CHEMISTRY

Matter & Energy

What is Matter?
Everything in the world is made up of matter! Anything that has mass and takes up space is matter. You are made of matter, milk is matter, air is matter Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

Atoms are the smallest building blocks of all matter. They are extremely small!
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that happen with matter. Matter can be described by its physical properties or chemical properties.

Physical Properties of Matter:

1. Physical properties: Properties that can be looked at without changing the matter. Appearance, hardness, odor, density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, boiling point, melting point, color, shape etc. Physical changes change the physical form of matter without changing its chemical identity Melting ice Dissolving sugar in water Ripping, tearing, breaking

Boiling water does not change the make-up of the matter, it is still H20.

Some Physical Properties

Phase (solid, liquid, gas) Mass Volume Density Melting Point Boiling Point Volatility Malleability Ductility Taste Odor Color Texture Shape Solubility Electrical Conducting Heat Conducting Magnetism

Chemical Properties of Matter:

Chemical property- tells how matter reacts with other matter

(Flamability, combustable, corrosive, etc.)

Chemical change the chemical identity of a substance is destroyed and a new substance(s) is formed Rusting of iron Baking a cake Digesting of food Burning paper

Some Chemical Properties

Acidity Corrosiveness Reactivity Inertness Flammability Oxidizing Ability Stability Explosiveness Combustibility Sensitivity to Light

Chemical Changes

A chemical change is a process where one substance changes into another. Chemical changes can give off heat, light or electricity. A chemical change can take in heat (endothermic) or give off heat (exothermic)

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. This is known as the law of conservation of matter.
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. This is known as the law of conservation of energy.

Matter can be PURE or MIXED:

Matter

Pure Substances
Elements Compounds

Mixtures
Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Mixtures can be separated

Filtration based on size

Distillation based on boiling point

Elements and Compounds CANNOT

Matter Can Exist in Three States: Solid Liquid

Gas

Characteristics of the 3 States: Solid, Liquid, Gas

Particles in a solid are packed very tightly and do not move much at all. Particles in a liquid is packed less tightly and move freely. Particles in a gas are very loosely packed and move freely and quickly.

Two Types of Solids

Crystalline Solids Organized into a pattern Repeating patterns i.e. Salt, sugar - Sodium Chloride

Amorphous Solids No long specific order Polymers, glass, etc.

Properties of Liquids
Surface Tension the pull on the surface of liquids caused by the attraction of molecules. You can experience this if you slap your hand on the water or see a bug walking on water.

Viscosity vicosity is the resistance of a liquid to flowing. Stickability or pourability For instance, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

Properties of Gases
Gases take the shape of their container, like air in a balloon. Gases without a container spread throughout the air quickly. When you spray perfume in the air, you can smell it eventually from across the room. Charles Law states that a the volume of a gas is affected by the temperature. Boyles Law states that the volume of a container contriubutes to the pressure of a gas.

Matter can change States:

Melting: Boiling: Sublimation: solid liquid liquid gas solid gas Freezing: liquid solid Condensing: gas liquid

As energy is added or taken away, molecules move more slowly or more quickly.

Matter is made of Atoms How Small is an Atom?...

REALLY small!

The Atom
An atom consists of: ~ A nucleus (of protons and neutrons) ~ Electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Electron cloud Nucleus

Protons have a (+) charge

Electrons have a (-) charge Neutrons have no (n) charge

 ELEMENTS

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into other substances. The elements, their names, and symbols are given on the PERIODIC TABLE - Elements are organized on the periodic table by their characteristics - Horizontal rows of the table are known as periods - Vertical columns of the table are known as groups Sodium

Aluminum/Bromine

The Periodic Table of Elements

Elements
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus. The atomic number tells how many protons there are in the nucleus.

13

Atomic number
Element symbol Atomic Mass

Al
26.981

Compounds
composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio (H20, water) properties differ from those of individual elements example: table salt (NaCl)

Molecules
A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound.

The make-up of molecules is shown by a CHEMICAL FORMULA H2O -water C8H10N4O2 - caffeine

Atoms are Selfish!

Atoms want to have a certain number of electrons in their outer shell. To do this they can do one of three things:

Lovers share electrons Losers loose electrons Criminals steal electrons