Luyn thi i hc mn Ton nm hc 2012 2013

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Ti liu tham kho:

01. CHUN K NNG HNH HC

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I. K NNG V HNH
1) Cc khi chp tam gic

a) Hnh chp tam gic thng: + y ABC ta v l tam gic thng, nghing v mt pha ch khng v tam gic cn. Thng ta v y nghing v pha phi, khi khng gian cho mt phng SAB ln hn v hnh v s thong hn. + nh S khng nm ngoi khng gian ng ca (ABC).

b) Hnh chp tam gic c cnh bn vung gc vi y: + y ABC ta v l tam gic thng, nghing v mt pha. + Gi s SA (ABC), khi t A ta dng ng vung gc vi y, trn ly nh S. SA BC + Hnh chp ny c tnh cht SA AC SA AB

c) Hnh chp tam gic c cnh bn vung gc vi y: + y ABC ta v l tam gic thng, nghing v mt pha. + Gi s (SAB) (ABC), khi AB l giao tuyn, trn AB ta ly mt im H ri qua H dng mt ng vung gc vi AB. Trn ly nh S. y ta s dng mt tnh cht quan trng ca hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau v hnh: nu hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau, ng thng no nm trong mt ny v vung gc vi giao tuyn th vung gc vi mt phng cn li. SH BC + Tnh cht ca hnh chp: SH ( ABC ) SH AC SH AB

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton nm hc 2012 2013 d) Hnh chp tam gic u: + y ABC ta v l tam gic thng, nghing v mt pha (mc d y l tam gic u). + Xc nh trng tm G ca tam gic (bng 2/3 ng trung tuyn), qua G dng ng thng vung gc vi y, trn ly nh S. + Tnh cht ca hnh chp tam gic u: y l tam gic u cnh a, cc cnh bn bng nhau v bng b, (a b). Chn ng cao trng vi tm y, tc SG ( ABC )

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e) Hnh chp t gic thng: + y ABCD ta v l t gic thng, y ln nm trong mt khut. + nh S nm trong min khng gian ng ca y.

f) Hnh chp t gic c cnh bn vung gc vi y: + y ABCD ta v l hnh bnh hnh. + Gi s SA (ABCD), t A ta dng ng thng vung gc vi y, trn ly nh S.

g) Hnh chp t gic c y l hnh thang vung: + y ABCD ta v l thang c y ln trong, y b ngoi. + Gi s SA (ABCD), t A ta dng ng thng vung gc vi y, trn ly nh S.

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton nm hc 2012 2013 h) Hnh chp t gic c mt bn vung gc vi y: + y ABCD ta v l hnh bnh hnh. + Gi s (SAB) (ABCD), trn giao tuyn AB ta ly mt im H ri qua H dng ng thng vung gc vi y, trn ly nh S.

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h) Hnh chp t gic u: + y ABCD l hnh vung, ta v l hnh bnh hnh c gc nhn khng vt qu 300 + T tm O ca y, ta dng SO (ABCD) + Tnh cht ca hnh chp t gic u: y l hnh vung cnh a, cc cnh bn bng nhau v bng b; chn ng cao trng vi tm y; cc cnh bn nghing u vi y, cc mt bn cng nghing u vi y.

2) Cc khi lng tr

a) Lng tr ng tam gic + y ABC ta v l tam gic thng, nghing v mt pha ch khng v tam gic cn. + Dng cc ng thng ng t A, B, C, trn d ly cc nh A; B; C; sao cho cc mt bn to thnh cc hnh bnh hnh. + c im ca lng tr: cc mt bn l cc hnh ch nht

b) Lng tr xin tam gic

II. K NNG TNH TON

1) nh l hm sin trong tam gic ABC

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton nm hc 2012 2013

a = 2 R sin A a b c 2R = = = b = 2 R sin B sin A sin B sin C c = 2 R sin C
2) nh l hm cosin trong tam gic ABC

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b2 + c 2 a 2 cos A = 2bc a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc.cos A 2 2 a + c2 b2 2 2 cos B = b = a + c 2ac.cos B 2ac 2 2 2 c a b 2 ab .cos C = + 2 a + b2 c2 cos C = 2ab

3) Cc cng thc tnh din tch tam gic ABC

1 1 1 SABC = .a.ha = .b.hb = .c.hc 2 2 2 1 1 1 = ab.sin C = bc.sin A = ac.sin B 2 2 2 1 abc = p.r = ( a + b + c ) .r = 2 4R

4) Cc kt qu tnh nhanh vi tam gic u ABC

Tam gic ABC u cnh x, khi ta c :

+ di trung tuyn l

x 3 = 2

a 3 2 2a 3 x=2a =a 3 2 a 2 3 a 6 x=a 2 = 2 2
x=a
x=a

+ Din tch tam gic

x2 3 = 4

(a 2 )
x=a 2

a2 3 4 4a 2 3 x = 2a = a2 3 4
2

2a 2 3 2

V d 1: Cho tam gic ABC c A = 60 ; B = 45 ; b = 4 cm. Tnh di hai cnh a v c.

0 0

V d 2: Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c AB = 4 cm; BC = 5 cm; BD = 7 cm. Tnh di cnh AC. V d 3: Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC bit a) a = 14; b = 18; c = 20 b) a = 4; b = 5; c = 7 3 V d 4: Cho tam gic ABC c b = 7 cm; c = 5 cm v cos A = . 5 a) Tnh a; sinA v din tch tam gic ABC. b) Tnh ng cao ha ca tam gic xut pht t A v bn knh R ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
3 7 2 5 2 /s: a = 4 2 ( cm ) ; sin A = ; S = 14 cm 2 ; ha = ( cm ) ; R = ( cm ) 5 2 2

V d 5: Cho tam gic ABC c A = 600; b = 8 cm; c = 5 cm. Tnh ng cao ha v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. 20 3 7 3 /s: ha = ( cm ) ; R = ( cm ) . 7 3

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Luyn thi i hc mn Ton nm hc 2012 2013

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V d 6: Cho tam gic ABC c a = 6 cm; b = 2 cm; c = 1 + 3 cm . Tnh cc gc A, B, chiu cao ha v bn knh R ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. /s: A = 600 ; B = 450 ; R = 2 cm.
5) H thc lng trong tam gic vung ABC

Gi s tam gic ABC vung ti A. Khi ta c a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + c = a sin C = a cos B b = a sin B = a.cos C

1 1 1 = + 2 2 AH AB AC 2 1 1 + SABC = AH .BC = AB. AC AH .BC = AB. AC 2 2 AC HC AC 2 cos C = = HC = BC AC BC + AB 2 cos B = AB = HB HB = BC AB BC

6) K thut tch hnh

Vi mt hnh m khng th tnh din tch, th tch trc tip thng ta s dng phng php tch hnh, hoc tnh bng cch thm bt.

V d 1: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB = 2a, AD = a. Gi M; N l trung im ca AB v BC; P l im di ng trn CD. Xc nh v tr ca im P a) din tch tam gic MNP bng a2 b) din tch tam gic MNP t gi tr nh nht. V d 2: Cho hnh thang ABCD vung ti A, D c AB = a, CD = 2a, AD = 2a.. Gi M l im di ng trn AD, N l trung im ca CD. t AM = x, tm x a) din tch tam gic AMB gp i din tch tam gic DMN. b) din tch t gic BMNC bng a2. c) din tch t gic BMNC t gi tr ln nht. V d 3: Cho tam gic ABC u, cnh AB = a 2. Gi I l trung im ca cnh BC. T I dng IH AC; IK AB. a) Tnh din tch tam gic HIC. b) Tnh di on thng HK.

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