few remaining moments of an office position. Revolution of 1800

Steven Shei Period 1 Jeffersons term for the election of 1800 as it indicated the movement of power from the Federalists to the Democratic Republicans. Judiciary Act of 1801 The Judiciary Act of 1801 is one of the last laws passed by the Federalist Congress. It created judicial offices and new federal judgeships. These were judges appointed by John Adams at the very last second right before Jefferson enters office of presidency. These judges had the same views that Adams had and Adams believed that these judges would offset Jefferson. XYZ Affair An event when Adams sent delegates to France to negotiate with their problems but the delegates were met by agents X, Y, and Z who said that a payment was required before meeting with the French foreign minister. Chisholm v Georgia This was when the Executive Council of Georgia ordered supplies from a businessman from South Carolina in 1777 called Chisholm. After Georgia acquired its supplies, Georgia did not pay and the executor Alexander Chisholm took the case to court. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Washington was important because he was appointed unanimously and this has only happened once out of all of the other presidents who ran, showing that Washington was very important and many liked him. He was the one who appointed the Electoral College as well and the Cabinet which included Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox as Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, and Secretary of war, respectively. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? The first congress, with the Judiciary Act of 1789, created effective federal courts and organized the Supreme court. It also established the office of attorney general and appointed the chief justice and five associates for the supreme court. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Hamiltons economic plans included the Funding at Par and Assumption of State Debts and this led to the District of Columbia. Funding at par was when the government would pay its debt at face value and accumulated interest and this got more trust for the government from the people. The assumption of state debts is when the state debts would be considered as a national debt rather than independent debts although this angered the southern states that paid more debt than the northern states that did not really pay anything. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.

Steven Shei Period 1 The first two parts of Hamiltons plan was funding at par and assumption of state debts. The government would first pay off the money at face value so that the government would have more control because the people now owed money to the government. Then there was the Tariff law that implemented a tariff on about 8% of the imports and next was the excise taxes which imposed a tax of seven cents per gallon of whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? Jefferson believed in strict construction and that was to only do what the Constitution stated and nothing more. Anything not stated in the constitution is wrong. However, Hamilton believed that nothing stated in the constitution is ok. Hamilton and his federalists believed in loose construction and elastic clause or a loose reading rather than a strict one. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The Whiskey Rebellion was a victory for more a feeling of a stronger government because the new national government was able to put down the rebellion unlike Shays rebellion where not much was able to be done. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? The tension between Jefferson and Hamilton caused the political parties to grow. As Washington approved of the bank, there was even more tension. It was first created when Madison and Jefferson both organized their opposition against Hamiltons program and as more tension grew, newspapers spread and federalist and democratic republican parties were created. The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? The French made the Americans think as if the French Revolution were the second part of their own revolution. THe Federalists were conservationists and feared change while the Democratic-Republicans were happy with this fact. The Jeffersonians disagreed with the bloodshed and the Federalists agreed with the revolution. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. The reason for the Neutrality proclamation was because the Franco-American alliance was still valid and the US was to help the French but the British fleets were going to attack the island of the West Indies. Citizen Edmond Genet believed that the Neutrality Proclamation did not show the true desires of the people and he went with unneutral activity such as invading SPanish Florida and Louisiana and British Canada. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville

Steven Shei Period 1 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? The British were unhappy with the losing of the colonies and the British paid the native americans to attack the colonies. The British also hijacked the American ships by taking the crew and forcing them to serve on the British ships. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Jays Treaty is a treaty between the British and the Americans on commerce and trading. Many Americans were unhappy with Jays treaty. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? John Adams stepped into office after Washington and he has some big shoes to fill if he hopes to be as great as Washington was. Hamilton also left Treasury because Hamilton disliked Adams. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? The French began to seize the American merchant vessels and this caused America to close to war in the ending years of 18th century. John marshall and 2 other men were to negotiate with France but France sent agents X,Y, and Z stating that they require a payment in order to let the Americans speak to the French foreign minister. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? It hurt Adams political career because the Americans were already really angry with the French and by not allowing the Americans to fight the French, it hurt Adams political career. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams saw that the foreigners in America were supporting the Democratic Republicans so he decides to pass the Alien Laws and Sedition Acts to discriminate and kick out the foreigners who supported the Democratic Republicans side. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Alien and Sedition Acts were more important because if the Federalist party was able to take out free speech and free press, then they would be able to remove other rights. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic

Steven Shei Period 1 The leader of the Federalists was Alexander Hamilton and the leader of the Democratic Republicans was Thomas Jefferson. Hamilton believed in a loose construction and interpretation of the constitution such as whatever is not stated in the constitution must be allowed. However, Jefferson believed in strict construction or whatever is not stated in the constitution is not allowed. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the wealthy while the Democratic Republicans and Jefferson supported the commoners.