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100 INEQUALITY PROBLEMS

*****
Cao Minh Quang
05/11/2006

Most of these problems were collected from the Mathematics and Youth Magazine in Vietnam.
Translation from Vietnamese into English may have many errors. I am looking forward to hearing
from your ideas.
• Address: Cao Minh Quang, Mathematics teacher, Nguyen Binh Khiem specialized High School,
Vinh Long town, Vinh Long, Vietnam.
• Email: kt13quang@yahoo.com

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1. ( a, b > 0, a + b = 1) ,

a b 4
+ 2 ≤ .
a +1 b +1 5
2

First solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 3 1 3 4a + 3 a 4a
a2 + 1 = a2 + + ≥ 2 a2 . + = ⇒ 2 ≤ .
4 4 4 4 4 a + 1 4a + 3
Similarly,
b 4b
≤ .
b 2 + 1 4b + 3
Adding these two inequalities,
a b ⎛ 4a 4b ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
+ 2 ≤⎜ + ⎟= ⎢ 2 − 3 ⎜ 4a + 3 + 4b + 3 ⎟ ⎥ .
a + 1 b + 1 ⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠
2
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
On the orther hand,
⎡⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4 2
⎡⎣( 4a + 3) + ( 4b + 3) ⎤⎦ ⎢⎜ + ⎟⎥ ≥ 4 ⇒ ⎜ + ⎟≥ = .
⎣⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4a + 3 4b + 3 ⎠ 4 ( a + b ) + 6 5
Thus,
a b 2 4
+ 2 ≤ 2 − 3. = .
a +1 b +1
2
5 5
Second solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
4
1 1 1 1 ⎛1⎞ 5
a + 1 = a + + + + ≥ 5 5 a 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 5 4a 2 .
2 2

4 4 4 4 ⎝4⎠ 4
Similarly,
55 2
b2 + 1 ≥ 4b .
4
Adding these two inequalities,

a b a b 4⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 2 ≤ + = ⎜⎜ 5 a 3 . . + 5 b3. . ⎟⎟ ≤
a + 1 b + 1 5 5 4a 2 5 5 4b 2 5 ⎝
2
2 2 2 2 ⎠
4 4
⎡⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤
a + a + a + + ⎟ ⎜ b + b + b + + ⎟⎥
4 ⎢
≤ ⎢⎜
⎜ 2 2 + 2 2 = 4 ⎡ 3(a + b) + 2 ⎤ = 4 .
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎥ 5⎣ 5 ⎦ 5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Third solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
 1
a + b ≥ 2 ab ⇒ ab ≤ .
4
Therefore,
a b ab 2 + a 2 b + a + b ab + 1
+ 2 = 2 2 = =
a + 1 b + 1 a b + a + b + 1 ( a + b ) − 2ab + a 2 b 2 + 1
2 2 2 2

1
+1
ab + 1 ab + 1 4 4
= 2 2 = ≤ = .
a b − 2ab + 2 ⎛ 2
1⎞ 3 31 − 3 . 1 + 31 5
⎜ ab − ⎟ − ab + 2 4 16
⎝ 4⎠ 2 16

2. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,

a b c 3
+ + ≤ .
a +1 b +1 c +1 4
First solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a a 1⎛ a a ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟,
a + 1 (a + b) + (a + c) 4 ⎝ a + b a + c ⎠

b b 1⎛ b b ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟,
b + 1 ( b + a ) + ( b + c) 4⎝ b + a b+ c⎠

c c 1⎛ c c ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
c + 1 (c + b) + (c + a ) 4 ⎝ c + b c + a ⎠

Adding these three inequalities,

a b c 1⎛ a + b b + c a + c⎞ 3
+ + ≤ ⎜ + + ⎟= .
a +1 b +1 c +1 4 ⎝ a + b b + c a + c ⎠ 4
Second solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 a 1
a +1 = a + + + ≥ 44 a 3 ⇒ ≤ 4 a3 33 ,
3 3 3 3 a +1 4
Similarly,
b 1 4 c 1 4
≤ b 3 33 , ≤ c3 33 .
b +1 4 c+1 4
Adding these three inequalities,

a b c 3⎛ 1 1 1⎞
+ + ≤ ⎜⎜ 4 a.a.a. + 4 b.b.b. + 4 c.c.c. ⎟⎟ ≤
a +1 b +1 c +1 4 ⎝ 3 3 3⎠
 ⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ a + a + a + ⎟ ⎜ b + b + b + ⎟ ⎜ c + c + c + ⎟⎥
3 3 + 3 + 3 =3.
≤ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥
4 ⎢⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟⎥ 4
⎣⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥
Third solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎡⎣( a + 1) + ( b + 1) + ( c + 1) ⎤⎦ ⎜ + + ⎟≥9
⎝ a +1 b +1 c +1⎠
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 9
⇒⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 ⎠ ( a + 1) + ( b + 1) + ( c + 1) 4
Therefore,
a b c ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 3
+ + = 3−⎜ + + ⎟ ≤ 3− = .
a +1 b +1 c +1 ⎝ a +1 b +1 c +1⎠ 4 4
Forth solution
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 2 a 2 a 3a 1 1 1
a +1 = a + + ≥ 2 + ⇒ ≤ + − . .
3 3 3 3 a +1 2 2 3 a 2
2 +
3 3
Similarly,
b 3b 1 1 1 c 3c 1 1 1
≤ + − . , ≤ + − . .
b +1 2 2 3 b 2 c +1 2 2 3 c 2
2 + 2 +
3 3 3 3
Adding these three inequalities,
⎛ ⎞
a b c ⎛
3 a b c ⎞ 3 1 ⎜ 1 1 1 ⎟
+ + ≤ ⎜⎜ + + ⎟ + − ⎜ + + ⎟≤
a +1 b +1 c +1 2 ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎟⎠ 2 3 ⎜ a 2 b 2 b 2⎟
⎜2 + 2 + 2 + ⎟
⎝ 3 3 3 3 3 3⎠

⎡⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ a + ⎟ ⎜ b + ⎟ ⎜ c + ⎟⎥
3 3 + 3 + 3 +3− 9 9 3
≤ ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤3− = .
2 ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥ 2 ⎛ a b c⎞ 2 4 4
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎥
⎠⎦ 2 ⎜ + + ⎟ + 3.
⎝ 3 3 3⎠ 3

3. ( a, b, c ≥ 1) ,

1 1 1⎞
( 2 + abc ) ⎛⎜+ + ⎟≥9
⎝a b c⎠
Solution.
We have,
 ( a − 1)( b − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ ab + 1 ≥ a + b ,
( ab − 1)( c − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ abc + 1 ≥ ab + c .
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
abc + 2 ≥ a + b + c .
Thus,
1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞
( 2 + abc ) ⎛⎜+ + ⎟ ≥ ( a + b + c) ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝a b c⎠ ⎝a b c⎠

(
4. x, y, z > 0, xy xy + yz yz + zx zx = 1 , )
x6 y6 z6 1
+ + ≥ .
x +y y +z z +x
3 3 3 3 3 3
2
Solution.
We set a = x 3 , b = y3 , c = z 3 and observe that ab + bc + ca = 1 .
The inequality is equivalent to
a2 b2 c2 1
+ + ≥ .
a+ b b+c c+a 2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
⎡ a2 b2 c2 ⎤
⎢ a + b + b + c + c + a ⎥ ⎡⎣( a + b) + ( b + c) + ( c + a) ⎤⎦ ≥ ( a + b + c)
2

⎣ ⎦
a2 b2 c2 1 1 1
⇒ + +
a+ b b+c c+a 2
≥ ( a + b + c) ≥
2
( ab + bc + ca = ) 2
.

5. ( x, y > 0, xy = 1) ,

9
x 2 + 3x + y 2 + 3y + ≥ 11 .
x + y2 + 1
2

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
9 9
(x 2
+ y 2 + 1) +
x + y +1
2 2
+ 3x + 3y − 1 ≥ 4 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + 1) . 2
x + y2 + 1
.3x.3y − 1 = 11 .

6. ( m, n ∈ \ {0} , m ≤ a, b, c ≤ n ) ,

3 ( n − m)
2
a b c
+ + ≤ + .
b + c a + c a + b 2 2m ( n + m)

Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that a ≥ b ≥ c , we set x = b + c, y = c + a, z = a + b .
We observe that x ≤ y ≤ z , therefore,
 ⎛ y ⎞⎛ z⎞ ⎛ x ⎞⎛ y⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ ≥ 0
⎝ x ⎠⎝ y⎠ ⎝ y ⎠⎝ z⎠

y+z x+z x+y ⎛x z⎞

⇔ + + ≤ 2⎜ + ⎟ + 2
x y z ⎝y x⎠

(z − x) + 6 1 .
2
⎛ a b c ⎞
⇔ 2⎜ + + ⎟+3≤ 2 ()
⎝ b+c c+a a+ b ⎠ xy
On the other hand,
z−x a−c n−m z−x a−c a−c n−c n−m
0≤ = ≤ and 0 ≤ = ≤ ≤ ≤ .
x b+c 2m z a+ b a+c n+c n+m
Thus,

(z − x) (n − m) 2 .
2 2

≤ ( )
xz 2m ( n + m )

From (1) and (2), we have

3 ( n − m)
2
a b c
+ + ≤ + .
b + c a + c a + b 2 2m ( n + m)

7. ( 0 < x1 , x 2 , ..., x n ≤ 1, n ≥ 2 ) ,

x1 + x 2 + ... + x n 1
≤ .
n 1 + n (1 − x1 )(1 − x 2 ) ... (1 − x n )

Solution.
We set 1 − x i = ai , ( i = 1, 2, ..., n ) and observe that 0 ≤ ai < 1 , ( i = 1, 2, ..., n ) .

The inequality is equivalent to

(1 − a1 ) + (1 − a2 ) + ... + (1 − an ) ≤ 1
,
n 1 + na1a2 ...an

or ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )(1 + a1a2 ...an ) ≥ n 2 a1a2 ...an .

Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

a1 + a2 + ... + an ≥ n n a1a2 ...an and 1 + na1a2 ...an ≥ 1 + ( n − 1) a1a2 ...an ≥ n n ( a1a2 ...an )
n −1
.

Therefore,

( a1 + a2 + ... + an )(1 + a1a2 ...an ) ≥ n2 n ( a1a2 ...an ) = n2 ( a1 + a2 + ... + an )(1 + a1a2 ...an ) ≥ n2a1a2 ...an .
n

8. ( 0 < x < y ≤ z ≤ 1,3x + 2y + z ≤ 4 ) ,

10
3x 2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ≤ .
3
Solution.
 We have 3x + 2y + z ≤ 4 , thus, 3x 2 + 2xy + xz ≤ 4x .

On the other hand, 0 < x < y ≤ z ≤ 1 , therefore 2y ( y − x ) ≤ 2 ( y − x ) and z ( z − x ) ≤ z − x .

Adding these two inequalities, we obtain

3x 2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ≤ x + 2y + z .
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
⎛1 ⎞ 10
(3x + 2y2 + z2 ) ≤ ( x + 2y + z ) ≤ ⎜ + 2 + 1⎟ ( 3x2 + 2y2 + z2 ) ⇒ 3x2 + 2y2 + z2 ≤ .
2 2 2

⎝3 ⎠ 3

9. ( 0 ≤ x ≤ y ≤ z ≤ 1) ,

108
x 2 ( y − z ) + y 2 ( z − y ) + z 2 (1 − z ) ≤ .
529
Solution.
We set T = x 2 ( y − z ) + y 2 ( z − y ) + z 2 (1 − z ) .

Applying the AM – GM Inequality and the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

3
1 1 ⎛ y + y + 2z − 2y ⎞
T ≤ 0 + ⎡⎣ y.y ( 2z − 2y ) ⎤⎦ + z 2 (1 − z ) ≤ ⎜ ⎟ + z (1 − z )
2

2 2⎝ 3 ⎠
2
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 54 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞
= z2 ⎜ z + 1 − z ⎟ = z2 ⎜ 1 − z ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟ ⎜ 1 − z ⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠ ⎝ 23 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠ ⎝ 54 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠
⎡ 23 23 23 ⎤
2 z + z +1− z ⎥
⎛ 54 ⎞ ⎢ 54 54 27 = 108 .
≤⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎝ 23 ⎠ ⎢ 3 ⎥ 529
⎣ ⎦

(
10. a, b, c ∈ , a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≤ 8 , )
ab + bc + 2bc ≥ −8 .
Solution.
2
⎛ b ⎞ 3b
2
We have 8 + ( ab + bc + 2bc ) ≥ a + b + c + ab + bc + 2bc = ⎜ a + + c ⎟ +
2 2 2
≥ 0.
⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
Therefore, ab + bc + ca ≥ −8 .
11. ( a, b > 0 ) ,

( a − b ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b ) .
2
a+ b
≥ ab +
2 8 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 )

Solution.
If a = b , the inequality is true.
If a ≠ b , the inequality is equivalent to
 ( a − b ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b )
2
a+ b
− ab ≥
2 8 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 )

( ) ( 3a + b )( a + 3b ) ⎤⎥ ≥ 0
2
⎡ a+ b
( )
2
⇔ a− b ⎢1 −
⎢ 4 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b 2 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

( )
⇔ 4 ( a + b ) ( a2 + 6ab + b2 ) − a + b + 2 ab ( 3a2 + 3b 2 + 10ab ) ≥ 0 .

We set x = a + b, y = ab and observe that a2 + b2 = x 2 − 2y 2 .

The inequality is equivalent to

4x ( x 2 + 4y 2 ) − ( x + 2y ) ( 3x 2 + 4y 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇔ ( x − 2y ) ≥ 0 ⇔ x ≥ 2y ⇔ a + b ≥ 2 ab .
3

12. ( x ∈ ),
3 3
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x < .
2
Solution.
We have,
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x + 2 sin 2x cos x = sin 2x + 4 sin x cos2 x ≤

cos2 x cos2 x
≤ 1 + 4 sin x cos x ≤ 1 + 4 sin x cos x = 1 + 8 sin x.
2 2 4
. 2

2 2
3
⎛ cos 2 x cos 2 x ⎞
⎜ sin 2
x + + ⎟
2 2 8 3 3 3
≤ 1+ 8 ⎜ ⎟ = 1+ < .
⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ 9 2
⎝ ⎠
13. ( x1 , x 2 , ..., x n > 0, n ≥ 3) ,

x12 + x 2 x 3 x 2 + x3x 4 x 2 + x n x1 x 2 + x1x 2

+ 2 + ... + n −1 + n ≥n.
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )

Solution.
We set,
x12 + x 2 x 3 x2 + x3x 4 x 2 + x n x1 x 2 + x1x 2
A= + 2 + ... + n −1 + n .
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )

Applying the AM – GM Inequality we have

⎡ x12 + x 2 x 3 ⎤ ⎡ x 22 + x 3 x 4 ⎤ ⎡ x 2n −1 + x n x1 ⎤ ⎡ x 2n + x1x 2 ⎤
A+n = ⎢ + 1⎥ + ⎢ + 1⎥ + ... + ⎢ + 1⎥ + ⎢ + 1⎥
⎣ x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) ⎦ ⎣ x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) ⎦ ⎣ x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) ⎦ ⎣ x n ( x1 + x 2 ) ⎦

=
( x1 + x 2 )( x1 + x3 ) + ( x 2 + x3 )( x 2 + x 4 ) + ... + ( x n −1 + x n )( x n −1 + x1 ) + ( x n + x1 )( x n + x 2 )
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x2 ( x3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )
 ≥ nn
( x1 + x3 )( x 2 + x 4 ) ... ( x n −1 + x1 )( x n + x 2 ) ≥ n n 2n x1x 3 x 2 x 4 ... x n −1x1 x n x 2
= 2n .
x1x 2 ...x n −1x n x1x 2 ...x n −1x n

Therefore,
x12 + x 2 x 3 x 22 + x 3 x 4 x 2n −1 + x n x1 x 2n + x1x 2
+ + ... + + ≥n.
x1 ( x 2 + x 3 ) x 2 ( x 3 + x 4 ) x n −1 ( x n + x1 ) x n ( x1 + x 2 )

14. (1 ≤ a, b, c ≤ 2 ) ,

1 1 1⎞
( a + b + c) ⎜⎛+ + ⎟ ≤ 10 .
⎝a b c⎠
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that 1 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ 2 , we obtain,
⎛ a ⎞⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞⎛ c ⎞ a b b c a c
⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ + ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ ≥ 0 ⇔ + + + ≤ 2 + + .
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠ b c a b c a
Therefore,
1 1 1⎞ ⎛a b b c⎞ a c ⎛a c⎞
( a + b + c) ⎛⎜ + + ⎟ = 3 + ⎜ + + + ⎟ + + ≤ 5 + 2⎜ + ⎟ .
⎝a b c⎠ ⎝b c a b⎠ c a ⎝ c a⎠
On the other hand,
2
1 a ⎛ a ⎞⎛ 1 a ⎞ ⎛a⎞ 5 a a c 5
≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ ⎜ 2 − ⎟⎜ − ⎟ ≤ 0 ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ + 1 ≤ . ⇒ + ≤ .
2 c ⎝ c ⎠⎝ 2 c ⎠ ⎝c⎠ 2 c c a 2
Thus,
1 1 1⎞
( a + b + c) ⎜⎛ + + ⎟ ≤ 10 .
⎝a b c⎠
15. ( a, b, c, d > 0 ) ,

a2 b 2 c2 d 2 a + b + c + d
+ + + ≥ 4 .
b 2 c2 d 2 a2 abcd
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

a2 b 2 c2 a6 8a
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
b c d bcd abcd

b2 c2 d 2 b6 8b
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
c d a cda abcd

c2 d 2 a2 c6 8c
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 ,
d a b dab abcd

d2 a2 b 2 d6 8d
3. 2 + 2. 2 + 2 + 2 ≥ 8 2 2 2 = 4
8 .
a b c abc abcd
 Adding these four inequalities, we obtain
⎛ a2 b 2 c2 d 2 ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞ ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞
6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ + 8 ≥ 8⎜ 4 ⎟ = 6⎜ 4 ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟
⎝b c d a ⎠ ⎝ abcd ⎠ ⎝ abcd ⎠ ⎝ 4 abcd ⎠

⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞ 4 4 abcd ⎛ a+ b+c+d ⎞

≥ 6⎜ 4 ⎟ + 2. = 6⎜ 4 ⎟+8.
⎝ abcd ⎠ 4
abcd ⎝ abcd ⎠
Thus,
a2 b 2 c2 d 2 a + b + c + d
+ + + ≥ 4 .
b 2 c2 d 2 a2 abcd
16. ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 ) ,

4x − x 3 + x + x 3 ≤ 3 4 3 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

( 4x − x 3 + x + x 3 = ) 1⎡
2⎣
2 8x − 2x 3 + 2 x + x 3 ⎤ ≤
⎦ 2
1
( 2 + 4 ) ( 8x − 2x3 + x + x3 ) =

6 ⎛ 2x + ( 9 − x ) + ( 9 − x ) ⎞
3
2 2 2
1 6 4 2
= . 2x ( 9 − x )
2 2
= 4 4⎜ ⎟ = 34 3 .
242 ⎜
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎟
⎠

17. ( x ∈ ),
2 sin x + 15 − 10 2 cos x ≤ 6 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

(1 + 5) ( 2sin2 x + 3 − 2 ) ( )
2
2 sin x + 15 − 10 2 cosx ≤ 2 cosx = 6 ⎡6 − 2 cosx + 1 ⎤ ≤ 6 .
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

(
18. x, y, z > 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, n ∈ +
),
x
+
y
+
z
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
.
1 − x 2n 1 − y 2n 1 − z 2n 2n
Solution.
We set f ( t ) = t (1 − t 2n ) , t ∈ ( 0,1) . It is easy to show that

1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2n
f ' ( t ) = 1 − ( 2n + 1) t 2n+1 , f ' ( t ) = 0 ⇔ t = 2n ⇒ f ( t ) ≤ f ⎜ 2n ⎟ ⇒ t (1 − t ) ≤
2n

2n + 1 ⎝ 2n + 1 ⎠ ( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
Since 0 < x, y,z < 1 , thus

1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
,
1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
,
1
≥
( 2n + 1) 2n 2n + 1
x (1 − x 2n ) 2n y (1 − y 2n ) 2n z (1 − z 2n ) 2n
 Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

⎛ x y z ⎞ ⎛ x2 y2 z2 ⎞
⎜ + + ⎟ = ⎜ + + ⎟≥
⎝1− x ⎠ ⎝⎜ x (1 − x ) y (1 − y ) z (1 − z ) ⎠⎟
2n
1− y 2n
1 − z2n 2n 2n 2n

≥
(x 2
+ y 2 + z 2 ) ( 2n + 1 ) 2 n 2n + 1
=
( 2n + 1 ) 2 n 2n + 1
.
2n 2n
19. ( a, b > 0, a + b < 1) ,

a2 b2 1 9
+ + +a+ b ≥ .
1− a 1− b a + b 2
Solution.
We have,
⎛ a2 b2 1 ⎞ ⎛ a2 b2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎜ + + + a + b =
⎟ ⎜ + 1 + a + + 1+ b + − 2⎟ = ⎜ + + − 2⎟
⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠ ⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠ ⎝ 1− a 1− b a + b ⎠

Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

(1 + 1 + 1)
2
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9
⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ 1 − a 1 − b a + b ⎠ 1(1 − a) + 1(1 − b) + 1. ( a + b ) 2

20. ( a, b, c > 0, abc = 1) ,

1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 ≤ .
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2
2 2 2 2

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab and b 2 + 1 ≥ 2b .
Therefore,
1 1
a2 + 2b2 + 3 ≥ 2 ( ab + b +1) ⇒ ≤ .
a + 2b + 3 2 ( ab + b +1)
2 2

Similarly,
1 1 1 1
≤ and 2 ≤ .
b + 2c + 3 2 ( bc + c +1)
2 2
c + 2a + 3 2 ( ac + a + 1)
2

Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

1 1 1 1⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 2 + 2 ≤ ⎜ + + ⎟=
a + 2b + 3 b + 2c + 3 c + 2a + 3 2 ⎝ ab + b + 1 bc + c + 1 ca + a + 1 ⎠
2 2 2 2

1⎛ 1 ab b ⎞ 1 ab + b + 1 1
= ⎜ + + ⎟= = .
2 ⎝ ab + b + 1 b + 1 + ab 1 + ab + b ⎠ 2 ab + b + 1 2

(
21. x, y > 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1 , )
 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(1 + x ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + (1 + y ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ≥ 4 + 3 2 .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠
Solution.
We have,
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛x y⎞ 1⎛1 1⎞
(1 + x ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + (1 + y ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = ⎜ x + ⎟ + ⎜ y + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ + 2 .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ 2x ⎠ ⎝ 2y ⎠ ⎝ y x ⎠ 2 ⎝ x y ⎠
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1⎛1 1⎞ 1 1 2 x y
x+ ≥ 2, y + ≥ 2, ⎜ + ⎟≥ = ≥ = 2, + ≥2.
2x 2y 2⎝x y⎠ xy 4 x 2 y 2 x +y
2 2
y x

Adding these four inequalities, we obtain

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(1 + x ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ + (1 + y ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ≥ 4 + 3 2 .
⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠
22. ( 0 < a, b, c ≤ 1) ,

1 1
≥ + (1 − a)(1 − b )(1 − c) .
a+ b+c 3
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
(1 − b ) + (1 − c ) + (1 + b + c ) ≥ 3
1= (1 − b )(1 − c )(1 + b + c ) ⇔ (1 − b )(1 − c )(1 + b + c ) ≤ 1 .
3
Therefore,
1− a 1− a 1 1 1 1
(1 − a )(1 − b )(1 − c ) ≤ ≤ ≤ − ⇒ ≥ + (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) .
1+ b + c a + b + c a + b + c 3 a+ b+c 3

(
23. x ≥ y ≥ z > 0,32 − 3x 2 = z 2 = 16 − 4y 2 , )
32 3 + 16
xy + yz + zx ≤ .
5
Solution.
16 − z 2 2 32 − z 2 16 − z 2 4
We have y 2 = ,x = , y≥z⇒ ≥ z2 ⇒ z ≤ .
4 3 4 5
On the other hand,
32 − z 2 48 − 3z 2 5z 2 − 16
x − 3y =
2 2
− = ≤ 0 ⇒ x ≤ y 3 ⇒ xy ≤ 3y 2 .
3 4 12

⎛ x ⎞ 3 ⎛ x2 2⎞ 3 2 2 1
We have xz ≤ 3 ⎜ .z ⎟ ≤ ⎜ +z ⎟≤ ( y + z ) and yz ≤ ( y 2 + z 2 ) .
⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 2

Adding these two inequalities, we obtain

 3 2 2 1 2 2 ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ ⎛ 16 − z2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 + 1 ⎞ 2
( xy + yz + zx ) ≤ 3y + ( y + z ) + ( y + z ) = ⎜⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎟ ⎜
2
⎟+⎜ ⎟z
2 2 ⎝ 20 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3+ 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3 + 3 ⎞ 16 32 3 + 16
(
= 2 3 3 + 1 + ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ z ≤ 2 3 3 + 1 + ⎜⎜ (
⎟⎟ . = ) .
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠ 5 5

⎛ π ⎞
24. ⎜ 0 < x < , n ∈ +
⎟,
⎝ 2 ⎠
sin n + 2 x cosn + 2 x
+ ≥ 1.
cosn x sin n x
Solution.
We have,

( sin 2n
x − cos2n x )( sin 2 x − cos2 x ) ≥ 0

⇔ ( tg n x − cot g n x )( sin 2 x − cos2 x ) ≥ 0

⇔ tg n x sin 2 x + cot g n x cos2 x ≥ cot g n x sin 2 x + tg n x cos2 x .

Thus,
sin n + 2 x cosn + 2 x 1 n 1
+ ≥ ( tg x + cot g n x )( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) ≥ .2. tg n x.cot g n x = 1 .
cos xn
sin x
n
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
25. ⎜ 0 < a, b, c, 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ , a + b + c = x + y + z = 1⎟ ,
⎝ 2 ⎠
ax + by + cz ≥ 8abc .
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that a ≤ b ≤ c .
We have,
1− c
4ab ≤ ( a + b ) = (1 − c ) ⇒ 8abc ≤ 2c (1 − c ) ≤
2 2 2
.
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ a+b 1− c
0 ≤ x, y,z ≤ ⇒ cz = c ⎜ − x ⎟ + c ⎜ − y ⎟ ≥ a ⎜ − x ⎟ + b ⎜ − y ⎟ = − ( ax + by) = − ( ax + by) .
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
Thus,
1− c
ax + by + cz ≥ ≥ 8abc .
2

(
26. x, y ≥ 0, x 3 + y3 = 1 , )
(1 + 2 2 )
5
x +2 y ≤ 6 5
.

Solution.
1
We set α = , β = 2 5 2α .
1+ 2 2
5
 Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
x 3 + 5α
x 3 + 5α ≥ 6 6 x 3α 5 ⇒ x ≤ ,
6 6 α5
y3 + 5β
x 3 + 5β ≥ 6 6 y3β5 ⇒ 2 y ≤ .
3 6 β5

Adding these two inequalities, we obtain

x 3 + y3 + 5 ( α + β )
( ) (1 + 2 2 )
5
x +2 y ≤ = 6 5
.
6 6 α5
⎛ 3x 4y 2z ⎞
27. ⎜ x, y, z > 0, + + = 2⎟,
⎝ x +1 y +1 z +1 ⎠
1
x3y4z2 ≤ .
89
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 x 2x 4y 2z
= 1− = + + =
x +1 x +1 x +1 y +1 z +1

x x y y y y z z x2 y4z2
= + + + + + + + ≥ 88 .
( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
2 4 2
x +1 x +1 y +1 y +1 y +1 y +1 z +1 z +1

Similarly,

1 y3 x 3z 2 1 x3y4z
≥ 88 and ≥ 88 .
( y + 1) ( x + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
3 3 2 3 4 2
1+ y 1+ z

Thus,
3 4 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ x 24 y32 z16 x3 y 4z2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 89
8 = 89

( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1) ( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
24 32 16 3 4 2
⎝ 1+ x ⎠ ⎝1+ y ⎠ ⎝ 1+ z ⎠

1
or x 3 y 4 z 2 ≤ .
89
28. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3⎛ b+c c+a a+ b⎞
(a 3
+ b3 + c3 ) ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ ≥ ⎜
⎝a b c ⎠ 2⎝ a
+
b
+ ⎟.
c ⎠
Solution.
We have,
1 1 1 3
2 ( a3 + b3 + c3 ) ≥ ab ( a + b ) + bc ( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) and + 3+ 3≥ .
a b c
3
abc
Therefore,
 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 3⎛ b+c c+a a+ b⎞
(a 3
+ b3 + c3 ) ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ ≥ ⎜
⎝a b c ⎠ 2⎝ a
+
b
+ ⎟
c ⎠

29. ( x ∈ ),
(16 cos x + 3 ) + 768 ≥ 2048 cos x .
4 4

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

( )
4
(16cos x + 3) = (16cos4 x + 1 + 1 + 1) + 768 ≥ 4 4 16cos4 x + 768 =
4 4 4

= 4096 cos4 x + 256 + 256 + 256 ≥ 4 4 4096 cos4 x.2563 = 2048 cos x ≥ 2048 cos x .

30. ( x ∈ ),
1 (1 + x ) + 16x
4 8

≤ ≤ 17 .
8 ( )
1 + x 2 4

Solution.
If a, b are two real numbers, then

(a + b2 )
2
(a + b)
2 4

a +b4 4
≥ ≥ .
2 8
Thus,
4
⎡(1 + x )2 ⎤ + ( −2x )4 (1 + x2 )
4
(1 + x ) + 16x 4
8
⎣ ⎦ 1
= ≥ = .
(1 + x ) 2 4
(1 + x )
2 4
8 (1 + x )
2 4 8

On the other hand,

4
⎡ (1 + x )2 ⎤ (1 + x )8 4
(1 + x ) and (1 + x2 ) = (1 + x2 − 2 x + 2 x ) = ⎡(1 − x ) + 2 x ⎤ ≥ 16x 4 .
2 4 4 4 2
≥⎢ ⎥ ≥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 16 ⎣ ⎦

Therefore,

(1 + x )
8
+ 16x 4
≤ 16 + 1 = 17
(1 + x ) 2 4

31. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,

a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c2 c 2 + a 2 a2 + b 2 + c2
+ + ≤3 .
a+ b b+c c+a a+ b+c
Solution.
a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c2 c2 + a 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
+ + ≤3
a+ b b+c c+a a+ b+c
 ⎡ a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c2 + a 2 ⎤
⇔ ( a + b + c) ⎢ ⎥ ≤ 3(a + b + c )
2 2 2
+ +
⎣ a+ b b+c c+a ⎦

c ( a2 + b 2 ) b ( c2 + a2 ) a ( b 2 + c2 )
⇔ + + ≤ a 2 + b 2 + c2
a+ b c+a b+c
c ( a2 + b 2 ) b ( c2 + a2 ) a ( b 2 + c2 )
⇔c − 2
+b − 2
+a − 2
≥0
a+ b c+a b+c
ac ( c − a ) bc ( c − b ) ab ( b − a ) bc ( b − c ) ab ( a − b ) ac ( a − c )
⇔ + + + + + ≥0
a+ b a+ b c+a c+a b+c b+c

ac ( c − a ) bc ( c − b ) ab ( b − a )
2 2 2

⇔ + + ≥ 0.
( a + b )( b + c ) ( a + b )( a + c ) ( a + c )( b + c )
32. ( a, b, c > 0, n ∈ , n ≥ 2 ) ,

a b c n n
n +n +n > n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ a+ b ⎞
⎜ ( n − 1) ⎟ + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 n − 1 a + b + c
n
( a + b)( n − 1) ≤ ⎝ c ⎠ n −1
=
( )( ) ⇒ n c ≥ n n n −1 c .
c n nc a + b n −1 a+ b+c
Similarly,
b n n b a n n a
n ≥ n −1 and n ≥ n −1 .
c + a n −1 a+ b+c b + c n −1 a+ b+c
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
a b c n n
n +n +n ≥ n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
Equality holds if and only if
⎧( n −1)( a + b) = c
⎪ 3
⎨( n −1)( c + a) = b ⇒ 2 ( n −1)( a + b + c) = a + b + c ⇒ n = (!) .
⎪( n −1)( b + c) = a 2
⎩
Therefore,
a b c n n
n +n +n > n −1 .
b+c c+a a + b n −1
33. ( x, y, z ≥ 0, x + y + z = 1, n ∈ , n ≥ 2 ) ,

nn
xn y + ynz + zn x ≤ .
( n + 1)
n +1
 Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that x = max{x,y,z} .

Since z ≤ x , thus znx ≤ zxn , znx ≤ z2xn−1 .

On the other hand,
n −1 1 n −1 z
n >1⇒ ≥ ⇒ z≥ .
n 2 n 2
We have,
1 1 zx n z 2 x n −1
x n y + y n z + z n x ≤ x n y + x n −1yz + z n x + z n x ≤ x n y + x n −1yz + + =
2 2 2 2
⎛ z⎞ ⎛ n −1 ⎞ ⎡x x x x + z ⎛ n − 1 ⎞⎤
= x n −1 ( x + z ) ⎜ y + ⎟ ≤ x n −1 ( x + z ) ⎜ y + z ⎟ ≤ n n ⎢ . ... . .⎜ y + z⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ n ⎠ ⎣n n n n ⎝ n ⎠ ⎥⎦
n +1
⎡ x x+z n −1 ⎤
⎢ ( n − 1) + +y+ z (x + y + z)
n +1

≤ nn ⎢ n n n ⎥ =n n
. =
nn
⎥ .
( n + 1) ( n + 1)
n +1 n +1
⎢ n +1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
34. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,

16xyz ( x + y + z ) ≤ 3 3 ( x + y) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) .
4 4 4

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x ) = ( x + y + z ) xy + ( x + y + z ) xy + ( x + y + z ) xy +
3 3 3
1 1 1
+ yz ( x + y + z ) + yz ( x + y + z ) + yz ( x + y + z ) + xz 2 + zx 2 ≥
3 3 3

( xyz ) ( x + y + z ) ( xyz ) ( x + y + z )
6 6 3 3

≥8 8
=8 4
.
36 27
Thus,

16xyz ( x + y + z ) ≤ 3 3 ( x + y ) ( y + z ) ( z + x ) .
4 4 4

⎛ ⎡π π⎤⎞
35. ⎜ x, y, z ∈ ⎢ , ⎥ ⎟ ,
⎝ ⎣6 2⎦⎠
2
sinx − siny siny − sinz sinz − sinx ⎛ 1 ⎞
+ + ≤ ⎜1− ⎟ .
sinz sinx siny ⎝ 2⎠
Solution.
⎡1 ⎤
We set a = sin x, b = sin y, c = sin z and observe that a, b, c ∈ ⎢ ,1⎥ .
⎣2 ⎦
 The inequality is equivalent to

a−b b−c c−a ⎛

+ + ≤ ⎜1 −
1 ⎞
⇔
( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) ≤ ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞ .
2 2

c a b ⎟ abc ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1
Without loss of generality, we can assume that ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ 1.
2
a b 1
We set u = , v = and observe that ≤ u ≤ v ≤ 1 .
c c 2
We will prove that

( v − u )(1 − u )(1 − v ) ≤ ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞
2

uv ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
We have
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ v − ⎟⎜1 − ⎟ (1 − v )
( v − u)(1 − u )(1 − v ) ≤ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 1 1 1 ⎛
= 1 + − v − ≤ 1 + − 2 v. = ⎜1 −
1 ⎞
2

uv 1 2 2v 2 2v ⎟ .
v ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
36. ( x, y, z, t ∈ , ( x + y )( z + t ) + xy + 88 = 0 ) ,

x 2 + 9y 2 + 6z 2 + 24t 2 ≥ 352 .
Solution.
Since ( x + y )( z + t ) + xy + 88 = 0 , thus 4 ( x + y )( z + t ) + 4xy + 352 = 0 .

We have
x2 + 9y2 + 6z2 + 24t 2 + 4 ( x + y )( z + t ) + 4xy = x2 + 9y2 + 6z2 + 24t 2 + 4xz + 4xt + 4yz + 4yt + 4xy =

= x 2 + 4x ( z + y + t ) + 4 ( z + y + t ) + 4y 2 − 4yz + z 2 + z 2 − 8zt + 16t 2 + y 2 − 4yt + 4t 2 =

2

= ⎡ x + 2 ( z + y + t ) ⎤ + ( 2y − z ) + ( z − 4t ) + ( y − 2t ) ≥ 0 .
2 2 2 2
⎣ ⎦
Therefore,
x 2 + 9y 2 + 6z 2 + 24t 2 ≥ 352 .

37. ( x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1) ,

x2 y2 z2
+ + ≥ 3.
x + y + y3z y + z + z3 x z + x + x 3 y
Solution.
We set
x2 y2 z2
A= + + .
x + y + y3z y + z + z3 x z + x + x 3 y
 We have
x3 y3 z3 x3 y3 z3
A= + + = + + .
x2 + yz + y3zx y2 + zy + z3xy z2 + xz + x3yz x2 + yx + y2 y2 + zy + z2 z2 + xz + x2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

A. ⎡⎣ x ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) + y ( y 2 + yz + z 2 ) + z ( z 2 + xz + x 2 ) ⎤⎦ ≥ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
2

⇔ A ( x + y + z ) ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) ≥ ( x2 + y2 + z2 ) .
2

Thus,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x + y + z 3 3 xyz
A≥ ≥ ≥ = 3.
x+y+z 3 3

38. ( x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1) ,

x2y2 y2z2 z2 x2
+ + ≤1.
x2 y2 + x 7 + y7 y2z2 + y7 + z 7 z2 x2 + z 7 + x 7
Solution.
If x, y are positive real numbers, then x 7 + y 7 ≥ x 3 y3 ( x + y ) .

Thus,
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 1 1 z z
≤ 2 2 3 3 = = = = .
x y +x +y
2 2 7 7
x y + x y ( x + y ) 1 + xy ( x + y ) xyz + xy ( x + y ) xyz ( x + y + z ) x + y + z

Similarly,
y2z2 x z2 x2 y
2 2 7 7
≤ and 2 2 7 7
≤ .
y z +y +z x+y+z z x +z +x x+y+z
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x2 y2 y2z2 z2 x2 x+y+z
2 2 7 7
+ 2 2 7 7
+ 2 2 7 7
≤ = 1.
x y +x +y y z +y +z z x +z +x x+y+z

39. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,

a b abc 3 3
+ + ≤ 1+ .
a + bc b + ca c + ab 4
Solution.
We set
a b abc
T= + + .
a + bc b + ca c + ab
We have
 ab
a b abc 1 1
T= + + = + + c .
a + bc b + ca c + ab 1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
a b c
bc A ca B
We set = tan2 , = tan2 , 0 < A, B < π . Since
a 2 b 2

ab ca bc ab ca bc
1= a+ b+c = . + . + .
c b a c b a
thus,
A B
1 − tan
tan
ab 2 2 = cot g ⎛ A + B ⎞ .
= ⎜ ⎟
c A B ⎝ 2 ⎠
tan + tan
2 2
Therefore,
A+B π ab C
< and = tg , ( C = π − ( A + B) ∈ ( 0, π ) ) .
2 2 c 2
We obtain
C
tan
1 1 2 A B sin C 1
T= + + = cos2 + cos2 + = 1 + ( cos A + cos B + sin C) .
A B C 2 2 2 2
1 + tan2 1 + tan2 1 + tan2
2 2 2
On the other hand,
π π
C+ C−
π A+B A−B 3 .cos 3
cos A + cos B + sin C + sin = 2 cos .cos + 2 sin
3 2 2 2 2
π π
C− A + B+ C−
A+B 3 ≤ 4 cos 3 = 4 cos π = 2 3 .
≤ 2 cos + 2.cos
2 2 4 6
Thus,

1⎛ 3⎞ 3 3
T ≤ 1 + ⎜⎜ 2. 3 − ⎟⎟ = 1 + .
2⎝ 2 ⎠ 4

40. ( x, y, z > 0, x + y + z = 2007 ) ,

x 20 y 20 z 20
+ 11 + 11 ≥ 3.669 9 .
y 11
z x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

x20 x20 x20

+ 11y + 8.669 = 11 8 + y + y + ... + y + 669 + 669 + ... + 669 ≥ 20 11
20 .y11.6698 = 20x .
y 669
11 8
y 669 11 8 y .6698
 Similarly,
y 20 z 20
+ 11z + 8.669 ≥ 20y and + 11x + 8.669 ≥ 20z .
z11 .6698 x11 .6698
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x 20 y 20 z 20
11
+ 11 + 11 ≥ ⎡⎣ 9 ( x + y + z ) − 3.8.669 ⎤⎦ .6698 = 3.669 9
y z x

41. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,

5b3 − a3 5c3 − b3 5a3 − c3

+ + ≤ a+ b + c.
ab + 3b 2 bc + 3c2 ca + 3a2
Solution.
Since a3 + b3 ≥ ab( a + b) , thus

a3 − 5b3 ≥ ab( a + b) − 6b3 = b( a2 + ab − 6b2 ) = b( a + 3b)( a − 2b)

⇒ 5b3 − a3 ≤ ( ab + 3b2 ) ( 2b − a )

5b3 − a3
⇒ ≤ 2b − a .
ab + 3b 2
Similarly,
5c3 − b3 5a3 − c3
≤ 2c − b and ≤ 2a − c .
bc + 3c2 ca + 3a2
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
5b3 − a3 5c3 − b3 5a3 − c3
+ + ≤ a+ b + c.
ab + 3b 2 bc + 3c2 ca + 3a2

( )
42. a, b > 0, x, y,z, t ∈ ,a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + b ( z 2 + t 2 ) = 1 ,

a+ b
( x + z )( y + t ) ≤ .
2ab
Solution.
We have
x2 z2 y2 t 2 1
a ( x2 + y2 ) + b ( z2 + t 2 ) = 1 ⇔ + + + = .
b a b a ab
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
⎛ x2 z2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 t 2 ⎞
( b + a) ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ ( x + z) and ( b + a ) ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ ( y + t ) .
2 2

⎝b a⎠ ⎝ b a⎠
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
⎛ x2 z2 y2 t2 ⎞ b + a
( x + z) + ( y + t ) ≤ ( b + a) ⎜
2 2
+ + + ⎟=
⎝ b a b a ⎠ ab
 (x + z) + (y + t)
2 2
a+ b
⇒ ( x + z )( y + t ) ≤ ≤
2 2ab

(
43. x, y, z > −1, x 3 + y3 + z3 ≥ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , )
x 5 + y5 + z5 ≥ x2 + y2 + z2 .
Solution.
Since x > −1 , thus

( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) ≥ 0 ⇔ x3 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0 ⇔ x 5 ≥ 3x 3 − 2x 2 .
2

Similarly,
y 5 ≥ 3y3 − 2y 2 and z 5 ≥ 3z3 − 2z 2 .
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

x5 + y5 + z5 ≥ 3( x3 + y3 + z3 ) − 2( x2 + y2 + z2 ) = ( x3 + y3 + z3 ) + 2 ⎡⎣( x3 + y3 + z3 ) − ( x2 + y2 + z2 )⎤⎦ ≥ x3 + y3 + z3 .

44. ( α, β, γ ∈ , sin α + sin β + sin γ ≥ 2 ) ,

cos α + cos β+ cos γ ≤ 5 .

Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

cos α + cos β+ cos γ ≤ 3. cos2 α + cos2 β+ cos2 γ = 3. 3 − ( sin2 α + sin2 β+ sin2 γ )

( sin α + sin β + sin γ )

2
4
≤ 3. 3− ≤ 3. 3 − = 5.
3 3
45. ( a, b, c > 0,a + b + c = 6 ) ,

1 1 1 3 17
a2 + + b2 + + c2 + ≥ .
b+c c+a a+ b 2
Solution.
First solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2
⎛ ⎞ 2
1 16a 1 2
a a a 12
1 ⎜a a
2
a 2
1 ⎟ 1⎛ 1 ⎞
2
a + = + = + + ... + + ≥ + + ... + + = ⎜ 4a + ⎟ .
b + c 16 b + c 16 16 16 b + c 17 ⎜⎜ 4 4 4 b + c ⎟⎟ 17 ⎝ b+c ⎠
16 ⎝ 16 ⎠

1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ a2 + ≥ ⎜ 4a + ⎟.
b+c 17 ⎝ b+c ⎠
Similarly,
 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ b2 + ≥ ⎜ 4b + ⎟ and c2 + ≥ ⎜ 4c + ⎟.
c+a 17 ⎝ c+a ⎠ a+b 17 ⎝ a+b ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
1 1 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎤
a2 + + b2 + + c2 + ≥ ⎢4( a + b + c) + ⎜ + + ⎟⎥ ≥
b+c c+a a + b 17 ⎣ ⎝ a + b b + c c + a ⎠⎦

⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎜ 3 ⎟ ≥ 1 ⎜ 24 + 3 ⎟ = 3 17 .
≥ 24 +
17 ⎜⎜ (
3 a+ b
)( b + c)( c + a ) ⎟⎟⎠ 17 ⎜⎜ ( a + b ) + ( b + c) + ( c + a ) ⎟⎟ 2
⎝
⎝ 3 ⎠
Second solution.
Applying the Minkowski Inequality and the AM – GM Inequality we get
2
1 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
( a + b + c) + ⎜
2
a +
2
+ b2 + + c2 + ≥ + + ⎟ ≥
b+c c+a a+ b ⎝ a+ b b+c c+a ⎠
2
2 ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
3 3 ⎟ = 3 17 .
≥ 36 + ⎜ ⎟ ≥ 36 + ⎜
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ( a + b ) + ( b + c ) + ( c + a) ⎟⎟ 2
⎝ (
3 a+ b
)( b + c)( c + a ) ⎠⎟ ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠

(
46. x, y, z ∈ , x 2 + 2y 2 + 2x 2 z 2 + y 2 z 2 + 3x 2 y 2 z 2 = 9 , )
xyz ≥ −1 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

9 = x 2 + y 2 + y 2 + x 2 z 2 + x 2 z 2 + x 2 z 2 + y 2 z 2 + x 2 y 2 z 2 + x 2 y 2 z 2 + x 2 y 2 z 2 ≥ 9 9 x12 y12 z12 .

Thus,
1 ≥ xyz ⇒ xyz ≥ −1

47. ( x, y, z, t > 0, xyzt = 1) ,

1 1 1 1 4
+ 3 + 3 + 3 ≥ .
x ( yz + zt + ty ) y ( xz + zt + tx ) z ( xt + ty + yx ) t ( xy + yz + zx ) 3
3

Solution.
1 1 1 1
We set a = , b = , c = , d = and observe that abcd = 1 . The inequality can rewrite
x y z t

a2 b2 c2 d2 4
+ + + ≥ .
b+c+d c+d +a d +a+ b a+ b+ c 3
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
 ( a + b + c + d ) = a + b + c + d ≥ 4 4 abcd = 4 .
2
a2 b2 c2 d2
+ + + ≥
b + c + d c + d + a d + a + b a + b + c 3(a + b + c + d ) 3 3 3

48. ( k, n ∈ +
,a1 , a2 , ..., ak > 0,a1 + a2 + ... + ak ≥ k ) ,

a1n + a2n + ... + ank

≤1.
a1n +1 + a2n +1 + ... + ank +1
Solution.
If a is a positive real numbers then

(a n
− 1) ( a − 1) ≥ 0 ⇔ an +1 − an ≥ a − 1 .

Therefore,

(an +1
1 + a2n +1 + ... + ank +1 ) − ( a1n + a2n + ... + ank ) ≥ ( a1 + a2 + ... + a k ) − k ≥ 0 .

49. ( a, b, c > 0, abc + a + c = b ) ,

2 2 3 10
− 2 + 2 ≤ .
a +1 b +1 c +1 3
2

Solution.
We have
a c
abc + a + c = b ⇔ ac + + = 1.
b b
Since a, b, c > 0 , thus there exist A, B, C ∈ ( 0, π ) such that

A 1 B C
A + B + C = π and a = tan , = tan , c = tan .
2 b 2 2
Therefore,
2 2 3 C C A−B 1 A−B 1 10
− 2 + 2 = −3sin 2 + 2 sin cos + 3 ≤ cos2 +3≤ +3= .
a +1 b +1 c +1
2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
50. ( x, y ∈ , x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y ≤ 0 ) ,

2x + y ≤ 10 + 3 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

2x + y − 3 = 2 ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) ≤ 5. ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)
2 2
≤ 5. 2 = 10 or 2x + y ≤ 10 + 3 .

⎛ 3⎞
51. ⎜ 0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1, x + y + z = ⎟,
⎝ 2⎠
5
x 2 + y2 + z2 ≤ .
4
Solution.
 ⎛ 1 ⎞
It is easy to show that ( x, y, z ) ≺ ⎜1, , 0 ⎟ and f ( t ) = t 2 is convex on [ 0, +∞ ] .
⎝ 2 ⎠
Applying the Karamata Inequality we get
⎛1⎞ 5
f ( x ) + f ( y ) + f ( z ) ≤ f ( 0 ) + f ⎜ ⎟ + f (1) or x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ .
⎝2⎠ 4

52. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,

a+ b b+c c+a ⎛ c a b ⎞
+ + ≥ 2 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟.
c a b ⎝ a+b b+c a + c ⎠⎟

Solution.
1 1 4
If x, y are two positive real numbers, then x + y ≤ 2 ( x + y), + ≥ .
x y x+y
Thus,

a+ b b+c c+a 1 ⎛ a b⎞ 1 ⎛ b c⎞ 1 ⎛ c c⎞
+ + ≥ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ + ⎟
c a b 2⎝ c c⎠ 2⎝ a a⎠ 2⎝ b b ⎟⎠

a⎛ 1 1 ⎞ b⎛ 1 1 ⎞ c⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2 2a 2 2b 2 2c
= ⎜ + ⎟+ ⎜ + ⎟+ ⎜ + ⎟≥ + +
2⎝ b c⎠ 2⎝ a c⎠ 2⎝ a b⎠ b+ c a+ c a+ b

2 2a 2 2b 2 2c ⎛ a b c ⎞
≥ + + = 2 ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ .
2 ( b + c) 2 ( a + c) 2 (a + b) ⎝ b + c a + c a + b ⎠

53. ( a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca = 1) ,

10 3
a + b + c + abc ≥ .
9
Solution.
We have

(a + b + c) ≥ 3 ( ab + bc + ca ) = 3 ⇒ a + b + c ≥ 3 .
2

Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

3 3
⎡ a + b + c ⎞⎤ ⎛ 3⎞
(1 − a )(1 − b )(1 − c ) ≤ ⎢1 − ⎛⎜ ≤
⎟⎥ ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
3
⎛ 3⎞
⇔ 1 + ab + bc + ca − a − b − c − abc ≤ ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠

10 3
⇔ a + b + c + abc ≥ .
9
54. ( 0 ≤ a1 , a 2 , ..., a n ≤ 1, n ≥ 2 ) ,
 a1 a2 an
+ + ... + ≤ n −1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1
Solution.
Since 0 ≤ ai ≤ 1 thus a1a2 ...ai −1ai +1 ...an + 1 ≥ a1a2 ...an + 1 .
Therefore,
a1 a2 an n ai a + a 2 +... + an
+ + ... + ≤∑ = 1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1 i =1 a1a2 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an + 1

It is easy show that: If 0 ≤ a, b ≤ 1 then 0 ≤ (1− a)(1− b) or a + b ≤ 1+ ab .

Thus,
a1 + a2 ≤ 1 + a1a2
a3 + a1a2 ≤ 1 + a1a2 a3
...........................................
an + a1a2 ...an −1 ≤ 1 + a1a2 ...an
Adding these n inequalities, we obtain
a1 + a2 + ... + an ≤ ( n − 1) + a1a2 ...an ≤ ( n − 1)(1 + a1a2 ...an ) .

Therefore,
a1 a2 an
+ + ... + ≤ n −1 .
a2 a3 ...an + 1 a1a3 ...an + 1 a1a2 ...an −1 + 1

55. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 3) ,

3 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 4abc ≥ 13 .

Solution.
Since a, b, c > 0 and a + b + c = 3 thus,

abc ≥ ( a + b − c)( b + c − a)( c + a − b)

⇒ abc ≥ ( 3 − 2a )( 3 − 2b )( 3 − 2c )

⇒ abc ≥ 27 − 18 ( a + b + c ) + 12 ( ab + bc + ca ) − 8abc

⇒ abc ≥ −27 + 12 ( ab + bc + ca ) − 8abc

⇒ 3abc ≥ 4 ( ab + bc + ca ) − 9 .

We have
16
3 ( a2 + b 2 + c2 ) + 4abc ≥ 3 ( a2 + b 2 + c2 ) − 12 + ( ab + bc + ca ) =
3
16
= 3 ( a + b + c ) − ( ab + bc + ca ) − 12 + ( ab + bc + ca ) =
2

3
 2 2
( ab + bc + ca ) ≥ 15 − ( a + b + c ) = 15 − 2 = 13 .
2
= 27 − 12 −
3 9
56. ( a, b, c > 0,a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ≥ a2 b2 c2 ) ,

a2 b 2 b 2 c2 c2 a2 3
+ + ≥ .
c (a + b ) a ( b + c ) b (c + a ) 2
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

Solution.
1 1 1
We set a = , b = , c = and observe that x, y,z > 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 1 .
x y z
The inequality can rewrite

x3 y3 z3 3
+ + ≥ .
y +z z +x x +y
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2
⎛ x x y y z z ⎞
(x 2
+ y2 + z )
2 2
=⎜
⎜ y2 + z2
. x y2 + z2 + . y x2 + z2 + . z y2 + x2 ⎟
⎟
⎝ x2 + z2 y2 + x2 ⎠

⎛ x3 y3 z3 ⎞
2 ⎟⎣ (
≤⎜ 2 2 + 2 + ⎡x y2 + z2 ) + y ( z2 + x2 ) + z ( x 2 + y2 )⎤ .
y + z z + x 2
x 2
+ y ⎦
⎝ ⎠
On the other hand,
2
⎡x ( y2 + z2 ) + y( z2 + x2 ) + z ( x2 + y2 ) ⎤ = ⎡x y2 + z2 . y2 + z2 + y x2 + z2 . x2 + z2 + z x2 + y2 . x2 + y2 ⎤ ≤
2

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

≤ ⎡⎣ x 2 ( y 2 + z 2 ) + y 2 ( z 2 + x 2 ) + z 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ⎤⎦ ( y 2 + z 2 + z 2 + x 2 + x 2 + y 2 ) =

4 2
= 4 ( x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ≤ ( x + y2 + z2 ) .
3

3
Thus,
⎛ x3 y3 z3 ⎞ 4 2
(x + y2 + z2 ) ≤ ⎜ 2 ⎟. (x + y + z )
2 2 2 2 3
+ +
⎝y +z z2 + x2 x2 + y2 ⎠ 3
2

x3 y3 z3 3 3
⇒ + + ≥ . x 2 + y2 + z 2 ≥ .
y +z z +x x +y
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

57. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 6 ) ,

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 729
⎜1 + 3 ⎟⎜ 1 + 3 ⎟⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ 512
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 1
⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ⎜1 + 3 ⎟ ⎜1 + 3 ⎟ = 1 + ⎜ 3 + 3 + 3 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 ⎟ + 3 3 3 ≥
⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠ ⎝a b c ⎠ ⎝a b bc ca ⎠ abc
 3
⎛ ⎞
3 ⎜ ⎟
3 3 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 729 .
≥ 1+ + 2 2 2 + 3 3 3 = ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 +
≥
abc a b c abc ⎝ abc ⎠ ⎛a+ b+c⎞
3
⎟ 512
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠
58. ( a, b, c ≥ 0,a + b + c = 1) ,

a2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 7
+ + ≤ .
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 a2 + 1 2
Solution.
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
We assume that a = max {a, b, c} . We will prove ≤ ( b + c) + 1 + 2
2
+ 2 .
c +1 a +1
2
a +1
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
≤ ( b + c) + 1 + 2
2
+ 2
c +1 a +1
2
a +1

( b + c) c2 + ( b + c) + c2 − b2
2 2
c2
⇔ 2 ≤
a +1 c2 + 1

( b + c ) c2 + 2bc + 2c2
2
c2
⇔ 2 ≤ .
a +1 c2 + 1
Thus,
a2 + 1 b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 1
≤ a2 + ( b + c ) + 2
2
+ 2 + 2 +2.
b +1 c +1 a +1
2
a +1
We have to prove that
1 3
a2 + ( b + c ) +
2
≤ .
( a + 1) 2
2

We have
1 3
a2 + ( b + c ) +
2
≤
( a + 1) 2
2

(1 − a ) (1 − 3a − 4a2 ) ⎛ 1⎞
⇔ ≤ 0 ⎜ since 1 ≥ a ≥ ⎟ .
2 (1 + a 2
) ⎝ 3⎠

⎛ 2⎞
59. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, k ≥ ⎟,
⎝ 3⎠
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
 2
2 2a + ( b + c ) + ( b + c ) ⎛ a ⎞3 3 a
( a + b + c) = ( 2a )( b + c )
2
≥ ⇒⎜ ⎟ ≥3 .
3
.
3 3 ⎝ b+c⎠ 4 a+ b+c
Similarly,
2 2
⎛ b ⎞3 3 b ⎛ c ⎞3 3 c
⎜ ⎟ ≥ . and ⎜ ⎟ ≥3 . .
⎝ c+a⎠ 3
4 a+ b+c ⎝ c+a⎠ 4 a+ b+c
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3 ⎛ 2⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k ⎜k = ⎟.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2 ⎝ 3⎠
2 3
If k > , then we set m = k, m > 1 .
3 2
m
xm + ym + zm ⎛ x + y + z ⎞
Applying the well – known Inequality: ≥⎜ ⎟ , we set
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2 2 2
⎛ a ⎞3 ⎛ b ⎞3 ⎛ c ⎞3
x=⎜ ⎟ , y=⎜ ⎟ , z=⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠
We obtain
k k k
⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ c ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≥ k.
⎝ b+c⎠ ⎝ c+a⎠ ⎝ a+ b⎠ 2

60. ( x, y > 0, x + y = 1) ,

1 1
+ ≥ 4+2 3.
x + y xy
3 3

Solution.

Since x + y = 1 , thus 1 = ( x + y ) = x 3 + y 3 + 3xy ( x + y ) = x 3 + y3 + 3xy .

3

Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

1 1 x3 + y3 + 3xy x3 + y3 + 3xy 3xy x3 + y3 3xy x3 + y3

+ = + = 4 + + ≥ 4 + 2 = 4+2 3 .
x3 + y3 xy x3 + y3 xy x3 + y3 xy x3 + y3 xy

61. ( a, b, c,d ∈ ,a2 + b2 = c + d = 4 ) ,

ac + bd + cd ≤ 4 + 4 2 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1⎛ c2 ⎞ 1⎛ d2 ⎞
ac ≤ ⎜ 2a2 + ⎟ , bd ≤ ⎜ 2b 2
+ ⎟.
2⎝ 2⎠ 2⎝ 2⎠
Therefore,
 ( c + d ) + cd ⎛ 1 − 1 ⎞ ≤
2
1 2 1
ac + bd + cd ≤
2
( a + b2 ) +
2 2
( c2 + d 2 ) + cd = 2 2 +
2 2
⎜ ⎟
2⎠
⎝

(c + d )
2
1 ⎞
(
≤ 2 2+4 2 ) +
4
⎛
⎜1 −
⎝
⎟= 4+4 2 .
2⎠

62. ( x, y, z > 0, x = max {x, y, z} ) ,

x y z
+ 1+ + 3 1+ ≥ 1+ 2 + 3 2 .
y x x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛x y z⎞ x y 3 y
⎜⎜ + 1 + + 3 1 + ⎟⎟ ≥ + 2 4 + 2 6 =
⎝y x x⎠ y z z

1 ⎛x y z⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞x ⎛3 6 ⎞6 z
= ⎜⎜ + 4 4 + 6 6 ⎟⎟ + ⎜ 1 − ⎟ +⎜ 2 − ⎟ .
2 2⎝y z x ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠y ⎝ 2 2⎠ x

On the other hand,

1 ⎛x y z ⎞ 11 x y z 11
⎜⎜ + 4 4 + 6 6 ⎟⎟ ≥ 11 = ,
2 2⎝y z x⎠ 2 2 yzx 2 2

x z 1 6
≥ 1 ≥ and − >0> 32− .
y x 2 2 2 2
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
x y z 11 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛3 6 ⎞
+ 1+ + 3 1+ ≥ + ⎜1 − ⎟ +⎜ 2 − ⎟ = 1+ 2 + 3 2 .
y x x 2 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠

63. ( a > 0, x, y,z ∈ , xy + yz + zx = 1) ,

−1 + 1 + 8a
a ( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ≥ .
2
Solution.
Let α ∈ ( 0,a ) . Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

z2 α z2 α α 2 α
αx 2 +
2
≥2
2
xz, αy 2 + ≥ 2
2 2
yz,
2
( x + y2 ) ≥ 2
2
xy .

Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

⎛ α⎞ 2 α
⎟⎟ ( x + y ) + z ≥ 2
2 2
⎜⎜ α + .
⎝ 2⎠ 2

α α −1 + 1 + 8a
We will find α ∈ ( 0,a ) such that α + =a⇔ = , we get
2 2 4
 −1 + 1 + 8a
a ( x2 + y2 ) + z2 ≥ .
2
64. ( a, b, c > 1) ,

alogb c + b logc a + cloga b ≥ 3 3 abc .

Solution.
Since a, b, c > 1, thus log b c > 0, log c b > 0 .
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
2 log b c.logc b
alogb c + blogc a = alogb c + blogc b.logb a = alogb c + alogc b ≥ 2 alogb calogc b = 2 alogb c+ logc b ≥ 2 a = 2a .
Similarly,
blogc a + cloga b ≥ 2b and cloga b + alogb c ≥ 2c .
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
a log b c + b log c a + c log a b ≥ a + b + c ≥ 3 3 abc .

65. ( x, y ≥ 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1) ,

3 3
xy + max {x, y} ≤ .
4
Solution.
Without loss of generality, we can assume that x = max {x, y} .

Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

4
1 1 ⎛ 3 − 3y +1+ y +1+ y +1+ y ⎞ 27
( xy + max{x,y}) = ⎡⎣x ( y +1) ⎤⎦ = (1− y ) (1+ y) = ( 3 − 3y)(1+ y) ≤ ⎜
2 2 2 2 3
⎟ = .
3 3⎝ 4 ⎠ 16
Therefore,
3 3
xy + max {x, y} ≤ .
4
66. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,

a6 b3 c6 1
+ + ≥ .
b + c c + a a + b 18
3 3 3 3 3 3

Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

( a3 + b3 + c3 )
2
3
a6 b3 c6 a3 + b3 + c3 1 ⎛ a + b + c ⎞ 1
+ + ≥ = ≥ .3. ⎜ ⎟ = .
b + c c + a a + b 2 (a + b + c )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 18

67. ( x, y,z > 0, x + y + z = 1) ,

 xy yz zx 3
+ + ≤ .
z + xy x + yz y + zx 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
xy xy xy 1⎛ x y ⎞
= = ≤ ⎜ +
( x + z)( y + z) 2 ⎝ x + z y + z ⎟⎠
.
z + xy z( x + y + z) + xy

Similarly,
yz 1⎛ y z ⎞ zx 1⎛ z x ⎞
≤ ⎜ + ⎟ and ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
x + yz 2 ⎝ x + y x + z ⎠ y + zx 2 ⎝ y + z x + y ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
xy yz zx 1⎛x+y y+z z+x⎞ 3
+ + ≤ ⎜ + + ⎟= .
z + xy x + yz y + zx 2 ⎝ x + y y + z z + x ⎠ 2

68. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,

ab bc ca 1
+ + ≤ .
a2 + b2 + 2c2 b2 + c2 + 2a2 c2 + a2 + 2b2 2
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get

( a + b + c + c) ≤ 4 ( a2 + b 2 + 2c2 )
2

ab 2ab 2ab ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ab ab ⎞
⇒ ≤ ≤ + ⎟= ⎜ +
( a + c ) + ( a + c ) 4 ⎝ c + a c + b ⎠ 2 ⎝ c + a c + b ⎟⎠
⎜ .
a + b + 2c
2 2 2

Similarly,
bc 1 ⎛ bc bc ⎞ ca 1 ⎛ ca ca ⎞
≤ ⎜ + ⎟ and ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
b 2 + c2 + 2a2 2 ⎝ a + b a + c ⎠ c2 + a2 + 2b 2 2 ⎝ b + a b + c ⎠
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
ab bc ca
+ + ≤
a + b + 2c
2 2 2
b + c + 2a
2 2 2
c + a2 + 2b 2
2

1 ⎡⎛ ac + bc ⎞ ⎛ ab + ac ⎞ ⎛ ab + bc ⎞ ⎤ 1 1
≤ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥ = ( a + b + c) = .
2 ⎣⎝ a + b ⎠ ⎝ b + c ⎠ ⎝ c + a ⎠ ⎦ 2 2

69. ( a, b > 0, a + b = 1) ,
a b
+ ≥ 2.
b a
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
 ( ) ≤( )( )
2
2 ab ≤ a + b = ( a + b ) =
2 4
a. 4 a3 + 4 b. 4 b3 a+ b a a+b b ≤

( )
≤ 2 (a + b) a a + b b = 2 a a + b b . ( )
Thus,
a b
+ ≥ 2.
b a

70. ( x, y > 0, x 2 + y 2 = 1) ,

1 1
x+y+ + ≥3 2 .
x y
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
x2 + y2 1 1
xy ≤ = ⇒ ≥2.
2 2 xy
Thus,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x+y+ + =x+ + +y+ + ≥ 66 4 ≥ 6 6 3 = 3. 2
x y 2x 2x 2y 2y 2 xy 2

71. ( x ≥ 0 ) ,

2 2
+ x ≤ x + 9.
x +1
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
2 2 x + 1 + x x + 1 = 1.2 2 x + 1 + x. x + 1 ≤

≤ (
12 + ( x ) ) ((2 2 ) + (
2 2
x +1 ) )=
2
x + 1. x + 9 .

Thus,
2 2
+ x ≤ x + 9.
x +1
72. ( a > b ≥ 0 ) ,

32
2a + ≥ 5.
( a − b )( 2b + 3)
2

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
32 ⎛ 2b + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2b + 3 ⎞ 32
2a + = 2(a − b) + ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+ −3≥
( a − b )( 2b + 3) ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ( a − b )( 2b + 3)
2 2
 2. ( a − b ) . ( 2b + 3) .32
2

≥ 44 − 3 = 4 4 16 − 3 = 5 .
4. ( a − b ) . ( 2b + 3)
2

73. ( a, b > 0, a + b ≥ 4 ) ,

6 10
2a + 3b + + ≥ 18 .
a b
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
6 10 ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ 4 4
2a + 3b + + = 2 ( a + b ) + ⎜ b + ⎟ + 6 ⎜ + ⎟ ≥ 2.4 + 2 b. + 6. = 18
a b ⎝ b⎠ ⎝a b⎠ b a+b

74. ( a, b, c ≥ 0, a + b + c = 3) ,
5
2a + b + 5 2b + c + 5 2c + a ≤ 3 5 3 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 ( 2a + b ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
5
2a + b = 5
( 2a + b ) .3.3.3.3 ≤ . .
5
34 5
34 5

Similarly,
1 ( 2b + c ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 1 ( 2c + a ) + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
5
2b + c ≤ . and 5
2c + a ≤ . .
5
34 5 5
34 5

Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

1 3 ( a + b + c ) + 3.4.3 1 45
5
2a + b + 5 2b + c + 5 2c + a ≤ . = . = 35 3 .
5 4
3 5 3 5
5 4

75. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,

( x + y + z) ≥ 432xy2z3 .
6

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 6x + 3y + 3y + 2z + 2z + 2z ⎞ ⎡ 6 ( x + y + z ) ⎤
6 6

432.xy z = 6x.3y.3y.2z.2z.2z ≤ ⎜ ⎟ =⎢ ⎥ = ( x + y + z) .
2 3 6

⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎣ 6 ⎦
76. ( 0 ≤ a ≤ 1) ,

13. a 2 − a 4 + 9. a 2 + a 4 ≤ 16 .
Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
 (
4 1 − a2 + a2 ) 4 − 3a 2 52 − 39a 2
(
1− a 2
) 4a ≤
2

2
=
2
⇒ 13 a 2 − a 4 ≤
4

(
9a 2 + 4 1 + a 2 ) = 13a 2
+4 39a 2 + 12
and 2
(
9a .4 1 + a 2
) ≤
4 2
⇒ 9 a2 + a4 ≤
4
.

Adding these two inequalities, we obtain

52 − 39a 2 39a 2 + 12
13. a 2 − a 4 + 9. a 2 + a 4 ≤ + = 16 .
4 4
77. ( a, b, c, d > 0 ) ,

⎛ 3a ⎞ ⎛ 3b ⎞ ⎛ 3c ⎞ ⎛ 3d ⎞ 28561
⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ 5b ⎠ ⎝ 5c ⎠ ⎝ 5d ⎠ ⎝ 5a ⎠ 625
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

3a 1 1 1 a a a a3
2+ = + + ... + + + + ≥ 13.13 13 3 .
5b 5 5 5 5b 5b 5b 5 .b
10

Similarly,

3b b3 3c c3 3d d3
2+ ≥ 13.13 13 3 , 2 + ≥ 13.13 13 3 , 2 + ≥ 13.13 13 3 .
5c 5 .c 5a 5 .a 5a 5 .a
Thus,

⎛ 3a ⎞ ⎛ 3b ⎞ ⎛ 3c ⎞ ⎛ 3d ⎞ a 3 .b3 .c3 .d 3 134 28561

⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟⎜ 2 + ⎟ ≥ 134
. = = .
( )
13
⎝ 5b ⎠ ⎝ 5c ⎠ ⎝ 5d ⎠ ⎝ 5a ⎠ 13 4 3 3 3 3 4
5 .a .b .c .d 5 625

78. ( a, b, c, d > 0, a + b + c + d ≤ 1) ,

⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4
⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + + + + + + ≥ 99 .
⎝ a b⎠ ( 4a.4b )
4
4a 4a 4a 4a 4b 4b 4b 4b

Similarly,

⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 .
⎝ b c⎠ ( 4b.4c ) ⎝ c d ⎠ ( 4c.4d ) ⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4d.4a )
4 4 4

Thus,
 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 ≥ 94. ≥ 94 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4a.4b.4c.4d ) 9 ⎛ 4( a + b + c + d) ⎞
8 4

.⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
79. ( a, b, c, d > 0, a + b + c + d ≤ 1) ,

⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 13 .
4

⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + ... + + + + + ≥ 1313 .
⎝ a b⎠ ( 4a ) ( 4b )
8 4
4a 4a 4a 4b 4b 4b 4b
8

Similarly,

⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 , ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 1313 .
⎝ b c⎠ ( 4b ) ( 4c ) ⎝ c d ⎠ ( 4c ) ( 4d ) ⎝ d a ⎠ ( 4d ) ( 4a )
8 4 8 4 8 4

⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠

1 1
≥ 134 13 ≥ 134. ≥ 134 .
( 4a.4b.4c.4d ) ⎛ 4 (a + b + c + d) ⎞
12 48
13
.⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
80. ( a, b, c, d > 0, abcd ≥ 16 ) ,

⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 625
⎜ a + ⎟⎜ b + ⎟⎜ c + ⎟⎜ d + ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠⎝ d ⎠⎝ a ⎠ 16
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 a
a+ =a+ + + + ≥ 55 .
( 4b )
4
b 4b 4b 4b 4b

Similarly,
1 b 1 c 1 d
b+ ≥ 55 , c + ≥ 55 , d + ≥ 55 .
( 4c ) ( 4a ) ( 4a )
4 4 4
c a a

Thus,

4 5 ( abcd ) 4 5 ( abcd )
4 3
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 3
4 5 16 54 625
⎜ a + ⎟⎜ b + ⎟⎜ c + ⎟⎜ d + ⎟ ≥ S ≥ 5 =5 . ≥5 . = =
⎝ b ⎠⎝ c ⎠⎝ d ⎠⎝ a⎠ 416 a.b.c.d 168 168 24 16

81. ( a, b, c, d > 0, abcd ≥ 16 ) ,

 ⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 2401
⎜ a + + ⎟⎜ b + + ⎟⎜ c + + ⎟⎜ d + + ⎟ ≥ .
⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠⎝ a b ⎠ 16
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 2 1⎞ a a a a 1 1 1 a4
⎜ a + + ⎟ = + + + + + + ≥ 7 7 .
⎝ b c⎠ 4 4 4 4 b b c b 2 c1
Similarly,

⎛ 2 1⎞ b4 ⎛ 2 1⎞ c4 ⎛ 2 1⎞ d4
⎜ b + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 , ⎜ c + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 , ⎜ d + + ⎟ ≥ 7 7 .
⎝ c d⎠ c 2 d1 ⎝ d a⎠ d 2 a1 ⎝ a b⎠ a 2 b1
Thus,

( abcd ) ≥ 74 = 2401 .
4
⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1⎞
⎜ a + + ⎟⎜ b + + ⎟⎜ c + + ⎟⎜ d + + ⎟ ≥ 7 4
7
⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c d ⎠⎝ d a ⎠⎝ a b⎠ 416 ( abcd )
3
24 16

82. ( a, b > 0, a + b ≤ 1) ,

1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 ≥ 20 .
a + b a b ab
3 3

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 ⎛1 1⎞ 1 1 4
+ 2 + 2 = + ⎜ + ⎟≥ 2 + . ≥
a +b
3 3
a b ab 2 2
( 2
)
( a + b ) a − ab + b ab ⎝ a b ⎠ a − ab + b ab a + b ( )
1 4 1 1 1 1 1
≥ + = 2 + + + + ≥
( a − ab + b
2 2
ab ) a − ab + b 2
( )
ab ab ab ab

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
2
1
≥ + ≥ 16 + 4 = 20 .
a − ab + b + ab + ab + ab
2 2
⎛a+b⎞
2

⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
83. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c ≤ 1) ,

1 1 1 1 1 1 81
+ 2 2+ 2 + + + ≥ .
a +b b +c c +a
2 2 2
ab bc ca 2
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality and the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9
+ 2 2+ 2 + + + ≥ + =
a +b b +c c +a
2 2 2
ab bc ca 2 a + b + c
2 2 2
ab + bc + ca ( )
9⎛ 1 2 ⎞ 9⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 2 + ⎟= ⎜ 2 + + ⎟≥
2 ⎝ a + b + c ab + bc + ca ⎠ 2 ⎝ a + b + c ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ⎠
2 2 2 2
 (1 + 1 + 1)
2
9 9 9 81
≥ . 2 = . ≥ .
2 a + b + c + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) 2 ( a + b + c )
2 2 2
2

84. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 3) ,

5
( 2a + b )( a + c ) a + 5 ( 2b + c )( b + a ) b + 5 ( 2c + a )( c + b ) c ≤ 3 5 6 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

( 2a + b ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
a + c ⎟ + 3a + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2a + b ) . ( a + c ) .3a.3.3 ≤ .
2 5
Similarly,

( 2b + c ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
b + a ⎟ + 3b + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2b + c ) . ( b + a ) .3b.3.3 ≤ ,
2 5

( 2c + a ) + ⎜⎛
3 3 ⎞
c + b ⎟ + 3c + 3 + 3
3 ⎝2 2 ⎠
5 ( 2c + a ) . ( c + b ) .3c.3.3 ≤ .
2 5
Adding these two inequalities, we obtain
1 9 ( a + b + c ) + 18
5
( 2a + b )( a + c ) a + 5 ( 2b + c )( b + a ) b + 5 ( 2c + a )( c + b ) c ≤ 5 3 3
. = 35 6 .
.3 5
2

( ( )
85. a, b, c > 0, a 2 + a + 2 ( b + 1) c 2 + 3c = 64 ,
2
( ) )
a 3 b 4 c5 ≤ 1 .
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
4 4
⎛ a2 + a + 2 ⎞ ⎛ c 2 + 3c ⎞
8
⎛b b b b 1 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ b +1 ⎞
8
( 2
)
a b c = 4 . a .a.1.1 ⎜ . . . . . . . ⎟ c 2 .c.c.c ≤ 48. ⎜
3 4 5

⎝4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4⎠
(
⎟ ) .⎜
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎟ .⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1
( ) (
. a 2 + a + 2 ( b + 2 ) c2 + 3c ) 1
2 2
= 8
= 8
.644 = 1 .
8 8
⎛ 3⎞
86. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, a + b + c ≤ ⎟,
⎝ 2⎠

⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 343 .
⎝ a b ⎠⎝ b c ⎠⎝ c a⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1
⎜3 + + ⎟ = 1+ + + + + 1 + 1 ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 .
⎝ a b⎠ 2a 2a 2b 2b 2 .a .b
Similarly,

⎛ 1 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 1⎞ 1
⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 and ⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7. 7 4 2 2 .
⎝ b c⎠ 2 .b .c ⎝ c a⎠ 2 .c .a
Thus,

⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3 1 1 1
⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟⎜ 3 + + ⎟ ≥ 7 . 7 12 ≥ 73. ≥ 73. = 73 .
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 2 . ( abc )
4
⎛a+b+c⎞
12 12
a b b c c a 7 ⎛3⎞
212. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 7
212. ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜2⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 3⎞
87. ⎜ a, b, c, m, n, p > 0, a + b + c ≤ 1, m + n + p ≤ ⎟ ,
⎝ 2⎠

⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 3
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜1 + + ⎟ ⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 .
⎝ a m ⎠⎝ b n ⎠ ⎝ c p ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ = 1 + + + ... + + + ≥ 99 .
⎝ a m⎠ ( ) ( )
6 2
3a 3a 3a 2m 2m 3a 2m
6

Similarly,

⎛ 2 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 2 1⎞ 1
⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 and ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9 .
⎝ b n⎠ ( 3b ) ( 2n ) ( 3c ) ( 2p )
6 2 6 2
⎝ c p⎠

Thus,

⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 3 1
⎜1 + + ⎟⎜ 1 + + ⎟ ⎜1 + + ⎟ ≥ 9 9
⎝ a m ⎠⎝ b n ⎠ ⎝ c p ⎠ ( 3a.3b.3c ) . ( 2m.2n.2p )
6 2

1
≥ 93. 6 2
≥ 93 .
9 ⎛ 3(a + b + c + d ) 3
⎞ ⎛ 2(m + n + p) 3
⎞
.⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
88. ( x, y, z ∈ ),
( )( )( )
27 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 z 2 + 3 ≥ 4 ( 3xy + 3yz + 3zx ) .
2

Solution.
We have

( )( )( )
27 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 3 z 2 + 3 ≥ 4 ( 3xy + 3yz + 3zx )
2
 ( ) ( )
⇔ 27 ⎣⎡ x 2 y 2 z 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 9 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 27 ⎦⎤ ≥

≥ 4 ⎡9 ( xy + yz + zx ) + 6xyz ( xy + yz + zx ) + x 2 y 2 z 2 ⎤ .
2
⎣ ⎦
We set a = x + y + z, b = xy + yz + zx, c = xyz . The inequality is equivalent to

( ) ( )
243 a 2 − 2b + 81 b 2 − 2ca + 23c2 + 27 2 ≥ 36b 2 + 24bc

⇔ 243a 2 + 45b 2 + 23c 2 − 24bc − 162ca − 486b + 27 2 ≥ 0

( ) (
⇔ 11( 3a − c ) + 12 ( b − c ) + ( b − 27 ) + 144 a 2 − 3b + 32 b 2 − 3ca ≥ 0 .
2 2 2
)
Since
1⎡
a 2 − 3b = ( x − y ) + ( y − z ) + ( z − x ) ⎤⎦ ≥ 0
2 2 2

2 ⎣
1⎡
and b 2 − 3ca = ( xy − yz ) + ( yz − zx ) + ( zx − xy ) ⎤ ≥ 0
2 2 2

2⎣ ⎦
thus, the last inequality is true.
89. ( a, b, c > 0 ) ,

a 3 + b 3 + c3 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 9
+ 2 + + ≥ .
2abc c + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac 2
Solution.
We have
a 3 + b 3 + c3 a 2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2
+ 2 + + =
2abc c + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac
a2 b2 c2 a 2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a 2
= + + + + + =
2bc 2ac 2ab c2 + ab a 2 + bc b 2 + ac
⎛ a 2 + bc b 2 + c 2 ⎞ ⎛ b 2 + ac c 2 + a 2 ⎞ ⎛ c 2 + ab a 2 + b 2 ⎞ 3
=⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟− ≥
⎝ 2bc a + bc ⎠ ⎝ 2ac b + ac ⎠ ⎝ 2ab c + ab ⎠ 2

⎛ a 2 + bc 2bc ⎞ ⎛ b 2 + ac 2ca ⎞ ⎛ c 2 + ab 2ab ⎞ 3

≥⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟+⎜ + 2 ⎟− ≥
⎝ 2bc a + bc ⎠ ⎝ 2ac b + ac ⎠ ⎝ 2ab c + ab ⎠ 2

3 9
≥ 2+2+2− =
2 2
90. ( a, b > 0, ab = 1) ,

a3 b3
+ ≥1.
1+ b 1+ a
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
 a3
+
b3
=
a 3 + b3 + a 4 + b 4 ( a + b ) a − ab + b + a + b
=
2 2 4 4

≥
( )
1+ b 1+ a 1 + a + b + ab a+b+2

≥
( a + b )( 2ab − ab ) + 2a 2 b 2 =
ab ( a + b + 2ab )
= 1.
a+b+2 a+b+2
91. ( x, y, z ≥ 0, x + y + z = 2 ) ,

( )
2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 ≤ 2 + x 4 + y 4 + z 4 . ( )
Solution.
We have

( ) ( )
2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 − x 4 + y 4 + z 4 = x 2 ( 2 − x ) + y3 ( 2 − y ) + z 3 ( 2 − z ) =

(
= x 3 ( y + z ) + y3 ( z + x ) + z 3 ( x + y ) = xy x 2 + y 2 + yz y 2 + z 2 + zx z 2 + x 2 ≤) ( ) ( )
(
≤ ( xy + yz + zx ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ) 1
2
2 ( xy + yz + zx ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ ( )
1 ⎡ 2 ( xy + yz + zx ) + x + y + z ( ) ⎤⎥
2
2 2 2
1
3 (
≤ ⎢ = x + y + z) = 2 .
4

2⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ 2
⎣
92. ( a, b, c, α > 0 ) ,
α α α
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞ α
⎜ a + ⎟ + ⎜ b + ⎟ + ⎜ c + ⎟ ≥ 3.2 .
⎝ ab ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠ ⎝ ca ⎠
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
α α α α α α
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ c⎞
⎜ a + ⎟ + ⎜ b + ⎟ + ⎜ c + ⎟ ≥ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ +⎜2 ⎟ +⎜2 ⎟ ≥
⎝ ab ⎠ ⎝ bc ⎠ ⎝ ca ⎠ ⎝ b ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ c ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠

α α α α
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ c⎞ ⎛ 3 a b c⎞
≥ 3 3 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 3 3 ⎜⎜ 2 . . ⎟⎟ = 3.2α .
⎝ b ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b c a⎠

93. ( a, b, c > 0, abc = 1) ,

( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ≥ 2 (1 + a + b + c ) .
Solution.
We have
( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ≥ 2 (1 + a + b + c )
⇔ a 2 b + ab 2 + a 2 c + ac2 + bc2 + b 2 c + 2abc ≥ 2 + 2 ( a + b + c )

( ) ( ) (
⇔ a 2 b + a 2c + 1 + b 2a + b2c + 1 + c2a + c2 b + 1 ≥ 3 + 2 ( a + b + c ) . )
 Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

( a b + a c + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
a 4 bc = 3a ,

( b c + b a + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
b 4 ca = 3b ,

( c a + c b + 1) ≥ 3
2 2 3
c4 ab = 3c .

Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

( a b + a c +1) + ( b a + b c + 1) + ( c a + c b + 1) ≥ 3( a + b + c) ≥ 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
abc + 2 ( a + b + c ) = 3 + 2 ( a + b + c ) .

94. ( x, y, z > 0 ) ,

⎛1 1 1⎞ x z y
( xyz + 1) ⎜ + + ⎟+ + + ≥ x + y+ z + 6.
⎝x y z⎠ z y x
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ x z y ⎛ z⎞ ⎛ y⎞ ⎛ x⎞ 1 1 1
( xyz + 1) ⎜ + + ⎟ + + + = ⎜ yz + ⎟ + ⎜ xy + ⎟ + ⎜ xz + ⎟ + + + ≥
⎝x y z⎠ z y x ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ z⎠ x y z

1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
≥ 2x + 2y + 2z + + + = x + y+ z+⎜x + ⎟+⎜y+ ⎟+⎜z+ ⎟ ≥ x + y+ z+ 6.
x y z ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ y⎠ ⎝ z⎠

95. ( 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 1) ,

a b c d
+ + + ≤3.
bcd + 1 cda + 1 dab + 1 abc + 1
Solution.
Since 0 ≤ a, b, c, d ≤ 1 thus

(1 − a )(1 − b ) + (1 − c )(1 − d ) + (1 − ab )(1 − cd ) ≥ 0

⇒ 3 − ( a + b + c + d ) + abcd ≥ 0

⇒ a + b + c + d ≤ 3 + abcd .
Therefore,
a b c d a + b + c + d 3 + abcd 2abcd
+ + + ≤ ≤ = 3− ≤ 3.
bcd + 1 cda + 1 dab + 1 abc + 1 abcd + 1 1 + abcd 1 + abcd
96. ( a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca = 1) ,

a8 b8 c8 1
+ + ≥ .
(a 2
+b 2 2
) (b 2
+c ) (c
2 2 2
+a )
2 2 12

Solution.
Applying the Cauchy – Buniakowski Inequality we get
 2
⎛ a4 b4 c4 ⎞
⎜ 2 + + ⎟
a8 b8 c8 a + b 2 b 2 + c2 c2 + a 2 ⎠
+ + ≥⎝ ≥
(a ) (b ) (c )
2 2 2
2
+ b2 2
+ c2 2
+ a2 3

( ) ( ) ≥ ( ab + bc + ca )
2
⎡ 2 2 2 ⎤ 2
1 ⎢ a +b +c a 2 + b2 + c2
2 2
⎥ = 1
≥ . = .
⎣
(
3 ⎢ 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 ) ⎥
⎦
12 12 12

97. ( a, b, c < 0, a + b + c ≤ 3) ,

a 3 b 3 c3 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 2 + 2 + 27 ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥ 84 .
⎝ ab bc ca ⎠
2
b c a
Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get
3 ≥ a + b + c ≥ 3 3 abc ⇒ abc ≤ 1 .
Thus,
a 3 b 3 c3 ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ a ⎛ 1 1 1⎞
3
b3 c3 1 1 1
+ + + 27 ⎜ + + ⎟ = + + 2 + + + + 26 ⎜ + + ⎟ ≥
⎝ ab bc ca ⎠ b ⎝ ab bc ca ⎠
2 2 2 2 2
b c a c a ab bc ca

a 3 b 3 c3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
≥ 6. 2 . 2 . 2 . . . + 26.3. 3 . . = 6 6
6 + 26.3 3 ≥ 6 + 26.3 = 84 .
( abc )
2
b c a ab bc ca ab bc ca abc

⎛ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1⎞
98. ⎜ a, b, c > 0, 6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≤ 1 + + + ⎟ ,
⎝ ⎝a b c ⎠ a b c⎠
1 1 1 1
+ + ≤ .
10a + b + c a + 10b + c a + b + 10c 12
Solution.
We have
2 2 2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛1 1 1⎞
⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ≥ 0 ⇒ 6⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≥ 4⎜ + + ⎟ − 2 .
⎝ a 3⎠ ⎝ b 3⎠ ⎝ c 3⎠ ⎝a b c ⎠ ⎝a b c⎠
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1
Since 6 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ ≤ 1 + + + , thus
⎝a b c ⎠ a b c
1 1 1 ⎛1 1 1⎞ 1 1 1
1+ + + ≥ 4⎜ + + ⎟ − 2 ⇒ + + ≤ 1⇒ a + b + c ≥ 9 .
a b c ⎝a b c⎠ a b c

1 1⎛1 1⎞
If x, y are two positive real numbers then ≤ ⎜ + ⎟.
x+y 4⎝ x y⎠
Therefore,
1 1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ≤ ⎜ + ⎟=
10a + b + c 6a + ( 4a + b + c ) 4 ⎝ 6a 4a + b + c ⎠
 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1⎡ 1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1 1
= ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ≤ ⎢ + ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = + .
4 ⎝ 6a 3a + ( a + b + c ) ⎠ 4 ⎣ 6a 4 ⎝ 3a a + b + c ⎠ ⎦ 16a 16 ( a + b + c )

Similarly,
1 1 1 1 1 1
≤ + and ≤ + .
a + 10b + c 16b 16 ( a + b + c ) a + b + 10c 16c 16 ( a + b + c )

Adding these three inequalities, we obtain

1 1 1 1 ⎛1 1 1⎞ 3 1 3 1
+ + ≤ ⎜ + + ⎟+ ≤ + = .
10a + b + c a + 10b + c a + b + 10c 16 ⎝ a b c ⎠ 16 ( a + b + c ) 16 16.9 12

99. ( a, b, c, d, e, f ∈ , ab + bc + cd + de + ef = 1) ,

1
a 2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2 + e2 + f 2 ≥ .
π
2 cos
7
Solution.
Let αi > 0,i = 1, 2,...,5 . Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

1 2
α1a 2 + b ≥ 2ab ,
α1
1 2
α2b2 + c ≥ 2bc ,
α2
1 2
α 3c 2 + d ≥ 2cd ,
α3
1 2
α 4d 2 + e ≥ 2de ,
α4
1 2
α5e2 + f ≥ 2ef .
α5
Adding these five inequalities, we obtain
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
α1a 2 + ⎜ + α2 ⎟ b2 + ⎜ + α3 ⎟ c2 + ⎜ + α4 ⎟ d2 + ⎜ + α5 ⎟ e2 + f 2 ≥ 2 ( ab + bc + cd + de + ef ) = 2 .
⎝ α1 ⎠ ⎝ α2 ⎠ ⎝ α3 ⎠ ⎝ α4 ⎠ α5

We set
π
sin ( i + 1)
αi = 7 ,i = 1, 2,...,5 .
iπ
sin
7
It is easy to show that
1 1 1 1 1 π
α1 = + α2 = + α3 = + α4 = + α5 = = 2 cos .
α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 7
Therefore,
 1
a 2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2 + e2 + f 2 ≥ .
π
2 cos
7
100. ( a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 1) ,

a b c 27
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ .
a + a + 1 b + b + 1 c + c + 1 31
3 2 2

Solution.
Applying the AM – GM Inequality we get

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 22 1 1 1 22 22
a3 + a2 +1 = ⎜ a3 + + ⎟+ ⎜a + ⎟+ ≥ 3 3 a3. . + 2 a 2. + =a+ .
⎝ 27 27 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ 27 27 27 9 27 27
Therefore,
a a 22
≤ = 1− .
a + a2 + 1
3
22 27a + 22
a+
27
Similarly,
b 22 c 22
≤ 1− and 3 2 ≤ 1− .
b + b +1
3 2
27b + 22 c + c +1 27c + 22
Adding these three inequalities, we obtain
a b c ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ 3 − 22 ⎜ + + ⎟.
a + a +1 b + b +1 c + c +1
3 2 2
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠
On the other hand, using the AM – GM Inequality we get
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎡⎣( 27a + 22 ) + ( 27b + 22 ) + ( 27c + 22 ) ⎤⎦ ⎜ + + ⎟≥9
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ 9 3
⇒⎜ + + ⎟≥ = .
⎝ 27a + 22 27b + 22 27c + 22 ⎠ 27 ( a + b + c) + 66 31
Therefore,
a b c 3 27
+ 3 + 3 2 ≤ 3 − 22. = .
a + a +1 b + b +1 c + c +1
3 2 2
31 31

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