Avr PNK

AVR
(info@avr.ir) :
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

Reset
C
: 1
:2 7-Segment
: 3 )(LCD
:4
:5 LED Dot Matrix

:6
/
: 7
:8 DC PWM

:9 RTC
/
:10
:11
)(RS-232
:12
:13 USB RS232
)I2C Bus (TWI
:12 EEPROM I2C

:13 LM35

SPI Bus
Mode Sleep Watchdog
:1 I/O
:2
:3 AVR
Pinout :4 AVR
:5 ATmega16
Page |4
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Reset
AVR
Erase . .
Mega16 2 :
Reset Boot
High Byte
BOOTRST
BOOTSZ0
BOOTSZ1
EEPROM Erase
EESAVE
CKOPT
SPI
SPIEN
JTAG
JTAGEN
JTAG
OCDEN
Bootloader
--
Page |5
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Low Byte
CKSEL0
CKSEL1
CKSEL2
CKSEL3
SUT0
SUT1
BODEN
BODLEVEL
Startup
1
1
Brown-out
Brown-out
:BOOTRST BOOT
0000 Reset ) .
](BOOTSZ[1:0
Pages Reset BOOTSZ1 BOOTSZ0 Boot

$1F80
Word 128
$F00
Word 256
$E00
Word 512
$C00
16
Word 1024
--
Page |6
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:BODEN Brown-out Detector

Brown-out .
BODEN BODLEVEL Brown-out
Vcc=2.7v
Vcc=4.0v
: RC
RC / .
--
Page |7
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
CKSEL .
CKSEL RC .
--
Page |8
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:
XTAL1 . CKSEL ) (
CKOPT 36
.
XTAL1

CKOPT
36 pF
XTAL2
RC : 4 2 1 8
25 5 3
. CKSEL
. CKOPT .
--
Page |9
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
RC : .
1

3 RC
= f . C 22
CKOPT 36 .
R
XTAL1
C
CKOPT
36 pF
XTAL2
Mode
CKSEL .
:
32768 . 1001 CKSEL
--
P a g e | 10
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
. CKOPT
.
36 pF
CKOPT
XTAL1
C1
XTAL
Rf
XTAL2
C2
CKOPT
36 pF
: XTAL1 XTAL2
On-chip .
- -
P a g e | 11
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
XTAL1
C1
XTAL
Rf
XTAL2
C2

Startup
.
36 CKOPT .

XTAL2 . CKOPT
.
8 CKOPT .

CKSEL .
- -
P a g e | 12
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
CKSEL ] SUT[1:0
Start-up .
Start-up
System Clock and Clock Options Datatsheet .
Reset
Reset I/O CPU

Reset . 5 Mega16 Reset :
- -
Power-on Reset
1.
External Reset
2.
Brown-out Reset
3.
Watchdog Reset
4.
JTAG AVR Reset
5.
P a g e | 13
www.pnkavosh.com
Reset :
Reset :
- -
www.avr.ir
P a g e | 14
www.pnkavosh.com
.1
www.avr.ir
:Power-on Reset Vcc .
Reset .
Reset .
RESET Vcc ) . Pull-up (.
Reset Vcc :
- -
P a g e | 15
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:External Reset .2 Reset RESET

1.5 .
Time-out .
.3
:Brown-out Detection ATmega16 Brown-out Detection
Vcc . 2.7
BODLEVEL 4.0 .
Reset
. Spike
- -
P a g e | 16
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
VBOT+ = VBOT + VHYST / 2
VBOT = VBOT VHYST / 2 .
Brown-out Detection
BODEN )( .
:Watchdog Reset .4 Watchdog

.
.
- -
P a g e | 17
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
MCU Control and Status Register
MCUCSR

JTD ISC2 - JTRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF
CPU Reset
Reset .
.
Bit 0 PORF: Power-on Reset Flag

Bit 1 EXTRF: External Reset Flag
Bit 2 BORF: Brown-out Reset Flag
Bit 3 WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
Bit 4 JTRF: JTAG Reset Flag
- -
P a g e | 18
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
C
C )( main) . (.
:

)(void main
{
{)while(1
.
.
.
}
}
Hello World .
- -
P a g e | 19
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
>#include<stdio.h
)(void main
{
;)"!printf("Hello World
;)while(1
}
.
) while(1 .
.
Brace .
" " .
// /* */ .
.

31 .
C Case Sensitive .
) . (if, char, while,
- -
P a g e | 20
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

char a ;
int b@0xA3;
Type
Size (Bits)
bit
0,1
char
-128 to 127
unsigned char
0 to 255
signed char
-128 to 127
int
16
-32768 to 32767
short int
16
-32768 to 32767
unsigned int
16
0 to 65535
signed int
16
-32768 to 32767
long int
32
-2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned long int
32
0 to 4294967295
signed long int
32
-2147483648 to 2147483647
float
32
1.175e-38 to 3.402e38
double
32
1.175e-38 to 3.402e38
Range
. @
. eeprom EEPROM
eeprom int code;
- -
P a g e | 21
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;'char s = 'a
const flash .:
; const float pi = 3.14
#define
.
:
; #define code 100
3*2
5 /2
2.5
3 +6
8-3
10%3
&
AND
0xF0 & 0x0F
0x00
OR
0x00 | 0x03
0x03
XOR
0x0F ^ 0xFF
0xF0
)~(0xF0
0x0F
>>
0xF0 >> 4
0x0F
<<
0x0F << 4
0xF0
- -
P a g e | 22
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
-a
a = a -1
++
a++
a=a+1
--
a--
a=a-1
>
2>3
False
<
''m'>'e
True
=>
5>=5
True
=<
2.5<=4
True
==
''A' =='B
False
=!
2!=3
True
- -
P a g e | 23
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
&&
AND
)(2>3)&&(1!=3
False
||
OR
)('a'<3)||(10
True
)!(7>5
False
a=b
ab
=*
a*=b
a=a*b
=/
a/=b
a=a/b
=+
a+= b
a=a+b
=-
a-=b
a=a-b
a=(value)?x:y
value
a x

y .
- -
P a g e | 24
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir

.
:
; ] [
:
:
;}int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5
]; : [] [
;}}int a[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6
;]int a[5
C .
:
:
;"char name[ ] = "Test

;}'char name[5]={'T','e','s','t','\0
Null .
- -
P a g e | 25
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
c :goto
.
d :if - else
)(if
{
;1
}
else
{
; 2
}
9
brace .
else .
>#include<stdio.h
{)(void main
- -
P a g e | 26
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
int a;
printf("Enter a Number: ");

scanf("%d",&a);
if(a= =0)
printf("You've entered zero\n");
else if(a>0)
printf("You've entered a positive number\n");
else
printf("You've entered a negative number\n");
}
:Switch - Case e
switch()
{
case
1:
1;
break;
case
2:
2;
break;
- -
P a g e | 27
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
.
.
default:
n ;
}
:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a;
printf("Enter Month of your birth: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
switch(a){
case 1:
case 2:
case 3: printf("You've born is spring\n");
break;
case 4:
case 5:
case 6: printf("You've born is summer\n");
break;
case 7:
case 8:
case 9: printf("You've born is autumn\n");
- -
P a g e | 28
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
break;
case 10:
case 11:
case 12: printf("You've born is winter\n");
break;
default: printf("Error! Enter a number between 112\n");
}
}
:While c
while()
{
;
}
:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
- -
P a g e | 29
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;char a
;)"printf("Enter E to exit\n
;)(while(a != 'E') a=getchar
}
d :Do/While
{do
;
)(} while
9 Do/While While
.
e :For
) ; ; (for
{
;
}
- -
P a g e | 30
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a,i;
long int fact=1;
printf("Enter a Number: ");

scanf("%d",&a);
if(a<0)
printf("Error! You must Enter a positive number\n");
else if(a==0)
printf("Factorial of 1 is 1\n");
else{
for(i=1;i<=a;i++)
fact*=i;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n",a,fact);
}
}
- -
P a g e | 31
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
break .
continue .
) (
= .
>#include <stdio.h
;)long int cube(int x
{)(void main
- -
P a g e | 32
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
int a;
printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Cube of %d is %d\n",a,cube(a));
long int cube(int x){

return x*x*x;
}
#include<stdio.h>
int _max(int a,int b);
void main(){
int a,b;
printf("Enter Two Numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("Maximum of %d and %d is %d\n",a,b,_max(a,b));
- -
P a g e | 33
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
}
int _max(int a,int b){
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
- -
P a g e | 34
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
:1
/*****************************************************
Project : LED Flasher
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar
Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

*****************************************************/
#include<mega16.h>
#include<delay.h>
#define xtal 1000000
int i;
void main (void)
{
DDRA = 0xFF;
//. 1
while(1)
{
for(i = 1; i <= 128; i = i*2)
{
PORTD = i;
delay_ms(100);
}
- -
P a g e | 35
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
for(i = 64; i > 1; i = i/2)

{
PORTD = i;
delay_ms(100);
}
}
}
- -
P a g e | 36
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
7-Segment :2
/*****************************************************
Project : Key Counter
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
flash char digits[16]={0x3F,0x06,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,
0x7D,0x07,0x7F,0x6F,0x77,0x7C,0x39,0x5E,0x79,0x71};
unsigned char p_state;
unsigned char key;
unsigned char i;
void main(void)
{
DDRD = 0xFF;
PORTD = digits[0];
DDRC = 0x00;
PORTC = 0xFF;
while(1)
{
key = PINC & 0b00000001;
- -
P a g e | 37
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
delay_ms(10);
if(key==0)
{
if(key!=p_state)
{
if(i==15)
{
i=0;
PORTD=digits[i];
}
else
i++;
PORTD = digits[i];
p_state=0;
};
}
else
p_state=1;
}
}
- -
P a g e | 38
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
7-Seg ) .
(.
HEX
Dp
0x3F
0x06
0x5B
0x4F
0x66
0x6D
0x7D
0x07
0x7F
0x6F
0x77
0x7C
- -
P a g e | 39
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
0x39
0x5E
0x79
0x71
- -
P a g e | 40
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
(LCD) :3
/*****************************************************
Project : LCD Interfacing
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <lcd.h>
#asm
.equ __lcd_port=0x1B ;PORTA
#endasm
void main(void)
{
char buffer[10];
unsigned char w;
PORTB=0xFF;
DDRB=0x00;
- -
P a g e | 41
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
lcd_init(16);
lcd_clear();
while (1){
w = ~PINB;
if(w!=0x00)
{
lcd_clear();
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
sprintf(buffer,"Number=%d",w);
lcd_puts(buffer);
delay_ms(100);
}
else
{
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("Number=0");
delay_ms(100);
}
}
}
- -
P a g e | 42
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 43
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
:4
/*****************************************************
Project : Keypad Scan
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
unsigned char key, butnum;
flash unsigned char keytbl[16]={0xee, 0xed, 0xeb, 0xe7,
0xde, 0xdd, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xbe, 0xbd, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0x7e,
0x7d, 0x7b, 0x77};
void main(void)
{
DDRB = 0xff;
PORTB = 0xff;
while(1)
{
DDRC = 0x0f;
- -
P a g e | 44
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTC = 0xf0;
delay_us(5);
key = PINC;
DDRC = 0xf0;
PORTC = 0x0f;
delay_us(5);
key = key | PINC;
delay_ms(10);
if (key != 0xff)
{
for (butnum=0; butnum<16; butnum++)
{
if (keytbl[butnum]==key)
}
if (butnum==16) butnum=0;
else butnum++;
}
else butnum=0;
PORTB = ~ butnum ;
}
}
- -
break;
P a g e | 45
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 46
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
LED Dot Matrix :5
/*****************************************************
Project : Dot Matrix Display
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
unsigned char k;
flash unsigned char arr[8]={0x18, 0x3C, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7E,
0x66, 0x66, 0x00};
void main(void)
{
DDRA=0xFF;
DDRB=0xFF;
while (1){
for(k=0;k<=7;k++){
PORTA=arr[k];
PORTB=~(1<<k);
delay_us(100);
- -
P a g e | 47
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTB=0xFF;
}
}
}
- -
P a g e | 48
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
. 3 21 ATmega16
CodeVision
1
$000
RESET
External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,

Watchdog Reset, and JTAG AVR Reset
EXT_INT0
$002
INT0
External Interrupt Request 0
EXT_INT1
$004
INT1
TIM2_COMP
$006
TIMER2 COMP
Timer/Counter2 Compare Match
TIM2_OVF
$008
TIMER2 OVF
Timer/Counter2 Overflow
TIM1_CAPT
$00A
TIMER1 CAPT
Timer/Counter1 Capture Event
TIM1_COMPA
$00C
TIMER1 COMPA
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
TIM1_COMPB
$00E
TIMER1 COMPB
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
TIM1_OVF
$010
TIMER1 OVF
10
TIM0_OVF
$012
TIMER0 OVF
11
SPI_STC
$014
SPI, STC
Serial Transfer Complete
12
USART_RXC
$016
USART, RXC
USART, Rx Complete
13
USART_DRE
$018
USART, UDRE
USART Data Register Empty
14
USART_TXC
$01A
USART, TXC
USART, Tx Complete
15
ADC_INT
$01C
ADC
ADC Conversion Complete
16
EE_RDY
$01E
EE_RDY
EEPROM Ready
17
ANA_COMP
$020
ANA_COMP
Analog Comparator
18
TWI
$022
TWI
Two-wire Serial Interface
- -
P a g e | 49
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
INT2
$024
EXT_INT2
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
TIMER0 COMP
$026
TIM0_COMP
20
Store Program Memory Ready
SPM_RDY
$028
SPM_READY
21
19
SEI
SREG :
Bit
SREG

. ISR .
GICR :
Bit
INT2
INT0
INT1
GICR
- -
P a g e | 50
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
10 2 PD3 PD2 PB2 .
0 1 MCUCR :
ISC00
ICS01
ISC10
ISC11
Bit
MCUCSR
]:MCUCR[3:0
ISC00
ISC01
INT0
INT0
INT0
INT0
ISC10
ISC11
INT1
INT1
INT1
INT1
- -
P a g e | 51
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
2 6 MCUCSR :
Bit
MCUCSR
ISC2
2 0 1
. ISC2
.

GICR ) (I
. ISR
.
Bit
INTF2
INTF0
INTF1
GIFR
CodeVision :
- -
P a g e | 52
www.avr.ir
interrupt [ ] void
www.pnkavosh.com
( void)
{

}
)21 2 ATMEGA16
. (
:1
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
interrupt [2] void LED_ON(void)
{
PORTA=0x01;
delay_ms(1000);
PORTA=0x00;
}
void main(void)
{
DDRB=0xFF;
PORTB=0x00;
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTA=0x00;
DDRD=0x00;
- -
P a g e | 53
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTD=0xFF;
GICR=0b01000000;
// INT0: On
MCUCR=0b00000010;
// INT0 Mode: Falling Edge
#asm("sei")
// Global enable interrupts
while (1)
{
PORTB=0x01;
delay_ms(500);
PORTB=0x00;
delay_ms(500);
};
}
- -
P a g e | 54
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir

ISR
.
INT0 INT1 INT2

Mode . 50
.
CodeVision SREG CPU

ISR Stack ) (PUSH
ISR ) (POP .

#-pragma savereg .
- -
P a g e | 55
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
:6
/*****************************************************
Project : Zero Cross Detector
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
interrupt [2] void switch_(void)
{
PORTA=0x01;
delay_ms(1);
PORTA=0x00;
}
void main(void)
{
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTA=0x00;
DDRD=0x00;
PORTD=0xFF;
GICR=0b01000000;
// INT0: On
MCUCR=0b00000011;
// INT0 Mode: Rising Edge

- -
P a g e | 56
www.avr.ir
#asm("sei")
www.pnkavosh.com
while (1);
}
Output vs. Input:
- -
P a g e | 57
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 58
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
/ 8 Mode Fast PWM CTC Normal

Correct PWM Phase . T0 OC0
. TCNT0 TCCR0 OCR0
.
TIFR TIMSK .
TTCR0 Clock Select

Wave Generation Mode Mode Compare Match Output
Mode OC0 . FOC0 .
FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00
Mode WGM01 WGM00 :
- -
TCCR0

P a g e | 59
www.avr.ir
Mode
www.pnkavosh.com
Mode
WGM01 WGM00
Normal
PWM, Phase Correct
Clear Timer on Compare Match

(CTC)
Fast PWM
Noramal Mode c
8 /
: TIMER0
TCCR0
FOC0
WGM00
COM01
COM00
WGM01
CS02
CS01
CS00
Clock Prescaler /
: Select
- -
P a g e | 60
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
CS00
CS01
CS02
)(
) (
/8
/64
/256
/1024
)(T0
)(T0
TCNT :
Bit
TCNT0
]TCNT0[7:0
TOV0 TIFR .
TIFR
TOV0
OCF0
TOV1
OCF1B
OCF1A
ICF1
TOV2
OCF2
- -
P a g e | 61
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
:( s T = 512 ) :1
#include<mega16.h>
void delay()
{
TCCR0=0B00000010;
// Timer Clock = CLK/8
while(!TIFR&0x01);
// Wait Until Overflow
TIFR=TIFR|0B00000001;
// Clear TOV0
TCCR0=0x00;
// Stop Timer0
}
void main()
{
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTA=0x00;
TCCR0=0x00;
TCNT0=0x00;
while(1){
PORTA.0=1;
delay();
PORTA.0=0;
delay();
}
}
- -
P a g e | 62
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
( 400s ) :2
void delay()
{
TCNT0=0x38;
//TCNT=55
TCCR0=0B00000010;
while(!TIFR&0x01);
TIFR=TIFR|0B00000001;
TCCR0=0x00;
}
TOIE2 TOIE0 ( I)
: TIMSK
TIMSK
OCIE2
TOIE2
TICIE1
OCIE1A
OCIE1B
TOIE1
OCIE0
TOIE0
( T = 400s ) :3
#include <mega16.h>
interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void)
{
PORTA^=0xFF;
TCNT0=0x38;
//TCNT=55
- -
P a g e | 63
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
}
)void main(void
{
;DDRA=0xFF
;PORTA=0x00
// Timer Clock = CLK/8
;TCCR0=0B00000010
//Enable TIMER0 Overflow
;TIMSK=0x01
Interrupt
)"#asm("sei
;TCNT0=0x38
;)while (1
}
Bit
OCR0/2
]OCR0[7:0
OCR0 TCNT0
OC0 . OCF0 OCF1
.
.
3
- -
TIFR
P a g e | 64
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TOV0
OCF0
TOV1
OCF1B
OCF1A
ICF1
TOV2
OCF2
OC0 COM00 COM01 :
TCCR0
CS00
CS01
CS02
WGM01
COM00
COM01
WGM00
FOC0
OC0
COM01 COM00
) I/O(
Toggle
Clear
Set
FOC0 FOC1 TCNT0 OCR0

OC0 .
OCF0 OCF1 .
OC
.
- -
P a g e | 65
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
(OC0 s T = 512 ) :4
#include<mega16.h>
void main()
{
DDRB=0xFF;
PORTB=0x00;
TCNT0=0x00;
TCCR0=0B00010010; //toggle OC0 on compare match
OCR0=0x63; //OCR0=99
while(1);
}
Set
.
TIMSK
OCIE2
TOIE2
TICIE1
OCIE1A
OCIE1B
TOIE1
OCIE0
TOIE0
- -
P a g e | 66
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ISR :
)interrupt [TIM0_COMP] void timer0_comp_isr(void

{

}
CTC Mode d
Mode
OCR0 TCNT0 TCNT0
TCNT0 OCR0 . WGM00 WGM01
Mode 0 1 .
TCCR0
CS00
CS01
CS02
WGM01
COM00
COM01
WGM00
FOC0
OC0 :
f CLK _ I / O
)2.N .(1 + OCR 0
- -
= f OC 0
P a g e | 67
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
) :5 5KHz :(OC0
>#include<mega16.h
)(void main
{
;DDRB=0xFF
;PORTB=0x00
;TCNT0=0x00
OCR0=0x63; //OCR0=99
TCCR0=0B00011010; //toggle OC0 on compare match
;)while(1
}
8000000
= 5000Hz
)2.8.(1 + 99
= f OC0
CTC Mode .
OCIE0 ISR OCR0
.
OCR0 Mode PWM

. OCR0 TCNT0
- -
P a g e | 68
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

. OCR0
:7
/*****************************************************
Project : Frequency Meter
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <lcd.h>
#asm
#endasm
unsigned long int timer0_ov;
unsigned long int in_freq;
unsigned char lcd_buff[20];
{
- -
P a g e | 69
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
timer0_ov ++;
}
void main(void)
{
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: T0 pin Falling Edge
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC0 output: Disconnected
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x00;
TCCR0=0x00;
// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization
TIMSK=0x01;
// LCD module initialization
lcd_init(16);
while (1)
{
TCCR0=0x06;
#asm("sei")
// Start Timer T0 pin Falling Edge

delay_ms(1000);
#asm("cli");
// Global disable interrupts
- -
P a g e | 70
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
in_freq = timer0_ov * 256 + TCNT0;

sprintf(lcd_buff,"Freqency=%d",in_freq);
lcd_clear();
lcd_puts(lcd_buff);
TCCR0=0x00;
//Stopt Timer0
timer0_ov=0;
//Prepare for next count
TCNT0=0;
//Clear Timer0
};
}
- -
P a g e | 71
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Fast PWM Mode e
Mode OC0
TCNT0 OCR0 TCNT0
.
TCNT0
OCR0
PWM
WGM00 WGM01 Mode 1 .
Bit
CS00
CS01
CS02
COM00
COM01
TCCR0
Mode PWM COM00 COM01

:
OC0
- -
COM00
COM01
P a g e | 72
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
) I/O(
Clear Set ) PWM (
Set Clear ) PWM(
PWM :
X = 256
N = Prescale = 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024
f clk _ I / O
N .X
= f PWM
TCNT0 OCR0
OCR0 .
TCNT0 PWM (.
) :6 PWM 4KHz 20(
>#include <mega16.h
)interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void

{
;TCNT0=0x06
}
)void main(void
{
- -
P a g e | 73
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x08;
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: 1000.000 kHz
// Mode: Fast PWM top=FFh
// OC0 output: Non-Inverted PWM
TCCR0=0x6A; //0x7A for inverted PWM
TCNT0=0x06;
OCR0=0x38;
//OCR0 = 56

TIMSK=0x01;
#asm("sei")
while (1);
}
f PWM =
8000000
= 4000Hz
8(256 6)
DutyCycle =
OCR0
50
100% =
100% = 20%
250
250
- -
P a g e | 74
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
OCR0
.
256 OCR0 COM00
COM01 .
Phase Correct PWM Mode f

Mode Fast PWM ) (Dual Slope
.
0xFF OCR0 OCR0
.
ISR
.
TCNT0 OCR0
OCF0 OC0 .
OCR0
TCNT0
PWM
- -
P a g e | 75
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
OC0 :
OC0
COM00
COM01
) I/O(
Clear ) PWM (
0
Set
Set ) PWM(
1
Clear
OCR0
0xFF OCR0 .
TCNT0 0xFF

.
PWM Phase Correct :
N = 1, 8, 64, 256, 1024
f clk _ I / O
N 510
= f PWM
PWM OCR0
TCNT0.
- -
P a g e | 76
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PWM OCR0 PWM

. PWM
PWM DC :8
/*****************************************************
Project : DC Motor Control
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
char digits[8]={0x3F,0x06,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D,0x07};
unsigned char;
unsigned char p_state;
unsigned char key;
unsigned char i;
void main(void)
{
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0xFF;
DDRD = 0xFF;
PORTD = digits[0];
DDRC = 0x00;
- -
P a g e | 77
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTC = 0xFF;
// Mode: Phase correct PWM top=FFh
// OC0 output: Non-Inverted PWM
TCCR0=0x63;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=10;
while (1)
{
if(!PINC.0)
{
if(key!=p_state)
{
if(i==7)
{
i=0;
PORTC=digits[0];
}
else
i++;
PORTD = digits[i];
OCR0 = i*10+10;
p_state=key;
};
}
- -
P a g e | 78
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
else
;p_state=0xFF
;}
}
: LED .
- -
P a g e | 79
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
2 2
2 T0 T1
32.768 TOSC1 TOSC2
RTC . 2 Prescaler 01
32768 128 1
. Prescale :
CS00
CS01
CS02
)(
) (
/8
/32
/64
/128
/256
/1024
RTC ASSR :
- -
P a g e | 80
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TCR2UB
OCR2UB
TCN2UB
AS0
Bit
ASSR
:Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 Set 2

TOSC1 TOSC2 .
OCR2 TCNT2 TCCR2 .
:Timer/Counter2 Update Busy

2 0 1 . TCNT2
TCN2UB
TCNT2 . TCNT2 .
OCR2UB TCNT2 .
:Output Compare Register2 Update Busy TCN2UB

OCR2 .
:Timer/Counter Control Register2 Update Busy TCN2UB

TCCR2 .

.
- -
P a g e | 81
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TCNT2
OCR2 TCCR2 .
2 Power-Save
Power-Save ISR
Power-Save .
:9 RTC
*****************************************************/
Project : Real Time Clock
: Reza Sepas Yar
Author

*****************************************************/
>#include <mega16.h
>#include <lcd.h
>#include <stdio.h
#asm
#endasm
;unsigned char second, minute,hour
;]unsigned char lcd_buff[10
- -
P a g e | 82
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

{
if(second==59)
{
second=0;
if(minute==59)
{
minute=0;
if(hour==23)
hour=0;
else
hour++;
}
else
minute++;
}
else
second++;
sprintf(lcd_buff,"Time = %d:%d:%d",hour, minute,
second);
lcd_clear();
lcd_puts(lcd_buff);
}
void main(void)
{
// Clock source: TOSC1 pin
// Clock value: PCK2/128
- -
P a g e | 83
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
// Mode: Normal top=FFh

// OC2 output: Disconnected
ASSR=0x08;
TCCR2=0x05;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;
TIMSK=0x40;
lcd_init(16);
#asm("sei") // Global enable interrupts
while (1);
}
- -
P a g e | 84
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
16 Capture
.
. Mode
Phase Correct PWM Mode Fast PWM CTC Normal Phase and Mode
Frequency Correct Mode . PWM 1 12 PWM
. T1 OC1A OC1B
. ICP1 Capture .
16 TCNT1 OCR1A OCR1B
L H .
OCR1A OCR1B TCNT1
OC1A OC1B . ICR1 Capture
16 .
OCR1B OCR1A TCNT1 :1 ICR1
- -
P a g e | 85
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
: TCCR1B TCCR1A 8
TCCR1A
COM1A1
COM1A0
COM1B1
COM1B0
FOC1A
FOC1B
WGM11
WGM10
TCCR1B
ICNC1
ICES1
WGM13
WGM12
CS12
CS11
CS10
: WGM13 WGM12 ,WGM11 ,WGM10 Mode
WGM13
WGM12
WGM11
WGM10
Mode
TOP
TOV=1
Normal
0xFFFF
0xFFFF
PWM, Phase Correct, 8-bit
0x00FF
0x01FF
0x03FF
CTC
OCR1A
0xFFFF
Fast PWM, 8-bit
0x00FF
TOP
Fast PWM, 9-bit
0x01FF
TOP
Fast PWM, 10-bit
0x03FF
TOP
PWM, Phase and Frequency Correct
ICR1
PWM, Phase and Frequency Correct
OCR1A
10
PWM, Phase Correct
ICR1
11
PWM, Phase Correct
OCR1A
12
CTC
ICR1
0xFFFF
13
14
Fast PWM
- -
ICR1
TOP
P a g e | 86
www.pnkavosh.com
TOP
OCR1A
Fast PWM
www.avr.ir
1
15
:TOP TOP
. 0x01FF ,0x03FF 0x00FF
OCR1A ICR1.
FOC1A :FOC1B Force FOC0

. Mode PWM
OC1A OC1B COM
TCCR1 .
COM1B0 ,COM1A1 ,COM1A0 :COM1B1 OC1A

OC1B Mode
. Mode .
CS11 CS10 :CS12 :
CS00
CS01
CS02
)(
) (
/8
- -
P a g e | 87
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
/64
/256
/1024
)(T1
)(T1
:ICES1 Capture .ICP1

.
:ICNC1 ICP1
1 4 TIFR ) TOV1 ( ) OCF1A

) OCF1B (A (B ) ICF1 Capture (1
:
TIFR
TOV0
OCF0
TOV1
OCF1B
OCF1A
ICF1
TOV2
OCF2
) (I
TIMSK ISR :
- -
P a g e | 88
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TIMSK
TOIE0
OCIE0
TOIE1
OCIE1B
OCIE1A
TICIE1
TOIE2
OCIE2
ISR
.
Normal Mode c
Mode 0xFFFF
TOV1
ISR . Mode A B
TCNT1 OCR1A OCR1B . OCF1A
OCF1B OC1A OC1B
.
- -
P a g e | 89
www.pnkavosh.com
OC1A OC1B
www.avr.ir
COM1A0/COM1B0
COM1A1/COM1B1
) I/O(
Toggle
Clear
Set
OC1A OC1B
.
) :7 131 10 (
>#include <mega16.h
)void main(void
{
;PORTD=0x00
;DDRD=0x30
// Mode: Normal top=FFFFh
//toggle OC1A & OC1B
;TCCR1A=0x50
//Clock/8
;TCCR1B=0x02
;OCR1AH=0x00
//OCR1A=255
- -
;OCR1AL=0xFF
P a g e | 90
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;OCR1BH=0x28
//OCR1B=10255
;OCR1BL=0x0F
;)while (1
}
T = 2 216 1s = 131072s = 131ms
= OCR1B OCR1A = 10255 255 = 10000s = 10ms
CTC Mode d
TCNT1 OCR1A ICR1

TCNT1 . TOP
WGM OCR1A ICR1 .
TOP OCR1A ICR1
OCF1A ICF1
. Mode
PWM . OC1A
OC1B :
f CLK _ I / O
)2.N .(1 + OCR1A

- -
= f OC1x
P a g e | 91
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
(OC1A 1 ) :8
#include <mega16.h>
void main(void)
{
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x30;
// Mode: CTC top=01F3h
TCCR1A=0x40;
TCCR1B=0x0A;
OCR1AH=0x01;
OCR1AL=0xF3;
//OCR1A=499
while (1);
}
f=
8000000
= 1000 = 1KHz
2 8(1 + 499)
- -
P a g e | 92
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Fast PWM Mode d
PWM 8 1
PWM
Duty Cycle ) (TCNT1
PWM Mode (WGM1[3:0] = 15 14 7 6 5) :
.1
PWM 8 )(0xFF = TOP
.2
PWM 9 )(0x1FF = TOP
.3
PWM 10 )(0x03FF = TOP
.4
PWM ICR1 = TOP
.5
PWM OCR1A = TOP
Mode TOP
. PWM
TCNT1 OCR1x
OC1x TOP .
PWM . PWM
9 8 10 ICR1 OCR1A
- -
P a g e | 93
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
. 2 ) 0x0003 ICR1 (OCR1x

16 ) 0xFFFF ICR1 .(OCR1x
PWM :
)log(TOP + 1
)log(2
= resolution
TOP TOV1 OCF1A

OCF1B . ISR
. TOP
.
OC1A OC1B :
OC1A OC1B
) I/O(
COM1A0
COM1A1
/COM1B0
/COM1B1
WGM1[3:0] = 15 Toggle : OC1A OC1B I/O

1
Clear Set PWM) TOP (
Set Clear PWM) TOP(
] :WGM1[3:0 ) I/O(
- -
P a g e | 94
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
: PWM
f PWM =
f Clk _ I / O
N.(1 + TOP )
( 25 1 PWM ):9
#include <mega16.h>
void main(void)
{
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x20;
// Mode: Fast PWM top=03FFh
// OC1A output: Non-Inv.
// OC1B output: Disconnected
TCCR1A=0x83;
TCCR1B=0x0A; //10 Bit PWM
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0xFF;
while (1);
}
f PWM =
8000000
= 976 1KHz
8.(1 + 1023 )
DutyCycle =
- -
256
100% = 25%
1024
P a g e | 95
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
: 1 ISR TCNT1

{
TCNT1=24;
}
TIMSK=0x04; //Enable TOV1
#asm("sei") //Enable Interrupts
Phase Correct Mode e
(WGM1[3:0] = 11 10 3 2 1) : Mode PWM
(0xFF = TOP) 8 PWM
.1
(0x1FF = TOP) 9 PWM
.2
(0x03FF = TOP) 10 PWM
.3
ICR1 = TOP PWM
.4
OCR1A = TOP PWM
.5
- -
P a g e | 96
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Mode TOP TOP . PWM

TCNT1
OCR1x OC1x .
PWM .
PWM 9 8 10 ICR1
OCR1A . 2 ) 0x0003
ICR1 (OCR1x 16 ) 0xFFFF
ICR1 .(OCR1x
PWM :
)log(TOP + 1
)log(2
= resolution
TOV1 OCF1A
OCF1B . ISR
. ) (OCRx ISR
OCR1A OCR1B TOP Load
OCR1x TOP
PWM :
- -
P a g e | 97
www.pnkavosh.com
OCR1A=110
www.avr.ir
TOP
OCR1A=180
PWM OCR1x
.
OC1A OC1B :
OC1A OC1B
) I/O(
COM1A0
COM1A1
/COM1B0
/COM1B1
WGM1[3:0] = 9, 14 Toggle : OC1A OC1B I/O

1
Clear Set .
Set Clear .
] :WGM1[3:0 ) I/O(
PWM Fast PWM :

f Clk _ I / O
) 2.N.(1 + TOP
- -
= f PWM
P a g e | 98
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:10 Mode Fast PWM Phase Correct PWM

PWM :
;TCCR1A=0x83
;TCCR1B=0x02
;OCR1AL=0xFF
Phase and Frequency Correct Mode g
OCR1x TOP
Mode .
Mode = 9 8) :
](WGM1[3:0
.1
PWM ICR1 = TOP
.2
PWM OCR1A = TOP
- -
P a g e | 99
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Capture
Capture ICP1
TCNT1 ICR1 Capture
) (ICF1 . (TICIE1) Capture
. ISR ICF1
.
Bit
]ICR1[15:8
ICR1H
]ICR1[7:0
ICR1L
ICR1 TOP ) Mode 10 8

12 (14 .
Capture
ACIC ACSR . ICP1
. ICP1 ICES1
TCCR1B
.
- -
P a g e | 100
www.avr.ir
TCCR1B
www.pnkavosh.com
ICNC1 ICES1 - WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10
Capture
. TCCR1B ICNC1 .
. ICP1
:10
/*****************************************************
Project : Servo Motor Controller
Author
: Reza Sepas Yar

Chip type
: ATmega16
Clock frequency
: 16.000000 MHz
*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
void main(void)
{
PORTD=0x00;
- -
P a g e | 101
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
DDRD=0x20;
// Mode: Ph. & fr. cor. PWM top=ICR1
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
TCCR1A=0x80;
TCCR1B=0x12;
ICR1H=0x4E;
ICR1L=0x20;
//ICR=20000
OCR1AH=0x03;
OCR1AL=0xE8; //1000
while (1)
{
for(OCR1A=1000;OCR1A<2000;OCR1A++)
delay_ms(1);
for(OCR1A=2000;OCR1A>1000;OCR1A--)
delay_ms(1);
};
}
- -
P a g e | 102
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
:11
#include <mega16.h>
flash char sinewave[256]={
0x80,0x83,0x86,0x89,0x8C,0x8F,0x92,0x95,0x99,0x9C,0x9F,0xA2,0xA5,0xA8,0xAB,0xAE,
0xB1,0xB4,0xB6,0xB9,0xBC,0xBF,0xC1,0xC4,0xC7,0xC9,0xCC,0xCE,0xD1,0xD3,0xD6,0xD8,
0xDA,0xDC,0xDF,0xE1,0xE3,0xE5,0xE6,0xE8,0xEA,0xEC,0xED,0xEF,0xF1,0xF2,0xF3,0xF5,
0xF6,0xF7,0xF8,0xF9,0xFA,0xFB,0xFC,0xFC,0xFD,0xFE,0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,
0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFD,0xFC,0xFC,0xFB,0xFA,0xF9,0xF8,0xF7,
0xF5,0xF4,0xF3,0xF2,0xF0,0xEF,0xED,0xEB,0xEA,0xE8,0xE6,0xE4,0xE2,0xE0,0xDE,0xDC,
0xD9,0xD7,0xD5,0xD2,0xD0,0xCE,0xCB,0xC8,0xC6,0xC3,0xC1,0xBE,0xBB,0xB8,0xB5,0xB3,
0xB0,0xAD,0xAA,0xA7,0xA4,0xA1,0x9E,0x9B,0x97,0x94,0x91,0x8E,0x8B,0x88,0x85,0x82,
0x7E,0x7B,0x78,0x75,0x72,0x6F,0x6C,0x69,0x65,0x62,0x5F,0x5C,0x59,0x56,0x53,0x50,
0x4D,0x4B,0x48,0x45,0x42,0x3F,0x3D,0x3A,0x37,0x35,0x32,0x30,0x2D,0x2B,0x29,0x26,
0x24,0x22,0x20,0x1E,0x1C,0x1A,0x18,0x16,0x14,0x13,0x11,0x0F,0x0E,0x0D,0x0B,0x0A,
0x09,0x08,0x06,0x05,0x05,0x04,0x03,0x02,0x02,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,
- -
P a g e | 103
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x02,0x02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08,0x09,
0x0A,0x0B,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F,0x11,0x13,0x14,0x16,0x18,0x1A,0x1C,0x1E,0x20,0x22,0x24,
0x26,0x29,0x2B,0x2D,0x30,0x32,0x35,0x37,0x3A,0x3D,0x3F,0x42,0x45,0x48,0x4B,0x4D,
0x50,0x53,0x56,0x59,0x5C,0x5F,0x62,0x65,0x69,0x6C,0x6F,0x72,0x75,0x78,0x7B,0x7E
};
char i=0;
interrupt [TIM1_COMPA] void timer1_compa_isr(void)
{
OCR1A=sinewave[i];
i++;
if(i==255)
i=0;
}
void main(void) {
DDRD=0xFF;
// Mode: Fast PWM top=00FFh
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
TCCR1A=0x81;
TCCR1B=0x09;
- -
P a g e | 104
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
TIMSK=0x10;
//enable global interrups
#asm("sei");
while (1);
}
- -
P a g e | 105
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
)(RS-232
RS-232c 60
.
Full Duplex .
UART
.
9
Handshaking . RS-232
Null-Modem .
Rx ) Tx ( . D9
:
- -
P a g e | 106
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Pin
Carrier Detect
Receive Data
Transmit Data
Data Terminal Ready
Signal Ground
Data Set Ready
Request To Send
Clear To Send
Ring Indicator
:
RS-232 +3 +12 Space -3 -12
Mark :
- -
P a g e | 107
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TTL 0 5
PC TTL .
RS-232 TTL MAX232 HIN232 MAX232 .
16 2 2 . IC
:
- -
P a g e | 108
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:
Frame 5 8
.
) 1 2 (. . Frame 10
Data
:
USART AVR
ATmega16 USART RS-232

. AVR RXD TXD XCK
) . XCK Mode (.
USART AVR UART
AVR 5 9
- -
P a g e | 109
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Data . ] UPM[1:0
UCSRC .
USART
.1
(UDR) USART Data Register
Bit
]RXB[7:0
)UDR (Read
]TXB[7:0
)UDR (Write
UDR I/O Registers .

UDR
. UDR UDRE
UCSRA USART .
USART TXEN UCSRB
TXD .
USART Control and Status Register A
MPC
U2
FE DOR PE
- -
UDR
TXC
RX
UCSR
A

P a g e | 110
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Multi-processor Communication Mode

.
:Double the USART Transmission Speed Mode Baud
Rate . Mode .
:Parity Error ] UPM[1:0
.
:Data Overrun Overrun . Overrun

.
DOR .
:Frame Error Frame
.
:USART Data Register Empty
.
UDRIE UCSRB UDRE
ISR UDR UDRE
. .
- -
P a g e | 111
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:USART Transmit Complete

.
TXCIE ISR TXC
.
:USART Receive Complete Frame UDR
UDR .
.
USART Control and Status Register B
RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB8
UCSRB

:Transmit Data Bit 8 9 Mode

. UDR
.
:Receive Data Bit 8 9 Mode
. UDR .
:Character Size ] UCSZ[1:0 UCSRC

) ( Frame .
- -
P a g e | 112
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Transmitter Enable TxD

I/O . UART
.
:Receiver Enable RxD
I/O .
FE DOR PE .
:USART Data Register Empty Interrupt Enable
) (I ) (UDRE
.
:TX Complete Interrupt Enable )(I
) (TXC .
:RX Complete Interrupt Enable )(I
) (RXC .
USART Control and Status Register C
URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM0 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL
- -
UCSRC

P a g e | 113
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
UCSRC UBRRH I/O

URSEL .
:Clock Polarity Mode Mode

. :
RxD UCPOL TxD

XCK
XCK
XCK
XCK
] :Character Size[1:0 UCSZ2

8 .
UCSZ0
UCSZ1
UCSZ2
- -
P a g e | 114
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

:Stop Bit Select .

1 2 .
] :Parity Mode[1:0 .
Frame )
(.
PE UCSRA .
UPM1 UPM0

UMSEL :USART Mode Select UART .

.
- -
P a g e | 115
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Register Select UCSRC UBRRH )(0x40

.
UCSRC MSB UBRRH
MSB . 1 :
;UBRRH = 0x02
;UCSRC = 0x82
0x40
) UCSRC (UBRRH UBRRH :
;a = UBRRH
UCSRC
UCSRC :
;b = UBRRH
;b = UCSRC
9

)" #asm("cli .
UBRRH URSEL UCSRC

.
USART Baud Rate Registers
- -
P a g e | 116
www.pnkavosh.com
0
]UBRR[11:8
www.avr.ir
Bit
URSEL
UBRRH
UBRRL
]UBRR[7:0
:URSEL UBRRH UCSRC .
] :UBRRH[7:4
.
] :UBRR[11:0 Baud Rate USART .

:
UBRR Baud Rate
Baud Rate UBRR
f osc
1
16 Baud
= UBRR
f osc
)16 ( UBRR + 1
= Baud
f osc
1
8 Baud
= UBRR
f osc
)8( UBRR + 1
= Baud
f osc
1
2 Baud
= UBRR
f osc
)2( UBRR + 1
= Baud
Mode
)(U2X=0

)(U2X=1

:
BaudRate ClosestMatch
1) 100%
BaudRate
- -
( = ]Error[%
P a g e | 117
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:1 8 Baud Rate = 2400 Mode UBRR .
8000000
1 = 207.33 UBRR = 207
16 2400
= UBRR
8000000
= 2404
)16(207 + 1
= BaudRate
2404
1) 100% = 0.2%
2400
( = ]Error[%
7.3728
2 .
Baud Rate 3.6864 1.8432

14.7456 11.0592 7.3728 .
UBRR 166 -169

ATmega16 .
USART CodeVision
stdio.h USART .
)( :getchar Polling RXC

UDR .
- -
P a g e | 118
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
UDRE Polling :putchar()

. UDR
7 3 ) :2
(. PORTA Polling
:
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void)
{
UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x08; // USART Transmitter: On
UCSRC=0x86; //8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=0x33; // USART Baud rate: 9600
delay_ms(3000);
putchar(7);
while (1);
}
:
#include <mega16.h>
#include <stdio.h>
- -
P a g e | 119
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
void main(void)
{
char a;
DDRA=0xFF;
PORTA=0xFF;
UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x10; // USART Receiver: On
UBRRH=0x00;
a = getchar(); // Polling RXC

PORTA = a;
while (1);
}
. USART
.
:
while(!(UCSRA&0x80));
PORTA=UDR;
while (1);
- -
P a g e | 120
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
)( puts )( :putsf USART .

)( puts SRAM )( putsf Flash
. USART )( putchar )( getchar
Y UDR .
(0x10) LF .
) :3 " "Kavosh " "AVR (.
>#include <mega16.h
>#include <delay.h
>#include <stdio.h
;"flash char string1[7]="Kavosh
;"char string2[7]="AVR
)void main(void
{
;UCSRA=0x00
- -
P a g e | 121
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;UBRRH=0x00
;)putsf(string1
;)puts(string2
;)while (1
}
)( :gets
.
) :4 1 Kavosh
Polling LCD
(.
:1
>#include <mega16.h
>#include <delay.h
>#include <stdio.h
)void main(void
{
;UCSRA=0x00
- -
P a g e | 122
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
UBRRH=0x00;
delay_ms(1000);
putsf(" Kavosh ");
while (1);
}
:2
#include <mega16.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <lcd.h>
#asm
#endasm
char a[10];
void main(void)
{
UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x10; // USART Receiver: On
UBRRH=0x00;
- -
P a g e | 123
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;)lcd_init(16
;)(lcd_clear
;)"lcd_putsf("Waiting...
;)gets(a,10
;)(lcd_clear
;)lcd_puts(a
;)while(1
}
)( :printf .
:

%c
%d %i
10
%e %E
%f
%s

Null
SRAM
%p
Null
Flash
- -
P a g e | 124
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
10
%u
16
%X %x
%%
(. ) :5
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int a = 100;
char b = 'A';
float pi = 3.14;
void main(void)
{
UCSRA=0x00;
UBRRH=0x00;
printf("a=%d b=%c pi=%f",a,b,pi);

- -
P a g e | 125
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
;)while (1
}
)( printf
%width.precision width .

" ". precision .
. a = 3.145 a=3.14 .
;)printf("a=%4.2",a
)( printf CodeVision :
Project/Configure/C Compiler/(s)printf Features
.
)( :scanf .
:
;) ", "(scanf
- -
P a g e | 126
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir

. 256
. :
)scanf("%10d",a
10 a .
)( scanf )( printf :
Project/Configure/C Compiler/(s)scanf Features

.
: )( printf )( scanf Flash

) int (int, width .
- -
P a g e | 127
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
UMSEL UCSRC
:
TxD
TxD
RxD
RxD
XCK
XCK
UCPOL
. Mode

.
Multi-processor
Mode . Master
Slave .
- -
P a g e | 128
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TxD
RxD
Master MCU
Slave 1
Slave 2
Slave 3
Slave 4
MPCM UCSRA Mode .

Master Slave Slave Master
)(TXB8 . Slave
MPCM Mode Master .
Master 9
. Slave
Slave . MPCM
Slave MPCM .
Slave Master
Slave . Master
Slave . MPCM
.
- -
P a g e | 129
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
* :12
PC Null-Modem RS-
232 TTL MAX232 .
COM MSComm
. mscomm32.ocx
. OCX :
.1
Standard EXE:
- -
P a g e | 130
www.pnkavosh.com
.2
www.avr.ir
Project Component
Microsoft Comm Control 6.0 OK .
.3
MScomm Toolbox :
- -
P a g e | 131
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
. Load
.6
Private Sub Form_Load()

MSComm1.Settings = "9600,N,8,1"
MSComm1.CommPort = 1
MSComm1.PortOpen = True
MSComm1.Output = "Test" + Chr(16)
End Sub
Baud Rate=1200 Test . F5
. COM1 8
- -
P a g e | 132
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
RS232 USB :13
- -
P a g e | 133
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Package FT232BM LQFP Pin out :
Win XP :
(1
http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm
(2
Unzip) . (E:\CDM 2.00.00 :
- -
P a g e | 134
www.pnkavosh.com
(3
www.avr.ir
USB . Found New
Hardware Found New Hardware Wizard

. Next .
(4
Next .
- -
P a g e | 135
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir

Continue
Anyway .
- -
P a g e | 136
www.pnkavosh.com
(5
www.avr.ir
- -
P a g e | 137
www.pnkavosh.com
(6
www.avr.ir
Finish
(7
) Device Manager Control Panel\System (Hardware
Port ] [+ . COM COMx

. 12 COMx
.
- -
P a g e | 138
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 139
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
(TWI) I2C Bus
I2C 1980 Philips .

.
I2C Inter-IC
.
. 1000
IC I2C . .
Track
.
.
I2C
I2C .1 .
.2 7 ) 127 ( 10
) 1024 (.
- -
P a g e | 140
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
.3 SCL SDA . SCL Master SDA

Data Master .
.4 8 400 ) . 3.4
(High Speed
.5 400 4.
.6 Spike SDA
50 .
.7 SDA SCL Slew Rate I2C
) 400( .
EMI .
.8
I2C .
:Master
.
:Slave Master .
: .
: .
- -
P a g e | 141
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Arbitration Master
.
I2C
Drive Low
- -
)Float High (Logic 1
1.
)Drive Low (Logic 0
2.
Float High
P a g e | 142
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
idle Float High

Pull-up
:
Pull-up
Wired-AND Low.
Open-collector Pull-up Wired-

AND
RC Pull-up
- -
P a g e | 143
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
. High
.
I2C
I2C
. :
ACK/NACK
Data
Restart
Stop
Start
:Start Condition
Busy . :
- -
P a g e | 144
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Stop Condition Device

:
:Restart Condition
Slave .
:
- -
P a g e | 145
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Data 8 .
SDA SCL SDA
. SDA SDA
SCL SDA SCL
.
:ACK/NACK 8
SDA Acknowledge . SDA
Passive Pull-up .
- -
P a g e | 146
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
7
7
. Master
.
I2C 7 128
. 16 112
.
SDA Master 8 . Slave
Broadcast . Master Slave
.
112 400
.
- -
P a g e | 147
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Master Slave
:
Slave
Master Slave
.
Slave
SDA ACK Master .
Master Slave Master
Stop Bus .
- -
P a g e | 148
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TWI AVR

SCL Master .
TWBR TWSR .
Slave CPU Slave
16 SCL :
CPU Clock Frequency

16 + 2(TWBR ) 4TWPS
= f SCL
: TWI Master TWBR 10

Master SCL .
TWI
TWI TWDR TWSR TWCR TWBR TWAR .
- -
P a g e | 149
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:TWI Bit Rate Register
Bit
TWBR
]TWBR[7:0
SCL :
CPU Clock Frequency - 16 f SCL

2 f SCK 4TWPS
= TWBR
) :1 TWBR 8 SCK 100 (TWPS = 0
8000000 16 100000
= 32
2 100000 40
= TWBR
:TWI Control Register
0
TWI
E
1
-
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
TWI :
- -
TWC
R

P a g e | 150
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:TWI Interrupt Enable Set

TWINT TWI .
:TWI Enable Bit TWI TWI SCL

SDA . Slew Rate
TWI I/O .
:TWI Write Collision Flag TWDR

TWINT . TWDR TWINT
.
:TWI STOP Condition Bit Master

I2C TWSTO .
Slave SDA SCL
.
:TWI START Condition Bit Master

.
- -
P a g e | 151
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TWI
. TWSTA .
TWEA :TWI Enable Acknowledge Bit Acknowledge .

ACK :
.1
Slave .
.2
TWGCE TWAR .
.3
Master Slave .
:TWI Interrupt Flag TWI

TWIE TWI . ISR
.
TWINT
) (TWDR TWCR TWINT
TWI . TWINT SCL
TWI .
:TWI Status Register
- -
P a g e | 152
www.pnkavosh.com
TWPS
TWPS
2
-
www.avr.ir
TWS
TWS
TWS
TWS
TWS
TWS
] :TWI Prescaler Bits[1:0

:
TWPS
TWPS
16
64
] :TWI Status[7:3 TWI Mode

.
:TWI Data Register
]TWDR[7:0
- -
Bit
TWDR
P a g e | 153
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TWDR
. TWI TWINT
.
:TWI (Slave) Address Register Slave ST SR .
TWGC
TWA
TWA
TWA
TWA
TWA
TWA
TWA
TWA
R

:TWI General Call Recognition Enable 0x00

TWGCE .
] :TWI (Slave) Address[7:1 7 Slave .
:
START condition
S:
REPEATED START condition
Rs:
)Read bit (high level at SDA
R:
)Write bit (low level at SDA
W:
)Acknowledge bit (low level at SDA
ACK:
)NACK: Not acknowledge bit (high level at SDA

- -
P a g e | 154
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
8-bit data byte
Data:
STOP condition
P:
Slave Address
SLA:
Mode :TWI
)Master Transmitter (MT
1.
)Master Receiver (MR
2.
)Slave Transmitter (ST
3.
)Slave Receiver (SR
4.
(MT) Master Transmitter c

Mode Master
Master . SLA+W
Master SLA+R .
TWCR :
0
TWI
E
X
1
0
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
- -
TWC
R

P a g e | 155
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TWIE TWI .
TWEN TWI .
TWWC
TWDR Collision .
TWSTO .
TWSA TWI
.
TWEA Set ACK
.
TWINT TWI TWCR.
TWI

TWINT TWSR 0x08
. MT TWDR SLA+W
TWINT . SLA+W TWDR
TWCR :
TWI
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
- -
TWC
R

P a g e | 156
www.pnkavosh.com
E
X
www.avr.ir
TWSTA .
SLA+W ACK TWINT
0x18 0x20 0x38 TWSR . 0x18
ACK . .
TWDR TWINT 8 TWI
. TWDR TWINT
TWWC . TWCR
:
0
TWI
E
X
1
0
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
TWC
R

. TWCR :
4
- -
TWC
P a g e | 157
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
R
TWI
E
X
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
0
TWI
E
X
1
0
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
TWC
R

TWINT0 .
TWSR 0x10 Master

Slave .
TWSR Master Transmitter :
TWI
SLA+W ACK NACK
TWSR
0x08
0x10
SLA+W ACK NACK

SLA+R ACK NACK
- -
P a g e | 158
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ACK NACK
SLA+W ACK .
0x18
SLA+W ACK
0x20
ACK NACK
ACK .
0x28

ACK NACK
ACK .
0x30
0x38
) :2 0x77 Slave 0xA0 100(
>#include <mega16.h
)(void main
{
//--- Start Condition and Transmitting SLA+W ---TWBR = 32; // Bit rate = 100Khz
TWCR = 0xA4; // Transmit Start Condition
- -
P a g e | 159
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag

if(TWSR&0xF8==0x08) // Start Condition Transmitted?
{
TWDR=0xA0; // SLA+W
TWCR=0x84; // Enable TWI and Clear TWINT
}
else
goto error;
//--------------- Transmitting Data ------------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x18) // SLA+W has been send with ACK?
{
TWDR=0x77; // Data=0x77
TWCR=0x84; // Enable TWI and Clear TWINT
}
else
goto error;
//--------- Transmitting Stop Condition ---------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x28) // Data has been send with ACK?
TWCR=0x94; // Transmit Stop Condition
- -
P a g e | 160
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
//-----------------------------------------------error:
;)while(1
}
(MR) Master Receiver d

Master Slave
SLA+R Slave .
TWINT TWSR 0x08 SLA+R
TWDR TWINT .
SLA+R ACK TWINT
0x40 0x38 0x48 TWSR :
TWI
SLA+R ACK NACK
TWSR
0x08
0x10
0x38
ACK NACK
SLA+R ACK .
0x40
SLA+R ACK
SLA+R ACK NACK

SLA+W ACK NACK
0x48
- -
P a g e | 161
www.pnkavosh.com
ACK NACK

www.avr.ir
ACK
0x50
NACK
0x58
SLA+R ACK TWINT

TWDR . Master
NACK Slave
.
) :3 2 Slave 0xA0 100(
>#include <mega16.h
;char incoming_data
)(void main
{
//----------- Sending Start Condition ----------TWBR = 32; // Bit rate = 100Khz
TWCR = 0xA4; // Transmit Start Condition
//-------------- Sending SLA + R ---------------- -
P a g e | 162
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x08) // Start Condition Transmitted?

{
TWDR=0xA1; // SLA+R
TWCR=0xC4; // Enable TWI and Clear TWINT
}
else
goto error;
//-------- Enable Master Acknowledging ---------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x40) // SLA+R has been send with ACK?
TWCR=0xC4; // Master Acknowledging and clear TWINT
//--------------- Reading 1st byte -------------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x50) // Master has been Received Data?
{
incoming_data = TWDR; // Reading Data
TWCR=0xC4; // Master Acknowledging and clear TWINT
}
else
goto error;
//---- Reading 2nd byte and Stop Condition ------
- -
P a g e | 163
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

if(TWSR&0xF8==0x50) // Master has been Received Data?
{
Incoming_data=TWDR;
TWCR=0x94; // Master Not Acknowledging and clear
TWINT
}
else
goto error;
TWCR=0x94; // Transmit Stop Condition
//-----------------------------------------------error:
while(1);
}
(SR) Slave Receiver e
. Master Transmitter Slave
LSB . TWAR 7 Slave
. Master
TWAR

TWAR[7:1]
- -
0
X
P a g e | 164
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
TWCR :
0
TWI
E
X
1
0
TWE
TWW
TWST
TWST
TWE
TWIN
TWC
R

TWIE TWI .
TWEA ACK .
TWSTA TWSTO Master .
Slave Master .
) (W/R Master
Slave Slave ) Slave Read (SR
) Slave Transmiter (ST . SLA+W TWINT
TWSR :
TWI
ACK NACK
ACK NACK
SLA+W ACK .
TWSR
0x60
SLA + W Master
0x68
.
- -
P a g e | 165
www.pnkavosh.com
ACK NACK
ACK NACK
www.avr.ir
ACK .
0x70
Master
0x78
.
ACK NACK

Slave Master
ACK NACK

Slave Master
ACK
0x80
NACK
0x88
ACK
0x90
NACK
0x98
0xA0

Slave Master
0x60 Slave Master

) (ACK . Slave
TWSR
0xA0 .
) :4 Slave 0x01 100(
>#include <mega16.h
;char incoming_data
)(void main
{
- -
P a g e | 166
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
//-------------- Initial Setting --------------TWAR = 0x01; // Slave Address

TWBR = 32; // Bit rate = 100Khz
TWCR = 0xC4; // Clear Int, Set TWEA and TWEN
//--------- Transmit a Byte to Master ---------if(TWSR&0xF8==0x60) // SLA+W Received?
{
}
else
goto error;
//------------ Slave Receive a Byte -----------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8==0x80) // Slave has been Receive Byte?
{
incoming_data=TWDR; //Receive incoming data
TWCR=0x84; // Clear TWINT
}
else
goto error;
- -
P a g e | 167
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
//---------- Receiving Stop Condition ---------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag

?if ((TWSR & 0xF8)== 0x0A0) //Stop Condition Received
TWCR=0x84; // Clear TWINT
error:
;)while(1
}
(ST) Slave Transmitter f

SR W/R .
Master Slave Slave .
TWINT TWSR
Master Slave ACK Master
NACK ).(TWSR=0xC0
TWI
ACK NACK
SLA+R ACK .
- -
TWSR
0xA8
P a g e | 168
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
SLA + W Master
ACK NACK
0xB0
.
ACK NACK

Slave Master

Slave Master
ACK
0xB8
NACK
0xC0
(TWEA=0) ACK
0xC8
) :5 Slave 0x01 100(
>#include <mega16.h
)(void main
{
//-------------- Initial Setting --------------TWAR = 0x01 // Slave Address
TWBR = 32; // Bit rate = 100Khz
//--------- Transmit a Byte to Master ---------?if(TWSR&0xF8==0xA8) // SLA+R Received
{
TWDR=0x77; // Transmitt 0x77
- -
P a g e | 169
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com

}
else
goto error;
//------------- Wait for ACK or NACK ----------while(TWCR&0x80==0); // Waiting for TWINT flag
if(TWSR&0xF8!=0xC0) // Slave has been send NACK?
goto error;
//-----------------Error Sub ------------------error:
while(1);
}
:
SCL Master . Master
AND I2C wired-AND
.
- -
P a g e | 170
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Arbitration Master
Master SDA . I2C
Master
.
Wired-AND Master SDA
AND
SDA Master Master
) Pull-up (
Master .
- -
P a g e | 171
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Arbitration Master
:
.
Slave Slave
SDA .
.
Master SDA.
I2C CodeVision
CodeVision I2C
. SDA SCL :
#asm
- -
P a g e | 172
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
.equ __i2c_port=0x18
.equ __sda_bit=3
.equ __scl_bit=4
#endasm
3 4 PORTB SDA SCL .
I2C CodeVision
)(:i2c_init
I2C .
)(:i2c_start

.
)(:i2c_stop
I2C .
)(:i2c_read
- -
P a g e | 173
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
I2C :
)unsigned char i2c_read(unsigned char ack

ack acknowledgement .
ACK ACK
NACK .
)(:i2c_write
I2C :
)unsigned char i2c_write(unsigned char data

data ACK Slave
.
:12 EEPROM I2C
- -
P a g e | 174
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
#include<mega16.h>
/* the I2C bus is connected to PORTB */
/* the SDA signal is bit 3 */
/* the SCL signal is bit 4 */
#asm
.equ __i2c_port=0x18
.equ __sda_bit=3
- -
P a g e | 175
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
.equ __scl_bit=4
#endasm
/* now you can include the I2C Functions */
#include <i2c.h>
/* function declaration for delay_ms */
#include <delay.h>
#define EEPROM_BUS_ADDRESS 0xa0
/* read a byte from the EEPROM */
unsigned char eeprom_read(unsigned char address) {
unsigned char data;
i2c_start();
i2c_write(EEPROM_BUS_ADDRESS);
i2c_write(address);
i2c_start();
i2c_write(EEPROM_BUS_ADDRESS | 1);
data=i2c_read(0);
i2c_stop();
return data;
}
/* write a byte to the EEPROM */
void eeprom_write(unsigned char address, unsigned char
data) {
- -
P a g e | 176
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
i2c_start();
i2c_write(EEPROM_BUS_ADDRESS);
i2c_write(address);
i2c_write(data);
i2c_stop();
/* 10ms delay to complete the write operation */
delay_ms(10);
}
void main(void) {
unsigned char i;
DDRD=0xFF;
/* initialize the I2C bus */
i2c_init();
/* write the byte 55h at address 10h */
eeprom_write(0x10,0x55);
/* read the byte from address AAh */
i=eeprom_read(0x10);
PORTD=i;
while (1); /* loop forever */
}

- -
P a g e | 177
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
: Flash
Successive Approximation Ramp-Compare Delta-Encoded
Sigma-Delta Pipeline ADC AVR
.
:Sample and Hold

Stable Sample and Hold .
- -
P a g e | 178
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Successive Approximation Register

DAC .
:
SAR 10000000 DAC
.
SAR MSB 01000000 DAC
.
11000000 DAC .
End of Conversion .
ADC :ATmega16
10-bit Resolution
- -
P a g e | 179
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
2 LSB Absolute Accuracy

65 - 260 s Conversion Time
Up to 15 kSPS at Maximum Resolution
8 Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels
7 Differential Input Channels
2 Differential Input Channels with Optional Gain of 10x and 200x
0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range
Selectable 2.56V ADC Reference Voltage
Free Running or Single Conversion Mode
ADC Start Conversion by Auto Triggering on Interrupt Sources
Interrupt on ADC Conversion Complete
Sleep Mode Noise Canceler
ADC PORA ADC

AREF AVCC .
ADC . 2.56
. VCC 0.3 . AVCC
VCC LC AVCC VCC
.
- -
P a g e | 180
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ADC
ADC Multiplexer Selection Register

0
REFS1 REFS0 ADLAR MUX4 MUX3 MUX2 MUX1 MUX0
ADMUX

] :Analog Channel and Gain Selection Bits[4:0 8

ADC .
Single-ended 10 ADC 1x 10x 8
200x 7 .
ADC
. 4 ) : Package
TQFP MLF (.
- -
P a g e | 181
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 182
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:ADC Left Adjust Result ADLR ADC

. Left Adjust
Right Adjust . .
] :Reference Selection Bits[1:0 ADC .

.
AREF . AREF
2.56 100 AREF
.
REFS1 REFS0
AREF
AVCC
2.56
- -
P a g e | 183
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ADC Control and Status Register A
ADEN ADSC ADATE ADIF ADIE ADPS2 ADPS1 ADPS0
ADCSRA

] :ADC Prescaler Select Bits[2:0

ADC .
ADPS0
ADPS1
ADPS2
16
32
64
128
:ADC Interrupt Enable ) (I

.
- -
P a g e | 184
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:ADC Interrupt Flag ISR

.
:ADC Auto Trigger Enable Single Auto

Trigger ADC ADC
. ADC Auto Trigger
. ] ADTS[2:0 SFIOR
.
:ADC Start Conversion Single

) (Free Running .
:ADC Enable ADC ADC .

ADC .
The ADC Data Register
ADC
2 .
- -
P a g e | 185
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ADLR ADMUX LA RA :
ADLR=0
0
Bit
ADCL ADC7 ADC6 ADC5 ADC4 ADC3 ADC2 ADC1 ADC0

ADC9 ADC8
ADCH
ADLR=1
1
Bit
ADCL ADC9 ADC8 ADC7 ADC6 ADC5 ADC4 ADC3 ADC2

-
ADCH ADC1 ADC0
Special FunctionIO Register
ADTS2 ADTS1 ADTS0 - ACME PUD PSR2 PSR10
SFIOR

:ADC Auto Trigger Source ADATE ADCSRA

ADTS ADC .
ADC
ADC Free Running
.
- -
P a g e | 186
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ADTS2 ADTS1 ADTS0
Free Running
Capture
ADC
ADMUX ADEN
ADSC .
.
ADC .
ADC ADATE
ADCSRA . ADTS SFIOR
- -
P a g e | 187
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
. Reset ADC
ADC .
ADIF ADC
.
ADTS Free Running
ADSC .
ADIE ) (ADIF
ISR . ADC
Single Conversion ADIF
Free Running ADIF
.
- -
P a g e | 188
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir

Resolution 50 200 .
ADC
ADPS ADCSRA . ADC 50
200
.
- -
P a g e | 189
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Mode ADC 25
Free Running 13 .

ADC
Mode ADC Noise
Reduction Idle CPU .
:13 LM35
*****************************************************/
Project : Temprature Measurement with LM35
: Reza Sepas Yar
Author

: ATmega16
Chip type
: 1.000000 MHz
Clock frequency
*****************************************************/
>#include <mega16.h
>#include <delay.h
>#include <stdio.h
// Alphanumeric LCD Module functions
#asm
.equ __lcd_port=0x12 ;PORTD
- -
P a g e | 190
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
#endasm
#include <lcd.h>
#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0xC0
// Read the AD conversion result
unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)
{
ADMUX=adc_input|ADC_VREF_TYPE;
// Start the AD conversion
ADCSRA|=0x40;
// Wait for the AD conversion to complete
while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);
ADCSRA|=0x10;
return ADCW;
}
void main(void)
{
char lcd_buff[10];
int adc_in;
float temp;
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0x00;
// ADC initialization
// ADC Clock frequency: 45 kHz
// ADC Voltage Reference: Int., cap. on AREF
- -
P a g e | 191
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
// ADC Auto Trigger Source: None

ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE;
ADCSRA=0x86;
// LCD module initialization
lcd_init(16);
while (1)
{
adc_in=read_adc(0);
temp=adc_in/4;
sprintf(lcd_buff,"Temp=%5.1f C",temp);
lcd_clear();
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_puts(lcd_buff);
delay_ms(1000);
};
}
- -
P a g e | 192
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 193
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
AIN0 AIN1

AIN0 AIN1 ACO .
Capture .
- -
P a g e | 194
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Special Function IO Register
ADTS2 ADTS1 ADTS0 - ACME PUD PSR2 PSR10
SFIOR

:Analog Comparator Multiplexer Enable

ADC0 ADC7 . ACME
) ADC ADEN ADCSRA ( ADC
AIN1 .
Analog Comparator Control and Status Register
ACSR
ACD ACBG ACO ACI ACIE ACIC ACIS1 ACIS0
] :Analog Comparator Interrupt Mode Select[1:0

.
- -
P a g e | 195
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
ACIS0
ACIS1
Toggle
:Analog Comparator Input Capture Enable Capture

.
:Analog Comparator Interrupt Enable

.
:Analog Comparator Interrupt Flag

ACIS1 ACIS0 . ACIE
ISR ACI
.
:Analog Comparator Output

.
- -
P a g e | 196
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Analog Comparator Bandgap Select Bandgap

. ACGB AIN0
.
:Analog Comparator Disable .

Mode . ACD
ACIE ACSR
.
ADC0 ADC7
. ) (ADEN
ACME SFIOR . ] MUX[2:0 ADMUX
. ACME ADEN
AIN1 .
]ACME ADEN MUX[2:0

AIN1
xxx
AIN1
xxx
- -
P a g e | 197
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
000
ADC0
001
ADC1
010
ADC2
011
ADC3
100
ADC4
101
ADC5
110
ADC6
111
ADC7
( ) :
#include <mega16.h>
// Analog Comparator interrupt service routine
interrupt [ANA_COMP] void ana_comp_isr(void)
{
PORTA=PORTA^0x01;
}
// Declare your global variables here
void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here
- -
P a g e | 198
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0x01;
// Analog Comparator initialization
// Analog Comparator: On
// Interrupt on Output Toggle
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1:
Off
ACSR=0x08;
SFIOR=0x00;
#asm("sei")
while (1);
}
- -
P a g e | 199
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
- -
P a g e | 200
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
SPI Bus
Serial Peripheral Interface SPI

.
...
SPI .
.
: SPI
SSM2163
8x2 Audio Mixer
63dB attenuation in 1dB steps
Analog Devices
AD7303
DAC
8Bit clock rate up to 30MHz
Analog Devices
AD7811
ADC
10Bit 4/8 channel 300ksps
Analog Devices
AD7816
ADC + Temperature Sensor 10Bit
AD7858
ADC
AD8400
Digital Pot
Analog Devices
12Bit, 8 channel 200ksps

1/2/4 channel 256 positions
1, 10, 50 100kOhm 10MHz update rate
Analog Devices
Analog Devices
Low voltage operation 1.8V/2.7V/5.0V

AT25010
EEPROM
block write protection 100 years data
ATMEL
retention
AT45D011
FLASH
5V 1MBit 5MHz clock rate
ATMEL
AT45D021
FLASH
5V 2MBit 10MHz
ATMEL
AT45DB021
FLASH
2.7V 2MBit 5MHz clock rate
ATMEL
- -
P a g e | 201
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
AT45DB041
FLASH
5V 4MBit 10MHz
ATMEL
AT45D081
FLASH
5V 8MBit 10MHz
ATMEL
AT45DB161
FLASH
2.7V 16MBit 13MHz
ATMEL
ADS1210
ADC
24Bit
BURR-BROWN
ADS7835
ADC
12Bit low power 500ksps
BURR-BROWN
ADS7846
Touch-screen controller
2.2V to 5.25V
BURR-BROWN
DS1267
Digital potentiometer
DS1305
Dual 10k, 50k and 100k
DALLAS
RTC
96-byte User-RAM
DALLAS
DS1306
RTC
96-byte User-RAM
DALLAS
DS1722
Digital Thermometer
-55 C to 120 C accuracy +/- 2C
DALLAS
DS1844
Digital Pot
4 channel, linear 64 positions
DALLAS
NM25C020
EEPROM
KP100
Pressure Sensor
Range 60 ... 130kPa
82527
CAN Controller
Flexible CPU-interface CAN 2.0
MAX349
MUX
8-to-1 dual 4-to-1
Maxim
MAX504
DAC
10Bit low power internal reference
Maxim
MAX522
DAC
8Bit 5MHz
Maxim
MAX535
DAC
13Bit Schmitt-trigger inputs
Maxim
MAX3100
UART
Up to 230kBaud Schmitt-trigger inputs
Maxim
MAX4548
Switch
Triple 3x2-crosspoint switch
Maxim
MAX4550
Switch
Dual 4x2 cross point switch
Maxim
MAX4562
Switch
Clickless Audio/Video Switch
Maxim
MAX4571
Switch
Audio/Video
Maxim
MAX4588
MUX
Dual 4 channel 180MHz bandwidth
Maxim
MAX7219
LED display driver
25AA040
EEPROM
data retention >40 years

hard- and software write protection
8-digit 10MHz clock rate

digital/analog brightness control
4k max. 3MHz clock data retention >200
- -
Fairchild
Infineon
Intel
Maxim
Microchip
P a g e | 202
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
years
MCP3001
ADC
MCP2510
CAN Controller
MC68HC86T1
RTC + RAM
CLC5506
10Bit, 2.7V to 5V 200ksps @ 5V low power
LCD Controller
LM74
Temperature Sensor
MM5483
LCD Controller
USBN9602
0... 8 Bytes message frame

32x8Bit static-RAM
GTA (Gain Trim Amplifier) 600MHz bandwidth control range 16dB
COP472-3
MM58342
Programmable Bit rate up tp 1MHz
High Voltage Display

Driver
USB Controller
Keine SDO-Leitung
12Bit + sign 3V to 5V -55 C to +150 C
31 segment outputs cascadeable
35V max cascadeable
DMA-Support Several FIFOs
Microchip
Microchip
Motorola
National
Semiconductor
National
Semiconductor
National
Semiconductor
National
Semiconductor
National
Semiconductor
National
Semiconductor
SPI
:
Master
Slave
SCK
SCK
MOSI
MISO
MOSI
MISO
SS
SS
- -
P a g e | 203
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
MISO MOSI SCK SS

.Master in slave out Master out slave in Slave Select . Master
Slave :
Shift Register Master . SS Slave

Master . Slave Shift
Register Master SCK .
MOSI Master MOSI Slave . Slave
MISO MISO Master . Packet SS
Master Slave Master
- -
P a g e | 204
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
SPI
SPI SPSR SPDR SPCR

.
SPI Data Register
LSB
SPDR
MSB
SPI Status Register
SPI2X
SPIF WCOL
SPSR

:Double SPI Speed Bit SPI Master

SCK .
- -
P a g e | 205
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Write COLlision Flag

SPDR . SPSR .
:SPI Interrupt Flag .1 :

SPIE
.2 . SS
SPIF . ISR
.
SPI Control Register
SPCR
SPIE SPE DORD MSTR CPOL SPHA SPR1 SPR0
:SPI Clock Rate Select 1 and 0 SCK Master

.
- -
P a g e | 206
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
SPI2X SPR1 SPR0 SCK

f osc /4
f osc /16
f osc /64
f osc /128
f osc /2
f osc /8
f osc /32
f osc /64
Clock Phase :Clock Polarity

SPI :
CPOL CPHA

- -
P a g e | 207
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:Master/Slave Select SPI Master .

:Data Order MSB .LSB
:SPI Enable SPI
:SPI Interrupt Enable SPI
SPI
SPI Master SS
. SS
) (SPDR
Shift Register Master Slave 8
SPIF . Master
SPDR SS .
- -
P a g e | 208
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
SPI Slave SS
MISO tri-stated . SPDR Slave

SS Master . Low SS
SPIF SPIE I
. Slave SPDR
.
SPI
SS Slave Master . SS
Slave .
- -
P a g e | 209
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
)( spi CodeVision
spi.h spi.lib :
)unsigned char spi(unsigned char data

{
;SPDR=data
;)while ((SPSR & (1<<SPIF))==0
;return SPDR
}
SPI
. SPI
.
) : (SPI
:Master
>#include <mega16.h
>#include <delay.h
// SPI functions
>#include <spi.h
)void main(void
{
- -
P a g e | 210
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
unsigned char incoming;
// SCK=Out MISO=In MOSI=Out SS=Out

PORTB=0b00000000;
DDRB=0b10110000;
// SPI initialization
// SPI Type: Master
// SPI Clock Rate: 500.000 kHz
// SPI Clock Phase: Cycle Half
// SPI Clock Polarity: Low
// SPI Data Order: MSB First
// SPI Enable: True
SPCR=0x71;
while(1)
{
incoming=spi(0x77);
delay_ms(50);
}
}
:Slave
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
- -
P a g e | 211
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
// SPI functions
#include <spi.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char incoming;
// SCK=In MISO=Out MOSI=In SS=In

DDRB=0b01000000;
// SPI initialization
// SPI Type: Slave
// SPI Clock Rate: 500.000 kHz
// SPI Clock Phase: Cycle Half
// SPI Clock Polarity: Low
// SPI Data Order: MSB First
// SPI Enable: True
SPCR=0x61;
while(1)
{
incoming=spi(0x33);
delay_ms(50);
}
}
- -
P a g e | 212
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Mode Sleep Watchdog
AVR Mode 6 .
6 SE MCUCE SLEEP
. ] SM[2:0 Mode
. 4
Startup SLEEP
.
MCU Control Register

0
SE SM2 SM1 SM0 ISC11 ISC10 ISC01 ISC00
MCUCR

] :Sleep Mode Select Bits[2:0 6 SLEEP

. Mode Standby Extended Standby
.
- -
P a g e | 213
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
SM2 SM1 SM0

Idle
ADC Noise Reduction
Power-down
Power-save
Standby
Extende Standby
:Sleep Enable SLEEP .
Mode
:Idle Mode CPU ,SPI, USART
,ADC, TWI Watchdog .

CPU Flash .
.
- -
P a g e | 214
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
CPU :ADC Noise Reduction Mode ,ADC
,TWI 2 Wathdog . ADC

Mode .
Mode Reset Reset , Wachdog Brown-out
Reset Mode.
:Power-down Mode
TWI Watchdog Reset . Reset

Brown-out Reset Watchdog TWI
. Mode
.
:Power-save Mode Mode Power-down 2
Mode . 2
Mode Power-down .
:Standby Mode Mode Power-down
.
Startup 6 .
:Extended Standby Mode Mode Power-save
.
- -
P a g e | 215
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
CodeVision
sleep.h . .
)( :sleep_enable Mode
.
)( :sleep_disable Mode .
)( standby() powersave() powerdown() idle )( :extended_standby
Mode .
Watchdog
Watchdog 1
Watchdog Reset ] WDP[0:2 .
WDR Reset Reset ,Watchdog
Reset Reset .
Watchdog .
- -
P a g e | 216
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
Watchdog Timer Control Register
WDTCR 7 6 5

- - - WDTOE WDE WDP2 WDP1 WDP0
Watchdog :Watchdog Timer Prescaler[2:0]

.
- -
P a g e | 217
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Watchdog Turn-off Enable :Watchdog Enable WDE

Watchdog .
WDE :
.1 WDTOE WDE ) . WDE
(.
.2 WDE .
- -
P a g e | 218
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
:1 I/O
C B A D ATmega16 PORTx DDRx PINx

x . PORTA DDRA
PINA :
:Data Direction

.
. = DDRA
0b10111101 .
DDRA
:PORTx
. .

- -
P a g e | 219
www.pnkavosh.com
www.avr.ir
Pull-up .
PORTA = 0b11010100 .
DDRA
PORTA
Pull-up
Pull-up
:PINx
. PORC
PINC 0b11010000
:
PINC
- -
P a g e | 220
www.pnkavosh.com
:2
- -
www.avr.ir
P a g e | 221
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
AVR :3
Flash
EEPROM
SRAM
Max
F.max
(Kbytes)
(Kbytes)
(Bytes)
I/O
(MHz)
16-bit
8-bit
PWM
Timers
Timer
(channels)
AT90PWM1
0.5
512
19
16
2.7-5.5
AT90PWM2
0.5
512
19
16
2.7-5.5
AT90PWM3
0.5
512
27
16
2.7-5.5
ATmega128
128
4096
53
16
ATmega1280
128
8192
86
ATmega1281
128
8192
ATmega16
16
0.5
ATmega162
16
ATmega164P
Devices
Vcc (V)
10-bit
UART
TWI
No
--
--
Yes
--
--
10
Yes
--
11
--
2.7-5.5
Yes
34
16
1.8-5.5
16
Yes
16
57
32
54
16
1.8-5.5
Yes
48
17
1024
32
16
2.7-5.5
Yes
20
0.5
1024
35
16
1.8-5.5
--
--
28
16
0.512
1024
32
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
31
32
ATmega165
16
0.5
1024
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega165P
16
0.5
1024
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega168
16
0.5
1024
23
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
26
26
ATmega169
16
0.5
1024
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega169P
16
0.5
1024
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega2560
256
8192
86
16
1.8-5.5
16
Yes
16
57
32
ATmega2561
256
8192
54
16
1.8-5.5
Yes
48
17
ATmega32
32
2048
32
16
2.7-5.5
Yes
19
ATmega324P
32
2048
32
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
31
32
ATmega325
32
2048
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega3250
32
2048
69
16
1.8-5.5
USI
32
17
ATmega3250P
32
2048
69
20
1.8-5.5
USI
32
17
ATmega325P
32
2048
54
20
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
ATmega329
32
2048
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
25
17
ATmega3290
32
2048
69
16
1.8-5.5
USI
25
32
ATmega3290P
32
2048
69
20
1.8-5.5
USI
25
32
ATmega329P
32
2048
54
20
1.8-5.5
USI
25
17
ATmega406
40
0.512
2048
18
4-25
--
--
Yes
--
23
ATmega48
0.256
512
23
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
26
26
ATmega64
64
4096
54
16
2.7-5.5
Yes
34
ATmega640
64
8192
86
16
1.8-5.5
16
Yes
16
57
32
ATmega644
64
4096
32
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
31
32
ATmega644P
64
4096
32
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
31
32
ATmega645
64
4096
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
23
17
- -
A/D
Interrupts
Ext
SPI
Interrupts
P a g e | 222
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
ATmega6450
64
4096
69
16
1.8-5.5
USI
32
17
ATmega649
64
4096
54
16
1.8-5.5
USI
25
17
ATmega6490
64
4096
69
16
1.8-5.5
USI
25
32
ATmega8
0.5
1024
23
16
2.7-5.5
Yes
18
ATmega8515
0.5
512
35
16
2.7-5.5
--
--
16
ATmega8535
0.5
512
32
16
2.7-5.5
Yes
20
ATmega88
0.5
1024
23
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
26
26
ATtiny11
--
--
2.7-5.5
--
--
--
--
--
--
ATtiny12
0.064
--
1.8-5.5
--
--
--
--
--
--
ATtiny13
0.064
64B
20
1.8-5.5
--
--
--
--
ATtiny15L
0.0625
--
1.6
2.7-5.5
--
--
--
--
1(+5)
ATtiny2313
0.128
128
18
20
1.8-5.5
USI
USI
--
ATtiny24
0.128
128
12
20
1.8-5.5
USI
--
USI
17
12
ATtiny25
0.128
128
20
1.8-5.5
--
USI
--
USI
15
ATtiny26
0.125
128
16
16
2.7-5.5
--
USI
--
USI
11
11
ATtiny261
0.128
128
16
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
--
USI
11
19
ATtiny28L
--
32
11
1.8-5.5
--
--
--
--
--
--
2(+8)
ATtiny44
0.256
256
12
20
1.8-5.5
USI
--
USI
17
12
ATtiny45
0.256
256
20
1.8-5.5
--
USI
--
USI
15
ATtiny461
0.256
256
16
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
--
USI
11
19
ATtiny84
0.512
512
12
20
1.8-5.5
USI
--
USI
17
12
ATtiny85
0.512
512
20
1.8-5.5
--
USI
--
USI
15
ATtiny861
0.512
512
16
20
1.8-5.5
Yes
--
USI
11
19
- -
P a g e | 223
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
AVR Pinout :4
ATmega64,ATmega128
ATmega16, ATmega32
ATmega8
ATiny26
- -
P a g e | 224
www.avr.ir
www.pnkavosh.com
ATmega16 :5
- -

Avr PNK

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Avr PNK

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

AVR

Pages Reset BOOTSZ1 BOOTSZ0 Boot

:BODEN Brown-out Detector

BODEN BODLEVEL Brown-out

Reset I/O CPU

JTAG AVR Reset

:Power-on Reset Vcc .

:External Reset .2 Reset RESET

:Brown-out Detection ATmega16 Brown-out Detection

VBOT = VBOT VHYST / 2 .

:Watchdog Reset .4 Watchdog

MCU Control and Status Register

JTD ISC2 - JTRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF

Bit 0 PORF: Power-on Reset Flag

unsigned long int

signed long int

; const float pi = 3.14

; #define code 100

0xF0 & 0x0F

;}int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5

;"char name[ ] = "Test

printf("Enter a Number: ");

printf("Enter a Number: ");

;)long int cube(int x

printf("Enter a number: ");

long int cube(int x){

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

for(i = 64; i > 1; i = i/2)

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

LED Dot Matrix :5

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brown-out Reset,

External Interrupt Request 0

External Interrupt Request 1

Timer/Counter2 Compare Match

Timer/Counter1 Capture Event

Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A

Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B

Serial Transfer Complete

USART Data Register Empty

ADC Conversion Complete

Two-wire Serial Interface

External Interrupt Request 2

Timer/Counter0 Compare Match

Store Program Memory Ready

10 2 PD3 PD2 PB2 .

// INT0 Mode: Falling Edge

// Global enable interrupts

INT0 INT1 INT2

CodeVision SREG CPU

: Reza Sepas Yar

Company : Pishro Noavaran Kavosh

// INT0 Mode: Rising Edge

// Global enable interrupts

/ 8 Mode Fast PWM CTC Normal

TTCR0 Clock Select